Summer Training Report For Diploma

SHRI A.D.K.
MAHILA POLYTECHNIC, MATHURA

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
TRAINING REPORT
2016-17
INTRODUCTION
In this twenty-first century more and more electronics and electrical items
such as washing machine, vacuum cleaner refrigerator, television, radio, video
player etc. are being used in general household, use of electrical/electronics.
All these devices are designed at 230v power supply, when the power given
to these devices deviate from this required 230v, performance of the
mains power supply could even damage the equipment.
The changes of fluctuation in the ac mains power supply could very in both
the directions, sometimes it may go below the required 230v, and sometimes it
may go below the required 230v, and sometimes it may go higher then the
required 230v.
This change/variation in the ac mains power supply has made the user to look
for some device, which will be able .to provide a study power supply to the
SHRI A.D.K.MAHILA POLYTECHNIC, MATHURA
TRAINING REPORT
2016-17
equipment.
Connected to the mains live. When the voltage in the ac mains fluctuates,
this device should be able to provide a steady power supply to any
equipment connected to it. A device which provides above facility is known
as a 'voltage Stabilizer" as it stabilizer the power supply voltage.
As shown in fig-2, when a fluctuation power supply is given as input to the
stabilizer, the stabilizer provides a constant power supply as output. One can
connect equipment to this constant power supply output from the stabilizers
shown in the fig.
Bases on its mode of operation, following are some of the commonly
available Stabilizer.
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Auto-cut voltage stabilizer

Automatic voltage stabilizer
Let us now see about these various types of
stabilizer.
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MANUAL VOLTAGE STABILIZER
Manual Voltage stabilizer is the most simple and widely used stabilizer.
The main components of this stabilizer are autotransformer, a rotary
switch and the output device.
The autotransformer are used as step-up of step-down transformer
by changing the input or output connections as shown in fig-1. These
stabilizers are cheap in cost but the output requires constant attention
from the user, the output needs to be monitored continuously.
A SIMPLE MANUAL VOLTAGE STABILIZER
Fig-2 shows a manual voltage stabilizer. The main component of

this stabilizer is multi tap autotransformer with 10v difference in each
tap, a multi position rotary switch, and voltmeter and output
socket.
The position of rotary switch is connected to the different taps of
autotransformer. In this circuit the common (neutral) is connected to the
common of autotransformer and to the output socket.
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The input line is connected to the pole of rotary switch and the output s taken
from the auto transformer tap C.
When the switch Si or knob is in position 1 or 2 autotransformer
and the circuit
are used to reduce the output voltage in the position of switch from
the input supply.
MANUAL UP-DOWN VOLTAGE STABILIZER

This stabilizer operates on the same principle as the manual
stabilizer. The main difference between manual and up-down
stabilizer is the up-down switch. A toggle or piano switch is used is
used to connected the line input to the top or bottom tapping of auto
transformer to make the auto transformer operate either in step-up or
step-down mode between a fixed range of input voltage.
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The difference point's rotary switch is connected to tapings of auto

transformer. Voltmeters connected across the output continuously indicate
the output voltage. A piano switch is used to select up/down
operation. This circuit as shown in fig-3.
STEP- UP MODE
When the piano switch in up mode the input line is connected to

the least tapping of the auto transformer i.e. minimum voltage is
obtained from auto transformer when the pole of rotary switch is
at position 1.
If the input voltage is 220v at position I then by moving the of
rotary switch at position 2 the output of 230v is obtained. Similarly
by moving the pole of rotary switch at successive is obtained.
At the maximum position 8 the output 290v is obtained. As the
position of auto transformer.
Thus when the piano switch is up mode the output above the
minimum or greater than the input voltage can.
Be obtained by changing the position of the pole of rotary switch

at successive position.
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STEP-DOWN MODE
When the piano switch is in down mode the input line is
connected to the highest or maximum tapping of the
autotransformer i.e maximum voltage obtained from
autotransformer at position 8 of rotary switch.
If the input voltage is 220v at position 8 then by moving the pole of rotary
switch at position 7 the output of 220v is obtained Similarly by moving the
pole of rotary switch at successive lower position the voltage is obtained. At
the minimum position 1 the output of 140 is obtained.
As the position of pole is changed the output voltage also change by 10v. the
pole of rotary switch connected the output to the successive tapings of auto
transformer.
Thus when the piano switch is in down mode the output below the maximum or
less than the input voltage can be obtained by changing the position of the
pole of rotary switch of successive position.
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AUTO-CUT VOLTAGE STABILIZER
To overcome continuous monitoring required for manual stabilizer,

a separate sensor circuit which sense the change in input voltage
and if it is higher/lower than the predetermined value then the
sensor circuit cutoff the out put supply. The basic working principle
of this circuit is same as the up-down voltage stabilizer a sensor
circuit senses the change in the input voltage and cuts off the
output.
The main component of sensor circuit is a step-down transformer,
rectifier, filter, potentiometer, zener diode, transistor and a relay.
The different points of rotary switch are connected to taping of auto
transformer. A separate step-down transformer is used for sensor
circuit. The pole of rotary switch is connected to the primary of
step-down transformer is rectified by the diode and capacitor is
used to filter out the AC component.
The potentiometer, zener diode, transformer and relay are used in
combination as comparator to the cut off the output. The pole of
rotary switch is connected to the pole of rotary switch is
connected to the pole of relay, the normally. Connected (N/0)
pin also known as orderly connected (0/C) pin is connected to
the neutral pin of output socket through auto cut indicator.
The relay coil is connected to the collector of sensor transistor.
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The potentiometer is used to set the auto cut level ix. suppose the
piano switch is in step-up mode and the rotary switch is in position L
the output from auto transformer obtained is 230v at the input of 180v
and if we what that the output should not increase more than 240v
then:
First keep the rotary switch in position 2 so that the voltmeter 240v.
Now set the potentiometer so that the relay is energized and
cuts off the output.
This will set the potentiometer in, the position to cutoff the
output when the output from the autotransformer increases
more than 240v.
Now keep the rotary switch in position 1.
Under normal operating condition the relay is in de-energized
state i.e. pole connected to normally connected.
(N/C) pin and the output is obtained at the output socket.
When the output voltage from the auto transformer increases
more than 240v the zener diode in the sensor circuit cinducts
and switches ON the transistor.
The flow of current from collector to emitter of transistor energizer
the relay i.e. pole of relay connects to Orderly connected (0/C) pin
and cuts OFF the output by glowing the auto cut indicator.
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AUTOCUT STABILIZER USING DPDT SWITCH

In this circuit a DPDT (dual pole dual throw) switch is used in place of
Up- Down piano switch. The DPDT switch is Step-down mode.
In step-down mode the input phase is connected to the highest
tapping of auto transformer position 8 of rotary switch through on/off
switch, fuse, DPDT switch. The output from the pole of rotary through
the DPDT switch. The relay is connected to the collector of sensor
transistor IT. The normally connected pin (N/C) is connected to the
common of input socket through the red LED and the normally
connected pin (0/C) is connected to phase of the output socket in this
circuit under normal operating condition the relay is hi energized state
and when the output is more than the pre-determined level then
sensor circuit operates and the relay is de-energized.
The common from the input is connected to the common of auto
transformer are and the output socket. The differences tapping of auto
transformer are connected to different tap pining of rotary switch.
If the input voltage is 230V, the output at position 8 maximum of 250v
and if the rotary switch is in position 7 then the output from the polo of
rotary switch is 240v, thus out voltage has the difference of 10v at.
each position of rotary switch from the adjacent position.
A separate step-down transformer is used for sensor circuit. A sensor
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circuit consist of step- down transformer, rectifier diode, filter
capacitor, a potentiometer to set the level, a zener diodes fir
reference, the NPN transistors directly coupled to energize or de-
energize the relay
Fig:5 autocut stabilizer using switch
A voltmeter connected across the output socket continuously indicates

output voltage.
To set potentiometer for auto cutoff let the rotary switch be in position
8 and the output from autotransformer obtained is 250v at the input of

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230v and if we want that the output should not increase more than
240v then.
First keep the rotary switch in position 7 so that the voltmeter
indicates 240v.
Now set the potentiometer so that the relay is de-energized and

cute off the output
This will set the potentiometer in the position to cutoff the output
when the output from the auto transformer increases more than
240v.
Now keep the rotary switch in position 8.
Under normal input supply the sensor transistor T2 is OFF and
transistor Ti is ON and thus energizing the relay.
When the output voltage is greater than 240v the zener diodes
conducts and switch ON
The transistor T2 which in turn
Switches OFF the transistor Ti and thus de-energizing the relay.
When the relay is de-energized the pole to orderly connected (0/C)
pin and cuts off the output supply.
AUTO STABLIZER USING TWO RELAY

This circuit shown in fig-6 uses two relays RL1 and RL2,
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relay RL1 is used to cutoff the out put when the input mains
voltage is either greater than the maximum limit or less than the
minimum limit.
The relay RL2 is used to change the output voltage is more than
the limit set by the P2 in the sensor circuit and to operate the
auto transformer in either in step-up or step-down mode.
The pole of the relay RL1 is connected to the tapping b of the auto
transformer. The normally connected pin (N/C) is connected to the common
(neutral) of the output socket through neon bulb, the normally open pin (N/0
or 0/C) is connected to the phase of the mains output socket through fuse
F.
This circuit consist of two transformers X1 and X2. The transformer

X1 has two separate windings L 1 and driver windings L2.
The sensor winding Li is used for proportional to changing input

voltage to the sensor circuit and driver windings winding L2 used
for driving the relay. The transformer X2 having four tapping
A,B,C,D as shown in fig-6 the mains input is applied between
points D and C or D and A.
The output is taken from tapping B of autotransformer. When the input is
applied two point A the auto transformer operates as step- down
transformer and When the input is applied to the point C the auto
transformer operates as step-up transformer.

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The relay driver circuit consists of two transistors, the diode D3

rectifier the input from winding L2, capacitor C3 filter out the AC
components, zener diode Z3 is used to give the fixed voltage across
the potentiometers P2.
The slider of potentiometer P2 is connected to the base of NPN
transistor T3, the collector of T3 is connected to the base of NPN
transistor T4 through RL1. The power supplies to the emitter of PNP
transistor T3 is applied through rectifier diode D1 and power supply
to the coolector of NPN transistor T4 is applied through the rectifier
diode D1 and relays RL2.
The sensor circuit consist of two NPN transistors, the dode D2

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rectifier the input from windings Li, cppacitor C2 filters out the
AC components, the potentiometer P3 and P1 are used to set the
voltage for minimum and limit respectively, zener diode Z1 is
used to as comparator and zener diode Z2 is used to switch the
transistor T2 when the input is greater than the maximum limit.
The power supply to the collector transistor T2 is applied
through rectifier diode Dl. T he collector of transistor Ti and the
base of transistor 12 are connected to the slider of potentiometer
P3.
Under normal operation condition if the input voltage is greater
tha the minimum voltage set by potentiometer P3 the transistor
12 is ON and the relay RL1 is in enersized state (pole connected
to N/O or 0/C/p/in.)
The transistor or 13 and T4 are OFF and the relay RL2 is in de-
enersized state ( polr connected to N/C PIN) and the input is
applied to the tapping C of autotransformer and the auto
transformer operates as step-up transformer .
When the input increase above the level set by the zener diode Z3
and potentiometer P2 the transistor 13 and T4 are switched ON and the

relay RL2 is enersized ( pole connected to N/O pin ) the input is
applied to the tapping.
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A and the input is applied to the tapping as step-down transformer.
When the input voltage increase above the maximum limit set by the
potentiometer P1 and zener diode Zl. The transistor Ti switch ON and
in turn switches OFF he transistor T2. The relay RL1 is de-enersizied (
pole connected to N/C pin) and the output is cutoff and the bulb glows
to the indicate that over voltage cutoff occurred.
The diode D4 and D5 connected across the relay coil are used to
eliminate the back EMF. The switch S2 used to check the input and
output voltage on the meter M.
CONVERTING MANUAL STABILIZER TO AN

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AUTOMATIC STABILIZER
By using a relay with a voltage control circuit the manual stabilizer can
be converted to automatic stabilizer. Basically a voltage control circuit
requires a power switching transistor, step-down transformer, full wave
rectifier and a zener diode as comparator for switching the transistor
Ti.
A manual voltage stabilizer transformer has number of step-uu and
step-down tapping but here a tr5ansformer with only two tapping of
240v (T2) are used.
The power supply to the control circuit is provided from a separate
transformer X2. If the mains transformer X1 has 24v tapping then it
can be utilized or two transistors of 12-0-12 can be used to provide
24v.
The control circuit operate on 24v DC provide by bridge rectifier
comprising D1 D2, D3 and D4. The capacitor C 1 is used to filter out
AC components.
The potentiometer VR1 is used for setting the voltage limit and biasing
the transistor. The voltage at point A is approximately 17v. thus
potentiometer VR1 can provide 0 to 17v range with respect to ground.
When mains voltage increases, voltage at B also increases
Proportionally. At the time of initial setting, the voltage at point voltage

at point B is set by VR1 as such that the relay is energized with the
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mains input voltage of 220 V.The PNP transistor Ti is biased through
zemner D5.Under normal operating conditions, the voltage at point B
below zener voltage. The zener is reverse biased hence no current
can flow through. Thus the transistor Ti is OFF and the relay is in de
energized state and keeps connections with step-up tapping (240
v).The transformer operate as step up transformer.
When the voltage at point B exceeds the zener voltage, the zener
diode conduct and voltage start passing current to the base of
transistor Ti. The transistor Ti switches ON and the relay is energized.
This rise in voltage in voltage energized the relay, which in turn
selected the step- down tapping (210V) of the transformer.
The stabilizer voltage is obtained automatically. The input and voltage
is indicating by the voltmeter the position of switch of S2.
NEED OF STABILIZER
According to the Indian electricity act the power supply voltage should
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not drop or rise by more than 4% of the steady voltage, which is 230V.
But we fmd a lot of voltage According to the Indian electricity act, the
power supply voltage should not drop or fluctuations on the supply
voltage. The supply voltage may fall to as low as 150V or as high as
300V. Since last 15-20 years, many developments related to electrical
& electronics equipments has been made which can be seen on the
equipments such as refrigerators, washing machine, radios, television,
etc.
These entire devices are designed to give their best performance at
correct line voltages, which as 230V, 50Hz in India. A variation in
supply voltage by 5% will not harm most of them. But the equipments
of more than that, can cause problems like, unsatisfactory
performance to a total failure and secondly dye to the wide use of
these equipments, the load has been enormously increased which
has made the electricity supply exceedingly difficult to maintain the
voltage within the stipulated value.
This situation has forces the user to look for device that can take care
of line voltage fluctuation and provide the steady voltage to the
equipments. The device that performs this task is called "VOLTAGE
STABILIZER" These stabilizers are the best means of getting a stable

output voltage hen through are variation in the input voltage.
1-Manual voltage stabilizer.
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2-Automatic voltage stabilizer.
RELAY
A relay is a electrical operated switch the relay contact can be made to
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operate in the pre wronged fashion for instance normally open
contents open on electromagnetic switcher, the contracts can hour
multiple position.
BASIC ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAY FUNCTION:-
A electromagnetic. Of a coil. DC current process through which

produces magnetic. Field through an arm here which in here operate
the contents. Normally open contents close and normally
Closed content open figure shown the constructional feature a simple
electromagnetic relay.
Electromagnetic relay wire made in a large verity of contact forms
some of the popular contact form as show in fig A.
TYPES OF RELAY:-
Power relay are multiple heavy duty chopper relays that are switching
recessive loads of in the as amp. There relay are widely used for a
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verily of industrial application like control of tract ional horse power
motors isogonics heating elements and so on.
TIME DELAY RELAY:-
A time delay is the one in why there is desired current of time between
the application of the caching signal and operation of the loads
switching device. There are four functional closes of time delay relay.
In the first class of time delay relay known or time delay relay. In
record class of such relay known as delay times in the third class of
time delay.
Relay called internal timer. In the fourth class of there relay known or
repeater cycle timer.
LATCHING RELAY:-
In a latching relay the relay contents remain In the last energies

position ever offer removed of signal in the relays control. The content
one help in the last relay recognize dation position after removed of
reorganization. If there electrically or monastically the contents can be
released the be normal position electrically mechanically.
CRYSTAL CAN RELAY:-

Crystal can relay are so called as the resemble quartz crystals in
external shape. There are high performance arithmetically seemed
miniature and subminiature relays widely used II are space and
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military application.
CO-AXIAL RELAY:-
A co axial relay has tow basic parts a cheater which is nothing but
some kind of a connector call a cagily housing the relay contents one
type of can axial relay has RF connector an integral part of relay these
relay are terminated in a wide relation of RF connector. The relay
cavity housing the contents is so configured that is provides a very
close match the characteristic impendence of the inter connecting
cables. In the inter connecting cable in the other style, the shielded
cables are directly connected to the cavity.
MOTOR RELAY:- Motor relays also known as instruments relays are
Extremely sensitive relays extremely used in industrial process
control and monitoring application.
1-Efficiency of 75% centigrade at unity power factor at full load
3/41oads1-12 loads 1/41oad.
2-Regulation to full load at 75 degree centigrade at power jointure and
0.8power.
TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a devices based on the principle of mutual inductor,
which is used for conversing large alternating current at low voltage
into small current at high voltage and vice versa. The transformers
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which convert, low voltage in to higher ones, are called step up
tansfonner, while those converts high in to lower, ones are called step
down transformer.
Main characteristics of transformers:-
Transformer is a pause A.C. device, which works. On electric
magnetic induction frequency is constant while voltages are changed.
Construction:-
A simple transformer consists of two coils called the primary and the
secondary from where supply is given from where the output in takes.
Primary coil:-
The coil is insulted from each and wound on a common soft is a LAM
mated case. One of the coils has matter number of turns of thick
insulted copper wire white the other has the prince any coil, and the
coil of thin wire having larger number of turns is the secondary coil. In
the step down transformer the conduction is revised.
Working principle of a transformer:-

The winding connected to the load is called is called the
secondary winding. For simplicity the are shower on the opposite
side of case but in practice they are distributed over bath sides
of the case, the voltage winding encloses the low voltage
winding.
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When primary winding is connected to supply on alternating

constant flows through it. This sets up on a nothing flu in the
case linked by mutual induction by a supply voltage.
Two coils primary and secondary are linked by mutual induction
by a common magnetic flux. It electrically separates but
magnetically linked through a low reactance path. The coil
processor high mutual induction since ashtray winding I placed
on case therefore the attentive flux with it and induces an
alternative voltages of the some frequency in the secondary
winding in accordance with face day's laws of electromagnetic
induction-----M, DI/Dt ). Of secondary winding is connected power
to a load. Current flows through it and winding to the secondary
winding by Electromagnetic induction.
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Voltages transformation ratio:-

The ratio of secondary voltage to primary voltage is called voltage t
transformation ratio and is represented as
K=V2/V1=F2=N2/l X 1
In a step up transformer, V2>V1, so K>1
In a step down transformer V2<Vl, so K< l
Current ratio:-
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In an transformer these are no losses so the output volt amper is
equal to the volt opener is equal to the input volt ampere
Input volt ampere = output volt ampere A 4
V1P1 = V2P2
P2/Pl=V1 V2=N1 N2=1/k
LOSSES OF TRANSFORMER:-
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1- Iron or case losses: - Iron Losses are caused by attenuating

ux in the case and consist of hysterics and consist of hysterics and
current losses.
Hysteretic loss:- The case of is subjected to an alternating
magnetizing force and for each cycle of ended a hysterics loss per
second in given by the equation:-
Hysterics loss ph= n (Brnax) 2 FV (Joules per second)
Where the supply frequency is in hertz, v is the volume of the care in
cubic m4eters, n is the hysterics coefcient, B Max is the peak value
flux density inthe care and X lies but wean" 1.5 and 2.5 depending
upon the material and is after as 1.6
(1)Eddy current loss:-we love seen that when ever the ux Link age
with a closed electric circuit changes, an and a current ows the value
of which depends on emf around the circuit and the Resistance if the
circuit IT is not necessary that the circuit be a wire and that the ux
passes entirely through it. If a solid block of a metal it is dons versed
by a varying ux metallic circuits in the block itself, which are linked by
the ux, will carry current. If the magnetic circuit is made up of iron
and if the ux the circuit is variable, current will be include by induction
the iron circuit itself. All such cuss ends are known as eddy currents.
(2) Copper or harmonic losses:-These occlude to harmonic

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Resistance of transformer windings. Pl and P2 are the primary and
secondary respectively and R1 and R2 are the respective resistance
of the primary and secondary winding than copper losses occurring in
primary and Secondary windings will e P 12 R1 and R2 R2
respectively so total copper losses will be (P12 Rl = P22 R2) those
losses vary as the squares of he load current of KVA. Copper losses
are deter wined on the basis of constant equivalent resistance Res.
Determined from the short is test and then corrected to 75 degree
Celsius since the stand and operating temperature of electrical
machines is taken 75 do9gleg Celsius.
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TESTING OF COMPONENTS USED:-

(1)Testing of the resistor: -
Test a resistor we need multimeter. If the multimeter is showing the

specic value of resistor in accordance with the color code, then
resistor is ok.
(2) Testing of the capacitor:-
E1etmtiie and high value capacities can be checked for open circuits
and leaky behaviors by means of an ahm meter operated on the
highest scale. In case the capacitor is good, it would slowly change
while incase of circuit the action would absent.
The open capacitor can be best detected with a capacitive meter or

passing a.c. signals through it can check it. If the capacitor is leak the
nal value of resistance, indicated by the ohmmeter well not very high.
Do not exceed the voltage settings of he capacitor when tasting it by
the churching method.
(3) Testing of the diode:-

To test the diode multimeter is use, if diode shows" less resistance
When forward biased, and then the diode is ok.
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(4)Testing of the transistor:-
To test the transistor rst of all we must recognize its base, emitted
and collector. Test the transistor we will multimeter taking the lead of
multimeter and touch them on the base and base collector if the
transistor or is through the ring the lead low high resistor
Respectively then it is ok other it is faculty for reorganization of the

PNB and NPN transistor, see the leads of multimeter if positive lesd is
connected to base then it is NP other wise NPN.
(5) Testing of PCS:-
It is done by using ic tests. If it provides positive and accurate
Characteristics it means PC is ok. It must get proper supply voltage
approximately about 5 volts
(6) Testing of an inductor:-
Checking continuity with an other mater can check the inductor of
open circuit. Shorted or partially shorted inductor s can usually be
found through the circuits partial (shorting after reduces the high
frequency response.
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EQUIPMENT USED FOR TESTING

These can be various equipments used for testing of the device made.
But the equipments used by me for testing of my training are:-
(1) Multimeter:-this instrument allows us to make measurement of dc
Voltages, ac voltages readings, dc current and resistance values. The
multimeter can be particularly useful for the ouring test:-
(a) Measurement of in circuit resistance IC checking for joimt, I taking
resist once readings around transrnitters and diode.
(b) Measurement of dc voltage around suspect transistors, to
determines with in the transistors is conducting of non-conducting.
(c) Measurement of supply voltage on all ICS for my training I have
used digital for the purpose of testing.
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USING THE MULTIMETER

Measurements of current: - This is done by shunting part of current
around the coil so that only a traction of total current passes through
the coil measurement different shunt resistance get place across the
coil. For direct measurement the meter is placed in lassies in the
circuit of interest. This fore, the circuit must by break to connect the
meter. Since the ammeter has internal resistance. Its insertion in to
the circuit may decrease the current in the measured blanch. Usually
this resistance is small and can be ignited. For alternating current
measurement rectier type meters are used which well respond to the
overage value of the rectied alternating current.
Measurement of voltage:-The Potential stiffer once between any two
points in a circuit is measurement by conjecturing the two voltmeter is
connected point, thus a volt meter is connected across a in parallel
with circuit whose potential is to be measured.
Measurement of Resistance: - The multimeter can be used for the
measurement of unknown resistance. It must never be used while the
circuit is in operation.
Precautions in the use of Multimeter:-

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1. The batteries in the multimeter should b checked frequently.
2. The instrument should be stored awing from the corrosive
atmospheres.
3. The function switch of the multimeter should always be kept on a
high be volt scale to ovoid.
a. Training batteries by accidental short-circuiting of teach during
storage.
b. Brining out the rectifier by accidentally connecting to the voltage
where an the ac scale.
2). Auto Transformer:- it is a device, which is supplied with the line
voltage IC 230V 50HZ AC and gives the output voltage in a no of St

steps ranging found 60 V to about 350V I have used this device for
giving variable input to the stabilizer and their checking nonexpanding
output.
NOTE
Due to shortage of time, we have studied only about the introduction

of the inverter because we have spend all our time in the study of
stabilizer.
INTRODUCTION OF INVERTER
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Inverter such a device that by giving DC supply we can get AC supply.

In other words, a device which converts DC supply into AC Supply into
AC supply in called Inverter.
Where we are unable to get AC supply, by inverter circuit. We can get
changed DC voltage obtained by battery into 220 volt AC. Now we see
in emergency, we can get AC voltage by INVERTER.
The main part of INVERTER is transformer and battery. By giving AC
mains voltage at primary winding in the simple power transformer
voltage are obtained at secondary winding by stepping down.
In the same way, if we flow +ve voltage of battery at the centre tapping
of the primary winding. In inverter transformer and by placing a switch
in the middle of batteries ve and both terminals of primary winding
during a short time interval, We give DC voltage to transformer
winding, variable DC current starts to flow in primary winding of the
transformer. As result in the secondary winding of the inverter
transformer 230 volt AC gets generated.
New we can use it our electronic devices. This is basic working
principle of Inverter As we are to give DC voltage at the primary of the
transformer, continuously at a certain period of time interval for this
work manual switch are not suitable so we use switching transistor.
For this work for the switching work in inverter mostly to
2N3055/2N3773 bipolar transistor.
TRAINING REPORT
2016-17
In this way we can say inverter such a device which in the presence of
AC mains supply, Bypass the AC supply to its output socket as well as
charges the battery also. But in the absence of AC main supply and
provide it on its output socket.
Inverter transformer is the main component of the inverter. The
primary difference between simple power transformer is made by thin
wires and secondary winding is made by heavy wires but in inverter
transformer primary winding is made by heavy wires and the
secondary winding made by thin wires.
In inverter transformer another main thing is that there is a center
tapping on its primary winding. The second most important part of any
inverter its battery, current capacity is depend on its battery that how
much output and far how much time the inverter provide.
WHY WE NEED INVERTER

At present in our daily life we use electronic device and electrical in a
large quantity and for these devices, we need electrical power or
TRAINING REPORT
2016-17
electricity. Electricity which is required to run electrical equipment is
provided by electrical board. In developing country such as india the
consumption of electricity is more then production. So mostly we face

the problem of electricity and the situation. We are unable to use our
electronic device and we are unable to do our work. So we need such
a medium, which can make usable to face this problem temporary.
The simple way to solve this problem
is INVERTER. to meet the increasing demand of electricity security in
production. Now inverter becomes a necessary of every problem.
Thats why inverter industry getting flourished day by day.
We use inverter for charging frequency such as X-ray machine, CRO
electron microscope etc.
CONCLUSION
Vocational training is very important for technical students. With this
vocation training, we as a technical student utilized our technical
TRAINING REPORT
2016-17
knowledge in industry. We get confidence, how to represent our self in
Technical Installation. This training is very helpful for our future
Technical development.
From this training, we set exposure in the field of stabilizer. We
understand various types of stabilizer, Transformer, making circuits &
Introduction of Inverter.
PREFACE
Our course of ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING is a three year diploma

course after 2nd year examination ,we have to do INDUSTRIAL training of
FOUR WEEKS, which is also called field exposure by this field exposures
TRAINING REPORT
2016-17
we get the knowledge of technical institution.
This is a short training for the students about their related field. This training
gives on experience to the student for a particular job in which the possible
difficulties, that can arises between and the way in which they may
handling it successfully this training makes student more aware about the
advantages of related field.
I am completed my industrial training of RUPTRONIC INDIA AGRA. In my

training, I learnt about Stabilizer, Invertors or transformer, Circuit.
I am highly grateful to our principal Er. V.B.Singh incharge of Elex.

Department Er.M.K.Singh & lecturers & placement officer Er. A.K.Verma
our respected teacher who is the base sources of my inspiration & helped
me in training.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Our diploma course is professional courses by which we get the changes

for job. It gives practical knowledge but this knowledge is not enough for to
TRAINING REPORT
2016-17
days technical condition. Our government started industrial training for

improving this condition.
My industrial training is permitted by our respected principal Er. V. B. Singh

and incharge of electronic department Er. M. K. Singh. AT RUPTRONIC
INDIA AGRA.
I pay my great thanks to the respected principal & staff of electronics

department for their suggestions they helped me in industrial training and
visited there to solve problems.
I am greatly thankful to the respected honour of Mr. Ajay Singh Guided me

in my Training time.
CONTENTS
TRAINING REPORT
2016-17
Preface
Acknowledgement
Certificate
Introduction To Stabilizer
Transformer
Introduction To Stabilizer
Testing Of Components Used
Introduction of Inverter
Conclusion
TRAINING REPORT
2016-17

Summer Training Report For Diploma

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SHRI A.D.K.

MAHILA POLYTECHNIC, MATHURA

Auto-cut voltage stabilizer

A SIMPLE MANUAL VOLTAGE STABILIZER

Fig-2 shows a manual voltage stabilizer. The main component of

MANUAL UP-DOWN VOLTAGE STABILIZER

The difference point's rotary switch is connected to tapings of auto

When the piano switch in up mode the input line is connected to

Be obtained by changing the position of the pole of rotary switch

To overcome continuous monitoring required for manual stabilizer,

AUTOCUT STABILIZER USING DPDT SWITCH

Fig:5 autocut stabilizer using switch

A voltmeter connected across the output socket continuously indicates

8 and the output from autotransformer obtained is 250v at the input of

Now set the potentiometer so that the relay is de-energized and

AUTO STABLIZER USING TWO RELAY

This circuit consist of two transformers X1 and X2. The transformer

The sensor winding Li is used for proportional to changing input

transformer operates as step-up transformer.

The relay driver circuit consists of two transistors, the diode D3

The sensor circuit consist of two NPN transistors, the dode D2

and potentiometer P2 the transistor 13 and T4 are switched ON and the

CONVERTING MANUAL STABILIZER TO AN

Proportionally. At the time of initial setting, the voltage at point voltage

STABILIZER" These stabilizers are the best means of getting a stable

A electromagnetic. Of a coil. DC current process through which

In a latching relay the relay contents remain In the last energies

CRYSTAL CAN RELAY:-

Working principle of a transformer:-

When primary winding is connected to supply on alternating

Voltages transformation ratio:-

1- Iron or case losses: - Iron Losses are caused by attenuating

(2) Copper or harmonic losses:-These occlude to harmonic

TESTING OF COMPONENTS USED:-

Test a resistor we need multimeter. If the multimeter is showing the

(2) Testing of the capacitor:-

The open capacitor can be best detected with a capacitive meter or

(3) Testing of the diode:-

Respectively then it is ok other it is faculty for reorganization of the

EQUIPMENT USED FOR TESTING

USING THE MULTIMETER

Precautions in the use of Multimeter:-

voltage IC 230V 50HZ AC and gives the output voltage in a no of St

Due to shortage of time, we have studied only about the introduction

Inverter such a device that by giving DC supply we can get AC supply.

WHY WE NEED INVERTER

consumption of electricity is more then production. So mostly we face

Our course of ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING is a three year diploma

we get the knowledge of technical institution.

I am completed my industrial training of RUPTRONIC INDIA AGRA. In my

I am highly grateful to our principal Er. V.B.Singh incharge of Elex.

Our diploma course is professional courses by which we get the changes

days technical condition. Our government started industrial training for

My industrial training is permitted by our respected principal Er. V. B. Singh

I pay my great thanks to the respected principal & staff of electronics

I am greatly thankful to the respected honour of Mr. Ajay Singh Guided me

Testing Of Components Used

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