Naming Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds are combinations of positive

Naming Compounds and negative ions.
In writing the chemical formula the positive ion is
Writing Formulas written first, It is then followed by the name of the
and Equations negative ion.
Monatomic anions end in ide. Special endings
apply for polyatomic ions
Examples
NaCl Sodium chloride
BaF2 Barium Fluoride
ZnO Zinc Oxide
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Naming Compounds Names of Polyatomic Ions

The chemical formula represents the composition of
with Oxygen
each molecule. Polyatomic ions ClO- hypochlorite
usually contain ClO2- chlorite
In writing the chemical formula, in almost all cases
the element farthest to the left of the periodic table is oxygen in addition ClO3- chlorate
written first. to another element. ClO4- perchlorate
Normally they have NO2 - Nitrite
So for example the chemical formula of a compound
a negative charge.
that contains one sulfur atom and six fluorine atoms NO3 - Nitrate
is SF6. They end in either
"ate" or "ite" PO33- phosphite
If the two elements are in the same period, the depending on the PO43- phosphate
symbol of the element of that is lower in the group number of oxygen
(i.e. heavier) is written first e.g. IF3. SO3 2- sulfite
atoms present.
SO42- sulfate
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 Polyatomic Ion -- Exceptions Examples of Ionic Compounds
Most polyatomic ions contain oxygen 1. NaCl = Sodium chloride
Their names end in ite or ate. 2. ZnF2 = Zinc fluoride
There are several exceptions 3. KOH = Potassium hydroxide
OH- hydroxide 4. Ca(NO3)2 = Calcium nitrate
CN- cyanide 5. BaSO3 = Barium Sulfite
SCN- thiocyanate 6. Al2(SO4) 3 = Aluminum sulfate
7. Ca3(PO3)2 = Calcium phosphite
8. NH4Cl = Ammonium chloride
9. (NH4)2CO3 = Ammonium carbonate

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Naming Covalent Compounds

Elements with Multiple Cations
When naming covalent compounds, the
When an element can form more than one cation a name of the first element in the formula is
Roman numeral is used to distinguish the oxidation
state of the compound. unchanged.
Iron, Tin, Lead, Copper, and are common elements with The suffix -ide is added to the second
more than one cation. element.
Examples
1. PbSO4 = lead (II) sulfate This compound is formed Often a prefix to the name of the second
from Pb2+ and SO42- element indicates the number of the element
2. Pb(SO4)2 = lead (IV) sulfate This compound is formed in the compound
from Pb4+ and SO42- Examples:
3. Fe(OH)2 = iron (II) hydroxide This compound is
formed from Fe2+ and OH- SF6 sulfur hexafluoride
4. Fe(OH)3 = iron (III) hydroxide This compound is P4O10 tetraphosphorous decoxide
formed from Fe3+ and OH-
CO carbon monoxide
6 CO2 carbon dioxide 8

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 Covalent molecules with Acids
multiple possibilities When many hydrogen compounds are dissolve in
water they take on the form of an acid. Special rules
A Roman Numeral is used to indicate the state apply to acids. The ite suffix becomes ous and
the ate suffix becomes ic
of the more positive element
Examples HCl Hydrochloric Acid Cl- Chloride
1. N2O = Nitrogen (I) oxide Since oxygen has a HNO2 Nitrous Acid NO2 - Nitrite
2- charge, the nitrogen must be 1+ to balance HNO3 Nitric Acid NO3 - Nitrate
the charges. Also known as dinitrogen H2SO3 Sulfurous Acid SO3 2- Sulfite
monoxide
H2SO4 Sulfuric Acid SO42- Sulfate
2. N2O3 = Nitrogen (III) oxide Since oxygen has a
2- charge, the nitrogen must be 3+ to balance the H3PO3 Phosphorous Acid PO33- Phosphite
H3PO4 Phosphoric Acid PO4 3- Phosphate
charges Also known as dinitrogen trioxide
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H2CO3 Carbonic Acid CO32- Carbonate 11

Binary compounds of Hydrogen Writing Formulas for Ionic

Compounds
The binary compounds of hydrogen are Write the positive ion (cation) first, then the
special cases. They were discovered before negative ion.
a convention was adopted and hence their The positive charges must balance the negative
original names have stayed. charges.
Water H2O is not called dihydrogen monoxide Use subscripts to show how many times each
ion must appear in order for the charges to
Hydrogen forms binary compounds with almost all non- balance. A subscript is not used if the ion
metals except the noble gases. appears only once
Examples Use parenthesis around polyatomic ions that
HF - hydrogen fluoride appear more than once in the formula
HCl - hydrogen chloride
H2S - hydrogen sulfide
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 Examples Chemical Reactions
1. Na+ and Cl- = NaCl A balanced chemical reaction is used to
2. Zn2+ and Br- = ZnBr2 describe the process that occurs in a
3. K+ and OH- = KOH chemical change.
4. Ca2+ and OH- = Ca(OH)2
For example: Zinc reacts with hydrochloric
5. Fe2+ and SO42- = FeSO4
6. Fe3+ and SO42- = Fe2(SO4) 3
acid to produce zinc chloride and
7. Ca2 + and PO43- = Ca3(PO4)2 hydrogen gas.
8. NH4+ and Cl- = NH4Cl This chemical reaction could be written as
9. NH4+ and CO32- = (NH4)2CO3 Zn + 2 HCl ZnCl2 + H2

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Chemical Reactions Reactants and Products

Elements and compounds frequently In the chemical reaction
undergo chemical reactions to form new Zn + 2 HCl ZnCl2 + H2
substances Reactants Products

In a chemical reaction, chemical bonds are
frequently broken and new chemical
bonds are formed
Atoms are neither created nor destroyed in
an ordinary chemical change
This shorthand way of describing a chemical
reaction is known as a chemical equation
The starting materials are shown on the left and
are known as reactants
The substances formed are shown on the right
and are known as the products

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 Balancing a Chemical Reaction Balancing Chemical Reactions
A proper chemical reaction must be An equation is balanced when there are the same
balanced number and kind of atoms on both sides of the
arrow
Zn + 2 HCl ZnCl2 + H2
3 BaCl2 + 2 K3PO4 Ba3(PO4)2 + 6 KCl
Reactants Products
Each element must appear on both sides Reactants (Left) Products (Right)
of the arrow and equal number of times Ba 3 Ba 3
Chemical reactions can be balanced by Cl 3x2=6 Cl 6
inserting numbers in front of formulas. K 2x3= 6 K 6
These numbers are called coefficients P 2 P 2
O 2x4=8 O 2x4 =8
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Balancing Chemical Reactions State Symbols

Most simple equations can be balanced by
inspection State symbols are often added to chemical equations.
Example: Balance the following equation
BaCl2 + K3PO4 Ba3 (PO4)2 + KCl
CaCO3 (s) + 2 HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
There are 3 Ba on the right so we need coefficient of 3
in front of BaCl2
There are 2 PO4 on the right so we need a coefficient of Symbols
2 in front of K3PO4.
This leaves 6 K on the left so we need a coefficient of 6 (s) Solid
in front of the KCl on the right
(l) Liquid
The balanced equation is
3 BaCl2 + 2 K3PO4 Ba3 (PO4)2 + 6 KCl (g) Gas
(aq) Aqueous (Water Solution)
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 Types of Reactions Decomposition
There are many kinds of chemical In a dcecomposition, a single compound
reactions that occur. Some are very is broken down into two or more simplier
simple while others are very complex substances
and may occur in multiple steps.
Examples
A number of reactions conform to
some relatively simple patterns 2 KClO3 2 KCl + 3 O2
Understanding and identifying these ZnCO3 ZnO + CO2
patterns can be helpful in predicting Cu(OH)2 CuO + H2O
the products of similar reactions

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Direct Combination Single Replacement

In a direct combination, two elements or In a single replacement, one substance
compounds combine to form a more (usually an element) takes the place of
complicated product another in a compound
Examples Examples
CaO + CO2 CaCO3 Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2
2 H2 + O2 2 H2O Cl2 + 2 KBr 2 KCl + Br2
FeCl2 + Cl2 FeCl3 Mg + CuCl2 MgCl2 + Cu
N2 + O 2 2 NO
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 Double Replacement Diatomic Molecules
In a double replacement, two substances Certain elements H2 Hydrogen Have
exchange places in their respective exist as diatomic
N2 Nitrogen No
compounds molecules in nature
F2 Fluorine Fear
Examples
O2 Oxygen Of
AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3
3 CaCl2 + 2 K3PO4 Ca3(PO4)2 + 6KCl I2 Iodine Ice
BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + 2NaCl Cl2 Chlorine Cold
Br2 Bromine Beer
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Diatomic Molecules
Certain elements H2 Hydrogen
exist as diatomic
N2 Nitrogen
molecules in nature
F2 Fluorine
O2 Oxygen
I2 Iodine
Cl2 Chlorine
Br2 Bromine

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