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Edward Jenner was an English physician born in 1749 who pioneered smallpox vaccination. In 1796, he conducted an experiment where he took pus from a cowpox lesion and inoculated it into an 8-year-old boy, James Phipps, later proving the boy was immune to smallpox. Jenner coined the term "vaccine" from the Latin for cow. Although initially ridiculed, vaccination soon became widespread as its protective benefits were recognized. Jenner spent the rest of his career researching and advising on developments in vaccination. He died in 1823 having made a seminal contribution to immunology and public health.
Edward Jenner was an English physician born in 1749 who pioneered smallpox vaccination. In 1796, he conducted an experiment where he took pus from a cowpox lesion and inoculated it into an 8-year-old boy, James Phipps, later proving the boy was immune to smallpox. Jenner coined the term "vaccine" from the Latin for cow. Although initially ridiculed, vaccination soon became widespread as its protective benefits were recognized. Jenner spent the rest of his career researching and advising on developments in vaccination. He died in 1823 having made a seminal contribution to immunology and public health.
Edward Jenner was an English physician born in 1749 who pioneered smallpox vaccination. In 1796, he conducted an experiment where he took pus from a cowpox lesion and inoculated it into an 8-year-old boy, James Phipps, later proving the boy was immune to smallpox. Jenner coined the term "vaccine" from the Latin for cow. Although initially ridiculed, vaccination soon became widespread as its protective benefits were recognized. Jenner spent the rest of his career researching and advising on developments in vaccination. He died in 1823 having made a seminal contribution to immunology and public health.
Doctor, the pioneer of smallpox vaccination and the father of
immunology. Edward Jenner was born in Berkeley, Gloucestershire on 17 May 1749, the son of the local vicar. At the age of 14, he was apprenticed to a local surgeon and then trained in London. In 1772, he returned to Berkeley and spent most the rest of his career as a doctor in his native town. In 1796, he carried out his now famous experiment on eight-year-old James Phipps. Jenner inserted pus taken from a cowpox pustule and inserted it into an incision on the boy's arm. He was testing his theory, drawn from the folklore of the countryside, that milkmaids who suffered the mild disease of cowpox never contracted smallpox, one of the greatest killers of the period, particularly among children. Jenner subsequently proved that having been inoculated with cowpox Phipps was immune to smallpox. He submitted a paper to the Royal Society in 1797 describing his experiment, but was told that his ideas were too revolutionary and that he needed more proof. Undaunted, Jenner experimented on several other children, including his own 11-month-old son. In 1798, the results were finally published and Jenner coined the word vaccine from the Latin 'vacca' for cow. Jenner was widely ridiculed. Critics, especially the clergy, claimed it was repulsive and ungodly to inocculate someone with material from a diseased animal. A satirical cartoon of 1802 showed people who had been vaccinated sprouting cow's heads. But the obvious advantages of vaccination and the protection it provided won out, and vaccination soon became widespread. Jenner became famous and now spent much of his time researching and advising on developments in his vaccine. Jenner carried out research in a number of other areas of medicine and was also keen on fossil collecting and horticulture. He died on 26 January 1823. Introduction: Biology stated that mind influences, through neural system and endocrine system, Our immune system and that our immune system maintain our health. Hence mind and mental state can effect our health. Of course, health is effected by (i) Infections (ii) Genetic disorder (iii) Life style including food and water we take, rest and exercise we give to our bodies, habits that we have or lack etc. Immunity: Everyday we can exposed to large number of infection. However only few of these exposes result in diseases. Why? This is due to natural or aquired resistance of an individual after having received infective dose of virulant pathogen, its toxin. This ability of the host to fight against disease causing organism, confered by the immune system is called immunity. Types of Immunity: Immunity is of two types 1. Innate immunity, 2. Acquired Immunity.
1. Innate immunity - It is natural system of defence
elements with which an individual is born and which are always available to the living body for providing protection against various infections. Innate immunity is also known as Inborn Immunity, Genetic Immunity. Two strategies are adopted in innate immunity. One is to prevent the entry of foreign agent in the body. The second is to quickly kill the ones which have found entry in the body. It consist of anatomical barriers, physiological barriers, phagocytic barriers etc. (i) Physical or Anatomical barriers They are barriers which do not allow the entry of pathogen and other foreign agents into the body. Anatomical barriers are skin, hair, mucus membranes, mucus, cilia, friendly micro organisms. (ii) Physiological barriers They are the barriers operate at biochemical and functional level which prevent the growth of invading pathogenic organisms. They are of several types friendly micro organisms, temperature, Ph and body secretion. (iii) Cellular barriers Certain type of leukocytes (WBC) of our body like polymorpho nuclear leukocytes (PMNL- neutrophils) and monocytes and natural killer (type of lymphocytes) in the blood as well as macrophages in the tissue can phagocytes and destroy microbes. (iv) Cytokine barriers Virus infected cells secrete proteins called interferons which protect non-infected cells from further viral infection. 2. Acquired Immunity- It is the immunity or occurence of resistance to disease which develops during life time of individual by obtaining or producing antibodies and cells against the specific micro organisms. The acquired immunity develops only on exprosers to the concerned microorganisms. It required several days to become activated. The first encounter with the pathogen produces low intensity primary response. Subsequent encounter with the same pathogen produces a highly intensified anannestic or secondry immune response. Immune system in the Body: It is a specialised system of the body that recognized foreign antigens, responds to them for their elimination and keeps a memory of same. Working of immune system is based on two component. Humoral and cell medicated. 1. Humoral Immune System or Antibody Mediated Immune System (AMIS) It consists of different types of antibodies that occur in the body humors or body fluids like lymph and blood plasma. The antibodies are formed by plasma cell which in turn are produced by B-lymphocytes. The cells are able to produce antibodies specific for each type of antigen by a system of rearrangement of there genes segment to form the gene required for the formation of particular antibody. Humoral immune responses occur against pathogens, that enter body fluids. 2. Cell Mediated immune System (CMIS) It is a component of immune system which consist of T-lymphocytes. Cell mediated immune response on cell mediated immunity (CMI) function against pathogen which pass into host cell. The immune system also operate against cancer cell and transplant. It also activates B- lymphocytes. Lymphocytes Cell of immune system. Immune system has two types of about trillion lymphocytes cell called B-lymphocyte and T-lymphocyte. Both the type of cell develop in the embryo initially from mesenchymal cells of yolk sac and afterward in the liver spleen. Function of T-cell On coming in contact with an antigen T-lymphocyte form a clone of lymphocyte. The clone has four types of cell. (i) Helper T-cell-They are responsible for proliferation of other T-cell, stimulation of B-lymphocyte, attraction of macrophages and feedback system. (ii) Killer T-cell-They attack another pathogen, attack cancer cell. (iii) Supresor T-cell-They are protective T-cell which inactivate immune system. (iv) Memory T-cell-They are those T-cell which work previously sensitized and retain the sensitisation for future. Function of B-cell B-cell sentisied both directly by antigen as well as by helper T-cell. An activated B-lymphocyte enlarge and undergoes division to form plasma cell. Plasma cell have abundant endoplasmic reticulum. They are specialized to secrete antibodies. One type of plasma cell produces only a particular type of antibodies. Primary and Secondary immune Response (i) Primary immune response Is the response of immune system to first encounter of the body with antigen. Primary response take much longer time to develop. The response is feeble and declined rapidly. Primary immune response, however produces both receptor and memory cell. (ii) Secondary immune response of immune system It is a response of the immune system to a Subsequent encouter with same antigen. It is heightened and quick response which last much longer, may be life long. A person having survive one attack of chickenpox or measles remains immune to the diseases throughout due to it. Lymphoid Organ They are those organ which function as site of formation, multiplication and maturation of lymphocytes. Bone marrow is the main lymphoid organ where all the types of blood cell including lymphocyte are formed. B-lymphocyte mature in the bone marrow while T- lymphocyte mature in thymus. Bone marrow and thymus are primary lymphoid organs. After maturation both B-lymphocyte and T-lymphocyte leave primary lymphoid organs and pass through circulatory system to populate other lymphoid organ of the body for proliferation and differentiation. Those organ where lymphocyte reside after maturation are called secondary lymphoid organs. They are lymph nodes, spleen etc. Lymphoid tissue located in the living of different tracks of the body is called mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Whenever a foreign agent enters the body, it is trapped by secondary lymphoid organ present near the portal of entry and mounts and immune response with the help of its T cell and B cell. Spleen It is a large been shaped vascular organ which is popularly called blood bank of body and grave yard of RBC. It filter the blood and trapped blood born micro organism. Lymph Nodes Lymph node are small oval solid swelling present on lymph vessels at several palaces but are more abundant in neck, chest, Armpits, Tonsils etc. It filter out microorganism and other antigens. The trapped antigens are acted upon by lymphocyte and macrophases. Antigen (G.K. anti against, genos- birth) Antigen or immunogen is any foreign substances, toxin, particle are pathogen which induces the immune system of the body to produce cells and antibodies to dispose of the same. An antigen often has high molecular mass of 8000 daltons or more.
Antibodies They are glycoproteins, called
immunoglobulins which has specific immuno acid sequence by which they can interact with specific antigen. Antibodies form 20% of plasma proteins. Each Antibody has a combination of atleast 2 light (L) and 2 heavy (H) polypeptide chain (H2I2) The heavy chain have large number of immuno acid while lighter chain has smaller number of them. Usually, the polypeptides form a Y shaped configuration in the arm of Y, both light and heavy chain occur parallel to each other except for antigen binding sites. Attachment and bending occur by means of disulphide bonds (-S-S-). There are five classes of immunoglobulin IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM. Active and Passive immunity (i) Acquired active immunity-It is a immunity acquired by individual due to either vaccination are previous contraction of disease. The period required for developing it is long. Example-Typhoid vaccination. (ii) Acquired passive immunity The immunity to disease is acquired due to obtaining of antibodies from outside. Colostrums or yellow thick milk also contain abundant-IgA and other antibodies. Vaccination and Immunization Vaccination (L. Vacca-Cow) It is the process of development of immunisation against a particular disease by inoculation of harmless antigenic material like attenuated pathogen or its toxoid into a healthy person.