Thermal Actions

Universitt Stuttgart
Workshop
Riga
Juli 2006
EUROCODE 1 Actions on structures

Part 1-5: General Actions Thermal Actions
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk,

Institute of Lightweight Structures and Conceptual Design
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-5: General actions Thermal actions
Overview
Transrapid
Background
Design Situations
Temperature changes in buildings
Temperature changes in bridges
Temperature changes in industrial chimneys,
pipelines, silos, tanks and cooling towers
Annexes A - D
Prof. Dr.- Ing. Balthasar Novk

Institute for Lightweight Structures and Conceptual Design
Transrapid
Reference section

Transrapid
Alternative sections

Transrapid
Alternative sections

Transrapid Ideal position

Transrapid Ideal position

Transrapid solar radiation
diagrams: Prof. Dr.- Ing. I. Mangerig

Transrapid solar radiation

Transrapid
temperature profile depends on

type of cross section
Material parameters of cross section areas
- i density [kg/m]
- i thermal conductivity [W/mK]
- ci specific heat capacity [J/kgK]
- T,i temperature expansion coefficient [1/K]
Governing:
type of cross section
Material parameters of cross section areas
- T,i temperature expansion coefficient [1/K]
- Ei Elastizittsmodul [N/mm]

Transrapid concrete section

Transrapid composite section

Transrapid Deformations due to temperature actions

Basis of comparison: prestressed normal concrete superstructure
Variation A: + lower t-value

-- larger temperature increase of the top chord
comparison: -
Variation B: -- larger TM and no significant advantage

with regard to the stiffness
comparison: --
Variation C: + reduced TM
+ smooth temperature curve during the whole day
comparison: +
Variation D: + reduced TM
+ best TM-curve during the whole day
comparison: +

Thermal Actions - Classification
Variable and indirect

Characteristic values of thermal actions are values with an annual
probability of being exceeded of 0,02, unless otherwise stated, e.g. for
transient design situations

Thermal Actions Parts of the temperature profile

d
TN:
d
TN dA = T(x) dA TN =
0 T( x ) dA
0 d
0 dA
h- x s
TM: M( TM ) = t E T(x) x * dA
-xs
t TM E I
and M( TM ) =
h
h h- x s
TM = T(x) x * dA
I -xs
TM x
TE: TE (x) = T(x) - - TN
h
with h = height of building section [m]
x = distance from upper edge of building section [m]
xs = distance between axis of gravity and upper edge [m]
x* = distance from axis of gravity [m]
I = moment of inertia [m4] Prof. Dr.- Ing. Balthasar Novk
uniform temperature component of a structural element Tu:
Tu = T T0 (5.1)
where:
T is an average temperature of a structural element due to climatic temperatures in
winter or summer season and due to operational temperatures.
T0 initial temperature
linearly varying temperature component TM between the temperatures

on the outer and inner surfaces of a cross section
temperature difference TP of different parts of a structure given by the
difference of average temperatures of these parts


Determination of temperature profiles



Bridge deck types
Type 1: Steel deck: - steel box girder

- steel truss or plate girder
Type 2: Composite deck
Type 3: Concrete deck: - concrete slab

- concrete beam
- concrete box girder

Correlation between minimum/

maximum shade air
temperature (Tmin/Tmax) and
minimum/ maximum uniform
bridge temperature component
(Te,min/Te,max)

+ 51
+ 37
- 17
- 26
- 24 + 37
Air temperature

characteristic value of the maximum contraction range of the uniform bridge
temperature component, TN,con
TN,con = T0 Te,min (6.1)
characteristic value of the maximum expansion range of the uniform bridge

temperature component, TN,exp should be taken as
TN,exp = Te,max - To (6.2)
Overall range of the uniform bridge temperature component
TN = Te,max Te,min



Linear temperature differences in concrete bridges
Three groups of cross sections:

Box girder
- type 1.0, total depth 1,95 m


Box girder
T girder


Box girder
T girder
Rectangular Slab

Exact Determination of linear tempeature differences with the help of

statistical analysis
Calculation of temperature profiles with program Therm
Input Data:
Radiation
- the time of sunrise
- the duration of solar day
- the total daily value for TSR (total solar radiation)


Input Data:
Radiation
Temperature
- the daily maximum shade temperature
- the daily minimum shade temperature
- the daily minimum shade air temperature
- the time at which the maximum value occurs
- the time at which the minimum value occurs
- the bridge effective temperature at starting time (at 8 am)


Input Data:
Radiation
Temperature
Geometrical characteristics of bridge cross section
(height of all parts of concrete deck)

Exact Determination of linear temperature differences with the help of

Input Data:
Radiation
Temperature
Thermal and material properties of concrete deck
- the coefficient of absorptivity
- the coefficient of emissivity
- the heat transfer coefficient of the surface
- thermal conductivity
- the specific heat
- density

Determination of linear temperature differences exact -

Input Data:
Radiation
Temperature
Thermal and material properties of concrete deck
Obtain three values:
constant part TN
linear temperature difference TM will only be considered here
nonlinear part TE

Representative values of linear temperature gradient

Random variable TM (three-days maximum of linear temperature differences)
has a III. type of extreme value distribution for the maximum:
c

F (x) = exp x x / x u

(1)
x 0 0

where:
x0 the upper limit of the distribution
c,u the parameters of the distribution, which connect with mean value Mx and standard deviation :
Mx = x (x u) (1+1/c)

0 0
(2)
2 2 2
= (x u) (1+ 2/c) (1+1/c)
0
where:
Gamma function


Knowing the parameter c, u, xo and using the inverse probability distribution
function
x = (P) = x (x u) [ ln(P)] P = [0,1]

1/c
(3)
0 0
it is possible to calculate fractiles for different return periods of the random

variable TM
For Ultimate Limit States (ULS) the return period is 50 years.

Corresponding safe probability (30 three-days intervals per year):
P = 1-1/(30 50) = 0,999333

safe
TMk can be obtained


For Serviceability Limit States (SLS) of bridges:
three different levels of action:
infrequent (return period 1 year)
frequent (return period 2 weeks)
quasi-permanent (return period has been assumed as 6 days, because available
statistical data fr TM are three-days maxima)
For these three levels the fractiles were calculated for following probabilities:
R = 1 year, Psafe = 1-1/30 = 0,966667
R = 2 weeks, Psafe = 1-1/4.67 = 0,785867
R = 6 days, Psafe = 0,5
infrequent value TM1, frequent value TM1, and quasi-permanent value TM2
can be obtained


For Serviceability Limit States (SLS) of bridges:
Reducing coefficients are determined as:
1'= TM1'/ TMK for infrequent value of the action

1 = TM1/ TMK for frequent value of the action
2 = TM2/ TMK for quasi-permanent value of the action


Determination of linear temperature differences - simplified -

Total solar radiation (TSR) is dominant variable
upper limit of TSR for meteostation Giessen: 10050 W/m
III. Type of extreme value distribution for the maximum

Maximal three-days values of TSR

and associated three-days values of other parameters
Maximum of Total Solar Radiation
Mean value = 5832.73 (W/m2)
Standard deviation = 1165.26 (W/m2)
Mean values :
The daily maximum of shade air temperature 24.57C
The daily minimum of shade air temperature 12.77C
The time at which the maximum value occurs 15 oclock
The time at which the minimum value occurs 4 oclock
The time of sunrise 4 oclock
The duration of the solar day 16 hours

Representative values of TSR appropriate to different return

periods
Parameters for three- days maxima of TSR
Mean value 5832.7 W/m2
Standard deviation 1165.3 W/m2
Parameters of III. Type of extreme value distribution (for maxima)

Upper limit 1050.0 W/m2
Parameter c 4.2
Parameter u 5398.4 W/m2
Characteristic value (return period = 50 years)

P= 1.-(1./(30.*50.)=0.999333 9326.67 W/m
Infrequent value (return period= 1 years)
P=1.-(1./30.)= 0.966667 8038.75 W/m
Frequent value (return period = 2 weeks)
P=1.-(1./4.67)= 0.785867 6771.69 W/m
Quasi- permanent value (return period = 6 days)
P= 0.5 5798.00 W/m


Differences between exact and simplified method

for characteristic value 2%
for infrequent value 6 % (box girder)

14 % (T girder)
1 % (rectangular slab)
for frequent value 10 % (box girder)

20 % (T girder)
for quasi-permanent value 17 % (box girder)

30 % (T girder)


Considering
all results in Table 1
the real deck depth of modern bridges
Characteristic values:
Box girder TMK = 10 K
T girder TMK = 15 K
Rectangular slab TMK = 15 K
reducing coefficients for all types of cross sections:

1 = 0,8
1 = 0,6
2 = 0,5

Temperature in composite and steel bridges

Representative cross sections
Steel bridge Composite bridge


Gradation of cross-section lengthwise


Influence of thickness of coating
Steel bridge


Influence of thickness of coating
Composite bridge


Influence of bridge orientation
Steel bridge


Influence of geometry, here: bottom flange
Steel bridge Composite bridge


linear temperature differences in steel bridges


linear temperature differences in composite bridges




Simultaneity of uniform and temperature difference components
Most adverse effect of

TM,heat (or TM,cool) + N TN,exp (or TN,con) (6.3)
or
MTM,heat (or TM,cool) + TN,exp (or TN,con) (6.4)
If no other information is available, the recommended values for N and M

are:
N = 0,35
M = 0,75
Where both linear and non-linear vertical temperature differences are used
TM should be replaced by T which includes TM and TE

Differences in the uniform temperature component between different

structural elements
15C between main structural elements (e. g. tie and arch)
10C and 20C for light and dark colour

respectively between suspension/ stay cables and deck (or tower)

Temperature changes in industrial chimneys, pipelines, silos, tanks and

cooling towers
Design for following conditions:
- thermal actions from climatic effects due to the variation of shade air
temperature and solar radiation
- temperature distribution for normal and abnormal process conditions
- effects arising from interaction between the structure and its contents during
thermal changes

Temperature changes in industrial chimneys, pipelines, silos, tanks and

cooling towers
Temperature Components

Annex A: Isotherms of national minimum and maximum shade air

temperatures
for maximum: Tmax,p = Tmax { k1 - k2 ln [ - ln (1- p) ] } (A.1)
for minimum: Tmin,p = Tmin { k3+ k4 ln [ - ln (1- p) ] } (A.2)
where:
Tmax ( Tmin) is the value of maximum (minimum) shade air temperature with
an annual probability of being exceeded of 0,02
k1 = ( uc) / { ( uc) + 3,902 } (A.3)
k2 = 1 / { ( uc) + 3,902 } (A.4)
where:
u, c are the mode and scale parameters of annual maximum shade air
temperature distribution
k3 = ( uc) / { ( uc) - 3,902 } (A.5)
k4 = 1 / { ( uc) - 3,902 } (A.6)
The parameters u and c are dependent on the mean value m and the standard
deviation s of type I extreme value distribution:
for maximum u = m - 0,57722 / c
c = 1,2825 / s (A.7)
for minimum u = m + 0,57722 / c
c = 1,2825 / s (A.8)
The ratios Tmax,p/ Tmax and Tmin,p/ Tmin respectively may then be taken from Figure A.1.

Maximum and minimum shade air temperature values with an annual

probability of being exceeded p other than 0,02

Annex B : Temperature differences for various surfacing depths



Annex C : Coefficients of linear expansion (informative)

Annex D: Temperature profiles in buildings and other construction works

(Informative)
Temperature profiles may be determined using the thermal transmission theory.
In the case of a simple sandwich element (e.g. slab, wall, shell) under the
assumption that local thermal bridges do not exist a temperature T(x) at a
distance x from the inner surface of the cross section may be determined
assuming steady thermal state as
T(x) = T R(x) (T T ) (D.1)

in R in out
tot
where:
Tin is the air temperature of the inner environment
Tout is the temperature of the outer environment
Rtot is the total thermal resistance of the element including resistance of
both surfaces
R( x) is the thermal resistance at the inner surface and of the element from
the inner surface up to the point x (see Figure D.1).

Annex D: Temperature profiles in buildings and other construction works

(Informative)
The resistance values Rtot, and R( x) [m2K/W] may be determined using the
coefficient of heat transfer and coefficients of thermal conductivity given in EN
ISO
h
R = R + i +R
tot in out (D.2)
i
where:
Rin thermal resistance at the inner surface [m2K/W],
Rout thermal resistance at the outer surface [m2K/W],
i thermal conductivity and hi [m] is the thickness of the layer i [W/(mK)]
h (D.3)
R(X) = R + i
in
i
where layers (or part of a layer) from the inner surface up to point x (see Figure
D.1) are considered only.



Thermal Actions

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Universitt Stuttgart

EUROCODE 1 Actions on structures

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Balthasar Novk,

Prof. Dr.- Ing. Balthasar Novk

Prof. Dr.- Ing. Balthasar Novk

Prof. Dr.- Ing. Balthasar Novk

Prof. Dr.- Ing. Balthasar Novk

Transrapid Ideal position

Prof. Dr.- Ing. Balthasar Novk

Transrapid Ideal position

Prof. Dr.- Ing. Balthasar Novk

Transrapid solar radiation

diagrams: Prof. Dr.- Ing. I. Mangerig

Prof. Dr.- Ing. Balthasar Novk

Transrapid solar radiation

diagrams: Prof. Dr.- Ing. I. Mangerig

Prof. Dr.- Ing. Balthasar Novk

temperature profile depends on

Prof. Dr.- Ing. Balthasar Novk

Transrapid concrete section

diagrams: Prof. Dr.- Ing. I. Mangerig

Prof. Dr.- Ing. Balthasar Novk

Transrapid composite section

diagrams: Prof. Dr.- Ing. I. Mangerig

Prof. Dr.- Ing. Balthasar Novk

Transrapid Deformations due to temperature actions

Variation A: + lower t-value

Variation B: -- larger TM and no significant advantage

Prof. Dr.- Ing. Balthasar Novk

Thermal Actions - Classification

Variable and indirect

Prof. Dr.- Ing. Balthasar Novk

Thermal Actions Parts of the temperature profile

Prof. Dr.- Ing. Balthasar Novk

Temperature changes in buildings

uniform temperature component of a structural element Tu:

linearly varying temperature component TM between the temperatures

Prof. Dr.- Ing. Balthasar Novk

Temperature changes in buildings

Prof. Dr.- Ing. Balthasar Novk

Temperature changes in buildings

Prof. Dr.- Ing. Balthasar Novk

Temperature changes in bridges

Type 1: Steel deck: - steel box girder

Type 2: Composite deck

Type 3: Concrete deck: - concrete slab

Prof. Dr.- Ing. Balthasar Novk

Correlation between minimum/

Prof. Dr.- Ing. Balthasar Novk

Temperature changes in bridges

TN,con = T0 Te,min (6.1)

characteristic value of the maximum expansion range of the uniform bridge

TN,exp = Te,max - To (6.2)

Overall range of the uniform bridge temperature component

Prof. Dr.- Ing. Balthasar Novk

Prof. Dr.- Ing. Balthasar Novk

Prof. Dr.- Ing. Balthasar Novk

Linear temperature differences in concrete bridges

Three groups of cross sections:

Prof. Dr.- Ing. Balthasar Novk

Linear temperature differences in concrete bridges

Three groups of cross sections:

Prof. Dr.- Ing. Balthasar Novk

Linear temperature differences in concrete bridges