Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
INGLS TCNICO II
INDICE
CONTENIDO PGINA
Presentacin 5
Introduccin 6
Orientaciones metodolgicas 7
UNIT ONE
LOS ELEMENTOS CONTABLES Y EL PLAN DE CUENTAS 8
Lesson 1: Accounting Equation 9
1.1 Desarrollo del contenido 9
1.2 Gramtica 9
1.2.1 Present perfect 10
1.2.2 Interrogative form 10
1.2.3 Negative form 10
1.3 Vocabulario 10
5.4 Vocabulario 31
Lesson 6: Taxation 33
6.1 Desarrollo del contenido 33
6.2 Gramtica 33
6.2.1 Passive Voice Simple Present 33
6.2.2 Interrogative form 34
6.2.3 Negative form 34
6.3 Vocabulario 34
PRESENTACIN
6
INTRODUCCIN
El cuaderno contiene una gua bsica de la gramtica americana. Esta empieza con el
presente perfecto y concluye con la voz pasiva. En cada lectura se podr observar
algunos ejemplos de la gramtica correspondiente a cada leccin. Asimismo, los
ejercicios gramaticales correspondern, dentro de lo posible, con el contenido de las
lecturas junto con enlaces a pginas web en las que podrn continuar practicando.
Antes de empezar, ponga en su mente la idea que ante usted se abre una gran
oportunidad. Sea positivo, prepare un cronograma de estudios que sea regular.
Recuerde que el propsito de este cuaderno es de comprender lecturas y documentos,
as como traducir y redactar informacin pertinente. Busque relacionar lo que va
aprendiendo con otros conocimiento previos y relacinelos.
ORIENTACIONES METODOLGICAS
ESTRUCTURA
La asignatura de Ingls Tcnico II es de naturaleza terico prctica de
formacin profesional de especializacin, que pertenece al rea de
contabilidad. Su finalidad es que el alumno desarrolle capacidades y fortalezca
sus habilidades comunicativas del idioma ingls en la formacin contable
internacional.
Los contenidos a desarrollar se agrupan en cuatro unidades temticas:
1. Los Elementos Contables y el Plan de Cuentas
2. Trminos Especiales Contables y de Tributacin
3. El Ciclo Contable y los Libros Contables Americanos
4. Sistema de Control Interno, Auditora y Pericia Contable
ESTRATEGIA DE APRENDIZAJE
Organice su tiempo para que pueda aprender, comprender y poner en
prctica los contenidos de este manual.
Comience por la gramtica y los ejercicios.
Luego aprenda el vocabulario.
Una vez que los haya comprendido lea el tema y tradzcalo.
Si tiene acceso a Internet, utilice los buscadores para informarse mejor,
y busque las direcciones sugeridas en este manual.
Practique cuantas veces pueda hasta que se sienta cmodo con la
informacin.
EVALUACIN
Cada unidad termina con una autoevaluacin. Las dos primeras unidades
sern evaluadas en el primer examen parcial y las dos ltimas unidades en el
segundo examen parcial. Se estudiar todo el manual en caso de un examen
sustitutorio. Las tutoras incluirn prcticas por cada leccin y simulacros de los
exmenes.
8
UNIT ONE
ORIENTACIONES
Antes de empezar su estudio repase lo aprendido en el primer manual, ser
importante que recuerde el vocabulario y las lecciones aprendidas. Recuerde
primero ver el vocabulario antes de ir a la lectura. Solo as podr comprender
su contenido.
PROPSITOS
Identificar los elementos fundamentales de la contabilidad, su relacin con las
ecuaciones contables, el plan de cuentas y su estructura en ingls, mediante
lecturas y ejercicios de comprensin, a fin de poder realizar trabajos contables
bilinges.
SUMARIO
1. Cules son las ecuaciones contables bsicas?
2. Cmo se clasifican los elementos fundamentales?
3. Qu diferencia hay en el plan de cuentas americano?
4. Quin prepara el plan de cuentas americano?
9
LESSON 1
ACCOUNTING EQUATION
Every firm shows its financial position by three elements: assets, liabilities and capital.
These elements are the columns of the accounting process that maintain the accounts
in balance. Accounting uses equations to show their relationship and importance.
Assets are considered all the possessions of the business that have money value.
These resources are controlled by the business. The accounting equation for assets is:
Liabilities are all the obligations and debts that a business has to pay. They are also
defined as the assets owned by the creditors. The accounting equation for liabilities is:
Capital is the investment that the owners contribute to the business. This is also
defined as the assets owned by the proprietor. The accounting equation for capital is:
Other basic elements in accounting are: revenue and expenses. These together with
assets, liabilities and capital form the five fundamental elements by which accounting
express the financial position and condition of the business.
Revenue is the income that a business produces through the sale of a product or
service.
Expenses are the costs incurred by the firm to produce the revenue. These are also
considered necessary in order to get profit.
It is considered that these are the five fundamental elements of accounting. Their
relationship is expressed in the following equation:
1.2 GRAMTICA
1.2.1 Present Perfect: Los verbos del tiempo Presente Perfecto (pretrito perfecto)
expresan acciones que se empezaron a realizar en algn tiempo en el pasado, pero
que continan siendo realizadas hasta el presente o guardan relacin con el presente.
Para conjugarlo se usa el verbo HAVE (tener) como un auxiliar y el verbo principal en
el tiempo Pasado Participio. As cuando formamos oraciones, debemos usar el sujeto
seguido por el auxiliar, el verbo principal y el complemento.
Ejemplos:
El contador ha registrado las cifras en los libros.
The accountant has recorded the figures in the books.
10
1.2.3 Negative Form: La forma negativa del Presente Perfecto se realiza colocando el
negativo not despus del verbo auxiliar Have / Has. Ejemplos:
Note que en los ejemplos algunas de las oraciones se han contrado el auxiliar con el
negativo. La contraccin para have not es havent y la contraccin para has not es
hasnt. El auxiliar has se usa para la tercera persona singular: he, she, it. Todas las
dems personas usan have.
Recuerde que en ingls formal NO se usan las contracciones. Razn por la que no
encontraremos ninguna en la literatura especializada, ni en documentos de trabajo.
1.3 VOCABULARIO
1. Accurately con exactitud
2. Also tambin
3. As como
4. Balance balance, equilibrio
5. Before antes
6. Beginning inicio, principio
7. By which por lo(s) cual(es)
8. Column columna
9. Compete competir
10. Contribute contribuir
11. Creditors acreedores
12. Debts deudas
13. Element elemento
14. Equation ecuacin
15. Expenses gastos, egresos
16. Following siguiente
17. Get obtener, consegir
18. Importance importancia
19. Income ingresos, ganancias
11
LESSON TWO
The first three fundamental elements assets, liabilities and capital are classified in
the Balance Sheet or Statement of Financial Position. This classification varies
according to each governmental agency encharged of the presentation of the financial
statements. Some countries present their Balance Sheets classified as we do, but
others present it different. So we are going to learn the different presentation to learn
how to do it.
Assets are classified in four categories: current assets, investments, plant assets and
intangilble assets.
Current assets are those assets that can be expected to be converted to cash within
the accounting period.
Investments are assets that are not normally used but that will produce income in the
future. They are long term assets.
Plant assets are long term assets with a useful life of more than a year but that
depreciate with use and time. They are also called: fixed assets or property, plant and
equipment.
Intangible assets are assets with no physical existence but of value to the company.
They are long term resources of a firm with limited life (e.g. patents, copyrights,
goodwill) or unlimited life (trademarks).
Liabilities are classified as: current liabilities and long term liabilities.
Current liabilities are debts or obligations of a company that are due in one year or
less.
Long term liabilities are obligations and debts of a company that are due in more than a
year. They are also known as non-current liabilities.
2.2 GRAMTICA
2.2.1 Prepositional Verbs (1): Un grupo de verbos en ingls se conjugan con ciertas
preposiciones (adverbios) que cambian su significado segn como se combinen.
Algunos de ellos los vimos en el primer manual. Ahora veremos por grupos otros
verbos compuestos que nos pueden ser de utilidad.
Ejemplos:
1. The bookkeeper did not bring about the loss of the capital.
2. We have to bring back the reports to the managers office.
3. Inflation has brought down our earnings.
4. The company brought out a new line of products.
5. A good accountant always brings up important financial matters in a meeting.
6. The manager calls for an internal audit to understand the problems of the firm.
7. The meeting was called off until next month.
8. These figures come about as a result of the accounting process.
9. Our business is coming apart with this inflation.
10. The auditor will come back at beginning of the year.
11. We have to come down our prices to compete in the market.
12. This year turnover comes to one hundred fifty thousand million dollars.
2.2.2 Past Perfect: El tiempo pasado perfecto o pretrito pluscuamperfecto se usa para
expresar acciones realizadas en un tiempo pasado cuyos efectos se sintieron hasta un
pasado cercano, o que se prolong por un tiempo en el pasado. Se forma con el
auxiliar had que equivale a haber en espaol y el verbo en pasado participio. Solo
tiene una forma y no es necesario cambiar el auxiliar segn el sujeto. Ejemplos:
2.2.3 Interrogative form: Para hacer la pregunta solo se coloca el auxiliar had al inicio
de la pregunta, seguido por el sujeto y el verbo en pasado participio. Ejemplos:
2.2.4 Negative form: El negativo se forma aumentando la negacin al auxiliar had not
(hadnt) a la oracin. Ejemplos:
2.3 VOCABULARIO
LESSON 3
Every account has a code number to be identified. The accountant chooses the range
according to the transactions his company makes. If the firm is a small business it may
have two or three digits, but the accountant may take into consideration the business
growth and use more digits to allow the creation of more accounts.
The first three elements express the balance sheet accounts while the other two
elements express the income statement or Statement of Earnings accounts. Thus, a
chart of accounts may look like the following example:
Chart of Accounts
Assets
Liabilities Expenses
3.2 GRAMTICA
3.2.3 Negative form: El negativo se forma colocando la negacin junto al verbo: is not
(isnt) are not (arent. ejemplos:
3.3 VOCABULARIO
1. According de acuerdo
2. All todas
3. Allow permitir
4. Bond bono
5. Building inmueble
6. Cash caja
7. Chart plan
8. Choose escoger
9. Code cdigo
10. Creation creacin
11. Depreciation depreciacin
12. Digit dgito
13. Drawer cajn
14. Drawings retiros
15. Equipment equipo
16. Every toda, cada
17. Found hallado
18. Goodwill plusvala
19. Growth crecimiento
20. Identified identificada
21. If si
17
ACTIVIDADES
AUTOEVALUACIN
RESPUESTAS
2. Came back
3. Brought out
4. Brought back
5. Brought about
6. Brought down / came down
7. Brought up
8. Called off
9. Came to
10. Came apart
11. Came about
12. Came down / brought down
5. No, it doesnt. the accountant chooses the range according to the transactions
his company makes.
6. It may have two or three digits.
7. They express the balance sheet accounts.
8. They express the income statement accounts.
EXPLORACIN ON LINE
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-perfect-simple Present
perfect
http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/present-perfect-exercises.html Present
perfect
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/present_perfect_statements.htm
Present perfect
http://www.shertonenglish.com/resources/es/phrasal-verbs/phrasals-bring.php
Prepositional verbs - bring
http://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/phrasal-verb-bring Prepositional
verbs -bring
http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/past-perfect-exercise-1.html Past perfect
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/past_perfect_simple_past.htm
Past perfect
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/various/there_is_there_are.htm There
is, there are
http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=5272 There is
there are
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS
SEGUNDA UNIDAD
ORIENTACIONES
Despus de repasar el vocabulario traduzca la lectura en un cuaderno aparte y
vulvala a traducir al ingls sin mirar al libro. Esta prctica le ser muy til para
comprender el manejo del idioma. Si puede incluya oraciones adicionales
practicando el tema gramatical de cada leccin.
PROPSITOS
Identificar los trminos especiales utilizados para pagos, beneficios,
benchmarking y tributacin a travs de lecturas y ejercicios, a fin de poder
comprender textos y elaborar informes.
SUMARIO
1. Cules son los trminos de pagos y beneficios?
2. Qu es benchmarking y cmo se aplica?
3. Cmo se dicen los diferentes tributos en ingls?
4. Cules son los tributos internacionales?
26
LESSON FOUR
Wage is the amount a worker is paid weekly based on the hours worked. The term may
be used in plural. It is usually paid in cash. Some workers only earn a minimum wage.
It is the minimum amount allowed by law.
Overtime is the payment of the extra hours worked. It is the extra money received
besides the regular pay for working more than the time agreed.
Fringe benefits are the additional benefits that employees receive in addition to their
salary or wages. These may include a company car, health insurance, company
products, purchases discounts, free meals, etc. Another term for fringe benefits is perk
or perquisites.
Maternity leave is when a pregnant worker has to take time off for giving birth and
taking care of the new born according to law.
Bonus is a payment made to motivate employees to achieve particular targets for the
business. It is usually referred to the payment executives receive after getting certain
important goals or business contracts.
Severance pay is what an employee receives after leaving a company. It may differ
according to the ex-employers policy. The employee may bargain the severance
agreement with his employer before signing a contract for specific terms. A typical
salary severance payment benefit is two weeks pay for each year of service.
Indemnity is the payment a person receives for a loss. It may be for accident, death or
other emergencies. For example, there may be an indemnity agreement for medical
insurance.
4.2 GRAMTICA
4.2.1 Prepositional Verbs (2): Un verbo que con mucha frecuencia se usa solo o
compuesto es get. Este verbo significa: conseguir, obtener o adquirir, pero al ser
combinado con una preposicin cambia de significado como veremos a continuacin.
4.2.2 Present Continuous: El tiempo del presente continuado se forma con el verbo to
be como auxiliar y al verbo principal se le aumenta el sufijo ing para formar el
gerundio. Se utiliza para hablar de acciones que se estn realizando en el momento,
que tienen una ocurrencia constante o para arreglos y planes futuros. Ejemplos:
4.3 VOCABULARIO
1. Achieve lograr
2. After despus
3. Agreement acuerdo
4. Allowed permitido
5. Amount monto
6. Bank banco, bancario
28
7. Bargain negociar
8. Before antes
9. Biweekly quincenalmente
10. Bonus bono
11. By por
12. Cash al contado
13. Certain ciertos
14. Contract contrato
15. Death muerte
16. Discounts descuentos
17. Done hecho
18. Earn ganan, obtienen
19. Employer empleador
20. Executives ejecutivos
21. Extra extra, adicional(es)
22. Fired despedido
23. Free gratis
24. Fringe benefits incentivos laborales
25. Giving birth dar a luz
26. Goal meta
27. Health salud, atencin mdica
28. Include incluir
29. Indemnity indemnizacin
30. Law ley
31. Leave permiso, salida
32. Loss prdida
33. Maternity maternidad
34. Meals comidas
35. Minimum mnimo
36. Monthly mensualmente
37. Motivate motivar
38. New born recin nacido
39. Overtime sobretiempo
40. Package paquete
41. Payment pago
42. Perk (perquisites) beneficios adicionales
43. Policy poltica
44. Pregnant embarazada
45. Purchases compras
46. Redundancy cese, indemnizacin
47. Referred referido
48. Salary sueldo
49. Severance indemnizacin, cese
50. Signing firmar
51. Taking care cuidar
52. Targets objetivos
53. Wage salario, jornal
54. Weekly semanalmente
55. Worker trabajador, obrero
29
LESSON FIVE
Benchmark is the action to use benchmarking. It may also refer to a standard in the
comparison. For example: if the business has the leadership in the market for its
marketing campaigns. We can say that it has the benchmark in marketing.
Know how (knowhow) is an expression used to express the knowledge of all the
methods and procedures by an expert. In order to be competitive in this globalized
world, industries require their personnel to have the knowhow of international
transactions.
5.2 GRAMTICA
5.2.2 Negative Form: Para formar el negativo se coloca la negacin despus del
auxiliar to be. Hay que recordar que puede contraerse la negacin cuando hablamos,
pero al escribir documentos formales no se deben usar las contracciones.
Ejemplos:
Las diferencias ms grandes entre estos dos idiomas, aparte del acento al hablar y de
muy pocas reglas gramaticales, se encuentra en su vocabulario. As como cuando
viajamos entre pases de habla hispana encontramos que en nuestro medio le damos
un nombre a una cosa o actividad y en otro pas se le llama diferente, siendo ambos
pases de habla castellana. Lo mismo ocurre con el ingls en los pases que hablan
este idioma como Inglaterra (Reino Unido), Estados Unidos, Canad, Australia, etc.
Existen algunas diferencias en escritura. Ciertas palabras en ingls britnico se
escriben con ou, mientras que en ingls americano solo se coloca la o, ejemplo: colour
color, honour honor, labour labor. Otra diferencia de escritura es la terminacin
re (britnico) y er (americano), ejemplo: centre center, theatre theater, fibre
fiber. Veamos otras diferencias en vocabulario.
5.4 VOCABULARIO
LESSON SIX
TAXATION
There are several types of taxes but they are generally divided in two main types: direct
and indirect.
Direct Taxes are those taxes collected from the income of individuals and businesses
such as: income tax, capital gains tax, capital transfer tax, corporation tax, and other
taxes used by the government.
Income tax is the tax levied directly on employees wage or salary and other money
received.
Capital gains tax is levied on profits made from the sale of assets (stocks or shares).
Capital transfer tax is levied on money or property inherited, and is also known as
inheritance tax or estate tax (death duty in Britain).
Corporation tax is levied on a companys profits which are usually taxed twice (profits
and to sharehoders on their dividends received).
Indirect taxes are levied on the production made by the business or its sale of goods
and services. This tax is included in the product price so the buyer pays for it.
Examples of this type of taxes are: VAT, sales taxes, excise taxes, tariffs.
VAT (Value added tax) is commonly levied at each stage of production, the total is
added to the final price of the product. This tax is known in other countries as the
goods and services tax or GST.
Sales tax is levied on the retail price of goods in the United States by the retailers.
Excise tax is levied by governments on commodities like tobacco, alcoholic drinks and
petrol as an additional sales tax.
6.2 GRAMTICA
6.2.1 Passive Voice - Simple Present: La voz pasiva es la forma gramatical ms usada
en los libros de texto. Se le llama voz pasiva por que el sujeto de la oracin no es
quien realiza la accin, pues se enfoca en lo que se hace y no en quien lo hace. sta
34
estructura puede ser conjugada en todos los tiempos gramaticales. Se caracteriza por
el uso del verbo to be como verbo auxiliar seguido por el verbo principal en el pasado
participio. El tiempo en que se conjugue el auxiliar be indicar el tiempo de la oracin.
Empecemos con el presente simple. Ejemplos:
6.2.2 Interrogative Form: Para cambiar la voz pasiva a la forma interrogativa solamente
se transfiere el auxiliar be al inicio de la oracin. Ejemplos:
6.2.3 Negative Form: El negativo de la voz pasiva se hace aumentando not al auxiliar
be, continuando con la estructura bsica de esta forma gramatical. Ejemplos:
6.3 VOCABULARIO:
LESSON SEVEN
INTERNATIONAL TAXATION
Tax avoidance is the minimization of a tax liability legally used by some individuals or
businesses.
Transfer pricing is the price at which a subsidiary and a parent company transact with
each other. It is also a tool for corporate tax avoidance.
Tax haven is a country that offers foreign individuals and businesses little or no tax
liability. This is done in countries that are political and economical stable, so the
country can benefit from increased commercial and financial activity.
GDP-Gross domestic product is the monetary value of all the finished goods and
services produced within a country. It is a measurement of a nations overall economic
activity.
NDP-Net domestic product is the annual measure of the economic output of a country
after subtracting depreciation to the GDP.
Corporate tax is a levy placed on the profit of a firm earned during a given taxable
period.
Withholding tax is the income tax withheld to employees and paid directly to the
government by the employer.
CIT Corporate income tax, as corporations are legal entities they are taxed as
individuals with the income tax on their profits.
Customs duties are tariffs or taxes payable on imports and exports by the customs
authorities of a country.
Tax treaty is a treaty between two nations to prevent double taxation and tax evasion
by the resident of one country earning profits in other country.
Tax holiday the absence of a corporation tax for a temporary period to encourage
foreign investment.
Tax write-off is an expense that can be deducted from taxable income. It is legally done
and businesses should be aware of the expenses a government permits to be
deducted.
37
7.2 GRAMTICA
7.2.1 Passive Voice Simple Past: Para formar la voz pasiva en tiempo pasado simple
solo hay que cambiar el auxiliar be al pasado: was were y continuar con el verbo
principal en el pasado participio. Ejemplos:
7.3 VOCABULARIO
1. Annual anual
2. Community comunidad
3. Corporate corporativo(a)
4. Customs duties derechos aduaneros
5. Duty derecho(s)
6. Encourage incentivar
7. Foreign extranjero(s)
8. GDP PBI (producto bruto interno)
9. Increased aumentada, incrementada
10. Investment inversin
11. Law ley
12. Learn aprender
13. Levy recaudado, exaccin
14. Liability obligacin
15. Little poco
16. Measurement medida
38
ACTIVIDADES
AUTOEVALUACIN
A) Coloque el verbo compuesto que corresponda en tiempo presente perfecto.
1. What is benchmarking?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. How is benchmarking considered?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. What does benchmarking measure and compare?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. What does it help?
______________________________________________________________
5. What is benchmark?
______________________________________________________________
6. What may benchmark also refer to?
______________________________________________________________
7. What is outsourcing?
______________________________________________________________
42
F) Complete las oraciones con el verbo en voz pasiva en tiempo presente simple.
H) Complete las siguientes oraciones con el verbo en voz pasiva tiempo pasado
simple
6. What is GDP?
______________________________________________________________
7. What is NDP?
______________________________________________________________
8. What is Corporate tax?
______________________________________________________________
9. What is whithholding tax?
______________________________________________________________
10. What is CIT?
______________________________________________________________
11. What is duty?
______________________________________________________________
12. What is customs duties?
______________________________________________________________
13. What is tax treaty?
______________________________________________________________
14. What is tax holiday?
______________________________________________________________
15. What is tax write off?
______________________________________________________________
RESPUESTAS
A) Coloque el verbo compuesto que corresponda en tiempo presente perfecto.
1. Has gotten by
2. Has gotten over
3. Has gotten along
4. Have gotten back
5. Has gotten through
6. Have gotten away
7. Has gotten together
8. Has gotten at
9. Have gotten on
10. Have gotten off
11. Has gotten rid of
46
18. The employee may bargain the severance agreement with his employer before
signing a contract for specific terms.
19. It is the payment a person receives for a loss.
20. It may be for accident, death or other emergencies.
D) Cambie las oraciones a la forma interrogativa y responda con la forma negativa del
presente continuado.
1. It is the search of the best method, procedure or performance to adapt it into the
business.
2. It is considered an important management tool to improve the business
performance.
3. It measures and compares the business products, services and practices with
those businesses leading the competence.
4. It helps to determine the very best in anything.
5. It is the action to use benchmarking
6. It may also refer to a standard in the comparison.
48
F) Complete las oraciones con el verbo en voz pasiva en tiempo presente simple
1. Is prepared
2. Is written
3. Are recorded
4. Is prepared
5. Are / analyzed
6. Is / read
7. Are not prepared
8. Are not signed
9. Is not written
10. Is not paid
H) Complete las siguientes oraciones con el verbo en voz pasiva tiempo pasado
simple.
1. Was deposited
2. Was brought out
3. Were brought down
4. Were posted
5. Were verified
6. Was copied
7. Was used
8. Were prepared
9. Were closed
10. Were brought
3. It is the price at which a subsidiary and a parent company transact with each
other.
4. It is a country that offers foreign individuals and businesses little or no tax
liability.
5. Countries that are political and economical stable.
6. It is the monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a
country.
7. It is the annual measure of the economicoutput of acountry after subtracting
depreciation to the GDP.
8. It is a levy place on the profit of a firm earned during a given taxable period.
9. It is the income tax witheld to employees and paid directly to the government by
the employer.
10. Th tax levied to corporations on their profits.
11. A tax on certain goods services or transactions.
12. They are tariffs or taxes payable on imports and exports by the customs
authorities of a country.
13. A treaty between two nations to prevent double taxation and tax evasion by the
resident of one country earning profits in other country.
14. It is the absence of a corporation tax for a temporary period to encourage
foreign investment.
15. It is an expense that can be deducted from taxable income.
EXPLORACIN ON LINE
http://www.agendaweb.org/verbs/present_continuous-exercises.html Present
continuous exercises
http://www.eclecticenglish.com/grammar/PresentContinuous1F.html Present
coninuous exercises
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-perfect-simple Present
perfect exercises
http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/present-perfect-exercises.html
Present perfect exercises
http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/past-perfect-exercise-1.html Past
perfect exercises
https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions/preint/grammar/grammar_09_012e?cc=pe
&selLanguage=en Past perfect exercises
51
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS
TERCERA UNIDAD
ORIENTACIONES
A partir de esta leccin aprenderemos la parte procedimental de la contabilidad,
empezando con el ciclo contable y el registro en el libro Diario. Pngase la
meta de leer, comprender y traducir la lectura. La parte gramatical es un
complemento que le ayudar en la comprensin. Una buena prctica es
continuar con ejercicios adicionales a los del manual. Adems, busque las
pginas de internet que se sugieren para ampliar el panorama del tema que se
desarrolla en cada leccin.
PROPSITOS
Comprender el proceso del ciclo contable y reconocer los libros principales y
auxiliares de contabilidad y su procedimiento, en base a modelos, lecturas y
SUMARIO
1. Cmo es el proceso del ciclo contable?
2. Cules son los libros contables?
3. Cmo se realiza el registro en los libros contables americanos?
4. Cmo es el procedimiento de los ajustes y la hoja de trabajo?
53
LESSON EIGHT
ACCOUNTING CYCLE
The accounting cycle is usually a period of twelve months. This period may be of two
forms: calendar year period or fiscal year period. A calendar year period is when it
follows the calendar, that is, from January 1 to December 31. A fiscal year period
begins on a different date and finishes after a twelve month period. For example: The
U.S. government fiscal year is from October 1 to September 31, and the U.K. fiscal
year is from April 6 to April 5.
The accounting cycle usually begins with the analysis of the accounts and then there
are some steps to be followed:
8.2 GRAMTICA
8.2.1 Prepositional Verbs (3): Otro verbo que tambin es combinado es put, que
significa: poner. Veamos cmo cambia de significado al ser combinado con una
preposicin.
Ejemplos:
1. We have to put away all the papers on the table for the meeting.
2. Tania has put down all the details for the meeting.
3. The business has to put aside $1,000 every month to recover the capital.
4. Mr. Arnold put forward an strategy to reduce expenses.
5. The stockholders put in a new investment to help the recovery of the firm.
6. The manager put off the launch of the new products.
7. Mr. Richards put on his new suit to present this year campaign.
8. The company has put out the new campaign in the papers.
9. Our manager has put over the new strategy for next year.
10. Mrs. Keen put through to Mr. Richards on the phone.
11. The auditor put together the manager, the accountant and the stockholders.
12. One of the partners put up two hundred thousand dollars to the business.
8.2.2 Passive Voice Future (1): Una manera de estructurar la voz pasiva en tiempo
futuro es con los auxiliares will + be + verbo en pasado participio. Ejemplos:
8.2.3 Interrogative Form: Para hacer la pregunta se coloca el auxiliar will al inicio,
seguido del sujeto, el auxiliar be y el verbo en pasado participio. Ejemplos.
8.2.4 Negative Form: Para la forma negativa se aumenta la negacin despus del
auxiliar will. Recordemos que al hablar o al escribir de manera informal la contraccin
de will not es wont. Ejemplos:
1. The accounts will not (wont) be analyzed at the end of the month.
2. The budgets will not (wont) be prepared after the meeting.
3. The stocks will not (wont) be sold in the market at a new price.
4. The chart of accounts will not (wont) be established by the accountant.
5. An independent auditor will not (wont) be employed to audit the accounts.
55
8.3 VOCABULARIO
1. Adjustments ajustes
2. Balance saldo, cuadrar
3. Begin inicia, empieza
4. Calendar calendario
5. Check verificar, chequear
6. Chronological cronolgico
7. Closing cierre
8. Column columna
9. Cycle ciclo
10. Date fecha
11. Double doble
12. Entries asientos
13. Fiscal financiero
14. Follow sigue
15. Form forma, formulario
16. From de
17. Journalizing registrar en el Diario
18. Posting mayorizar, mayorizacin
19. Reversal reversin
20. Steps pasos
21. Temporary temporal(es)
22. That is es decir
23. To a, hacia
24. Transferred transferido(s)
25. Trial balance balance de comprobacin
26. U.K. (United Kingdom) Reino Unido
27. Verified verificado(s)
28. Worksheet hoja de trabajo
56
LESSON NINE
The first step in the accounting process, after analyzing the transaction, is journalizing.
This step is to record the transaction in the General Journal. The procedure is easy and
is done by following these steps:
Journalizing differs a little from the procedure we use in Peru. The account code
numbers are not written before the name of the accounts. They are written in the
Posting Reference columns during the Posting process (U.K. = Ledger Folio). We will
learn this in the next unit. Meanwhile, here is an example of the journalizing process.
November 16 Purchased a new computer for the business, paying $2,000 cash.
November 21 Received $1,200 cash in payment for an account receivable from C&A
Inc.
Page 4
This is a typical Journal from a business before posting process. Notice the page
number on top of the page. It will be used during the posting process.
Accounting books are organized in two set of books: Journals and Ledgers. The
Journals are a group of books used in daily recording. The main one is the General
57
Journal also known as the Book of Original Entry. The books grouped under this term
are the following:
1. General Journal: The book in which transactions are recorded daily. It is called
General to differ from the other journal books.
2. Cash Receipts Journal: The book in which every inlay of cash is recorded.
3. Cash Disbursement Journal: The book which keeps records of payments, in
cash or check.
4. Sales Journal: This book records only credit sales with the terms of sale.
5. Purchases Journal: This book records only credit purchases with the terms of
purchase.
6. Other special Journals: These books are established according to the needs of
the business. They may be:
a) Sales Returns and Allowances Journal
b) Purchases Returns and Allowances Journal
c) Notes Payable Journal
d) Notes Receivable Journal
e) Combination Journal
9.2 GRAMTICA
9.2.1 Passive Voice Future (2): Otra forma de indicar el futuro en ingls es con la
combinacin del auxiliar be + going to. En voz pasiva se le aumenta despus be +
verbo en pasado participio. Ejemplos:
9.2.3 Negative Form: La forma negativa tiene como estructura la siguiente: el auxiliar
be + not + sujeto + going to + be + verbo en pasado participio. Ejemplos:
9.3 VOCABULARIO
1. A little un poco
2. Allowances rebajas
3. Before antes
4. Brief breve
5. Campaign campaa
6. Cash en efectivo, al contado, dinero, efectivo
7. Check cheque
8. Combination journal caja tabular
9. Corresponding correspondiente
10. Credit crdito, a crdito, acreedora
11. Daily diario, a diario
12. Debit dbito, deudora
13. Details detalles
14. Differ diferenciar
15. Disbursement egreso, desembolso
16. Done hecho
17. Easy fcil
18. Empty vaca(o)
19. Equipment equipo
20. Expenses gastos
21. Explanation explicacin, glosa
22. Firm empresa, firma
23. Grouped agrupados
24. Indented indentada, en sangra
25. Inlay ingresos, entrada(s)
26. Keep llevar
27. Launch lanzamiento
28. Learn aprender
29. Leave deje, dejar
30. Left izquierda
31. Line lnea, rengln
32. Main principal
33. Margin margen
34. May puede
35. Meanwhile mientras tanto
36. Need necesidad
37. Other otro(s)
38. Papers peridicos
39. Paying pagando
40. Payment pago
41. Procedure procedimiento
42. Process proceso
43. Purchased se compr
44. Purchases compras
45. Receipts ingresos
46. Receivable por cobrar
47. Received se recibi
48. Recover recuperar
59
LESSON TEN
The General Ledger is the second important accounting book. It is also called The
Book of Final Entry. The basic form of the Ledger account is the T-account. It is formed
by: a) account title, b) debit side, and c) credit side. This basic form is considered
informal and is used only for illustration purposes. The formal way is using a three
column account form which contains: a) date, b) explanation, c) PR, d) debit column, e)
credit column, and f) balance. In this format the balance is determined after each
transaction. Example:
Journal: Page 5
Date Account and Explanation PR DR CR
Nov. 21 Cash 110 1,200
Accounts Receivable 1,200
Received from C&A Inc.
Ledger:
Cash N110
Date Explanation PR DR CR Balance
During the Posting process the accountant records all the information relevant for each
account. He uses the codes according to the Chart of Accounts prepared on the first
page of the Ledger. This process ends when the account code is written in the PR
column of the Journal. This shows that the account has been posted. If the PR column
is empty it shows that the account has not been posted yet. The J-5 in the PR column
of the Ledger means that the transaction came from the General Journal page 5. If
there is P-49 it means that the transaction came from the Purchases Journal page
49.
There are also other types of Ledgers called subsidiary Ledgers. They are: Accounts
Payable Ledger and Accounts Receivable Ledger. They keep track all creditor
accounts and all customer accounts. At the end of the period the balance of the Ledger
is tested with the preparation of a Trial Balance. The debit and credit columns should
be equal to show that the process was correctly done.
10.2 GRAMTICA
10.2.1 Passive Voice Present Perfect: La voz pasiva en presente perfecto o pretrito
perfecto se forma con el auxiliar have/has + been + verbo pasado participio.
Ejemplos:
61
10.2.2 Interrogative Form: Para realizar una pregunta se trae al auxiliar have/has al
inicio seguido por el sujeto, luego been y seguido por el verbo en pasado participio.
Ejemplos:
1. The financial statements have not been prepared for this meeting.
2. The accounts have not been closed to Income Summary.
3. The amounts have not been taken from the worksheet.
4. The audit report has not been presented to the stockholders.
5. Interests have not been paid for two months.
10.3 VOCABULARIO
1. According de acuerdo
2. After despus
3. All todas
4. Balance saldo
5. Basic bsica
6. Belong pertenece
7. Code cdigo
8. Creditor acreedor(es)
9. Customer cliente
10. Date fecha
11. Each cada
12. Empty vaca
13. Ends termina
14. Entry asiento
15. If si
16. Illustration ilustracin
17. Keep track seguir el rastro, rastrear
18. Last ltimo
19. Mean significa, quiere decir
20. Note observe
62
LESSON ELEVEN
The next step is the preparation of the worksheet. Here the accountant transfers the
trial balance to the first double column. Later he will complete the worksheet with the
adjustments. Then he will adjust the trial balance and finally will transfer the information
to the corresponding financial statements columns.
The Net Income or Net Loss will be found out in the Income Statement footings. If the
difference is in the debit side it shows a Net Income. If the difference is in the credit
side it shows a Net Loss. Observe that this difference should be written in the opposite
column of the Balance Sheet section.
The adjustments include deferrals, accruals, and depreciation. Accruals are those
expenses or revenues that have not been recognized in daily recording. Deferrals are
those accounts prepaid that are deferred due to use or depletion of the account, such
as: prepaid insurance and supplies. Unearned revenue is an account created when a
prepayment is made by the customer. As the company has not earned that revenue
because it has not given the product or service it has to create this temporary account
until the product or service is completely provided.
After adjusting the trial balance and completed the worksheet, the accountant can
prepare the financial statements based on the information of the worksheet. Then the
cycle continues closing all temporary accounts with a new account called Income
Summary. Then the last posting is verified with a Post-Closing Trial Balance.
Concluding with the preparation of the reversal entries at the beginning of the new
accounting period, which is optional to the accountant.
64
11.2 GRAMTICA
11.2.1 Passive Voice Past Perfect: La voz pasiva en tiempo pasado perfecto o
pretrito pluscuamperfecto se forma con el auxiliar had + been + verbo en pasado
participio. Ejemplos:
11.3 VOCABULARIO
ACTIVIDADES
Compare el proceso del ciclo contable con lo que hacemos en nuestro pas. Escriba en
su cuaderno las diferencias que encuentra en ambos procesos. Luego compare el
procedimiento del registro en el Diario. Observe como las cuentas que se usaron
guardan relacin directa con la transaccin. Estas cuentas las prepara el contador y
son fcilmente identificables de manera que cualquier persona que las vea entiende de
qu se trata. En su cuaderno intente registrar transacciones de sus prcticas en
espaol utilizando el plan contable modelo de la unidad anterior.
Tambin compare los libros contables que ha aprendido con los libros contables
americanos. Busque los modelos en los enlaces de internet que se brindan al final de
la unidad. Comprelos y observe sus diferencias y similitudes. Haga lo mismo con el
proceso de registro en el Diario y Mayorizacin.
AUTOEVALUACIN
1. Which is the first step in the accounting process after analyzing the transaction?
_______________________________________________________________
2. What is journalizing?
_______________________________________________________________
3. How many steps are done in this procedure?
_______________________________________________________________
4. Which is the first step?
_______________________________________________________________
5. Which is the second step?
_______________________________________________________________
6. Which is the third step?
_______________________________________________________________
7. Which is the fourth step?
_______________________________________________________________
8. Which is the fifth step?
_______________________________________________________________
9. Which is the sixth step?
_______________________________________________________________
10. What should the explanation indicate?
_______________________________________________________________
11. How is the explanation called in the U.K.?
_______________________________________________________________
12. Which is the last step?
_______________________________________________________________
13. Are the account code numbers written before the name of the accounts?
_______________________________________________________________
14. Where are they written?
_______________________________________________________________
15. How is the posting reference called in the U.K:?
_______________________________________________________________
16. When will be used the journal page number?
_______________________________________________________________
17. How are accounting books organized?
_______________________________________________________________
68
1. The accountant ____________ the bookkepers and the auditor to see the
mistakes.
2. Our brothers ___________ some money in the family company.
3. The manager _____________ the responsibility of the company to Mr. Dean.
4. The auditor _____________ the errors in the financial statements.
69
5. The newspaper _____________ the fraud in the sale of stocks of the firm.
6. Our tax accountant _____________ ways to save money on taxes.
7. We ______________ every document from 2009 in a file.
8. James _______________ the computer to prepare this new year budget.
9. Tom ______________ all the new prices of the competence.
10. The firm _______________ an amount for emergencies.
11. The chairman and the manager ______________ a new project for the firm.
12. The accountant _______________ the payment of the firm mortgage.
D) Complete las oraciones con el verbo en voz pasiva futuro con will.
F) Complete las oraciones con el verbo en voz pasiva futuro con be going to.
1. What does the accountant transfer in the first double column of the worksheet?
_______________________________________________________________
2. What is the second double column for?
_______________________________________________________________
71
RESPUESTAS
20. They are: General Journal, Cash Receipts Journal, Cash Disbursement Journal,
Sales Journal and Purchases Journal.
21. It is a brook in which transactions are recorded daily.
22. It is called General to differ from the other journal books.
23. It is the book in which every inlay of cash is recorded.
24. It is the book which keeps records of payments, in cash or check.
25. This book records only credit sales with the terms of sale.
26. This book records only credit purchases with the terms of purchase.
27. They are: Sales and Purchases returns and allowances Journals, Notes
Payable and Receivable Journals and Combination Journal.
28. They are estabished according to the needs of the business.
D) Complete las oraciones con el verbo en voz pasiva futuro con will.
1. Will be recorded
2. Will be transferred
3. Will be done
4. Will be read
5. Will / be prepared
6. Will be sent
7. Will be held
8. Will be kept
9. Will not (wont) be forgotten
10. Will be built
F) Complete las oraciones con el verbo en voz pasiva futuro con be going to.
1. Are going to be done
2. Are going to be created
3. Are going to be closed
4. Are going to be sold
5. Are going to be signed
6. Is going to be required
7. Are going to be increased
8. Is going to be decreased
9. Is going to be granted
10. Are going to be generated
8. It is a net loss.
9. It is written in the opposite column of the Balance Sheet section.
10. They include deferrals, accruals and depreciation.
11. They are those expenses or revenues that have not been recognized in daily
recording.
12. They are those accounts prepaid that are deferred due to use or depletion of
the accounts.
13. It is an account created when a prepayment is made by the customer.
14. Because the company has not given the product or service.
15. The accountant can prepare the financial statements based on the worksheet.
16. It is closing all temporary accounts with a new account called Income Summary.
17. The last posting is verified with a Post Closing Trial Balance.
18. The preparation of the reversal entries at the beginning of the new accounting
period.
EXPLORACIN ON LINE
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS
CUARTA UNIDAD
ORIENTACIONES
Mientras estudia observe las similitudes y diferencias entre la contabilidad
americana con la contabilidad peruana. Observe las diferencias y concntrese
en ellas. Recuerde que el examen es en ingls y es su comprensin del idioma
y del procedimiento lo que le ayudar a contestar apropiadamente.
PROPSITOS
Comprender el sistema de control interno, los trminos de auditoria y pericia
contable, mediante lecturas y ejercicios prcticos, para poder desempearse en
el mbito internacional.
SUMARIO
1. Qu mtodos se usan en el control interno?
2. Cules son los trminos usados en auditoria?
3. Cmo se designan los diferentes tipos de dictmenes en ingls?
4. Qu es la pericia contable y qu comprende?
79
LESSON TWELVE
We have learned that cash is an asset, but it is also easy to disburse. In order to keep
track of these disbursements the business may use cash controls like:
Other controls that accountants use in bookkeeping to keep track of cash are:
The voucher system improves the internal control of a business over cash
disbursements. This system uses:
1. Voucher register
2. Check register
3. Unpaid voucher file
4. Paid voucher file
A company may use Fidelity Bonds. It is an insurance to protect the company from any
loss of property or money as a result of employee theft. It guarantees that employees
will not steal the company.
12.2 GRAMTICA
12.2.1 Zero conditional: Este condicional se usa para indicar una verdad universal. Por
tanto, la clusula principal est en presente simple y la condicional se usa con if y
tambin en tiempo presente simple. Se empieza con la clusula condicional y se
separa de la principal con una coma. Ejemplos:
80
12.2.2 First conditional: En este caso lo que se dice es posible pero poco probable que
se cumpla la condicin en el futuro. La oracin se forma con la clusula condicional en
presente simple y la clusula principal en futuro con will. Ejemplos:
1. If your father comes early, your mother will prepare turkey for dinner.
2. If I find my old coat, I will give it to the poor.
3. If the get our goals, we will grow more than ever.
4. If the figures are wrong, the firm will fall down.
5. If we dont get a new secretary, we will lose our clients.
12.3 VOCABULARIO
LESSON THIRTEEN
AUDITING
Audit is the review for accuracy and evaluation of financial records and procedures by
experts called auditors. This job is continuously done internally by the employees of the
company to assure the correct recording process and procedures, and is known as an
internal audit. They also report any deviations from standard operating procedures and
make sure that all irregularities are corrected. But the most important audit is realized
by external auditors, usually CPCs or Chartered Accountants because they are
unbiased in their review and their report on their findings is of important interest to third
parties such as: investors, creditors, governments and clients.
An auditor expresses in his report the fairness of his review - that is the state of
accuracy, authenticity and completeness of the business financial records. This
document is known as the audit report. Here the auditor states if the recording process
was made following accounting principles and standards. The audit report is usually
written following generally accepted auditing standards (GAAS). As audit reports are
presented in the annual reports, they are prepared following The International Auditing
and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) of the International Federation of
Accountants is the international agency that establishes International Standards on
Auditing. These standards are being reviewed and the new suit will be effective for
audits of financial statements for periods ending on or after December 15, 2016.
An audit report is a letter that is addressed to the Board of Directors and Stockholders.
It has commonly three paragraphs: a) The introductory paragraph which states the
auditor and company managements responsibilities, b) the scope paragraph which
states that the audit was conducted in accordance with auditing standards and c)
opinion paragraph where the auditor expresses his opinion on the results of his
assessment.
There are four types of audit reports: Unqualified opinion, qualified opinion, adverse
opinion and disclaimer of opinion.
Unqualified Opinion: The auditor determines that the financial records are free of any
misrepresentations. It also indicates that the records have been maintained in
accordance with GAAP.
Qualified Opinion: The auditor states the financial records have not been maintained in
accordance with GAAP but no misrepresentations are identified.
Adverse Opinion: The auditor expresses that the financial records are not in
accordance with GAAP and that the records have been misrepresented, indicating that
the company must do the correction and must be re-audited.
Disclaimer of Opinion: The auditor is unable to complete the audit report accurately due
to the absence of appropriate financial records or other factors.
83
13.2 GRAMTICA
13.2.2 Third conditional: Este condicional habla del pasado que no ocurri la condicin
expresada, tal como un sueo sin ninguna posibilidad que se realice. Se forma con la
clusula condicional en pasado perfecto y la principal (o resultado) con would have +
pasado participio. Ejemplos:
13.3 VOCABULARIO
LESSON 14
FORENSIC ACCOUNTING
There is demand for Forensic Accountants due to fraudulent activity in financial issues.
Therefore, forensic accountants must determine which areas, people or functions of the
organization require their attention.
Forensic accounting needs the use of accounting, auditing and investigative skills in
the conducting of an investigation. The forensic accountant must be familiar with legal
concepts and procedures because it encompasses Litigation Support and Investigative
Accounting.
14.2 GRAMTICA
14.2.1 Relative pronouns: Los pronombres relativos se usan al referirse a una persona
o cosa antes mencionada de la que deseamos aumentar mayor informacin. Estos
reemplazan al sustantivo y generalmente son utilizados tanto en singular como en
plural. Entre ellos tenemos: that, which, who, whom, whose. Ejemplos:
1. The girl who gave you the reports was Elisa Goldberg.
2. The budget that Mr. Brown gave you was mine.
3. The problem which you couldnt solve is already fixed.
4. The CEO, whom you met an hour ago, is my father.
5. That is the car whose owner lives next door.
14.2.2 Relative clauses: Las clusulas relativas sirven para dar mayor informacin
sobre la persona u objeto del cual se est hablando. En ellas se utiliza los pronombres
relativos, los cuales algunos son para personas y otros para cosas u objetos.
86
Generalmente unimos dos oraciones para formar una nueva oracin con la clusula
relativa donde el pronombre relativo es el sujeto de la clusula para no repetir el
sujeto. Ejemplos:
1. The woman is Mrs. Smith. She lives across the street. = The woman who lives
across the street is Mrs. Smith. (relative clause)
2. I have a new pet. It is a lovely puppy. = I have a new pet which is a lovely
puppy.
3. We are moving to a new venue. It is downtown. = We are moving to a new
venue that is downtown.
4. Karla kissed a boy. His girlfriend was next to me. = Karla kissed a boy whose
girlfriend was next to me.
5. Mr. Taylor needs a secretary. She must use well a computer. = Mr. Taylor
needs a secretary who must use well a computer.
14.3 VOCABULARIO
ACTIVIDADES
Busque los diferentes medios que se utilizan para el control interno. Vea cules son
los que revisa un auditor en su auditora. Investigue cmo ayuda la pericia contable en
el rea judicial y cules son los casos ms frecuentes.
AUTOEVALUACIN
1. If the Company _______ good profits, it _______ all our salaries. (get/raise)
2. If the manager _______, it ________ that the things are wrong. (yell/mean)
3. If the prices _______ up, it ______ because of the dollar raise. (go/be)
4. If our clients _________, we ______ to satisfy their demand. (complain/have)
5. If you _____ your job well, the firm _______ your contract for a year. (do/renew)
6. If Patrick _______ back, you ______ a new post. (come/get)
7. If I _______ this report, I _______ the kids with their homework. (finish/help)
8. If the car ________, the company _______ a new one for me. (break/buy)
9. If your meal _____ cold, the restaurant _______ it for you. (be/heat)
10. If you _____ an accident, the insurance ______ for all the damages. (have/pay)
1. If the Company _______ good profits, it __________ all our salaries. (get/raise)
2. If the manager _______, it ________ that the things are wrong. (yell/mean)
3. If the prices _______ up, it ______ because of the dollar raise. (go/be)
4. If our clients _________, we ______ to satisfy their demand. (complain/have)
5. If you _____ your job well, the firm _______ your contract for a year. (do/renew)
6. If Patrick _______ back, you ______ a new post. (come/get)
7. If I _______ this report, I _______ the kids with their homework. (finish/help)
8. If the car ________, the company _______ a new one for me. (break/buy)
9. If your meal _____ cold, the restaurant _______ it for you. (be/heat)
10. If you _____ an accident, the insurance ______ for all the damages. (have/pay)
88
1. What is an audit?
_____________________________________________________________
2. How are the experts that make the review called?
_____________________________________________________________
3. What is an internal audit?
_____________________________________________________________
4. Why is an internal audit necessary?
_____________________________________________________________
5. Which is the most important audit?
_____________________________________________________________
6. Why is an external audit so important?
_____________________________________________________________
7. Who is interested in an external or independent audit?
_____________________________________________________________
8. What does an audit report express?
_____________________________________________________________
9. What is usually stated in an audit report?
_____________________________________________________________
10. Which standards are used to write an audit report?
_____________________________________________________________
11. Which entity establishes the International Standards of Auditing?
_____________________________________________________________
12. When will the new suit of these standards be effective?
_____________________________________________________________
13. What is an audit report?
_____________________________________________________________
14. Which are the parts of an audit report?
_____________________________________________________________
15. How many types of audit reports are there? Name them.
_____________________________________________________________
1. If Mrs. Knight _____ the new accountant, the company __________ up.(be/go)
2. If Clarisse ______ the report, she ___________ the manager. (read/tell)
3. If I _______ rich, I ___________ my own boss. (be/be)
4. If my team ______, we _________ this years champions. (win/be)
5. If the Mayor ________, Mr. Johnson ___________ his place. (quit/take)
6. If you ________ those shoes, you _________ without money. (buy/be)
7. If Kaitlin ______, she _________ rent an apartment. (work/rent)
8. If your plan _______, the business __________ down. (fail/fall)
9. If Richard ________ to Hellen, she __________ him. (speak/marry)
10. If we _______ rum last night, we ___________ until tomorrow. (drink/sleep)
89
H) Complete las oraciones con el Relative pronoun que corresponda: that, which, who,
whom, whose.
I) Forme con las dos oraciones una sola oracin con Relative Clause.
RESPUESTAS
1. Gets / raises
2. Yells / means
3. Go / is
4. Complain / have
5. Do / renews
6. Comes / get
7. Finish / help
8. Breaks / buys
9. Is / heats
10. Have / pays
1. It is the review for accuracy and evaluation on financial records and procedures
by experts.
2. They are called auditors.
3. It is the audit continuously done internally by the employees of the company.
4. It is necessary to assure the correct recording process and procedures.
5. It is the audit realized by external auditors.
6. Because external auditors are unbiased in their review and their report on their
findings.
7. It is important to third parties such as: investors, creditors, governments and
clients.
8. It expresses the fairness of the review.
9. It states if the companys recording process was made following accounting
principles and standards.
10. The Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS).
11. The international Auditing and Assurance Standards Boards (IAASB) of the
International Federation of Accountants.
12. They will be effective for periods ending on or after December 15, 2016.
13. It is a letter that is addressed to the Board of Directors and stockholders.
14. There are: introductory paragraph, scope paragraph and opinion paragraph.
15. There are four types: unqualified opinion, qualified opinion, adverse opinion and
disclaimer of opinion.
1. Were / would go
2. Read / would tell
3. Were / would be
92
4. Won / would be
5. Quit / would take
6. Bought / would be
7. Worked / would rent
8. Failed / would fall
9. Spoke / would marry
10. Drank / would sleep
H) Complete las oraciones con el Relative pronoun que corresponda: that, which, who,
whom, whose.
1. That / which
2. Whose
3. Who
4. Which
5. Whom
6. Whose
7. Which
8. That
9. Whose
10. Whom
93
I) Forme con las dos oraciones una sola oracin con Relative Clause.
EXPLORACIN ON LINE
http://www.nigrini.com/EndOfChapter/Rhodes_ForensicReport.pdf Modelo de
reporte de una pericia contable
http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/relative-clauses.html Relative clauses.
https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions1stedition/preint_unit_page/unit6/grammar/
exercise2?cc=pl&selLanguage=pl Zero conditional
http://www.agendaweb.org/verbs/conditional-first-exercises.html First
conditional.
http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/second-conditional-exercise-1.html
Second conditional
http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/3cond1.htm Third
conditional
http://www.scribd.com/doc/9220151/Accounting-Principles-Internal-Control-and-
Cash Internal control and cash
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-cash-control.htm Cash controls.
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS
NOTA: Los verbos que no se encuentran en esta lista son verbos regulares. Estos verbos
tienen el pasado y el pasado participio idnticos y solamente se les agrega ed al final.
Ejemplos:
VOCABULARIO GENERAL
A little un poco
Abroad del extranjero
According de acuerdo
Accruals acumulaciones, devengados
Accuracy exactitude, precision
Accurately con exactitud
Achieve lograr
Addressed dirigida
Adjustments ajustes
Adverse adverso, desfavorable
After despus
Agreement acuerdo
Alcoholic drinks bebidas alcohlicas
Align nivelar, alinear
All todas
Allow permitir
Allowances rebajas
Allowed permitido
Also tambin
Amount monto
Annual report reporte annual, memoria
Annual anual
Any cualquier
Anything cualquier cosa
As como
Assessment evaluacin
Assure asegurar
Audit report reporte de auditoria, dictamen
Audit auditora, auditar
Auditors auditores
Authority autoridad
Balance scorecard cuadro de mando integral
Balance balance, equilibrio, saldo, cuadrar
Bank statement estado de ctas. de banco
Bank banco, bancario
Bargain negociar
Basic bsica
Before antes
Begin inicia, empieza
Beginning inicio, principio
Belong pertenece
Benchmark punto de referencia, parmetro
Benchmarking benchmarking, evaluacin comparativa
Bills boletas
Biweekly quincenalmente
Board of Directors Directorio, junta directive
Boil hervir
Bond bono
Bonus bono
Borrowing pedir prestado
Both.and tanto.como
Breach rompimiento, rupture
Brief breve
101
Building inmueble
Buyer comprador
By which por lo(s) cual(es)
By por
Calendar calendario
Campaign campaa
Capital gains tax impuesto sobre ganancias de capital
Capital transfer tax impuesto sobre transferencia de capital
Card tarjeta
Carve esculpir, forjar, hacer
Cash en efectivo, al contado, dinero, efectivo, caja
Certain ciertos
Chart plan
Check cheque, verificar,chequear
Choose escoger
Chronological cronolgico
Closing cierre
Code cdigo
Collect cobrar
Column columna
Combination journal caja tabular
Commodities productos, mercancas
Community comunidad
Compete competir
Competence competencia
Completeness integridad
Concluding concluyendo
Contract contrato
Contribute contribuir
Copyrights derechos de autor
Coresponding correspondiente(s)
Corporate corporativo(a)
Corporation tax impuesto corporativo
Corresponding correspondiente
Country pas
Court setting marco legal
Created creada
Creation creacin
Credit crdito, a crdito, acreedora
Creditor acreedor
Criminal criminals
Current corriente
Customer cliente
Customs duties derechos aduaneros
Cycle ciclo
Daily diario, a diario
Damages daos
Date fecha
Deal trata
Death duty impuesto de sucesin o sobre la herencia
Death muerte
Debit dbito, deudora
Debts deudas
Decrease disminuir
Deferrals diferidos
102
Delay retrazos
Depletion agotamiento
Deposit slips boletas de depsitos
Depreciation depreciacin
Details detalles
Develop desarrollar
Deviation desviacin
Differ diferenciar
Digit dgito
Disburse desembolsar
Disbursement egreso, desembolso
Disclaimer abstencin
Discounts descuentos
Done hecho
Double doble
Drawer cajn
Drawings retiros
Due vencer, vencimiento, adeudado, debido a
Duty derecho(s)
Each cada
Earn ganan, obtienen
Earned obtenido
Earnings ganancias
Easy fcil
Effective vigente
Element elemento
Employed contratados
Employee empleado
Employer empleador
Empowerment apoderamiento
Empty vaca(o)
Encharged a cargo
Encompass abarca, incluye
Encourage incentivar
Ending on al final de
Ends termina
Entity entidad
Entry asiento
Equation ecuacin
Equipment equipo
Equity patrimonio
Estate tax impuesto de sucesin
Every toda, cada
Excise tax impuesto al consumo
Executives ejecutivos
Expected espera
Expenses gastos, egresos
Explanation explicacin, glosa
Extra extra, adicional(es)
Fairness imparcialidad
Fee honorario, pago, tarifa
Fidelity bonds fianza de fidelidad
Figures cifras, nmeros
File archivo
Findings hallazgos
103
Fired despedido
Firm empresa, firma
Fiscal financiero
Fixed assets activo fijo
Follow sigue
Following siguiente
Foreign extranjero(s)
Forensic accountant perito contables
Forensic accounting pericia contable
Form forma, formulario
Found hallado
Fraud fraude
Fraudulent fraudulenta
Free gratis, libre
Fringe benefits incentivos laborales
From de
Function funcin
Fund financian
GDP PBI (producto bruto interno)
Get obtener, consegir
Giving birth dar a luz
Globalized globalizado
Goal meta
Goods and services bienes y servicios
Goodwill plusvala
Grouped agrupados
Grow crecimiento
Growth crecimiento
Handle manejo, manejar
Health salud, atencin mdica
Help ayuda
Hidden escondido
Highly altamente
Identified identificada
If si
Illustration ilustracin
Importance importancia
Improve mejorar, mejora
In accordance en conformidad, de acuerdo
In order a fin de, para
Include incluir
Incom tax impuesto a la renta
Income ganancia, ingresos
Increased aumentada, incrementada
Incurred incurrido(s)
Indemnity indemnizacin
Indented indentada, en sangra
Inflation inflacin
Inheritance tax impuesto de sucesin
Inherited heredado
Inlay ingresos, entrada(s)
Insurance seguro
Intangible intangible
Interest inters
Internally internamente
104
Introductory introduccin
Investment inversin
Investor inversionista
Invoices facturas
Involuntary involuntario(a)
Issues cuestiones, asuntos, temas
Job trabajo, labor
Journalizing registrar en el Diario
Just solo, solamente
Keep track seguir el rastro, rastrear
Keep llevar
Kickbacks sobornos
Knowhow saber cmo, saber hacer
Knowledge conocimeinto
Land terreno
Last ltimo
Launch lanzamiento
Law ley
Lawyer abogado
Leadership liderazgo
Leading que lideran
Learn aprender
Leave permiso, salida, dejar
Left izquierda
Letter carta
Leverage apalancamiento
Levied gravadas
Levy recaudado, exaccin
Liability obligacin
Life vida
Line lnea, rengln
List lista, listado
Litigation support pruebas sustentatorias
Litigation litigio
Little poco
Long term largo plazo, no corriente
Look like parecer
Loss prdida
Main principal
Maintain mantener
Make sure asegurar, asegurarse
Margin margen
Market mercado
Marketing mercadotecnia
Maternity maternidad
Matters asuntos
May puede
Meals comidas
Mean significa, quiere decir
Meanwhile mientras tanto
Measurement medida
Meeting reunin
Methods mtodos
Minimum mnimo
Misrepresentation distorsin, tergiversacin
105
Mistake error
Money orders rdenes depago
Money value valor monetario
Money dinero
Monthly mensualmente
More than ever ms que nunca
More ms
Motivate motivar
NDP PNI (producto neto interno)
Need necesidad
Needs necesidades
Net neto
New born recin nacido
Next siguiente
Niche nicho
No tax liability ninguna responsabilidad fiscal
Non-core no esencial(es)
Note observe
Notes efectos
Obligations obligaciones
Omissions omisones
Opposite opuesta
Other otro(s)
Output produccin
Outsourcing tercerizar, tercerizacin
Over sobre
Overall en general
Overtime sobretiempo
Owned posedo(a)(s)
Package paquete
Page pgina
Papers peridicos
Paragraph prrafo
Parent company compaa matrz
Patents patentes
Pay pagar
Payable por pagar
Paying pagando
Payment pago
Perform desempear, realizar
Performance desempeo
Period periodo, ejercicio
Perk (perquisites) beneficios adicionales
Personnel personal
Perspective perspectiva
Petrol petrleo
Petty cash caja chica
Physical fsica
Placed colocada
Plant assets activo fijo
Plant maquinaria, planta
Police forces fuerzas policiales
Policy poltica
Position situacin
Posted mayorizado
106
Threat amenaza
Through mediante, a travs de
Thus por ello
Title ttulo
To a, hacia
Tobacco tabaco
Together juntos
Tool herramienta
Trademarks marcas comerciales
Transfer pricing precios de transferencia
Transferred transferido(s)
Trasact transar
Trial balance balance de comprobacin
Turkey pavo
Turnover monto de trasanciones comerciales
Twice dos veces
Typical tpico
U.K. (United Kingdom) Reino Unido
Unbiased imparciales
Under bajo
Understand comprender
Unearned no obtenida
Unlimited ilimitada
Unpaid voucher comprobantes pendientes de pago
Unqualified sin salvedad
Until hasta que
Use and time uso y desgaste
Use usar
Useful til
Utilities servicios pblicos
Value added tax impuesto al valor agregado
Value valor
Varies vara
Verified verificado(s)
View visin
Vouchers comprobantes
Wage salario, jornal
Way manera
Weakness debilidad
Weekly semanalmente
Whether si
Which el cual
While mientras
Withheld retenido
Withholding tax impuesto retenido
Within dentro de
Word palabra
Worker trabajador, obrero
Works obras
Worksheet hoja de trabajo
World mundo
Worldwide a nivel mundial
Worth valor
Wrong equivocado
Yet todava, an