SMITHSONIA N

MISCE L LA NE OUS COL L E CTIONS

VOL 60
'

E VR
E Y M A X LS A VA L UA B L E M E M BE R OF S CIE TY WHO,
O" B Y H IS OB S V
E R A TI ON S RE Q E \R C HE S,

R D
. ~

A N D E XP E I M E N TS , P . KN O W L E GE F OR M E N s I T II S O N

( PU BL C I AT I O N 2235)

C IT Y O F W A S H I N G T O N

PUBL I S HE D B Y T HE I
S M T H SO N A N I I I
NS T T U T O N I
1913
@ g e 0 1 2) @a i m or e (p u s
s

BA L TI MO R E , MD .
, 8 . A.
 I S E M E NT

i
T h e p r esen t s e r i es , e n t tl e d i
S m i t h so n a n M i scel lane o u s C o l l e
5 '

e
i i
t o n s , i si n t e n ded t o e m b r a ce al l t he o ct a v o p u b l i c at o n s o f t he n st i

I
I s
t ut i o n , e x ce p t t he A n n ual R e p o r t . t s co p e i sn o t l i m i ted , an d t h e
vo l u m es t h u s far i s s
ued r elate to n ea rly e v e ry b r an ch of i
sc en ce .

an th ro p o l og y h ave p r ed o m i n at e d .

T h e I ns s
t i tut i on a l o p ubl i sh e s a q ua r t o s
'

er i e s ent i t l e d S m i ths o n i an
I t c o n sis

Co n t r ibu t i o n s t o K n o w l e dg e . t s o f mem o i rs ba se d o n e x
i
ten ded o r i g i n al i n vest g a t i o n s w h i ch h a Ve e s
,
r
ul ted i n i m p o rta n t add i

t i o n st o k n o w l e dge
.

CH A R L E S D .

0 f t h e S nz i l h s
o n ia n I n s
ti t ut io n
'

( iii)
 CON T E N T S

1 . M A L L OC H , J . B . T h ree spe c e so f P i pu n cul i d ae ( D p tera )

new i i
f r o m P ana m a . P u b l i sh ed S ept e m b e r 6 1 9 1 2 4 p p ( P ubl ca ,
. . i
t i o n n u m ber
?
A G O L DM A N , E . A . N e w m a m m al s f r o m ea s
tern P ana m a . S e p te m ber
2 0, 1 9 1 2 ( P ub N o . 1 8 pp . . .

3 . N E L S ON E W D es ,
cr p t i o n s o f n e w ge ne ra s p e c es an d subspeci es
. . i ,
i
o f b i rds f r o m P anama C o l o m b a an d E cu ad o r S ep te m b er 2 7 ,
i .
,

1 912 2 5 pp ( P ub N o
. . . .

LE WT
ON F R E DE R I C L R ube l z ul c o t t o n : A n e w spec ies o f G o s

,
K .

sy p l um fr o m G ua t e m al a Oct o b e r 2 1 1 9 1 2 2 p p 2 p l s ( P ub .
,
. .
,
. .

No .

a . L E W T ON , FRE DE R C I KL . Ko k i a : A new gen u s of H aw a i i an t rees .

Oct o b e r 2 2 , 1 9 1 2 ( P ub N o . 4 pp .
,
5 pls . . .

6 . L E W T O N F R E DE R I C L
-

,
K
T h e c o t t o n o f t h e H o p i n d i an s : A n e w . I
sp e c i es o f G o ssypi u m Oct o be r 2 3 1 9 1 2 ( P ub N o .
,
. . .

'
7 . OB E R I I O L S E R H A R R Y C D esc r i p t i o n s o f o n e h un d re d an d f o u r n e w
-

,
.

speci e s an d s ub spec i es o f b i rds f r o m t h e B a r us san sl a nds an d I

S u m at r a Oc t o be r 2 6 1 9 1 2 2 2 p p ( P ub N O
.
,
. . . .

8 . H E L L E R E D M U N D N e w gene r a an d r ace s o f A fr i can u n g u l ates

,
. .

N o ve m be r 2 1 9 1 2 1 0 pp ( P ub N o ,
. . . .

9 . M E R R I L L G E O R G E P A re cen t mete o r te fal l n ea r I I o l b r o o k N avaj o

,

. i -

,
iz
C o un ty A r o n a N o ve m b er 2 1 1 9 1 2 4 p p ( P ub N o .
,
. . . .

10 . CL AR KA U S I N H OB A R
,
T
T h e c r n o i ds o f t h e N at u ra l H i st o r y T . i
M u seu m a t H am b u rg N o ve m ber 7 1 9 1 2 3 3 p p ( P ub N o .

,
. . . .

)
21 50
11 . T R U E FR E D E R I C W
,
K . A fo ss l i
t o o t h e d ce t a ce an f o m -

r C al i f rn i a
o ,

rep r esen t i ng a n e w g en us an d spec es N o vembe r i . 1 , 1 91 2

.
N

pp .
,
2 p l s ( P ub N o . . .

HE LLE R , E DM U N D Ne w . so f i n sect iv o re s bats an d lem u rs

r a ce , ,

fr o m Br i t i sh E ast A f r i ca N o ve m ber 4 1 9 1 2 1 3 p p ( P ub .
,
. . .

No .

13 . CL A R K ,
A US TI
st u dy o f t h e sa l n ty o f t h e s ur ac e
N H OB A R T . A i i f
w ate r i n th e N o r t h P aci c Ocean an d i n th e adj a cen t en cl o s ed
sea s D ece m b er 1 1 9 1 2 3 3 p p ( P ub N o
V)
. . . . .
,

(
 vi CON T T E N S

H OL L I S T E R, N . Ne w m a m m al s f r o m the h gh l an ds i of i
S b er i a .

N o ve m ber 2 9 , 1 9 1 2 .
( P ub N o
6 pp . . .

15 . BE N T ,
A . C . A ne w subspec i es o f cr o ssb il l fr o m N e w f o un d l a n d .

D ece m ber 1 2 , 1 9 1 2 3 pp ( P ub N o
. . . .

H RD L I C KA A f the ,
ce th t p e p l d
LE S R e m ai n s i n E aste r n A s i a
. o ra a o e

A m er i ca D ece m be r 3 1 1 9 1 2 5 p p 3 p l s ( P ub N .
,
. .
,
. . o .

17 . CL A K A TI H A
R ,
N t es A m e ri can s p ec i es f P i pat s
US N OB RT . o on o er u ,

w i th a l i s t f kn n f rms J an u y 2 5 1 9 1 3 5 pp ( P ub N o ow o . ar ,
. . . o .

2 1 63 )
18 . A BBO T an d A L DR I C H L B S m t h s o n i an p yrhel io met r y r e
,
C G . .
,
. . i
vi s ed Fe b r ua r y 1 1 9 1 3 7 p p ( P ub N o
.
,
. . . .

19 . T
H O L L I S E R N D escr i p t i o n o f a n e w g a ze l l e f r o m n o rth w este r n

,
.

M o ngo l i a F eb rua ry 8 1 9 1 3 2 p p ( P ub N o .
,
. . . .

20 . M E A R N S E DG A R A D escr i p t i o n o f a n e w A f r i can gr a ss w a r bl e o f
,
.
-
r
t he g en us Ci s t i co l a F eb r uar y 1 4 1 9 1 3 2 pp ( P ub N o .
,
. . . .

21 . N E L S ON E W T w o n e w subs p e c i es o f b i rds f r o m th e l p e so f
,
. .

M o un t P i rr i E aste r n P an a m a Februa r y 2 6 1 9 1 3 2 pp ( P ub ,
.
,
. . .

No .

O
(
O
( G OL D M A N , E m am m als f r o m P a n a m a an d
. A . D escr i pt i o n s of new

i
M e x c o Feb r uary 2 8 1 91 3 2 0 pp ( P ub N o .
, . . . .

3
0 H I L L L E ON A R D F L A C
,
M A R TI N ; M C I N T o sH J A M E S ; R O L A N DS K ,
-

,
W ,

B A . W A L E R H B H o d g ki n s Fun d T h e i n uence o f the

. K ,
'

. . .

a t m o sph ere o n o ur heal t h a n d c o m f o r t i n c o n n ed an d cr o w ded

pl a ces J uly 1 5 1 9 1 3 9 6 pp ( P ub N o
.
,
. . . .

H O L L I S T E R N T w o n e w m ammal s f r o m t h e S i ber i an A l ta i M arch

,
. .

1 3 1 91 3 ,
3 pp ( P ub N o . . . .

NO
. "

T R U E F R E DE R I C W Di a g n o s s o f a n e w b e ake d w h a l e o f t h e gen u s
,
K . i
M es o p l o d o n f r o m the c o a st o f N o rth C a r o l na M arch 1 4 1 9 1 3 i .
,
.

2 pp .
( P ub N o . .

26 . G I DL EY JA M E S W I L L IA M S
,
. No t i ce of th e ccu r rence
o o f a P l e is
to
cene cam el n o rth o f th e A rct i c C i rcl e . M arch 2 1 ,
1 91 3 . 2 pp .

( P ub N o . .

G I DL E Y ,
JAM E S WI L L IA M S . An e x t i nct A m er i can el an d M a r ch . 22,
1 91 3 . 3 pp .
,
1 pl .
( P ub N o . .

28 . M IL L E R, GE RR I TS .
,
JR . A new v o le f r om easte rn M o ngo l i a M arch .

3 1, 1 91 3 . 2 pp .
,
1 pl .
( P ub . No .

29 . A BBO T ,
and F O L E F E V o l c a n o es a n d cl i m ate M a rch 2 8
C G . . W ,
. . .
,

1 913 24 pp ( P ub N o
. . . . .

E X I L O R A I I O N S a n d e l d w o rk o f t he S m th s
'
o n a n I nst i tu t o n i n -

i i i
1 9 1 2 J uly 3 1 9 1 3 . 7 6 pp ( P ub N o ,
. . . .
SM ITHSO NI A N MI S C E L L A NE OU S
'

C O L L E CT O N S I
V O L UM E 60 . N U M B E R 1

NE W S PE C I ES O F Pl PUNCUL l D/B
( DI PI E RA ) F RO M P A N A M A

BY

I R . MA L L O C H

t t i t
.

Bure au o f E rI t-o mo lo g y, U S De p ar of Ag r c ul ure

' '
'

a re n
-

. . .

( P U BL I C AT IO N 2 1 41 )

I
C T Y OF W I
A S H NG T O N

I
PUB L S HE D B Y T HE S MI T HS O N A N

I I I
NST T UT ON I
S E PT E M B E R .

S a
C$
c o r b @a i m o r e (p r e s
s

BA L TI M O R E , MD .
, U. S . A.
 TH R E E NE W S PE C E S O F P I PU N CU L I I DE E

( I
D PT E R A )
FR O M PA NA M A 1

BY J . R . MA L L OC H
B U RE AU OF E N T O M O L O GY ,
U . 5 . DE P A RT M E N T OF AG RI C U L T U R E
T h e n e w sp ec i e s he re i n de sc rib e d w e re c o ll e cte d b y M r A u g u s t .

Du se k w h il e a m emb e r o f t h e S m t h s o ni an B i o l o g c al S u rv ey o f
, i i
th e P an am a C an al Z o n e .

P I P U N CU L U S I NT E R R U P T U S , n ew s
p e ci e s

M a l e s E ye s c o n u ent fo r a l o nge r d i st ance th a n le ngth o f f r o n s ;

f ro n s gr ay du s te d ; f ace sl i gh tl y n a r r o w in g f r o m u pp e r p a rt t o en d
o f u p p e r f o u rt h t h en p a r al l el s i de d t o m o u th m a r
-

gi n g ray du st e d ; o cc i p u t g ray d u ste d n o t m u c h

, ,

s w o ll en rath e r b r o a d e r ab o v e th a n b el o w ; ant en
,

n ae bl ac k
t h i r d j o i nt b r o w n i sh sec o n d w it h
, ,

r
n u me r o u s h ai s o n d o rs al s u r f ace an d 2 3 -

o n ve nt r al t h i r d j o i nt n o t acu m i n ate o bt u sel y

, ,

p o i nt ed a ri st a b r o w n el o ngat e d i l ate d at b a s e ;
, ,

r
p o b o sci s b r o w n ; p al p i yell o w b ro w n at t ip an d ,

s o me w h at sp at u l at e M e s o n o tu m bl ack s ub
.
,

q
o pa u e b r o w n gr ay d u s te d
,
e sp ec i al ly an t e ri o rl y
-

an d l ate ral ly ; h u m e r i bl a ck ; p l eu r ae bl ack sub ,

o p aqu e gr ay du st e d ; s cut ell u m sub o p a u e m a r

,
-

q ,

gi mal h ai rs w e ak A b d me n v e lve ty o p a u e black . o q ,

all se g m e nt s w ith n a o w i nte r ru pte d w h it e p o l rr , ,

l i n o se h in d m a r g in a l f a sc i ae ; b a sal f r n g e bl ac k
-

i ,

al l s egm en t s w it h d i st i n ct bl ack l at e ral r at h e r , , ,

l o n g h ai r s ; f th s e gm en t o n e t h i r d l o n ge r th an -

f o u rth ; h yp o pygiu m v i ew e d f r o m ab o v e o n e h al f -

a s l o ng a s ft h s e g m ent le f t si d e sl i gh tl y th e l o n ,

ge r d ep re s s io n ce nt r al l a rg e an d di st nct v en
, ,
i ,

i
P I N T E R R U P I U S o"
i

t r al p r o ce s se s yel l o w i sh w th sh o rt p al e h a rs
.
,
.

L egs bl ack ap i c e s o f f o re c o x ae ext rem e ap i c e s o f f em o ra an d

, ,

b a s e s o f t ibi ae yel l o w al l f em o ra w it h v ent ral s h o rt bl ac k th o rn s m i d , , ,

1
Th is i st h f t t d l i
p ap e r

e o ur e en h ea n g i
w th t h e ul so f
re s t the Sm it hs
on i an

B i l
o o g i l S rv
ca P m C
u e l y o f th e ana a an a Zo n e .

IT IA I
SM A HS O N N M SC E LL N E O US COLL E C TI O NS , VO L . 6 0 , NO . 1
2 SM I T H S ON IAN M I S CE LL AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

p ai r w i th l o n g bl ack h ai r s p o st e ri o rl y p ost e ri o r f em o r a n o t sh in i ng ,

vent ral ly b ut gl o s sy p o s t e r io r l y ; a l l t ib iae w it h t w o d o r s al r o w s o f sh o rt

bl ack b ri st l e s ant e r o v ent ral su r f ac e o f f o r e p a i r w i th s h o rt g o l den
,
-

o
pi l s ity h i n d t ib i ae th icke n e d o n ap i c al h al f t h e t w o d o r s al r o w s o f
, ,

r
sh o t b ri stl e s w i d en i ng fo r a s h o rt di st an ce an d t h en cl o s in g t o get h e r ,

l e aving an o v al at su r f ace at m i d dle o f t ib i ae t h e h ai rs o n ante i r ,

ro
s u r f ac e o f d il at e d p o rt i o n a re n o t ic e ab ly l o nge r th an i s u s u al i n t h i s
gen u s b ein g as l o n g a s d i am e te r o f t ib i ae th re e o r f u r l o n g h ai rs a re o
i
p re s ent o n l a st j o in t o f t a rs th e cl aw s a r e y el l o w w it h f u sc o u s ap i c e s
, .

W i ngs a s i n a cut ic o m is H al te re s b r o w n i s h yell o w kn o b bl ack

.
,
.

F e m a l c E y e s s ep a rate d b y an al m o st p a r al l el s i d e d st ri p e w h i ch
.
-

q
i s o p a u e b r o w n o n up pe r t w o th i rd s an d s il ve re d o n l o w e r t h i r d ;
f a ce s ilv e re d be c o mi ng g r a du ally sl igh tl y b r o ad e r a sit de sc en d s ;
,

r
antenn ae sl i gh tly m o re o u n de d th an i n m al e an d t h i d j o i n t b w n r ro .

O vip o s it o r o f m o de at e l en gt h r
e ach in g t o sl igh tl y b eyo n d ap e x f , r o
t h i rd d o rs al s egm en t v i ew e d l ate rall y th e atten u ate d ap i c a l p o t i o n
, ,
r
k
l o nge r th an th e bl ac gl o b o s e b a s e L e gs at h e r d a rke r th an in m al e . r
an d a rm e d in s o m ew h at s i m il a m ann e r t h o u gh th e l o ng h ai rs o n t h e r ,

o
h i n d t ibi ae a r e n o t s c o n sp i cu o u s an d th e t e m i n al t a r s al h a i s a re r r
o
m u ch s h rte r O th e w i se a s m al e L en g t h
. r mm . .

L o c a l ity T w o m al e s an d o n e f e m al e T ab o ga sl an d P an am a . I , ,

F e b 2 2 2 3 I g I 2 ( A ugu s t B us
.
,
ck ) .

T y p e C a t N o 1 5 1 I 9 U S N a t M us
. .
,
. . . .

r
V e y d i st i nct f ro m any d es c ri be d A m e i c a n sp ec i e s i n c o l and r or
r r
a m atu e o f l egs a s w ell a s i n ab d o m in al m a in gs rk .

P I P UN CUL US A CU T I COR N I S , n ew s
p e ci e s

M al a E
y es c o n u en t f o r at m o s t a s l o n g a s l ength o f f r o n s ;
f r o n s s i lve re d m o st d i st i nctly o n l o w e p o t i o n sl ightl y a i s e d i n
, r r ,
r
c ent e r ; f ace s i lv e re d p a rall el s i d e d a s b r o ad a s f r o n s at ab o v e a n
, ,

i
t e n n ae ; o cc pu t si lv e re d a s b r o a d at o c el l i a s at l o w e r m a gi n o f ey es ;
,
r
, i
ant enn ae bl ack th rd j o i nt y ell o w el o n gat e a cu m i n at e a i st a y ell o w , ,
r
r
at b a se o f s w o ll e n p o t i o n th e e m ai n d e b r o w n ; p r o b o sc i s an d p alp i
,
r r
yell o w M e s o no tu m bl ack s h in i n g gr a y b r o w n d u st e d e sp ec i ally
.
, ,
-

ante ri o rl y ; h u m e ri yell o w ; a f e w e xt re m e l y s h o rt h a i rs ep re sen t t h e r

n o r m al d i scal r o w s an d t h e h u m e ral h a i rs a re al s o w e ak ; p l eu ae r
bl ack sh i n i ng g rayi sh du ste d ante ri o r sp i a cl e y ell o w ; s cu t el lu m
, , ,
r
i
s h n in g bl ac k sl igh tl y b ro w n d u st e d A b d o m en s ub o pa qu e b r o wn
, .
-

all s eg m ent s w ith d i s t in ct h in d m a gi n al g r ayi s h f a sc i ae th e o n e o n -

r ,

b a sal s egm ent c o m pl ete th o s e n o th e r s egm ent s i n d i st in ctl y i nt e r

, o
NO . I NE W P I P U N C U L I DE ( I
D P T E R A) E ROM PA N .
I\I A L L O C I I 3

r up te dcent rally ; fth s eg m en t h al f a sl o n g aga n a s f o u rt h ; b a s al i

f ring e bl ack st r o n g bu t n o t n u m e r o u s ; o nl y t h e f th s
,
e g m ent w ith
v e ry w e ak d o rs al h a i rs t h e o th e rs b a re ; ,

lI y p o p y g iu m s h o rte t h a n ft h seg m e n t r
v i ew e d f r o m ab o ve bl ack s h in in g s l ghtl y , , ,
i
b r o w n d u ste d l o nge st o n ri gh t s i de d e p r e s
, ,

s i o n o n l e f t s h al l o w a sl gh t ap c al t ub e rc u
, ,
i i
l ate p r o du cti o n o n ig h t s i d e ve nt ral p r o r ,

r
c e s s e s n o t p o t ru d ing yell o w L egs yell o w ,
.
,

o nl y co x ze excep t a p i ce s o f f o re p ai r a n d
,

t e r m i n al j o i n t s o f t a rs i b r o w n ; p o ste ri o r
f em o ra gl o s sy v ent r al ly al l f e m o r a w i th ,

d i sti n ct b u t sh o rt v ent ra l t h o rn s ; all t ib i ae

r
w ith t w o d o s al an d t w o o r t h re e ante ri o r
r r
an d p o s t e i o l o n git u di n al r o w s o f sh o rt
r
bl ack b i stl e s ; l a s t t a rs al j o int o n al l l eg s
w it h s ev e r al l o ng b l ack ap i c al h ai rs ; cl aw s
yel l o w b r o w n at ap i ce s W i n gs sl ightl y
,
.

in f u sc at ed st igm a b r o w n r e ach i ng t o en d
, ,

o f a ux il i ary v e i n ; se c o n d c o st al d iv i si o n o n e

an d o n e h al f t i m e s as l o ng a s t h i rd b o th
-

r
t o ge th e sl i gh tl y l o n ge r t h an f o u rth ; s m al l
c r o s s ve i n at j u st b ey o n d en d o f au x ili a ry
v e i n an d at th re e s event h s f r o m ba s e o f -

"
P
r
d i sc al cel l ; o u te c r o s s v e i n sl ightl y ben t as
A C U T I COR N I S o
,
.
, .

f a r a si t s o w n le ngth f r o m e n d o f f th v e i n l ast p o rt i o n o f s i xt h v e in
o n e t h i r d a s l o ng a s l a st p o t i o n o f f t h H alte e s yel l o w r
L ength . r .
,

L o ca l i ty One m al e T ab o ga sl an d I ,
P an a m a ,
Feb . 2 2 ,
191 2 ( A ug
u st R u sek )
T yp o C a t N o U S N a t M us
. . 1 512 0 ,
. . . .

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s h ap e o f t h e an t enn ae a s w el l a s th e c o l o r o f th e l egs an d t h e p e cul i a r
,

o
hyp pygi u m .

P I P U NC U L US B U S C KI , n ew s
p e ci e s

M a l a E ye s c o n u en t f o r a c o n s i de r ably l o n g e r d i stan ce th a n t h e
l engt h o f f r On s; f r o n s h a rd ly si lv e re d o nl y sl igh tly s o i n cen t e ; ,
r
f ace gr ayi sh b r o w n a s b r o a d bel o w ante nn ae as f r o n s at ab o ve a n
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t e n n ae t h en n a r r o w i ng sl igh tl y an d c o n t in u in g al m o st p a ral l el s i de d
,
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t o m o ut h m a rgi n ; o cci p u t s ilve re d bel o w O p a u e an d ve ry n a r r o w ,

q
ab o v e ; a n t e n n te bl ack s e c o n d j o i nt w it h 2 3 d i st i nct h ai s o n u n de
, r r
4 SM I T H SON IAN M I S CE LL ANE OU S C O L L E CT O N S I VO L . 60

r
s u f ac e t hi rd r o u n de d at ap e x an d n o t m u c h l arge r th an s ec o n d
,

,
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j o i n t a i st a bl ack s w o ll en at b a s e n o t re ac h in g a s h igh a s u p p e r
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b r o w n ; b a s al f ri n ge s h o rt sp a r se b lack ; h y p o p y , ,

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L r
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v ery w e ak W i ngs di st in ctly f u sc o u s excep t at
.

b ase an d al o n g h i n d m a rgi n ; s t i gm a d ar e r k
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s ep a at e s i t f r m any d e sc rib e d A m e i can sp ec i e s r .
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 M A M M A L S F R O M E A S T E R N PA NA M A
1

BY E . A . G OL DM A N

D u rin g th e ea rly pa rt o th e p re s en t y ear f

w a s a g a n d eta l ed I i i
t
fr o m h e B i o l o gic a l S u rv ey U S D epa rt m en t o f A g r cu l u re t o ,
. . i t
i i
el d w o rk n c o n n ect o n w i th th e S m i h s o n an B o l o g ca l S u rve y o f t i i i
th e P an am a C anal Z o n e A dd o na l C o l l e ct o n so f m a m m al san d . iti i
b i rd s w e re m ad e i n J an u a y an d Fe b rua ry n th e C an al Z o n e Fr o m r i .

t r
h e l atte p a rt O f F e b r u a ry o n ea r th e en d o f J u n e w o rk wa s ca rr e d t i
n t
o i n e a st ern P a n a m a o d et e rm n e h e fau n a ] r el at o n o f th e r e g i o n i t i
t o th e C an al Z o n e an d th e b et te r kn o w n a rea s o th e w e st wa r d an d t
t
n o r hw a rd Th e w o rk w a s ce nte re d in th e P i r i ange o f m o u n ta i n s
. r r
i
w h ch r i s e s t o a h e igh t o f o ve r feet n e a r th e C o l o m b an b o un d i
a r y s o uth e a st o f S a n M igu el B a y T h s ran ge o n e o f th e h igh e s t . i
tt i
,

o f ea ste rn P an a m a i s a n s o lat ed sp u r j u n g o ut in t o t h e b r o ad
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l o w va ll e y s o f th e R io T uy r a an d t s t r b utar e s f r o m th e m o un ta i n s i i i ,

i
f o r m ng t h e c o ntin en tal d i vi d e t o th e s o u th ea stw ar d Th e re g o n i s . i
c o ve re d w ith a n u nb r o k en f o re st an d h a s a h eavy an nu al ra in fall ,

t
bu t a t h e l o w e r l eve l s th e m o n th s f r o m Jan ua ry o A p ri l a re u su ally t
it
qu e d r y i
A t th s s ea s o n h e p reva l n g w n ds a r e fr o m th e n o rth
. t ii i
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an d m o st u re l ad en a r rea ch e s h e u pp e r l p e so f th e P r r i R ange t i
i
a f te r p a s s n g O v e r th e l o w e r m o un ta in s al o n g th e c o n n ent al d v i d e ti i
a n d ac r o s s th e b r o a d d ry T uy r a Va lley C l o u d s f o rm a l m o s co n
,
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t in uo us l y an d th e s u m m i t s a re sh r o u de d i n h e avy f o g s n w h ich i t s i i
O ften i mp o s s bl e i t
o se e m o r e th an a fe w fe et tw i l gh t e ffects b e ing ,
i
p r o du ced i n th e f o re s t even at m d day A l t h o ugh l ttl e r eal ra i n i . i
i
u su all y fall s at th s s ea s o n th e c o n d en sat i o n o f m o stu re o n t h e i
i t i
f o l age a nd c o n s an t dr pp in g am o u n t t o l ight sh o w e r s T he f o re st .

i f
s o rath e r l o w e r d en se r gr o w th than at th e l o w e r l evel s m any
, ,

i
b eau t fu l pa lm s be in g c o n s p c u o u s and ep iphyt i c v egetat i o n a b u n d an ti .

T h e r e g i o n w a s en t e re d f r o m h e P a c c s de L eav n g P ana m a t i i . i
b y ste a m e Fe b ru a ry 2 1 r , ,
I
lan d e d at M a r r a g a n t i b etw e en o n e a n d ,

i
t w o m l e s ab o ve R e al d e S an t a M a ri a n ea r th e h ead o f t i d e w ater 0 n ,
-

th e R io T uy r a F e b r ua ry 2 2 O n th e f o ll o w ing d a y th e r ive r w a s .

f tt
,

a scen d ed b y du g o u t can o e a s a r a sB o c a d e C u p e a s m a l l se l e ,

1
Th is p ap e r ist h e ft teen h de al i n g w it h the ul so f
re s t the Sm it hs
o n i an B io
lo g i ca l S ur v ey o f t h e P a n am a Can a l Z o n e .

S MI T HS O N IAN MIS C E LL AN E O U S COLLE C TI O NS , VO L . 6 0 , No . 2

2 SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE LL AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

t t
m en at h e m o uth o f th e R io C u p e F r o m th i s p o nt p r o c ee de d . i I
o verl an d b v th e t ra m r o ad o f th e D ar i en G o l d M in in g C o m p an y L td ,
.
,

t o t h e m in e s3 0 m le s s o u t hw e stw a r d at C an a i
T he mines are s tu . i
a te d at fe et al t tu d e o n th e s o u th e a ster n sl o p e o f th e m o un a n s i ti
an d a ff o rd e d a c o n v en i en t b a s e fo r w o rk i n th e gen e ral r eg o n T h e i .

t im e f r o m A p r i l 1 2 t o M a y 6 w a s spen t in t h e ic i n ty o f a tem V i
p o r a r y ca m p at ab o ut fe et a lt itu d e o n th e h e a dw at e r s o f h e R io t
i
L m o n n ea r th e s u m m i t o f M o u n t P i r ri .

i
Th e c o l le ct o n s o f n atu ra l h i st o ry sp ec m en s c o n s st ng m a n l y o f i ,
i i i
i
ab o ut 80 0 b rd s an d 59 5 m a m m al s s h o w tha t ea st er n P an am a i s ,

i
S o ut h A m e r can n gen e ra l fa unal C h a racte r i
R ep re s en t at i ve s o f .

n um e r o u s gr o u p s o f b o t h cl a ss e s n o t p re v o u sly kn o w n fr o m P an am a i
a re f o un d t o o ccu r an d al o ng w ith th em a fe w rec o gn i e d a s N o rth ,
z
i i
o r M d dl e A m e r can s u ch a s th e m a m m al a n gen e ra P c r o m y s c usa n d
,
i -

AI a c r o g e o m y s a r e ext en d e d f r o m th e r kn o w n r a n g e sin e xtr e m e

,
i

w este rn P anama A n u m b e r o f th e b i rd s an d m a mm al s o bta n ed . i

p r o ved t o b e un d es c ri b e d Th e n ew b i rd s a re b e i ng publ i sh e d b y M r . .

E W N el s o n F o u rte en n e w s
. . p ec i e s an d su b sp e ci e s o f mam m a l s
.

a re d e scrib ed b el o w .

I
n t h e p r o s ecut i o n o f t h e w o rk th e o fc ial s ch a rge d w i h th e t
i i
a d m n i st rat o n o f th e C an al Z o n e an d P an am a R a il r o a d h av e r en d er e d
th e s am e c o u rte o u s a n d act iv e a s s i sta n ce a s l a s t ye a r S p ec al . i
ac kn o w l edgm ent s fo r a d a re d u e t o th e D a ri en G o l d M n i ng C o m i i
p an y L t d w h i ch th r o u gh th e k in dn e s s o f i t s m an age r s an d d
,
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, ,
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r ect o r s M es s r s M M a ss e M D e g o ut in an d G M i ch el at C an a
,
. .
,
. .
,

i
a nd agen t s a t v a r o u s s ta t i o n s M r P a b l o P in e l at P an ama M r P .
,
. .

C a m p a g n a n i at M a r r a g a n t i an d o th e r s f ac l i ta te d th e el d o p e ra t o n s i i
i n ea ste rn P an a m a T o M r S a m u el H en sh a w a m i n d e b t ed fo r h e . . I t
l o an o f t o p o typ e m at e r ial fo r c o m p a ri s o n f r o m th e B angs C o l le c o n , ,
ti
i n th e M u s eu m o f C o m pa at ve Z o ol o gy r i
P E R A M Y S M E L A N OP S , s
p . n ov .

T y po f ro m
( al t tu de fe et ) i n th e m o un ta n s o f ea st e rn
C ana i ,
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P an a m a N o 1 7 960 9 m al e ad u lt U S N at i o n al M u se u m ( B o l o g
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cal S u rvey C o ll e ct o n ) c o ll e c ed b y E A o l d m an i
M av 2 3 1 9 1 2 ,
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O r g n al n u m b e r 2 1 7 3 7
G
e n e r a l C h a r ac t e r s S e m ed i u m ; f o rm r o b u s t ; p el age sh o rt an d . iz
t
vel ve y ; c o l o r v e ry da rk ; e a r sl a rge .

C o l o n U p pe r pa rt s n gen e r al ve ry d a rk b r o wn s u ffu s ed w i h i , t
i
c nn a m o n o n C h e ck s an d s d e s o f n eck be c o m ng bl ack s h o n fac e i ,
i i ,

sh o ul d e r san d l o w er pa rt o f b ack ; th r o at an d s i d e s o f b e l l v m o u se
J O . 2 NE W M
'

A M M AL S F RO M E AS T E RN P A N A M A G OL DM AN 3

gra y ; un d e r s i de o f n eck e xcept m e d an st r pe g ray s h ng ed w h ,

i i i ti it
i t ti
,

b u ff y ; g en era l c o l o r o f u n d e r p a rt s n e rru p te d al o n g m e di an s r p e
i
w h ich s b u ff y 0 11 n e ck b ec o m in g p u re w h i t e and b r o a d en n g o n i
t t i
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ch e st an d n a r r o w in g g ra du all y al o n g a l n e e x en d n g p o se r o rl y t o
, i i
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n e a r b a se o f t a l ; ch n w th a s m al l cen t ral w h t e sp o ; ear sdu s ky i i i t

i
l m b s fee t an d t a l blac k al l r o u n d
. i .

S k ul l R ath e r b r o a d ac r o s s an te r o r r o o s o f y g o m a a ; sd e so f i t z t i
t
r o s ru m tap erin g r ap dl y t o rath er h ig h an d n a rr o w an e r o r n a re s; i t i
n a s al s m o de rately e xp an de d p o ste r o rly h e expan s o n b e g n n n g i t i i i
t i
,

i
n ea r m ddl e ; p r em o la r s cl o s ely cr o w d e d ; h rd u ppe r m o la r d eepl y
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e m a rg n at e o n o u t er s d e ; p o s ter o r l o w er p re m o la r sm all e r h an i i t
i
m d dl e p re m o l a r t h e c r o w n b r o ad an d e xte nd ed an te r o p o s te r o rly
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T o t al l ength 1 68 m m ; a l v e r t e b r ze . ti
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6o ; h n d f o o t i
S k ul l ( yp e ) Co n dyl o ba s
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pal a a l l en g h 1 5 ; u pper m o l a r ifo r m o o h r o w ,

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up pe r m o lar s e ri es ,

R e zzz a r l a Th e y p e an d o nl y sp ec i m en o bt a n e d o f th s v e ry
e
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d a rk c o l o re d s p ec e s s ee m s t o d ffe r c o n s id e ra b l y f r o m al l o f th e i i
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p rev o u sly kn o w n m e m b er s o f h e g en u s t m a y b e s m la r t o t . I i i
a d m i n sb ut t h e latte r s d e scri b e d a sl gh e r in c o l o r an d a ppa ren ly i i t t
i t
,

d ffe r si n o h e r c ha ra cte r s .

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p. n ov .

Ty pe f ro m C an a ( alt tu d e i fe e ) i n th e m o un a n s o f e a s e rn t ,
ti t
P ana m a N o 1 7 87 0 8 ma l e ad u lt
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cal S u rv ey C o l le c o n) ,
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ch a r a c t e r s S ize
da rk ; sku l l s m o o t hl y r o un d e d w i th o u t s up ra o r b al o r e m p o ra l ,
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r dge san d s car cel y a t ra ce o f p o s o r b t al p r o ce s se s t i .

t
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en e ra l c o l o r o f u pp e r p a rt s n fres h pel age b lack s h s la e i i
w i th a fai nt s lve ry sh e en da rk en n g t o pu re gl o s s iy b l ack o n l o w e r i
t i i
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a r o f back a n d r u m p ( be c o m n g d ull v e ry d a rk b r o wn n w o rn
p ,

p elage ) m i d dl e o f face m o u se gra y ; un d e r p a r s n cl u d i ng n n e r t i , i

s i de s o f l mb s l gh tl y w a s i i
h e d w th s lve ry w h it e th e u nd e r c o l o r o f i i ,

t h e fu r sl aty b l ack ; sc r o tu m cl o th ed w i h s h o r s lky h a r s w h c h ar e t t i i i

s ilve ry w h t e t o r o o t s n m a rk ed c o n ra s i t w t h th e d a rk b o d y c o l o r ; ,
i t i
mamm ae i n adu lt fe m al e encl o s e d n a c nn a m o n b r o w n s h a re a ; i i i
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ch in l p s an d l o w e r pa rt o f ch e ek sw h i s h ; an t o r b t al sp o t s b lack ; ti i
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t i t
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i sh a b o v e s o m e w h a l gh e r b el o w ,
.
4 SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE LL ANE OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

S kul l S m o o th l y u n de d atten e d ab o v e v e ry b r o ad acr o s s a n r o , ,

t
t e r io r r o o s o f zyg o m at a ; s up ra o rb i tal a n d temp o ral i dge s a b s en t ; r
po st o r b al p r o ce s it
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b r o ad sl gh tly c o n s t r i ct e d n ear p o i n t w h e e p st o rb tal p r o ce ss e s
,
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b ull ae s mal l ; in ci s ive f o am i n a r each in g t o p o ste i o r p l an e o f can in e s r r .

l f e as
I m e m cal l a Typ e : T o tal l engt h 2 4 8 mm
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x x 3 3 1 4 1 x f o n t al c o n st ct i o n (6 r ri ,

pa latal l engt h 1 7) u p p e m o lari f o rm t o o th r o w 1 1

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M i d dl e A m e i c an sp ec i e s an d r
am u n abl e t o a s s o c ate i t w it h any o f I i
th o s e d e sc ribe d f r m S o uth A m e ri ca o
t i s ch a acte r i e d ext ernal ly . I r z
by d a rker c o l o r than u s u a l i n th e gen u s Th e f r o nt al c o n st ri ct o n i s . i
fu rth e r bac k than i n e l e g ant : w h ch h a s s im l arly r o u n d e d s up ra o rb i tal i i
b o r d e rs T h e typ e an d t o p o typ e a re at th e m o lt i ng s tage
. n th e . I
ty pe a patch f w o n p elage rem a in s o n th e ante i o p a t o f th e o r r r r
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b ack w h l e i n th e t o p o t yp e c o ll ect ed ab o ut a w eek l ate th e m o l t
,

r
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h a s p r o g e s s ed o n ly a s fa r a s th e h ea d .

S p e r mL e n se x a mLin e d T w o f r o m t h e typ e l cal ity

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r ,
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M I CR OS CI UR U S I S T HM I U S VI VA T U S , s
ub s
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m o u n tai n s ea ste rn P anam a N o 1 79 56 5 f em al e a dul t U S N a

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6 SM I T H SON IAN M IS CE L L AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

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r egi o n o f w e s te rn C o l o mb i a bu t d eci d e dly la rge r ; fe et w h ite i n s tea d ,

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a du lt pelage .

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an d in f r o n t o f e ar s b r o w n n s tead o f s il v e r y gra y ; S ku ll m o re i .

e l o n gate d m uc h n a r r o w e r p o ste r o rly an d d fferi n g w i d e ly n d e a l

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l ar y t o o th r o w ,

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m o s t l ik e car/a t o r o f w e s e rn P an a m a b ut d ff e rs i n n u m er o u s t ,
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IO SM I T H SON I AN M I S CE LL ANE OU S COL L E C TI ON S VOL . 60

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all ed t o p a n a rn e n s is b ut d ec d ed ly sm all e r c o l o p al e r ; sk ull w th
,
i ,
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m uc h b r o ad e r m o r e m a s s ive r o s t rum ,
.

C o l o n G r o u nd c o l o r o f u ppe r pa t s da rk m o u s e gray sh a d ed r ,

w it h b l ac k o n m ed ian d o s al a re a an d i n a l in e d o w n ru mp t o ba s e r
of t
ai l ; sl en de r h a i r s o ch race o u s bu ffy s o m e w ha t alt e r i ng th e gen ,

e ral c o l o r an d pr o d u cing a g r l ed e ffect ; u n d e pa t s n cl u d in g izz r r ,

i
i
i nn er s i d e s o f l m b s l ip s an d b o rd e r s o f p o u ch e s w h ite ; o ut e r s d e s
, ,
i
o f f o re a r m s an d h in d l egs da r m o u s e g ray ; f o e fee t I is ua l l y k r
,
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w h i te b u t s o m et m e s cl o u d e d w ith d u sky t o n ea r t o e s th e t o e s w h it e ,

i
h in d fe et du ll w h t e ch an ging t o du s ky o n p r o x i m al th i r d o f m eta ,

t a r s u s ; a nk le s du sk y al l o u n d ; t a l b r o w n i sh a b o v e w h ti sh b el o w r i ,
i ,

i i
n s o m e s pec m en s b ec o m in g w h it e all r o un d o n a s ubt e rm na l b an d i
o r at t ip Yo un g ( in rs t p el age ) : Uppe r par t s va ry i ng f r o m
.

n ea rly un i f o rm b l ack i sh sl at e t o s l ate b l ack ; u n d e r p a ts p u e w h t e r r i .

i i
S kul l S m la r i n gen e ral t o that o f p a n a n z e n s is b u t s mall e r w th i
r t
,

o s rum m uch b r o ad e r an d h e avi e r ; b ra n ca s e ath e sm o thl y i -

r r o
r o u n ded th e tem p o ra l an d s up ra o rb tal ridge s o n ly m o d e ratel y d e
,
i
v e lo ped .

M ea s
ur e m e n t s T y p e :
T o ta l l ength 2 6 7 m m ; t ai l v e rteb r ae
.
,
.
,

I 3 2 ; h i n d fo o t A v e r age o f e ght a dul t t o p o typ e s : 2 6 6 ( 2 5 5

. i
2 77 1 40 ( 3
1 2 1 49 ) S k u l l
-

(
" av e rage o f v e

t
ad ul s ) G r e at e st l ength zy o m at i c b re adth ,
g
,

1 7) -

n t e r o rb ta l b r ea d th i (9 n a s al s 1i4 ( 3 1 81
4 3) , ,

i
w d th o f b ra in ca s e i n fr o n o f p r o j ect o n o f a u d i t o y m e atu s
-

t i r ,

i n e rpa r etal x 5 t
x x i m ax i lla ry
,

t t
o o h ro w (5 ,

R e m ar ks H cr a ss ir o s
l r l si s o n e o f th e sm al l e s t o f t h e kn o w n
.

i
S p ec es o f th e gen u s t r equ i r e s cl o s e c m pa ri s o n nl y w th p a n a
. I o o i
n ze n sis f r o m w h ch t i s q u e d i st n ct
,
i i
T h e su p a o r b i ta l sh elve sa re it i . r
rath e r w e a k l v devel o p ed fo r a m e m b e r o f t h e d e s m a re st l a n usgr o up
NO . 2 NE W

M A M M AL S F ROM E AS T E RN P A N A M A G OL DM AN II

and su g g e s h e c o n d t o n u s tt
u a l n S o u th A m e r can s p ec e s o f th e ii i i i
g en u s I
n th e a d ul p elage a fe w n c o n s
. t
p c u o u s pu re w h e h a r s i i it i
a r e i rr e g ul a rl y in e r m n g l e d w h h e b r sl e so n h e b ack t i it t it t
t
.

S p e c i m e n s e x a m in e d T w en y th re e al l f r o m a b o ut

to - -

tit t
,

fe e t al u d e o n h e u p pe r s 10 p e s o f th e m o unta n s n th e i i
i i it
v c n y o f h e t y p e l o cal y t it .

HY DR OC HCE R U S I S T HM I U S , s
p . n ov .

Ty p ef r o m M a r r a g a n t i n ea r h e h ead o f t i d e w at e r o n h e R io , t -
t
T uy r a ea st e rn P ana m a
, N o 1 7 9 7 0 3 m a l e a dul U S N at o n al . .
, t i
t
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i
M u s eum ( B i o l o g cal S u rv e y C o l lect o n ) c o ll ec ed b y E A o ld i ,
G
i i
. .

m a n A p ri l 4 1 9 1 2
, O r g n al n u m b e r 2 1 5 9 1
,
. .

Ge n e ra l ch a r a ct e r s S m l a r to H y d r o cl zcc r us lry d r o cnce r is n i i

i
z i
c o l o r b ut si e d ec d edly s m al l e r ; sku ll d ffe r n g n i m p o rtan t d e a l s i i i ti
iti t
, ,

i
es pe c all y th e p ecu l a r sh o rt th ick en ed c o n d o n o f p e ryg o d s i , ,
i .

C o l o n Uppe r an d u n d e r pa rt s n gen e ra l v a ry n g f r o m v e ry d a rk i i
t r i
r u sy ed d sh t o du l l p al e cl ay c o l o r u s u al ly s o m e w h at da rke r a b o v e ,

t ha n b el o w b ec o m n g m o re o r l e s, s b l ack sh n s i o m e sp ec i m en so n i i
m i ddl e o f face ch e ek s l o w e r pa rt o f ru m p a n d o u t e r s i de s o f h n d
.
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i
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l eg s ; o r b it al r ngs s d e so f m u l e an d sp o ts n ea r b a se o f ea rs pale ri zz
t i
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y

n o r e b u y ; ear s an d fe et b r o w n s h h nly h ai re d Y o un g ( a b o ut i
t
,
.

o n e f o u r h gr o w n
-

) : Uppe r p a rts m o re taw n y o ch race o u sth a n in

adults .

S k ul l S m all e r ha n th at o f l i y d r o c lur r is ; nas t al s w th n n e r b o r i i

de r m o re e xt en d ed f o rw a rd o ve r a nt e r o r n a re s app r o ach ng m e d a n i i i
t t
,

p r o jec i o n o f p r e m a x il l ze : m a x l l ary p o rt i o n o f o u e r w al l o f a n t o r b i i
t it
al vacu y b r o ad e r ; m ax ll o p re m a lla ry s u u r e pa s s n g fu r h e r fo r i -

xi t i t
w a rd a l o n g u ppe r s u r face o i r o s ru m an d tu rn n g th enc e m o re t ,
i
a b r uptl y d o w n wa rd ; nc s v e f o r am n a r el at vely n a rr o w e r ; p re i ii i i
it
m a x il l m w h p o ste r i o rl y ex en d e d p o rt o n s r e ach ng t o n e a r p o s e t i i t
i i i
r o r p l an e o f n c s iv e f o ra m n a ( en d n g w el l i n fr o n t o f th s pla n e n i i i i
l I y d r o c l za r is ) ; p te

ryg o d p r o c e s s e s sh o rte r th cke r m i
o re r o un d e d i , ,

ti i t
,

l e s s p r o du c e d p o ste r o rly ; de n t o n a b o u t a s I n i bu
i
relat vel y l ght e r i .

l l ca s
i ur e i ue ms T ype : T o ta l l eng h mm h n d fo o t 2 0 0 t ,
.
,
i ,
.

A ve rag e o f t w o a d u lt fe m al e s : 9 9 8 ( 9 7 2 1 97 ( 1 95
S kul l ( yp e ) : t G
r eate s l en g th 2 0 0 ; yg o m a t c b rea d h t z i t
it t
, ,

i n te r o rb al b rea d h l en g th o f n a s al s al o n g nn e r sd e i i
t i t t
, ,

w i dth o f n a sal s p o se r o rly pal atal l en g h 1 2 2 ; len g h o f , ,

pal ata l b r dge i a lve o la r l ength o f m ax l l a ry

,
o o th r o w i t ,

R e m a r ks Th e capy b a ra s a m o n g t h e m o re n e re s ng m a m m al s i i t ti
w ho s e kn o w n ran g e s ar e f o u nd t o e x en d n t o P ana m a T he t i .
12 SM I T H S ON IAN M I S CE LL AN E OU S CO L L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

I s t hm ia n r ep re s ent at ive t h e gen us s e em s t o b e a d i st i n ct sp ec i e s o f

a s s h o w n by c o mpa r i s o n w i th s p e ci m en s o f l zy d r o cl ue r isfr o m S u r i
n am B ra l an d P a ag uay
,
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n P a n am a it i s app are ntly r e st r i ct e d t o . I
i
a l im t ed a r e a n e a r th e h ea d o f t i d e w a te i n t h e d elt a r eg i o n f th e r o
T uy r a a n d C h ucun a q ue i ver s r .

S p e c im e n se x a m in e d S ix all f r m th e typ e l o cal ity ,

o .

I S OT HR I X D A R L I N G I ,
1
s
p . n ov .

f r o m M a r r a g a n t i ( n e a R ea l d e S anta M a r ia ) o n th e R io
Ty p e r ,

T uy r a ea ste n P an am a,
r
N o 1 7 9 5 77 femal e y o u ng U S N at i o nal
. .
, ,
. .

M u s e u m ( B i o l o g i cal S u rvey C o ll e cti o n ) c o l l ect ed by E A G o l d ,

. .

m an M a y 1 1 1 9 1 2 O rigin a l n um b e r 2 1 7 3 9
, , . .

G
e n e r a l ch a r a c t e r s S e r ath e r sm all
; c o l r pal e ; h ea d g rayi s h iz o
b r o wn ; ea r s tu fte d ; h in d fe et s h o rt a n d b r a d a rm e d w it h s h o rt o , ,

s h a rp st r o n gl y cu rv e d claw s ; ta i l u n i c o l r ev en ly t ape ri n g th in ly
,
o , ,

cl o th e d w i th s h o rt h a i rs be c o m ng a tr i e l nge b ut n t th i ck e r o r ,
i o r o
f o rm in g a di s ti nct b r u s h n ea r t i p S o m ew h a t s im i la t o l ab l l is bu t . r ,

r
s m all e an d m u ch p al e in c o l o r ; d i ffe r in g a ls in c an ial cha a cte r s r o r r .

C o l o n Up p e r p a rt s o ch r ac e o u s b u ff s o m ew h a t d a rke ne d by ,

r k i
a dm i xtu e o f b lac t pped h a r s a l o n g b ack b ec o m in g gr ayi s h b r o w n
-

i ,

o n m i d d l e o f fac e a n d ch eek s ; n o s e l ip s an d m uzz l e m o u s e g ray , ,

r
th i s c o l o r ab uptl y i nt e r up te d at p o s te ri o r b a s e o f w h i sk e s by a r r
r
w h i te ve ti ca l s tr e a k ; o rb i tal ings b lack ; a sm al l w h it e s up a o r b ital r r
t r i
sp o ; ea s br o wn s h o r b lack i s h w ith a m a rgina l f ri ng e f l o nge r ,
o
ha ir s an d tu ft s o f th e s am e l ength an d c o l o n ea a nt e r i o r an d p o s te
,
r r
r r r
i o ba se ; in n e ba se o f e a rs cl o th e d w it h a p a rtia l ly c o n ceal e d p atc h
o f w h i ti sh fu r ; w h i sk e r s an d a p st rb i al t u ft o f l o n g v ib i s s ae b la ck o o t r
u n de r p ar t s o ch r ace o u s b u ff b e c m i n g g ay i sh o n w r i st s a nkl e s ,
o r ,

an d ch i n ; fe et s lv e y w h t e ; ta il br o w n i s h i r i .

S kul l S m la r t i i o
tha t o f l a bi ll s bu t s m a l l e r a n d ela t vely l
,
r i
r
b r o ade ; zyg o m at a m o e S p ea d in g ante i o ly ; a ud it a l b ull ae l a rge r r r r r ,

ii
m o r e i n ate d ; d en t t o n ab o ut a s i n l a bil is n g en e ra l f o r m a n d I.

o
d ent i t i n muc h a s i n [s T rix ca n i ce sa s
ol/ p g u e d by G LI n the r but r ,

r
p al ate nar r o w e an d p rem axi ll ae rea ch ng p st e r o rly b ey o n d n a sal s i o i .

M ca s ur e n z e n l s Typ e : T o t al l engt h
4 7 2 mm
. ta l v e rteb r ae 2 40 ,
. i ,
'

i
h n d f o o t 44 S kul l ( typ e ) : G re at est l engt h
,
. co n d yl o b a s al ,

l en gth zy g o m at c br ea d t h
, n a s al s i
int e r o r b i ta l , ,

r
b ea dth p a latal l ength
, length f pal atal bri dge ,
o
i
,

m ax lla ry t o o th r o w ,

1
N a m e d fo r D r S T D a rl i ng o f t h e S an it a ry D e p ar m e n t t I st i hm an Can al
i ssi r st t i l Z
. . .
, ,

Co m m o n, w ho co ll e c e d the s
p e c e sa t , A n co n , Can a o ne .
NO . 2 NE W

M A M M AL S F RO M E AS T E RN P A N A M A G OL DM AN 1 3

R e m a r ks Clo s e c o mpa ri s o n o f h s f o rm w h th e i n sul a r spec e s t i it i

i i i i
,

l a b fl is i s u nn ece s sa ry t h e l atter b e n g d st n g u sh abl e a t o n c e b y ,

ti It
,

in ten s e ru sty r ed d i s h c o l o r a o n m a y b e sm la r t o [ s i r is
o t/ . i i :

can ic e p s( G ii n t h e r ) fr o m M e dell in C o l o m b i a b ut th e latte r se e m s

, , ,

o i
t o b e s m ew ha t d ff e ren t i n c o l o r w th a b u s hy ta l an d th e skul l ,
i i
i
,

a s gu r ed d i ffe r s i n d eta l Un f o rtu n ately n o fully a d ult example s .

o f th e n e w f o m a re ava i la b l e r
n th e sk u l l o f th e typ e th e p o ster o r . I i
m o la rs a r e n o t ye t fully n p lac e i .

S p e ci m e n se x a m in e d T w o fr o m l o cal t ie s a s f o l l o w s : ,
i
P a nam a : M a r r a g a n t i ( typ e l o cal ity ) 1 ,
.

C an al Z o n e : A n c o n 1 ,
.

S Y L VI L A G U S GABB I M E S S OR I U S , s
ub s
p . n ov .

Typ e fr o m C an a ( alt itu d e f eet ) i n th e m o u n ai n s o f ea se rn ,

t t
P a na ma N o 1 7 9 5 69 m al e a dul t U S N at o na l M u s eu m ( B o l o g
. .
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t
cal S u rve y C o ll e c i o n ) c o l l ect e d b y E A G o ld man M a y 2 3 1 9 1 2 ,
-

. .
,
.

i r
,

O rig n al n um b e 2 1 7 3 6 .

G
e n e ra l c h a r a c t e r s C l o s ely all i e d t o
g a bb i ; gen e ral c o l o r l es s
ru fe scen t m o re g ray i sh o r pal e r b u ffy an d m o r e h eav ly o v e rl a d
, ,
i i
w ith b lack .

C o l o n T o p o f h ea d r u sty red d i sh m ix ed w i th bl ack ; n ap e o ch r e

c e o usb u ff ; d o r sal a re a v ary i ng f r o m b u ff t o p al e o ch race o u s b u ff

o f R dgw ay i o
h e avi ly v e rl a d w t h blac k ; s d e s p al er m o re c reamy
,
i i i ,

i
bu ff t h e h a r s l e s s b r o adly pp e d w ith black ; n o s e bl acki sh ; ch e ek s
,
ti
b uffy m o re o r l e s s w a s h e d w ith b lack ; ea r s b r o w n sh bec o m i ng
-

,
i ,

i
b lack sh a l o ng o
u te r s de o f an t er i o r bo rde r ; u n de r sd e o f n eck i i
d ul l b u ff th i s c o l o r en c r o ach i ng o n u n d e r part s a l o n g s de s o f b elly ;
,
i
res t o f u n d e pa rts in cl ud in g nne r sr i d e s o f l m bs w h te th e un d e r
,
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i ,

r r
c o l o o f fu m o r e o r l e s s p lu m b e o u s a cr o s s b el ly ; o u te r s d e s o f i
o
f o r ea rm s an d fe e t c h rac e o u s b u ffy ; t a l o ch ra ce o u s bu ffy w th a i ,
i
p a rti all y c o nc eal e d da rk sp o t n ea t p Yo un g ( i n r s t p elage ) r i .

L e s s ru fe sc ent t h an g a bl n o r t r ue i o f s im il a r age r
'

o
S kul l C l s ely re s e m b l n g th at o f g a b bi ; a ud it a l b ull ae s l ightly i .

la rge r w ith a c o rre sp o n di ngly d eep e r c o n st r i ct o n o f b as i o ccip ita l

,
i
b etw een th em C o m p a re d w h h a o f t r ue i th e s kul l s l es s ma s
. s ve it t t i i ,

w ith s m all e r a ud it a l b ul l ze an d d e c d e dly l o n g e r pal atal br dge i i .

M e as ur e m e n t s T yp e : T o tal l ength 3 7 0 m m ; t a l ve rteb r ae

.
,
. i ,

i
1 7 ; h n d f o o t 80 A v e rage o f t w o a d u l t t o p o type s : 3 6 3 ( 3 4 3 3 84 )
t
.
,

17 ( 16 7 6 ( 75 S k ul l ( typ e ) : G rea e st length 73 ; c o n ,

dy l o ba s a l l ength zyg o m at c b re a d h n a sal s x i t , ,

t t
,

in te r o r b ita l b rea d h I 5 pal atal length leng h o f pal atal br dge

, ,
i ,

i
m a x l la ry t o o th r o w ,
I 4 SM I T H SON IAN M I SCE LL AN E OU S CO L L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

R e m a r ks Th e f o res t rabb i t s o f th e g a bl n g r o up d o u b tle s s in

'

i
h a b t n ea rly th e w h o le o f P an a m a an d range f r o m s ea l ev el w el l u p o n ,

t h e s l o p e s o f th e h igh e r m o unta in s E gh t spec m en s f r o m l o ca l i e s . i i ti

o n b o th th e A tlan t i c an d P a ci c s de s n t h e C an al Z o n e ag re e w th i i i
th e typ e s o f g a bbi a n d h av e be en u s ed fo r c o m par i s o n Th e n ew
z .

f o rm l ack s th e s t r o ngl y u fes cent s u ffu s o n s h o w n n g a b ln a n d th e r i i '

r
u pp e r pa rts a re m o e o b sc u re d by th e l o ng b la ck t ip s o f t h e l o n ge r
hairs .

S p e cim e n se x a m in e d T en f r o m t h e yp e l o cal it y ,
t .

I CT I CY ON P A N A M E N S I S , s
p . n ov .

Ty p e f r o m n ea r h e ad o f R io L im o n ( alt t u de fee ) M o un t i t ,

r
P i r i ea ste n P an a m a
, r
N o 1 7 9 0 4 6 f emal e ad u lt U S N at i o n al
. .
, ,
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i
M u s e u m ( B o l o g cal S u rvey C o ll e c o n ) c o ll ecte d b y E i A Gold ti ,
-
. .

man A p ri l 2 8 1 9 1 2 O rigin a l n um b e r 2 1 6 55
, , . .

G
e n e r al c h a r ac t e r s S i m l a n gen e ra l t o v e ual i cus but c o l o r o f
r i ri ,

h ead an d sh o u l d e r s pal e r l e s s ru sty r e dd i sh ; s kull d ffer in g i n d e ,

i
ta l i .

C o l o r Typ e : T o p an d s d e s o f h ea d n eck s h o u l de r s an d a n
. i , , ,

t e ri o r h al f o f ba ck p i nk i sh b u ff va rying t o bu ff y w h it e b etw e en ,

i
sh o u l d e r san d m ddl e o f n e ck ; an k s a n d p o st er o r h al f o f back i
i i
s m la r b ut s o m ew h at da rk en e d by a S p a r s e a dm ixtu r e o f d u sk y
,

i i
ha r s ; u n de r s de o f n eck ch e s t an d b el ly pa l e o ch rac e o u s b u ff , ,

i i
th nly m xe d w i th bl a ck b e c o m ing cl ea re r ch ra ce o u s b u f o n in ,
o f

i i
gu n al regi o n ; nt e r o r b ta l spa ce mu zzl e an d ante ri o r ch e ek s p al e i ,

i
o ch r ac e o u s b u ffy va r e d by a fe w b lack h a i r s u nd e r eye ; ch n d u sk y
,
i
i i
f o re l m b s b lack sh excep t t o e s a n d a n a r r o w l i n e al o ng u nd e r s d e i
r
w h i ch a e p a le b u ffy ; h n d l i m b s b lack i sh b ec o m in g b u ffy n i nn e r i ,
o
i
s i de s o f th gh s a nd b r o w n s h t o w a r d t o es ; but o ck s c o ve r e d w i th
,
i t
m i xe d d u s ky a n d b u ffy h a i rs ; t a il bl ack w th a f ew b r o w n s h h a i r s i i
al o n g b as al h al f o f u n d e r s de Yo un g ( n e a rly ful l g o w n bu t v e ry i .
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n a rr o w n g f r o m b etw een s h o u ld ers t o a p o in t n ea r cen ter o f b ack ;
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r o st ru m a ppa r entl y m o re d ep r e s se d ; n a s al s tap e rin g m o re g ra d ual l y

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I O SM I T H S ON I AN M I SCE LL AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

B A S S A R I S CY ON G A B B I OR I N OM U S , ub s
s p . n ov .

f r o m C an a ( al titu de
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a du lt m al e fr o m M o u n t P i rr i : 86 5 4 57 ; 88 S le w/1 ( typ e ) G re ate st .

l ength 85 ; co n d y l o b a s
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t in g uis h in g ch a ra cter i s c s N o mat e rial s h o w in g th e c o l o r o f g ab b i ti .

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an d o nl y ab o u t 3 0 m le s f r o m atu n H u e t sgu re s o f th e s i ku l l G .

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f r o m n e a r h e a d o f R io L i m o n ( al t itu d e
Typ e fe et ) M o u nt ,

P ir r i ea st e rn P an am a
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N o 1 7 89 76 m al e a du lt U S N at o na l . .
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M u s eu m ( B i o l o gi cal S u rv ey C o l l ecti o n ) c o l lecte d by E A G o ld ,
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man M a y 2 1 9 1 2 O ri g n al n um b e r 2 1 6 6 9
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e n e r al c h a r a c t e r s
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da rke r ; sk u ll h gh an d na rr o w i .

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th e i nt ern a l l o b e w eakly d evel o p ed a n d un p ig m en ted .

1 8 SM I T H S ON I AN M I SCE LL AN E OU S CO L L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

M ea ur e m e n ts
s -
Typ e : T o tal l ength
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h in d f o o t A v e ag e
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(25 ( 12 S kul l ( typ e ) : C o n d y l o b a s

a l l en gth ,

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t e r ia ll y ext end ed e astw a rd f r m C st a R i ca o
t s eem s t requ i e o . I o r
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l y f m th a t o f typ cal m e x i ccm at i n n a o w er b a i n ca se an d i n th e rr r -

w e ak e r d ev el o pme nt o f t h e i n n e r cu s p s o f m o st o f th e u pp e r t e eth
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f o r e an d h i nd f e et a e unu su ally s m al l f a sh e w o f th e m e x ica n a or r u

gr o u p .

S p e cim e n se x a m in e d Th e e al l fr o m t r fe et alt i
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t u d e al n g th e h e ad w ate rs o f h e R io L i m o n i n th e v ic n t y f M o unt i i o
P i r ri .
 I H I
SM T S O N A N M S C E I LL A N E O US CO LL E CTI ONS
V OL UM E 60 . N U M B E R 3

E S C R I PT ION S OF NE W G E N E R A S PE C I E S A ND SUB
D ,

S PE C I E S OF BI R DS FRO M PA N A MA .

CO L O MBI A A ND E C UA DO R

BY

NE L S O N

( P U BL ICAT IO N 2 1 43 )

I
C T Y OF W I
A S H NG T O N

I
P U B L S HE D BY T HE S MI I I I
T HS O N IA N NS T T UT O N

S E PT E M B E R
. 1 91 2
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re
B A L TI MO E , U . sA
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DE S C R P T O N S O F N E I W G E NE RA S PE C E S A ND SU B ,
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S O F B R D S FR O M P A NA M A CO L O M B A A ND
1
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E C UA D O R

BY E . W . NE L S ON

Th e r s t o f Jan u a ry 1 9 1 2 E A o ld m an o f th e B o l o gi cal S ur
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vey D ep a rt m en t o f A gric ult u r e w a s aga n d et ai l e d o n th e S m h

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H e retu rn e d t o P a n .

am a i n Ja n ua ry an d rem a i n e d ther e u nt l th e l a st o f Jun e p as s n g i i

o i
m st o f th s p e ri o d i n c o ll ect in g b d s an d m am m al s o n th e sl o p e s ir
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o f M o un t P i r i o n th e P a ci c s i de o f e a ste r n P ana m a n ea r th e ,

C o l o mb ian b o rd e r M o u nt P r r i i s th e h gh e st p o in t ( w th a n alt i
. i i i
tu de o f o ve r fe et ) o f a rat h e r n a rr o w a n d s o l ated m o un ta n i i
r i dge lyi ng s o u th ea st o f S a n M igu el B a y an d o n th e s o uth w es t s id e
o f t h e T uy ra Va l ley Th e ext em e h e ad w at e r s o f th e T uy r a R iv e r
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t a i n d ivi d e b etw e en th e val l eys o f th e T uy r a i n P a n a m a an d o f th e
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T r ua n d o R v e r i n C o l o m b i a M o u nt P i r r s h eav ly f o r este d an d . i i i
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alth o u gh o n th e s o uth e n o r P ac i c s i d e o f P an a m a t rec e ive s th e
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b en e t o f mo i st a i r cu ent s fr o m t h e C a rr be an s rr
o i t s su m m t i s i i
s h r o ud e d i n fo g m o s t o f th e yea r w h il e i t h a s a n e xt re m e l y h eavy
r a in fal l .

P r evi o u s t o G o l dm an s w o rk n o z o Ol o g ica l c o l l ect o r app ea rs t o
h av e v i s i te d th i s i n te rest i ng m o un ta in W r k w a s d o n e fr o m it s . o
b a sal l o w lan d s t o th e s u m m i t an d m a ny b i rd s an d m amma ls n o t b e
f o r e kn o wn fr o m P an am a w e re tak en a n u m b e r o f w h ch a r e ne w ,
-
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t o sci e nce M an y sp eci es f r o m t h e S o u th A me ri can faun a app ea r
.

i
t o h e re r each th e r n o rt h e rn l m i t an d a r e unkn o wn n th e C a nal i i
Z o n e o r i t s ad j acen t m o u nta i n s o n ly ab o u t 1 50 m le s aw ay i n a ,
i
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di ec t l in e by lan d I
n th e p r e s en t pap e r t h r e e appa rently n e w
.

gen e r a an d tw en ty f o u r n ew s p eci e s an d s ub sp ec i eso f b rd s a r e de

-

i
ri
s c b ed fr o m th e S l o p e s o f M o u nt P i r ri an d t s bo rde ring l o w la n d s i .

I n a dd i ti o n t w o n e w b i rd s f r o m C o l o m b ia a nd E c uad o r an d o n e
o r
f r m w e st e n P an a m a a re in cl ud ed T h e n e w m a m m al s h av e b e en .

G 2
des c r i b ed by o l dm an an d la te r a fau n al pap e r w il l p r o ba b l y b e
,

p ubl i sh e d c o v e r ing t h e t o tal re su lt s O b ta n ed in th s d i s t ri ct i i .

1
Th i s r is h si x t t h d l i i t h
p ap e t e een ea ng w the re s
ul so f t th e Sm it hs
on i an B io
lo g i l S rv f P
ca u ey o C l the an am a an a Zo n e
S it h s i M i s C ll V
.

18
2
m o n an 6 N c . o .
, o l . 0 ,
O . 2 ,
1912 , p . .

IT SM IA I A HS O N N M SC E LL N E O US COLLE C TI O NS VO L . 6 0 , NO . 3
2 SM I T H S ON IAN M I S CE LL ANE OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

I r
tak e pl ea su e in ac n o w l edging th e c o d al an d h elp fu l a s s i st k r i
r i r
an ce ece ved d u in g t h e p rep a rat i o n o f th i s pap e f o m M r F M r r . . .

r
C h a p man C u ra t o o f B r ds an d h s a s s i stan t W De W M lle o f
, i , i . . i r
th e A m eri can M u s e u m o f N atu al H i st o y ; M r W itm e S t o n e r r . r ,

i
C u rat o r o f B i rd s P h l ad el ph i a A cad e m y o f N a tu al S c i en c e s ; Dr
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r i i
.

C W R ich m o nd A s s i s tant C u rat o o f B rd s an d h i s a s s stan t M r

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J . H
R il e y O f th e N at o n al M u s eu m ; an d M r
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o i ri
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B i l o g cal S u rvey D epa rtm ent o f A g cu ltu re , .

G E OT R YG ON G OL D M A N I , s
p . n ov .

G o l d m an

s W oo d Do v e

Ty p e a d ult mal e U S N at i o n al M u s e um B i o l o gi
No . 2 32 54 5 , ,
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D is t r i b ut i o n Kn o wn f o m typ e l o cal ty o nly r i .

G
e n e r a l c h ar a ct e r s A pp a ently m o st cl o s e 1
y el at e d t o G b o ur r -

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ci e r i bu t ent i re t o p o f h ead an d n ap e r ic h
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w th a sligh t v i n ace o u s t inge o ve r all ; exp s ed pa rt o f p r i m a i e s an d o r
al ula d u sky g ray ; s i d e s o f h ea d b el o w eye s f r o m b a s e o f l o w e r
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.

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r
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44
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spe ci e s i s b a s e d n a s e ri e s o o f ve spe ci m en s
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f o res t sp ec i e s O f th e h i gh e r S l o pe s o f t h e M o u n t Pirri r ange w h e r e

i t w a s pl ent fu l i .
4 SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE LL ANE OU S CO L L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

M e asur e m e n t so f ty p e W in g tail 69 ; cu l m en 2 3 t ar su s , , , ,

2 0 M e a s u rem ent s o f a dul t m al e f r o m C h ap ada M att o G r s s

.
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Th e p e s ent s ub spe c ie s i s ba s e d n a s e ri e s
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M OM OT U S CON E X S CO US
U RE N DI T , ub s
s p . n ov.

Ch e t t b ll i d M t t
s nu -

e e o mo

o
.

Ty p e N O . 23 80 84 , a d u lt ma l e ( P) , U S N at i n al M u s eu m , . .

B i o l o gi ca l Su r vey C o l lect i o n , f m M a r r a g a n t i ea ste n P an am a ; ro ,

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c o ll ect e d A p r il 5 ,
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t r i but i o n . Kn o w n fr o m M a r r a g an ti an d B o ca de C u pe ea st e rn ,

P an ama .

S n bs
pe cic c li a r a ct e r
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m o r e ch e s tn u t ru f o u s s u ffu s o n ; o u ts i d e o f w n g s da rk er gre en ; i i
un d e r p art s al s m u ch da rke r an d m o r e ch es tn u t e s o p e C I ally o n ,
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a b d o men .

Il f e a sn r e m e n ts0 f ty pe V Vin g 1 2 3 ; ta il 2 3 o ; cu l m e n 3 7 ; ta r s us , , , ,

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f o r eh ea d w h l e i n s n b r i t fcs i
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.

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ba s e d o n t w o S pec m en s th e typ e an d o n e o th e r fr o m B o ca d e C up e in
,

th e sam e d st r i ct i .

E L E CT R ON P L A T YR HYN C HU S S U B OL E S , ub s
s p . n ov .

Dar i en Mo mo t t
Ty p e N o ad ul t m al e U S N at i o n al M u s
. 2 32 53 6 ,
eu m B io ,
. .
,

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. .

n u m ber
D is t r ib ut i o n Kn o w n fr o m typ e l o c al ity o nly .

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c t e r s Si e of E
p m i n o r b ut b l l l o n ger an d n a r z . . i
r o w e r ; r u f o u s o n h ea d n e ck a n d b r e a s t l gh te r an d m o e b u ffy ; i r
k
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g r ee n n bac cl ea r e r an d b r igh ter th an i n e th e r p l a ty r /zy n c/i n so r i
m in o r an d u pp e s d e o f t a il blu i s h ; ab d o m en b l uer i .

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To
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6 SM I T H S ON I AN M IS CE LL AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

a th i n p at ch o f blu i s h g e en o n ch i n ; th e u s ual b la ck b ea st S p o t ; r r '

r r
l o e s an d a e a u n d e r an d beh i n d eye s b l ack ; back n ea ly gr a s s g e en r r
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rr r
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r ,

I 7
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. r r . .
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r
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.

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th an i n eith e r o f t h e f o m s n am e d ab o v e T h i s f o m i s b a s e d n a r . r o
s i ngl e S p ec im en .

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b th s ex e s a n d i n th e y o un g a s in G o l d m anLi a ; p m a r ie s m ed i u m /
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,

Can a l Co m m o n, to w h o m the s
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o f t h e Ca n a l Z o n e a re de e p ly i n de b t e d fo r p r o m p t an d co u r t eo usa s
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o r
n st i l s ; ta r su s b ar e e xcept n ea r uppe r en d i n f r o nt C o l o r : M al e s .

o n h e ad an d b o dy m a inly pl a n m eta l l c
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-

u; tai l feath er s pal e ru f o u s b u ffy w th

exp o s ed p a rt s o f m i d dl e feath e rs da b r o n z e g re en an d sam e c o l o r rk
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o n t p s o f o th er feath e r s dec rea s n g p r o o rt i o nately in w d th t o a n e
p i i
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n a r r o w m a rg n o n o u te r f e at h e r o n each s d e i .

Typ e o f gen u s G o e t l i a l s
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G OE T HA L S I A BE L L A, s
p . n ov .

t
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No . 2 3 86 7 2 , eum , . .
,

i r
B i o l o g cal S u vey C o lle c t i o n f r o m C an a ( at feet alt it ud e ) , ,

e a st e rn P an ama ; c o llecte d M a rch 1 6 1 9 1 2 by E A G o ldm an ( co l , , . .

l e ct o r s n u mb e r
D is t r i buti o n Kn o w n fr o m extrem e e a ster n P a na m a o n ly C an a ,

fe et ) an d M o un t P i rr i ( t o fee t ) .

D es cr ip t i o n o f t y p e
T o p O f h e a d d ul l da b o nze gree n sh ad ng
. rk r i
r r
int o a b r igh t e b o n z e gr ee n o n n ec k an d back an d nt o g o ld en b r o nz e i
o n ru m p ; l o n ge r
u p p er ta l c o v e rts da rk c o pp e y b r o n e ; l o re s an d i r z
i r
m ala r a r e a d a rk re d d s h u f o u s s h ad n g nt o re dd i sh bu ffy o n ch i n ; i i
l o w e r pa rt s fr o m ch in t o i n clu d e f r o n t o f ab d o m en clear b r igh t
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i
m dd le u nd e r t ai l c o ve rt s w h ch a re mu ch l o nge r tha n o th e r c o v ert s i
an d sp ec i al iz ed i n t o s ati n y w h i te o ve rlap p i ng ri g d ly d ecu rve d p lum e s ,
i
a s i n G o l d m a n ia b ut m u ch l o n ger an d b r o a de r o r m o re d ev el o p ed ,
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ba s ally ; s i d e s o f n eck an d b dy gre en i sh b r o n e ; p o ste r i o fl ank s o z r

r i
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t ipp e d w ith da rk b r o n zy p u rpl i sh ( s i m la r t o pa tte rn o f E up li e r us a) i
t a il ma in ly ru sty b u ffy b ut e x p o s ed pa rt so f t w o m i d dl e feath e r s
da rkbr o n z e gr e en an d l ate ra l f e ath e r s t pp e d w th p r o p o rti o n ately i i .

i
d ecre a s n g a m o u n t s o f s am e t o a n a r r o w edgin g o n t p o f u te r i o
feath e o n each s d e r i .

A d ul t f e m al e S im la r t o m al e b u t sm alle r an d u n de r p a rt s o f
i
n eck and b o dy n e a rly u n i f o rm o ch rac e o u s bu ffy w th m etall i c gr e en i
feath er s cOn n e d t o s i d e s O f br ea st ; l e s s d ark b o nz e g reen o n ta l r i
f ea th er s t w o o u t e p ai rs en t r el y r e dd i sh b u ffy
,
r i .

M e as ur e m e n t so f ty p e W n g
5 2 ; ta i l 2 9 ; cu lm en I 7 . i , , ,
.

R e m a r ks A lth u gh th e w in g ch a racte r s a r e d i ffe rent i n th e

.
.
o
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p e se n t b rd f r o m th o s i e o f G o l d m a n i a t h e s m il a ty o f th e cu ri o u s i ri
8 SM I T H SON I AN M I S CE LL AN E OU S CO L L E C TI ON S V OL . 60

m o di c a t i o n th e m i d dl e un d e r t ai l c o ve rt s i n t h e tw ge ne ra
o f o ,

p re sen t in b o th s e xes an d i n th e im ma tu re p l u m ag e app ea s t o i nd i r

o r
ca t e a Cl s e e lat i o n s h ip Un f o tu n at el y th e o n ly S p e ci men s o f th e
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p re s en t sp ec i e s a e t w o S l igh tly i mma tu r e mal e s an d a n a d ul t fem al e ,

o
s i t isimp o s s ib l e t o det e rm in e w h e t h e t he u te r p rim a ry o f th e r o
f ul l y a d ul t m a l e i s o r i s n o t m o d e d n e a r t h e t ip G o ldman co l l ect ed i .

t h e typ e o f th i s n ew gen u s an d sp e ci e s at C an a a t an alt tu d e o f i

i
fe e t n M a rch an d du ri n g th e s am e m o nth a n d i n M a y c o ll ected t w o
,

o th e rs o n M o un t P i r i a t an d r fe et alt tu de i .

E R I OCN E M I S F L OCCU S , s
p . n ov .

VVo o l -
t ft d H
u e um m i ng -
b i rd
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. .
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sr
,

a lti tud e ) n ea r h ead o f R io L i m o n ea te n P anam a ; c o l lecte d A p ri l

, ,

1 2 1 9 1 2 by E
, ,
A G o l dm an ( c o ll e ct o r s n u m b e r
. .

D is t r i buti o n Kn o w n fr o m typ e l o c al ity o n ly .

S p e ci c cha r ac t e r s A pl a i nl y c o l Or e d S p e o e s res em b li ng E -

i .

a ur e l i ce i n S i z e an d gen e ral c o l o r o f pp e r p a rt s ; l w e p art s m u ch u o r

r or
g e en e r w i th gray b d e r s t o feath e rs w h i ti sh ab d m en an d d ingy ,
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p in k s h bu ffy l eg tu ft s l att e r w i th a s t ing y w o o lly app ea ran ce
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r ,
.

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i r
f o reh e a d an d chan g n g o n c o w n n a p e an d s i d e s f h ea d an d t o a l e s s ,
o ,

exten t o n n eck t o g re e ni s h C o pp e ry b o nz e ; w n g c o ve rt s a l ittl e r ich e

,
r i r
b r o n z e th an s id e s o f n ec k ; al l o f b ack t o ta i l c o ve rts cle a br i gh t r
r
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o ,

r i i
cl e a r e an d m o re b r ll ant ly i ri d e s ce n t g re e n th a n b a ck b u t w it h a
o r
sl i gh t w a s h f b o nzy an d f eath e s al o ng un d er S i d e o f ch i n n eck r ,

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, ,
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,
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f eath e r s i n cr e a s e s p o st e ri o rly an d l e ave s m i dd l e o f abd o m en d u l l
w h i ti sh ; u nd e r ta il c o v e rt s g re en l ike f e a th e s f b ea st an d S im l a l y r o r i r
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edg e d w i th g ay i s h w h i t e ; leg p a tch e s m o e st ingy an d l e s s pu ff e d r r
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th an u s u a l an d d n g y p i nk i s h b u ffy w h ite n fr o nt an d m o re o f a -
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d ingy sm o ky bu ffy p o ste ri o rly ; w n gs pu rpl i sh bl ack w it h a n a r o w i ,

r
ru f o u s b u ffy m ar gin a t b en d ; ta i l d a rk st ee l bl u e bl ack w i th a sl gh t
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,
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b r o nz n g o n m dd l e feath e s ; ta i l d eepl y e ma gi n ate r r .

Des cr ip t i o n o f a d ul t f e m a l e S i m i la t o mal e b u t m u ch m o e an d r r
r r
cl ea e r w h it e o n u n de p ar t s in cl u din g b r o ad e e dg n gs t o feath e s ,
r i

r
 NE W B R DS I F RO M P AN AM A A ND VI C N I IT Y N E L SON

of n eck a n d b rea st an d l a rge r ab d o m i n al a rea ; o ut er ta l f eath e rs i

w i th s mal l ap i cal w h t s h t p s ii i .

M e asur e m e n t so f ty p e ta il 3 85 ; cu l m en 2 1 VVin g 61 ;
'

, , .

i
,

R e m a r ks Th i s sp e c e s i s b a s e d o n e lev en S p ec m en s f r o m th e i
ty p e l o cal ity t a p pea r st o be qu it e d s
. I
t i nct f r o m th e kn o w n m e m i

b e rs o f th e gen u s b ut ha s a cl o s e s u pe rc al r e s e m b l anc e o n th e up pe r
. i
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pa rt s t E a ur e lice b u t th e c o l o r s a r e b righ te r th an n th at s
.
'

pe ci e s i .

It s en ti r e ly b u ffy a n d n o t v e ry u ffy l eg p u ff s a r e a st r o ng ch a r act e r

, , ,

P HZE T HOR N I S A D OL P HE I F R A T E R CUL US , s

ub s
p . n ov .

B ro w n P g m y i H um m i n g b ird
Type N o adu l t mal e U S . 2 3 2 530
o M u s eu m B i o l o g i
, ,
. . N a t i nal ,

ca l S u rv e y C o lle ct i o n f r o m C an a ( at fee t al ti tu de ) easter n

,

P a n am a ; c o ll e cte d F e b 2 8 1 9 1 2 b y E A G o l d m an ( c o lle ct o r s
.
, , . .

n umb e r
D is t r i b ut io n Kn o w n f o m typ e l o c al i ty o nly r .

G r a ct e r s
e n e r a l cl i ar x C l o s e t o P a sa t ur a t uso f w e ste rn P an ama . .

an d C o s i
ta R i c a b ut d st in ctly da r ke r a b o v e an d b el o w c r o w n m o re ,

i
s o o ty b r o w n sh u pp e r ta l c o ve rt s d a rk e r a n d m o re ch e s
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tn u t an d i
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l gh t t ip so f t ai l f eath e rsn a rr o w e r A l th o ugh t hi s f o r m s b a s
-

ed o n a . i
s ingl e speci m en t d ffe r s s i i
o s t r o n gly f r o m t h e s e ri e s rep re s e n t ing
i
n e ighb o r n g f o rm s th e r e s l i ttl e d o u b t o f i t s b e ng d i sti n ct
'

i i .

T HA M NI S T E S A NA B A T I NU S COR ON A T U S , s
ub s
p . n ov .

h rike
scr o w n e d A t s Ru f o u -

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,

cal S u rv ey C o ll ect i o n fr o m C an a ( at f e et alt i tu de ) ea s te rn ,

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,

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be r
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t r i but io n fr o m Ve ragu a t o th e C o l o mb i an b o r d e r
.
P an ama ,
.

S ubs p e ci /i c c h a r a c t
'

e r s M o r e r ch ly c o l o red th an T a s
a t ur a t us
. i . .
,

i
w th cr o w n dul l ru f o u sc o nt ra st ng w i t h o l vace o u s b r o w n o f b ack i i ,

a n d u nde r s i d e o f n eck an d upp e r b rea st dull o ch ra ce o u s b u ffy co n ,

t r as t in g w ith th e o l i va ce o us b u ffy o f r e s t o f un d e r pa r t s .

Des cr ip t i o n o f ty p e C r o w n an d nap e du l l ch e s n u t ru f o u s ; ent re t i

i i
back b r o wn sh o l ve ; t o p o f w in gs u p pe r ta i l co ver t s an d ta i l ru s ty
i i
,

i
ch e stn ut b ec o m ng b r o w n er o n te r m i nal h al f o f w ng sf r o m p r m a r e s i
t o te rt al s i
; c o n ceal e d S p o t o f b r ght o range ru f o u s o n b ack n ar r o wl y i
i t i
m a rg n e d p o s er o r ly w h b l a ck ; C h n u n de r s d e o f n eck a n d f o re it i ,
i
p a rt o f b rea st d e e p o ch rac e o u sb u y pla nly c o nt ra st ng w th th e f
i i i
o l iva ce o u s b u ffy o f r e s t o f u nd e r p a rt s w h ic h b ec o me pal e r al o n g
I O SM I T H SON I AN M I S CE L L AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VOL . 60

i r
m e d an l in e an d d a k e r a n d m e o l ive o n s i d e s s exe s al k e excep t a h or i
r
sen ce o f c o nc eale d o ange ru f o u s sp o t n b ack o f femal e ; S i z e ab o ut o
as in s at ur a t us .

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a t ur a t usf o m va i u s C o sta . . r ro
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, ,
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bac o f p ra cti cal ly th e s am e c o l o an d n h av in g t h e u n d e p a rt s O f r i r
n e ck an d b o dy n ea rly u n i f o m F iv e S p ec m en sf r o m C al o b re ( e r . i Vr
agu a ) th e C anal Z o n e an d C an a n e a th e Co l o m b ian b o rd er agre e
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r
i n h av ing t h e c o w n d i st in ctly m o e ru f o u s t han b ack a n d th e u n de r r
i
s d e o f n eck an d f o r e b ea st ch ra ce o u s b uffy c nt a s t ng w i th r e r o -

o r i
m a in d e r f l o w e pa t s o r
T h e S p ec im en fr m C al o b e r er a gu a
. o r V , ,

w e s te rn P a n ama i n th e U S N at o n a l M u s e um i s e v d entl y t h e
, . . i i
ba s i s fo r th e s tat em en t by M r R i dgw ay th a t i n T a s a t ur a t usth e . . .

i
p i l eu m i s s o m et m e s d e ep u s s et A ss tate d ab o v e th i s sp ec im en r .

o
b el o ng s t th e p re s en t sub sp ec i e s an d i s ev en da ker an d m o r e r
str o ngl y ma rke d th a n any o f t h e o th e examp l e s i ncl u d n g th e ty p e r ,
i .

DYS I T HA M N U S M E N T A L I S S U FF U S U S , s
ub s
p . n ov.

Ol i v si d d A
e -

e n t v ir e o

Ty p e N o adu l t m a l e U S N at i o nal M u s eum B o l o g

. 2 3 80 4 3 , ,
. .
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r
cal S u v ey C o l l e ct i o n f r o m M o un t P i r i ( at ,
f e et alt it u de ) r ,

r
e a st e n P an am a ; c o ll ect ed M a y 6 1 9 1 2 by E A G o l d m an ( c o ll e e , ,
. .

to r s n um b e r
D is tr i but i o n Kn o w n f r o m u ppe sl p e s O f M o u n t P i rr i o nly r o .

S ubs i fi h r a ct e r s lVI a l e sm o s t l i k e typ i cal m e n t a l isb ut m u ch

p
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e c c c a
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l e s s yell o w bel o w m o r e a s i n s e p t e n tr i o n a l is pa l e g ayi s h w h it e

, ,
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s d e O f n e ck e xten d n g fa rth e r b ack ( o v e f o n t o f br ea st ) i r r
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s i de s b eas t an d b o dy m u ch m o r e e xten s ively o l iv e g e en l m i t ing
,
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th e yel l o w m a i nl y t o abd o m en ; ank s d ul l O l iv e g e en ; u n de ta il r r
r
c o v e t s d ul l yel l o w o r ye ll o w i sh b u ffy ; th e f emal e m st l k e th at O f o i
s e m i ci n e r e usf r o m B o g o t a b u t t o p o f h e ad ath e d ul l e r u sty an d r r r
o r
r est f uppe pa rts m o r e gr ee n i s h O l iv e ( l e s s t inge d w ith b o wn i sh ) r
b r eas t an d s id e s o f b o dy d ngy b r o w n i s h o l iv e g re e n i sh b e c o m ing i -

b ro w n e ro
n ank s an d b u ffy o n u n d e t a l c o ve t s ; ab d m en l igh t r i r o
yel l o w w a sh e d w i th b r o w n i sh O l iv e f m S i d e s ; s z e large ro i .

M as m
e u r e e n t s o f yp
t e W in g 6 2 ; ta il 4 o ; culm en 1 6 ; tar s u s , , , ,

Th e typ e o f D m s
R e m a r ks e p t e n t r i o n a l is f r o m e a P az . . Vr ,

i
G uatemal a s a m u ch pa l e an d gra y e r b i r d th an th e la ge se r i e s r r
r i r
,

fr o m C o sta R i ca an d w e ste n P an am a w h ch h av e b e en e fer re d t o

it S h o u ld m o r e m ater i al fr o m G u at em al a S h w th at t h i s d i ffe ren ce
. o
12 SM I T H S ON IAN M I S CE LL AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S V OL . 60

M ea s
ur e m e n tso f m a l e ( ty p e ) .

W in g , 48 ; ta i l ,
cu lm e n , 1 5;
t a rsu s ,

R e m a r ks I h av e s e en n o sp eci men s f H r fr a t e r w h i ch w a s o . .
,

i
d esc r b ed f r o m S a ayacu E cu ad o r b u t s r
o fa a s th e cha ra cte s O f
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th s f o m ar e giv en i n d e s c ri p t i o n s i t appe a r s t o d i ffe r f r o m th e p r e s
r
en t f o rm al th o u gh v o n B e l e p s c h an d H a rt e rt s tat e t hat adu l t sp ec i
,

r
m en s f r o m th e C au a R ive hav e th e n t e scap ul a r reg o n bl ack a p r i r i ,

p a r e n t l y a s in th e p e sen t f o m ( N o v Z o Ol r
1 90 2 p o l dmanr . .
, . G
c o ll e cte d o nly t w o sp ec im en s f th i s b i d a n e a d ult mal e an d f e o r ,

ma l e .

G R A L L A R I CU L A F L A VI R OS T R I S B R E VI S s ub s
p n ov ,
. .

Dar i en G r a l l a r i cul a

Ty p e N O a du l t m al e U S N at io n al M u s eu m B i l o gi
. 2 3 80 6 9 , ,
. .
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ca l S u rvey C o ll ect i o n f r o m M o un t P i r i ( at ,
fe e t al t it u d e ) r
i
n ear h ea d O f R io L m o n e a ste rn P ana m a ; c o ll ecte d M a y 1 1 9 1 2 by
, , ,

E A G o ld m an ( c o l le ct o r s n u m b e r 1 5 6 3 0 )

. .

D is t r ib ut io n Kn o w n fr o m u pper sl o p eso f M o u n t P i r r i o n ly .

S ubs p e ci fi c c h a r a c t e r s G en e ral ly s im la r t o typ ica l fl a v ir o s t r is i

r i
b u t sm al l e w th m u ch la rge r b i ll ; u pp e r p art s w it h l es s b r o w n i sh
s u ffu s i o n th e c r o w n m o re O l v e gray s
,
i
h ; back n ea r l y p l a in O l iv e an d i
o uts i
d e o f w ing s d a rk er an d m o r e o l i ve b r o w n ; ta w n y ch r ace o u s o
i
o f u n d e r s de o f n eck b re as t a n d s d es o f b o dy ab o u t th e sa m e b ut
,
i
rk
,

w ith bl ack edging s t o fe ath er s u s u al ly w ell m a e d bu t n a r o w e r an d r

l es s n u m e r o u s o n b o th t h r o a t an d bre a s t th a n n typ ic al fl at/i r o s tr is i .

M e as
. ur e m e n t so f ty p e W n g 6 4 ; ta i l 2 6 ; cu l m e n ta rs u s i , , , ,

2 4 .

R e m a r ks Th is i
sub sp ec e s i s b a s e d n f o u r S p ecim e n s t h r e e o f o ,

i
w h i ch a re m u ch al ke but th e o th e r l ack s t h e d a rk edge s t o fe ath e rs
o f n eck an d b r ea st a s i n c o s t a r ice n s
is bu t th e o ch ra ce o u s o f t h e s e ,

i
pa rt s i s l g h te r an d y ell o w e th e u p p e pa rt s gre en e r an d le s s b o w n r ,
r r
is h o l ive an d th e s i e s , m all e r w i th l a rger b ll z i .

M A R G A R OR NI S .
B E L L U L US , s
p . n ov .

B e au ti f ul M a rg a ro rn is

Typ e No a d u lt m al e U S N at o n al M u s
. 2 3 80 7 0 , eu m B o l o g ,
. . i i i
i i i
,

cal S u rvey C o llect o n f r o m M o u n t P rr ( at ,

fe et a lti tu de )
n ea r h ea d o f R i o L m o n ea s i
te rn P an ama ; c o l l ected M a y 1 1 9 1 2
-

G
, , ,

by E A o l d m an c o l lect o r s nu m b e r

.

( .

D is t r ib ut i o n Kn o w n f r o m u pp er S l o p e s o f M o un t P i r r i o nl y
. .

S p e c ic ch a r a c t e r s To
p o f h e a d an d n ec k b i st re b r o wn ; ba ck
i
b urn t u m b e r ; t a il b r g h t ru f o u s ch e snu t ; ch n an d h r o a t w h it e ; t i t
NO . NE V

Y I
B RDS F RO M P AN AM A A ND V C N
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I I I Y '

T - I N E L SO N I 3

r r r
e st o f u n d e p a t s o l ive b r o Wn w ith n u m er o u s bl ack b o r de red gu t
t at e w h te sp o t s i .

Des o
cr ipt i o n T p o f h e a d an d n ec k d ul l O l ve b r o w n ea c h f eath e r i
n ar w l y b o de e d w i th d usky ; b a c k an d l e s
ro r r s e r w i n g c o ve rt s b u rn t
r i o
umb e w th b r ad b la cki s h s ha ft l i ne s o n w in g c o ve rt san d O b scu rely ,

r
m ar ke d n a r o w da rk s ha ft l n e s o n ba ck ; gr eat e w ing c o v e rts an d i r
o
e xp o s ed p art s f s cap u l ar s se co n d a ri e s u pp e r ta l c o v ert s an d t o p o f
, , i
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t a l b ight r u f o u s ch es tn ut dul les t o n w ngs ; g reate r c o ver t s w th ,
i i
blac isk h s h a ft l i ne s ; p ri ma i es e dged ext e rnal ly w th r us ty b r o w n r i
i i i
,

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o r
,

b r w n l i ke t o p o f h e a d a n d m a rk e d w i th a s up a o cul a r s trip e e x
i
ten d ng b a ck t o n a p e ; r in g a r o un d eye s an d str eaks al o ng sde s o f i
h e ad an d n eck p al e yel l o w i s h w h i t e ; ch i n an d th r o at w h t e ; re s t o f i
i
u n d e r p a rt s n ea rl y un f o rm o l ve br o w n ( w ith a sl gh t t inge o f i i
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re ddi sh o n an ks b ec m ing s tr o nge r o n u n d e r ta i l c o v e ts ) w i th
,
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n um e r o u s b i gh t ye ll o w i sh w h i te g utta te s p o t s sh arply edged w i th
r
b l a ck t h e sp o ts la g e s t al o n g m e d ia n l n e s m all e r o n S i d e s an d b e
,
i ,

i
c o m ng s ha ft streak s O n un d e r tai l c o vert s ; p s te ri o r w h i te m a rk s o
o f ab d o m en sm all e r an d w i th sl gh t o r n o d ar k m a r g n s ; i nn e r w eb s i i
o f s ec o n d a ri e s an d al l b u t t w o o r th re e o u t e r pr m a ri e s m a nl y ric h i i
o ran ge b u ff ; i i
nn e r S d e o f w in g at b en d a n d axil l a r i e s p al e b u ffy

w i th bl ack b o rde rs t o fea th e r s exc e p t o n s o m e ax ll a r i e s an d u n d e r i '

o
,

s ec nd a ry an d p r i m a ry c o ver t s .

M e as ur e m e n tso f ty pe W i ng 7 6 ; ta l cu lm e n ta r s u s ,
i , , ,

R e m ar ks i
Th s w e ll m arke d S p ec i e s isn e a r e st p e r /a m b ut app ea rs
-

to b e d s i
t in ct f r o m a n y h e ret o f o r e d e sc ribe d Th e s po t s o n th e u nd e r . .

p a rt s re se m bl e th o s e o f p e r l a ta b ut a r e m uch s m all e r an d few e r a n d

t h e gen er al c o l o r o f th e u n de r pa rt s s b r o w n er a n d l e s sw a s h e d w i th i
ru f o u s O n th e b a ck th e t w o a r e v e ry d s nct T h s sp eci e s s
. i ti . i i
b a se d o n S ix S p e c m e n s al l f r o m M o un t P i rr i n s om e s,
p e c m en s i I . i
th e d u sky s h a ft st reak s o n th e b ack a re m u ch m o r e p r o m n en t th an i
i n o th e rs an d o n e sp ec im en h a sa f e w s m al l S cat e re d y ell o w i s h w h it e t
s h a ft st re ak s o n t h e p o st e r o r p a rt o f th e n eck o r e x re m e r o n o f i t f t
t h e b a ck .

M I T R E P HA N E S E M I N U L U S , s
p . n ov.

G r e e n b a c k e d F l y ca t ch e r
Typ e a du l t m al e U S N a o n al M u s
No . 2 3 8 1 5
3 ,
e um B i o lo g ,
. . ti ,
i
c al S u rvey C o ll ect o n fr o m C ana ea s i
te rn P a na m a ; c o ll ect e d F e b r u
, ,

a ry 2 6 1 9 1 2 b y E A . G
o l d m a n ( c o ll e ct o r sn u m b e r 1 5 2 0 6 )

t it
,
.
,

D is t r i b ut i o n Kn o wn fr o m yp e l o c al y o nl y .
 I 4 SM I T H S ON IAN M I SCE LL AN E OU S CO L L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

S p e ci c ch ar a c t e r s A b o ve da r k
l iv e gr e en i sh da es t o n t o p O , rk
o f h ea d an d o n u pp e r
tai l c o ve ts ; w ings an d t a il bla c i s h slate c o l o r r k
r r
na r o w ly m a gi n e d w i th du ll o l ive gre en ; l o e s an d n a r r w ng r o ri
o
a r u n d eye s d ingy yell o w i s h ; si des o f h ea d O l iv e g e en li k e back r ,

i
un de r s d e O f n e ck an d b e a st d ingy f ul v o u s a lm o st O l ive b u ffy r
r
sh a d ing i nt o O l iv e g e en i s h n s de s o f b reas t an d ch ang i n g ab ru ptly o i
r
int o can a y ye ll o w o n ab d o m en an d u n d e r ta il c o v e rts yel l o w p al e st ,

o n tai l c o v e rt s an d d arke s t n ext brea st ; b en d f w in g da rk o l v e o i

g re e n ; a x i llar i e s p al e d u l l yell w s h ; b i ll du sky ab o v e ye ll o w b el o w ; o i
r
feet an d ta s i d u s y h o n c l o r k r o .

M e as ur e m e n tso f ty p e W in g 6 2 ; ta il 49 ; cu lm en I ; ta r su s , , ,
o ,

R e m ar ks r
Th e p e s en t speci e s ep re s en ted i n th e c o ll ect i o n by ,
r
i
v e s p ec im en s d ffe rs s t r o n gl y fr o m t he kn o w n m embe r s o f th e
,
o r
gen u s i n th e gre en b ack l i gh t o l i v e ful v o u s br e a s t an d b r igh t ye ll o w
,

o
ab d m en th u s rep r o du ci ng a sty l e o f c o l o at i o n f o u n d n E m p id o n a x
,
r i .

A n im m a tu re sp eci m en taken at th e typ e l o c al ity M a rch 1 3 h a sco n , ,

r
S p icuo usda k b u ffy edging s t o th e w i n g c v erts f o m i ng t w o w i ng o ,
r
r rr
ba s ; n a o w g ray i s h w h it e e dg n gs t o u ter b o r de r s f t e rti al s an d i o o
sm all b u ffy gray ti p s t o p o in ts f tai l f eath e s n th e a dul t t h e o r . I
w i ngs an d ta i l a e pl a in r
w it h sc a c e ly a t rac e o f e dg ngs t o t h e
,
or r i
feath e s rT h i s sp eci e s ap p ea s t o b e m o st cl o s el y
. el at e d t M r r o .

o l iv a ce usB er l S t o lz o
f C e n t al P e ru b ut i s d i s t ingu i sh e d b y t h e
. . r
rr o
cl e a e yell w O f t h e ab d m en an d o th e ch a ra cter s o r .

1
P IL ZE D O, g en . n ov

G e n e r i c ch a r a ct e r s S m al l y c a t ch e r scl o s
ely r elat e d to A p li a n o
tr iccu sR i dgw ay b u t w i th a st r o n g ,
r e s embl an c e i n c l r at i o n t o o o

E m p id ; b i ll p r o p r t i n at el y br a de r an d m u ch th i nn e r
onax o o m re o or o

att en ed th an i n E m pid b ro a d a nd d ep r es s d a t b a se w i th w ell

o n ax , e

m a rk ed ri d ge al ng t p ; utl i n e f s id e s l ightly c nv ex s
o o ub b sl l y ;
o o S o a a

c mp res se d an d h k ed at t ip w ith a w e ll m a r k e d n tch ; r ict al

o oo o

b ri stl e s n e a n d w ea k ext en d ing al o n g t p f u pp e r m an d ibl e t h re e o o

f o u rth s it s l en gth ; n o s t r il s p n r u n de d an d s et w el l f r w ar d O e ,
o o on

m and i bl e ( ab ut th i r d o f d i st an c e fr m feath e r ing f f r eh ead

o one -

o o o

to ti p ) u n de r m an d ib l e l igh tly ke el e d w i th b r ad ro un d e d i n te r S o

ram al a r e a exte d in g f r wa r d a s fa r a s a nt er i r b rd e r f n st ri l s ;
n o o o o o

p in t f w ings h r t l nge st p r im a r i e s nl y a l i ttl e m r e tha n h al f

o o S o ,
o o o

th e l e gth f cu l m en l nge r th an s ec n da r i e s ; t en th
n o o u te r p r i o or O

ma rv e q u al s th i rd an d al s e q u al s th e l nge s t s ec n da ri e s ; n in th p r i
o o o

P r ae d o a r o bb e r .
NO .
3 NE W I
B R DS F R OM P AN AM A A ND VI C N I I Y T N E L SO N 1 5

i
m a ry n ea rl y equ al s S xth ; s ev enth an d e igh th p rima r i ese u al an d q
q
l o nges t ; l engt h o f ta il e ual s d i st an ce fr o m b en d o f w n g t o t p s o f i i
i
s e c o n da r e s ; tar s u s a littl e m o e th an o n e f o u rth th e length o f w n g s r i
i i
ta i l ema rg nat e w th t w o o ute rm o s t pa r s o f feath e rs sl ghtly g ad i i r
ua t e d .

Co l o r .
A bo ve i
pl a n o l v e g re en w th t w o d ul l s i
l i g h tl y green i sh i
yell o w w ing ban d s ; n a r r o w s up ral o r al s tre ak an d r ng a b o u t ey e i
i
wh i te ; ch in pa l e gr ay sh ; r e st o f u n d e r pa rt s r ich p r m r o s e yell o w i
excep t s i d es o f b o dy an d a b r o a d b an d ac r o s s b reast o f d ull O l v e i
i
g re en i sh ; b ll ab o ve an d b el o w bl ack
, , .

Type o f g en u s P r a d o a ud a r ( m o n o typ c ) i .

F R I E DO A U DA K, s
p . n ov .

B l ac k i ll d F l t h
-
b e y ca c e r
Ty p e N o a du lt male U S N at i o nal M u se u m B i o l g
. 2 3 86 8 1 , , . .
,
o i
cal S u rv ey C o l l ect o n fr o m C a n a ( a t i ,
fe et alt it u d e ) ea st e rn ,

P ana m a ; c o ll ecte d M a ch 1 9 r
by E A G o ldma n ( c o l l ect o r s , . .

n umb er
D is tr i buti o n Kn o w n fr o m typ e l o c al i ty o n ly .

S p e ci c c/i a r a ct e r s R e s embl e s E m p id o n a x i n gen e r al c o l o rati o n

.

r r
( up pe p a rt s o l i ve g e en t w o p al e w in g ban d s u n de r p a rt s y ell o w
, ,

i
exc ep t o l v e b r e a st ) b ut at o n ce d st ngu s h e d b y t s b lack b il l an d i i i i
i
,

S h o rt e xt en s i o n o f p r i m ar i e s b ey o n d t p s o f s e c o n da r e s i .

D es cr ip t i o n o f ty p e Up pe r p a rts O l iv e gree n d i st i nctly da rke st o n

t o p o f h ead a n d n eck an d p ale s t o n upp e r t ai l c o ve rts an d b o rd e r s o f

r
ta i l feath e r s ; l o e s d u sky ; ea r c o v er t s a n d b el o w eye s dark o l ive ; a
nar r o w s up ral o ral st reak an d in g ab o u t ey e s w h te ; w ngs du sky r i i
sl aty g ray d a rke r th an ta l w th t w o w i ng b an d s an d edge s o f s ec
,
i ,
i
r
o n d a r ie sa n d te t i al sd ul l g r een i s h yel l o w ; e dges o f p ri m a i e s du ll r
O l i v e ; ch in an d upp e r th r o a t pal e gray t nge d w th y el l o w ; re s t o f i i
i
th r o a t u nd e r S d e o f n eck a b d o m en an d un d e r t a il c o ve rt s r ch p i m
, ,
i r
r o s e ye ll o w du l l est o n c o ve rt s ; s i de s o f n eck an d b rea s t an d a n ar
,

r
r o w b an d O f sa m e a c r o s s f o n t O f b rea s t du l l o l iv e green ; an ks O l ve i
gre en a b o ve a n d y ell o w b el o w ; u ppe r an d l o w e r m an d b l e s bl a ck i
w i th l o w er m an d ibl e b ec o m ing da rk h o rn c o l o r at ba s e ; feet an d
t ar s u s d u sky h o rn c o l o r .

M e as ur e m e n t so f ty p e VVin g 5 8 ; ta i l cu l m en 1 3 ; w i dth
.
, , ,

o f b il l a t an gl e o f gape 1 0 ; t a rs u s I 5 ,
.

R e m a r ks T h i s i nt e re st ng l ttl e yc atch e a t s t glan c e app ea rs i i r r -

o
t b e a s m al l S pec i e s o f E m p id o n a x b ut th e ent rel y b lac k b ill S tua i i
t
, ,

t i o n o f n o st r il s an d o he r ch a ract e r s S h o w t h a t t i s g ene r i cally d i s i

1 6 SM I T H SON IAN M I S CE LL AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S . VO L . 60

ti nct . I t ap pea rs
h o w ever t o b e C l o s ely rel ate d t o t ha t ge nu s a n d t o
, , ,

A p li a n o tr i c cus G o l dma n s e cu re d t w o S p ec m en s b th f o m t h e typ e

. i o r
i
l o c al ity o n e n M ar ch an d th e o th e th e l a s
,
t o f M ay r
CA R YOT HR A U S T E S CA NA DE N S I S S I M UL A N S , s
ub s
p . n ov .

B lac k m a se dk Fi n ch

Ty p e N o . a dult m al e U S N at i o n al M u s eum B o l o gi
2 3 85 3 5 , , . .
,
i
c al S u rv ey C o ll ect i o n fr o m C an a ( a t ,
f e e t al ti tu d e ) ea ste rn ,

P anam a ; c o ll e cte d Ju n e 1 0 1 9 1 2 by E A G o l dm an ( c o l l ect o r s , , . .

n umbe r
D is t r i but i o n Kn o w n fr o m typ e l o c al i ty o nl y .

S ubs i h t s M u ch l ik e typ i c a l ca n a d e n s isf r o m C a y

p e c c c a r a c e r

en n e b ut black a r e a o n ch in an d t h r o at l a rge r an d upp er p a rts p al er ;

r r
m o e g o l den ye ll o w o n f o eh ea d a n d cr o w n sh a d n g b a ck i nt o l i gh te i r
m o re y ell o w i s h o l iv e g re en o n b ack ; f r o n t o f h ea d i n clu d in g b an d
r i
a c o s s f o r eh e ad l o re s sd e s o f h e ad back t o i ncl u d e eye s , an d d o w n
, ,

r
o v er ch i n an d th o at b l a ck ; au r i cul a r regi o n an d u nd e p a t s o f b o dy r r
b righ t g o l den yel l o w a s i n br a s il ie n s
is; S i e O f ca n a d e n s isb ut b i l l z
r
l a rge an d h e av ie r .

M e as ur e m e n tso f t y p e W i n g 86 ; t a il 6 6 ; cul m en 1 8 ; ta r s u s 2 2 , , , ,
.

R e m a r ks Tu th e b l ack f o n t al ban d th i s f o m es embl e s P c r r r . .

f r o n ta l isH e l l m a y r ( N o v Z 0 61 1 89 5 p 2 7 7 ) f o m N E B r a z il . .
,
. r . .

bu t d i ffe r s o th e rw i se T w o s pec im en s exam n e d . i .

T A NA G R A XA N I HOG A S T R A ub s
s

QU I T E NS I S , p . n ov .

Qu it o M an a ki n

Ty pe No . a dult m al e U S N at i o nal M u s eu m f r o m
3 0 92 9, ,
. .
,

Q u it o E , r
c u ad o c o l le ct ed b y C R B uckal ew
, . . .

D is t r ib ut i o n P e r u ( ex cep t s o u th ea st e rn p art ) a n d E cu ad o r

. .

G e n e r a l c ha r a c t e r s L a rg e s t o f th e kn o w n su b s pec e s w ith d s i i
t in ct l y p al e r yell o w cr o w n a n d l es s o ran ge yell o w o n un de r p a rts ;

ent i r e upp e r p arts bl ack su ffu s ed w t h v o l et ri de s cen ce str o nges t i i i

o n ba ck o f n e ck an d g ra d u a l ly l e s s e n in g t o t o
p o f t ai l ; b l a ck o f ch n i
i i
an d t hr o a t fa ntly t nge d w i th V io l e t ; un d e r p a rt s o f b o dy an d u n de r
ti
.

a l c o ve rts ch r o m e v e l l o w b e c o m ng m o r e o ran g e al o ng m ed an l in e i i .

JI/[ e a s ur m e n t so f ty p e T n g 6 6 ; ta l 4 o ; c ul m en 1 0 ; t ar s u s I 7 i i .

t
, , , ,

i
R e m ar ks T h i s f o r m s d sti n g u sh ed f r o m yp i ca l i a n t l i o g a s i
t ra i '
-

iz
.

a s w el l a s f r o m b r e v ir o s t r isan d b r I I n n e i fr o n sby i ts l arge s e an d -

pal e yel l o w c r o w n ; f r o m c l i o c o e n s i sb y t s l ar g e r s e an d mu ch i iz
s tr o nger v o l e r d e s i ti i cen ce o n up p e r p a s and r ch e r an d m o re o ran ge rt i
y ell o w un d e r p art s .
NO
'

. NE W I
B R DS F RO M P AN AM A A ND VI C N I I Y T N E L SON I 7

T he s u b sp ec e so f i T . . r a n t li o
g a s
t r a stan d a s f o ll o w s :
T . . r a n t/
i og a s
tra r an
. s t r ai S un d e v a l l
t /z o g a B ra z i l . .

T . . r a n tl zo
g a s
t ra b r e v ir o st r isB p M id d l e and e a ste rn C o l o m b i a
.
.

T i a n t /z o g a str a cl i o co e n s is H e l l m a y r \Ve st e r n C o l o m b i a an d

. . .

ea ster n P a nam a .

T . . i an
'

s
t ratli o g a b r un n e ifr o n sC h apm an . S o u th ea ste rn P e ru .

T . . r a n tli o
g ast ra
q ui t e n i sss
ub s
p . no v . P e ru ( e xc ept s o u th ea ste rn
p a rt ) an d E cua d o r .

i
F o u r sp ec m en s o f t h s s ub sp eci e s ex a m in ed i .

T A N G A R A F U C OS US , s
p . n ov .

G re e n -

n ap e d T an ag e r
Ty p e NO . 2 3 2 99 6
a d ult m al e U S N at i o n al M u s eu m B i o l o g

, ,
. . i
i i
,

cal S u rvey C o ll e ct o n f r o m M o u nt P i rr i ( a t fe et al t tu d e ) n ea r
,

h ea d o f R io L i m o n ea ste rn P ana m a ; c o l lect ed M a y 1 1 9 1 2 b y , , ,

E A G o l d m an ( c o l l ect o r s n u m b e r

. .

D is tr i but io n Kn o w n fr o m typ e l o c al i ty o nl y .

S p e ci fi c ch a r a c t e r s I n S i e a nd g en e ra l ap ea ran ce cl s el y
p o re z
s embl e s T d o w ii bu t a t o n ce d stin gu i sh abl e by th e gr ee n i n stea d o f
.
,
i
b r o w n pat ch o n m i ddl e o f cc i pu t b y a w e l l m a rk e d gr een p atch o ,
-

i
c o v e r n g p ar t o f ch e ek s a n d au ri cula rs a n d th e i mp e r fe ct n u chal
c o l la r ; en d s o f bl ac k fe ath e s o n n ec k b el o w bl a ck t h r o at pat ch r -

r i
b o adly t p pe d w i t h b l u e ; u n d e r pa t s o f b o dy o ch ace o u s b u ffy r r
i
m u ch pal e r th a n n d o w ii ; f eath er s al o n g s i d es o f b re as t an d ank s
w i th da rk cent e r s s im ila t o th o s e o n b rea st r .

Des cr ip ti o n H e ad n eck b ac k a n d upp e r s i de s o f w i ngs a n d , ,

ta i l bl ack dul l e r than i n d o w ii an d th e b a ck l gh tly w a s h e d w it h

, ,
i
i
gre en sh ; a p a tch acr o s s b ack o f c o w n an mp e rfec t n u ch a l c o lla r r ,
i ,

th e l o w e r pa rt o f c h e ek s an d p a rt o f ea r c o ve rts b e ryl g reen v a ry n g i

i
i n d ffe ren t l igh t s an d gl o s s ed w th m etal l c o ch r ace o u s b u ff y th e i i ,

l atte r st r o n ge s t o n ch e ek s an d e a r c o ve rt s ; rum p gla u c o u s g reen

r i
va yin g n d i ffe ren t l ight s ; ch i n an d th r o at p l a n b l ack ; feath e r s o n i
r r
rem a i n de o f u n d e S i d e o f n eck b r o a dly t ipp e d w ith u l t a m a r in e bl u e r ,

i i
f o rm n g a th n b l u e patch o ve th e bl ack feath e r s l e s se w ing c o v e rt s r r
b o rde re d w it h sa m e bl u e c o l o r ; g rea te r c o v ert s p al e r b lu e an d t e r ,

i
t ia l s s ec o n da r e s a n d p r i m ar e s l gh tly e dge d w th a m o re g e en i s h
,
i i i r
i r
b lu e ; t a l feath e s b o rd e red w it h l atte r c o l o r ; feath e rs o f b ea s t a n d r
si de s o f b o dy i n cl u d in g an ks w t h bl a c k o r d u sky c en te r s edge d
, ,
i '

w it h l igh t gree n o n f o re p a rt o f b rea st an d w i t h p al e g re en sh an d r i

b u ffy o n l o w e r b rea st an d s d es o f b o dy ; th e d ark cent e rs l e s s i
st r o ngly mark ed p o ste r o rl y an d b u ffy e dgi ngs d s t i nctly w a sh e d i i
I 8 SM I T H SON IAN M I SCE LL AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VOL . 60

w i th pal e g re en i s h ; m i ddl e f b ea s t a b d m en an d u n de ta il c o v e ts o r ,
o r r
d u ll bu ffy p ale s t ante r i o rl y a nd da k o ch a ce u s b u ffy n u n d e ta il
,
r r o o r
o
c o verts da rk c ente r s f f eath e s o n b ea st l e s s sha rply den e d tha n i n r r
d o wn .

M s ur e m e n t so f ty pe W in g 7 2 t ail 5 o ; c ulm e n 1 2 ta r s u s 1 9
ea , , , ,
.

R e m a r ks D e s cr i b ed f ro m th re e S p eci m en s c o l l ecte d n e a r th e

s u mm it o f M o un t P i rri ,
r
w h e e th ey w e r e no t co mmo n .

1
HYL OS P I N G U S , g en. n ov .

G e n e r ic ch ar a c t e r s o
M st cl o s ely r el at ed t o Ch l sp i g usb ut o ro n

l a rge r w it h pr o p o rti n at ely

,
o o h eav i e r b il l ta r s u s an d fee t ; m r e ,

p o i nt ed w ing an d o ut e t ai l e o e r feath r s b r ad e r an d m or g r a du ate d

giv in g a m o e r u nd e d e n d t o ta i l r o .

B il l fe e t an d t a rs u s rath e
,
S h o t a nd h e avy ; b i ll c o mp e ss e d r r r
lat e ral ly ab o u t t w o th i d s a s w i de a s d eep a t n o st r il s ; upp e an d
,
r r
r
l o w e o utl in e s S l ightly cu rv e d t ip f u pp e r m and ibl e s l igh tly v e r ,
o o
h angin g an d n o tch e d ; cutt ng edge f u p p e m an d ibl e sl igh tl y s in u i o r
i
at e ; w n g f o r m ul a n ea rly a s i n C h l o r o s p g s 9t h p ri ma y S l ightly
i n u ,
r
l o nge r t h an l o ng est s e c o n d a y ; 8t h a l i ttle s h t e r th an 6 t h an d 7 t h r or
q
w h ich a r e s u b e u al an d l o n ge s t ; l nge s t pr im a i e s ab u t l ength O f o r o
cu lm en l o n ger th an s ec o n da i e s ; th e e o ut e r pa i r s o f t a il f eath e s r r r
g rad u ate d en o ugh t o p r o d u ce a d i st in ctly b u t n o t s t r o n gly r o u n d ed
t ai l ; ta r su s u nu s ually th i ck w ith S h o t s t n g t o e s an d cl aw s ; m idd l e r ro
i
t o e w th cl aw ab u t th re e f o u rth s length o
f tar su s ; t a r s u s l e s s than
-

o
-

r
o n e thi d l ength o f w in g a n d les s than h al f th e l ength o f tai l .

C o l o r T o p O f h e a d d a k S l ate c o l o ; e st o f upp e pa t s p la in
. r r r r r
i r
o l v e g een ; u n de r p a rt s g ee n i s h y el l o w b e c o m in g m o e rang e r r o
f r o m ch i n t o b e as t S ex e s al k e r . i .

B a s ed o n H y l o sp in g usi n o r n a t uss p n o v ( m o n o typi c )

. . .

HYL OS P I N G U S I N OR N A T U S , s
p. n ov .

r M o un t P i rr i T an a g e

T y p e N O 2 3 8680 a du l t m al e U S N at i o nal M u s e um B i l o g i
. .
, ,
. .
,
o
r
cal S u vey C o ll e ct i o n f r o m M o un t P i i ( at f ee t alt i tu d e )
,
rr
e a st e rn P an am a ; c o ll e cte d A p r il 1 4 1 9 1 2 b y E A G o l dm an ( co l , ,
. .

l ect o r s n umb e r
D is t r ib ut i o n Kn o w n f o m h igh e S l o p e s o f M un t P i r i o nly r r o r .

S p e cic c h a r a ct e r s M u ch l ik e a l a ge da rk c l o re d S p e ci es o f r o
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r
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.

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.
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C OL L E C T I O NS VO L .
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60

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.

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.
ri .

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feath e r s S h o w n g th e pa l e r c o l o r t o b e a m a r o f im m atu r i ty T w o k .

spec imen s o f th s s ub sp ec i e s exam n e d i i .

VI R E OL A N I US E XI M I US M UT A B I L I S , s
ub s
p . n ov .

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l gi ca l S u rv ey C o l l ect i o n f r o m C an a ( a t fe e t alt i tu de ) ea s te n
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p .

r
p art o f s up e c il iar y yell o w st ri p e br o a de r an d a t in ge o f yell o w i sh
g re e n s u ffu se s an d n e a l y ep lac e s th e bl u e o n f eh ea d b ack t o r r or
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cl ea rl y b l u e in t h e type o f e x im ius ; e a c o v e t s b o d e ed p st e i o r ly r r r r o r
o r
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i r
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o r ,

r
l o w i s h gre en o f l o w e n eck an d b r e a st ( i n e x im i ust h e ch in i s m e or
gre en i sh y e ll o w and S h ad es th e n c e g a d ual ly o v e r t h at t gr een o f r ro o
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p al e O l iv e ye ll o w O u m ddl e o f ab d m en ; un de t ai l c v ert sca na y
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NO .
3 NE W B I R DS F ROM P A N A IV
IA A ND VI C N I I Y T N E L SO N 2 1

y ell o w ab o u t l ik e ch i n an d th r o at ; n typ e o f e x im iusth e u n d e r pa rt s i

a re a n ea rl y u n i f o mly d ark e r gr een i s r
h th an i n th e p re s ent o r m f .

M e as ur e m e n tso f ty p e o f e x im i a s 7 5 ; ta il ,

cu l m en 1 9 ; ta r su s 2 1
, , .

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g 7 0 ; t ail 4 4 ; .
, ,

cu l m en ta r s u s
, O w ng t o th e s e x O f t h e typ e O f e x im i a s
, i
i i
.

b ei n g u nkn o w n i t i s i mp o s s bl e t o de ci d e w he th e r th e d ffe r enc e s i n

i
S z e sh o w n i n th e s e m ea su e m ent s a re du e t o s e x o r n o t
.
r .

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,
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O f B r d s i n th e P h la d elph ia A c a dem y o f N atu ra l S c i ence s have ,
I
b e en abl e t o m ak e d i re ct c o m p ar s o n w ith th e typ e o f e x i m ius t i I
t
.

w a s f o rm e rly m o un te d an d s h o w s s o m e S gn s o f fad in g b ut h e r e i ,

tent i o n O f th e yell o w p r act i ca lly u nch ange d o n th e s u p e rc l ia ry str p e i i

i
an d ch n an d i ts absen ce o n th e ab d o m en an d u n de r t a il c o v e rt s in d i
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r r
s t o ngly f o m th e p re s en t f o r m i n th i s ch a racter a s w el l a s i n t h e
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e st icted a r e a o f y el l o w o n th e ch n an d th o at Th e back o f th e i r .

typ e o f m ut a bi l isi s m o re bl u s h g re en t h an i n th e typ e o f e r im i us i

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m ay b e d u e t fa din g i n th e la tt e r F o m th e f o reg ng i t . r oi
app e a r s th at n o tw ith st an d ng a ny fa d i ng that m ay hav e o ccu r e d in i r
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re c gni z e d a s a ge o g ap h ic race Th e typ e s th e o nl y sp ec i m e n . i
s een by G o ldma n an d t h e s e b i rd s a r e appa r ently sca rc e i n eas te rn
P anam a .

B A S I L E U T E R U S M E L A N OG E N YS I G N OT U S , s
ub s
p . n ov .

M o un t i rr i W
P a rb l e r
Ty p e
No . ad ul t f e mal e U S N at i o n al M u s e um B io
23 2 972 , ,
. .
,

l o gi cal S u rvey o n fr m M o un t P i r r
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n e a r h e a d o f R io L im o n ea st e rn P an a m a ; c o ll ect ed A p r l 1 8 1 9 1 2
,
i , ,

by E A G o ld man ( c o ll ect o r s n umb e r
. .

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g y r ,

i
b u t s up e rc i l ia ry l n e pal e gre en s h yell o w an d b r o ade r i n f o n t w h e re i r
o ccupyi n g m o st O f f o r eh ea d ; l o re s bl ack b u t re m a in d e o f s i des f r o
h ea d an d ch i n pal e g reen i s h yel l o w ( l i k e u nd e r s de O f b o dy ) n ely i
e cke d an d m o ttl ed w th blac k th e b l ack h e av i es t o n m alai egi o n
,
rr
an d im m ed i a tel y b el o w ey e s ; b a ck d s ti nctly g e ene an d u n d e p a rts i r r r
w it h a s tr o nge r g reen i sh yel l o w s u ffu s o n ; s z e sm all e w ith p r o i i r
p o r t io n a t e l y la ge b i ll r r .
2 2 SM I T H SON IAN M I S CE LL AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

M ea ur e m e n tso f
s ty p e W in g 5 6 ; ta il , ,
cu lm en ,
12 ; r
ta s u s ,

20 .

R e m a r ks
T hi s f o rm i s ba s e d o n a s i ngl e S p eci m en w h i ch i s S O
r r
str o ngly cha a ct e i ze d b y t h e yell o w s up e rc il ia ry l in e re st i ct i o n o f ,
r '

b l ack o n th e S i d e s o f th e h ea d a n d m u ch m o r e gre en s h b ack an d y el ,

i
r r
l o w e r u n d e p a t s t h at i t ev i den tly r ep r e sent sa w el l ma ked sub -

r
S pe ci e s .

B A S I L E U T E R US M E L A N OG E N YS E XI M I U S , s
ub s
p . n ov .

B o ue q t W e a rb l e r
Ty p e ad ult fema l e U S N a t i o nal M u s eu m f r o m
No . 1 8846 5 , ,
. .
,

q
B o u et e ( at feet alt it u de ) w e ste rn P an a m a ; c o l l e cte d M a ch ,
r
2 3 1 9 0 1 by W W
,
B o w n ( B an gs c o ll ecti o n )
,
. . r .

D istr i buti o n Kn o w n f o m typ e l o c a l ity o n ly r .

S ub sp e ci c c ha r a c t e r s P al e a n d g a ye th an t u e m e l a n o e n s
g y ; r r r r
b ack o f n eck an d ba ck dul l gray b e c o m i n g m o e gre en i s h o n ump ,
r r
r
an d b o d e rs o f w in gs an d t a il ; u n d e S d e o f n eck an d b o dy m u ch r i
r
pal e and m o e w h i tis r
h lack in g n ea rly all t h e yel l o w i s h s u ffu s i o n f o
m e l a n o g e n y sa n d ig n o t us ; S d e s o f b e a s t an d ank s g ay e an d l e s s i r r r
o i
l iv e gr een s h ; s i z e ab o ut th e s am e .

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r ,
.

r
M ea s u em ent s o f typ e o f B m e l a n o g e n y s ( m al e a dul t N o 3 0 49 7 . .

U S N at i o nal M u s e um ) W ing 6 1 ta i l 6 0 ; culm en 1 2 ; ta r s u s 2 2

. .
, , , ,
.

R e m a r ks T w o sp e c im en s i n th e N ati o n a l M u s eum c o l l ect i o n

r
f o m B o qu et e w e s te rn P a n am a ag e e i n th e ch a act e s n am ed ab o v e
,
r r r
r
an d a e S O ea s i ly re c o gn z ab l e fr o m th e la ge s e ri e s i n t h e N at i o n al i r
r
M u s e um o f t u e m e l a n o g e n y sf o m C o st a R i ca i ncl u din g th e typ e r , ,

r r
i t i s ev i de nt t h ey ep e se n t a d s t n ct s ub sp e ci e s T h e gr ay ba cks i i .

r
an d p al e u n de r p a ts at o n ce d i st i ngu i s h th e B o qu ete f o m f o m th e r r
r
g een i sh back s an d yel l o w i sh t in ged un d e p a rt s o f t r u e m e ia n o g e n y s r
.

T R OG L OD YTE S F E S T I NUS , s
p . n ov .

M o un t i rr i H
P o u s
e Wr en

Ty p e N O ad ul t mal e U S N at i o n al M u s eum B i l o gi
. 2 3 80 12 , ,
. .
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r
cal S u vey C o ll ecti o n f o m M u nt P i i ( at fe e t a lt itu d e )
,

r o rr ,

n ea r h ead o f R io L i m n ea st ern P an ama ; c o ll ecte d A p i l 1 8 1 9 1 2 o ,

r , ,

by E A G o l dm an ( c o ll ect o r s n umb e
. .

r
D is t r i b uti o n Kn o w n fr o m typ e l o c al ity o nl y .

S p e ci fi c cli ar a ct e r s t l ik e T o chr a ce o usbut sm al l e

l\/I o s . w i th . r
r i i
l o nge b l l ; l ghte r u n d e r p art s ( ab d o m en w h ite ) an d s h te s up e or r r
c il ia ry st i p e r .
NO .
3 NE W

B R DS I F RO M P AN AM A A ND VI C N I I Y T N E L SO N 2 3

Des
cr ipt i o n f nt r e u pp e r p a t s i n cl u d in g a b r o a d p o st
o ty p e E i r ,

o c ula r s t rea k t o p s o f w n gs an d t a i l t awn y b r o wn ; w ng s n d s

,
i i i i
t in ct l y b a r re d w i th du sky b r o w n ; t o p o f ta il feath e r sw th t ran s ve r se i
s er i e s o f sma ll d u s ky S p o t s an d m p e r fe ct b a rs m o re regul a rl y pl a ce d i
th an i n o cl z r a ce us ; l o r es ch in a nd S i d e s o f h e ad b el o w e y e sf r o m
-

i k
m al a r reg o n ba c t o i n cl u d e l o w e r t w o th rd s o f e a r c o v e rt san d -

i
l o w e r pa rt o f S id e s o f n eck b ri gh t o ch race o u s b u t n o t s o r ch a s n i i
l ig ca s u p ra an d p o st o cu la r st rea k en d i n g a b ruptl y at p o se r o r

, ,
t i
b o rd e r o f ea r c o v e rt s o c h ra ce o u s b u ffy ; m i d d l e o f th r o at un d e r sd e , ,
i
o f n eck an d b rea s t d ul l o c h ra ce o u s bu ff y ; ab d o me n d u ll w h i t e ; s i d e s

o f b rea st a nd ank s o ch ra ce o u s b r o w n ; u n d e r t ai l c o ve rt s d ul l
r i
o ch ac e o u s n d i st i nctly an d i r regula ly b a rr e d w i th du sky r .

M e as ur e m e n tso f ty p e s n g 44 ; t a l
l
cu l m en ta rs u s i , i , , ,

I 7 5
t
. .

l h o u g h th e p re s en t sp eci e s i s m u c h l ke o c/zr a ce us
R e m a r ks A . i
yet o w in g t o t h e t w o sp ec e s b el o n ging t o h igh m o unt a n a rea swi dely i i
s eparat ed b y l o w l and s i t i s p r o b a b l e tha t in t e r g r a d a t iO II d o e s n o t -

o ccu r G
o l dm an o nl y s e cu e d a s i n gl e S p ec im en an d s aw o n e o th er
. r
i
d u rin g h s s tay o f n ea rly a m o n th o n M o u n t P r r s o th ey app ea r i i
t o b e un c o mm o n T h e p re s en t b rd i s m u ch l e s s re dd i sh ful v o u s han i t
t
.

T o ch r a ce usl ig e a f r o m C h r qu i an d d i ffe rs f r o m i mo r e th an f r o m
.
'

ii
i
typ cal o cl z r a ce us C o m p a e d w i th T s o lst i t i al is p a l l id ip e ct us f
. r .
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o
r
w e st e n C o l o mb i a fe s t in n si s small e w th l o n g e r b i ll an d b right e r r ,
i
m o re redd i s h o ch race o u s o n s i d e s O f h ea d a n d nec k an d upper p a rt s
o f h ea d an d b o dy an d l e s s st r n gly m a rk e d b a r s o n w in gs an d ta i l
,
o Q
.

M Y A DE STE S C OL OR A T U S , s
p . n ov .

Var i e d So l it ir a e

Ty p e a du l t m al e U S N ati o n al M u s eum B i o l o g
.
N o . 2 32 60 1 , ,
. .
, i
cal S u rv ey C o l l e ct o n f r o m M o u nt P i rr ( at i
fe et al t t ud e ) n ea r ,
i i ,

h ea d o f R io L im o n e a ste rn P a nam a ; c o ll e ct ed M a rch 6 1 9 1 2 by , , ,

E A G o l dman ( c o l lect o r s n umb er
.

D is t r i but io n Kn o wn fr o m typ e l o c al ity o nl y .

S p e ci c c h a r a ct e r s H e ad ne ck an d u n de r p art s o f b o d y g r ay .
,

i
w th a j et b lac k m a sk a b o u t bas e o f b ill exten d in g b ack t o e ye s a s n ,
i
M m e l a n o p s w i th t o p o f b ack an d w in gs ru f o u s n e arly a si n r a l
.
,

l e id e s .

Des
cr i p t io n k s
F r o n t o f h ead c o ve re d b y a b l ack m a s u r ro u n d i n g
i
b a s e o f b il l c o v e r n g f o r ehe a d a n d s d e so f h ead t o m dd le o f ey es i i ,

i i
,

m al a r reg o n and ch n ; re s t o f h ea d n eck an d u n de r p a rt s o f b o dy ,

r
c le a d a rk a sh y g r ay a l ittl e pale than i n m e l a n o p s s o m et m e s r , i
2 4 SM I T H S ON I AN M I S CE L L AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VOL . 60

r
w a sh ed w i th u sty o l iv e o n b ac o f c o w n an d n ap e an d a m o r e o r k r
r o
l e s s st o ng w a s h f s am e o n ank s ; m i d dl e o f ab d o m en p a l e r s o me ,

o r
t i m e s al m o s t w hi t i s h p ste i o rly ; u n d e r ta l c o ve ts pal e gra y sl ghtly i r i
i i
t i p p e d w th w h i t sh ; t o p o f b ack an d w ings t aw n y u sty u f o u s r r
s h a de d w ith o l ivace o u s ant er i o rly an d b ec o m n g m o re u f o u s p o s i r
t e r io r l y t o r r
t h e d a k u s ty u f o u s u mp an d u pp er tai l c o v ert s s e c r r
o n d a r y w ing c o ver t s l ik e b ack b ut sh a din g i nt o d eep o ch ac e o u s r
r
bu ffy o n b o d e rs ; p rim a r i es p r i m ar y c o v ert s an d s e c o n d ar e s bl ack ,
i
r r
i s h b o d er e d o n o ut e w e b o f t e rm in al h al f o f s e c o n d a ri e s w th c o l o r
,
i
o i i
f b ack an d s l gh t edg n g o f s am e o n t er m i nal h al f o f p r m a e s ; i ri
r
t e t i al s m ain l y r u f o u s a l i ttl e l ighte ( m o e b u ff y ) tha n ba ck ; t o p O f r r
i
t a l sl aty bl a c k s l ightly w as h e d w th o l i v e g r a y o n m i ddl e f eath e s ; i r
i
o uter pa r o f ta i l feath e r s p al e du ll g ray o n t e rm nal t w o t h rd s e dge d i -

i ,

r
at tip o f i nn e w eb w i th w h it e ; s ec o n d pa i o f f e a th e s w it h a s h o t r r r
r
g ray sp o t n ea r t i p n a r o wl y e dge d w th w h it i s h an d a s m al l w h iti sh i
r i
t i p t o th i d pa r ; exa ct am o u nt o f w h it e o n t a l f eathe rs vary in g a i
i
l ttl e i nd i vi dually ; b i ll V a ry n g f o m o ange yel l o w t o o ange e d ; i r r r r
fe et an d t a rs u s w axy y ell o w s o m e t im es t ing ed w i th o an ge ,
-

r .

M e as ur e m e n tso f ty p e W in g 87 ; ta il 8 1 cu lm en 1 4 ; ta r s u s 2 1
s
.
, , , ,

R e m a r ks Th i s h an d sm e sp eci e s o
s ba e d o n a s er es o f S ixte e n i i
S p eci m en s al l f r o m at n ea t h e ty p e l cal ity or r o .

C A T HA R U S F U S CA T E R M I R A B I L I S , s
ub s
p . n ov .

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h u nd re d yea r s .

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SM I T HS O N IAN MI S C E LL AN E O US COLLE C TI O NS ,
VO L . 6 0 , NO . 4
2 SM I T H SON IAN M I S CE L L AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

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M I T H O NIA N M I C E L LA NE O U S CO L L E C T IO N S VO L . 60 , No . 4, PL. I

F L O W E RS O F R U B E L Z UL C O TT ON ( G OS S PY IU M I R E NA E U M )

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BY FR E D E R CK L I . LE WT ON
( WI TH FI V E P L AT E S )
A fe w bea ut i fu l ma lva ce o u s t re e s n o w n t o th e n at iv e s u n d e r t h e k
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nam e o f k i o 1
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F o rm e ly th e r e w e re t o b e f o un d o n s o m e o f t h e o th e r H aw ai ian
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t a in e d a r ed sap a p re s er v at ve o f th e r sh n et s wh il e ca l e fe d i i ,

t
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u p o n h e la rg e s u ccul ent l e a v e s ,
.

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va r iety '

[3 may b e b ri e y state d a s f o ll o w s : n 1 86 5 B e rt h o l d S e e m a nn de I 2

r
sc ib ed as o s s G
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s H aw a ii an D i ti
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tr il rlts bit t
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S M IT IA I
HS O N N M SC E L L A N E O US C O L L E CT I O NS ,
VO L . 6 0 , NO . 5
2 SM I T H S ON IAN M I S CE L L ANE OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

B r i t i s h M u s eu m c l le cte d t h e s l an d f M o l o k a i by N el s o n th e
,
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c o mp an i o n o f C apta in C k oo T h e d es c ip t i o n w a s b a se d upo n in co m . r
p l e t e m at e ri al an d t h e a uth o w a s i n d o ubt as t t h e gen u s t o w h ich r o :

th e p lan t S h o ul d b e re f e r red n o f ru i t h av in g b e en s een by h im T h e ,

.

r o
sp ec i e s w a s l at e c l l ect ed in 1 85 1 aga in o n M l ka i b y E Jul es ,
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aw a i i f r th e P a s
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fr o m th e s lan d o f O a h u H e m ent i o n s R M ey e a s h av in g d i s . . r
c o v e re d th r e e t re e s o f th e typ ical f o r m o n th e w est e rn en d f M l ka i o oo ,

w h ic h c o ul d n o t b e f o u n d o n a s ub s equ en t i s it T w o y ea r s a g M r V . o .

J . F R o
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man n s sp eci e s i n th e typ e l o cal it y w h ic h t e e h a s s in c e d i ed
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o f H ua l a l a i ; ( 2 ) th e spe ci e s d e s c ibe d by S e emann f o m th e slan d r r I

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o f M o l o ka i an d n t s ee n S inc e 1 9 1 0 ; ( 3 ) H il l e b r a n d s v a i ety ,8
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f r o m th e s lan d o f O ah u w h i ch ha s n o t b e e n r e d i s c o v e e d s fa a s ,
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kn o w n s in c e t h e p ub l cat i o n o f H il l e b r a n d sFl r a i n 1 888
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b el i ev ed by th e w ite th at t h e s e t h e e sp ec ie s c o mp ri s e a n ew gen u s r ,

m o st n e a rl y relat e d t o o s sy p i u m t m ay b e de sc ibe d a s f G
o ll o w s : . I r
KOKI A L e w t on , n ew g e nu s
G e n e r ic ch a r a c t e r s T r ee s
5 fee t ; w o o dy th r o ugh ut 12 to 2 o .

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r
b el o w t h e m i d dl e a b o a dly s es s i l e o b l i u ely cla spi n g c ad u c u s o v at e ,
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b ract B ra ct e o l e s 3 p e s i st en t a c cre scen t o vat e en t i r e S in u at e o r

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p o i n t g iv ing th e calyx th e app e a ran ce o f b e in g t un cate
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o f th e calyx tub e a t th e p o n t f i n s e rt i o n o f th e p etal s th e re i s a r ng i o i

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t
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n o t evi d ent C o r o l la t w o t o th re e t im e s th e l ength f th e b rac e o l e s

. o ,

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H i ll b r d W Fl r f
e an : o a o the H ii I sl d s 888
awa an an 1 p 51
rt f h B rd f C i ssi r s f r i l t r F t
.
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R e po o t e oa o o mm one o Ag cu u e an d o r e sry o f th e
Ter r i t r f H w ii D
o y o a a , ec .
,
1 91 0 , p .
72 .
NO .
5 K K IA
O : I I A VVA I I A N T RE E S L ~

E WT '

ON 3

re d O va ry v e c ell ed w th o n e a scen d ng o vu m i n ea ch cell C a p

.
-

, i i .

s ule o v o i d l ign e o u s o p en ing ta r d l y S e ed s o b o v i d S h a rpl y angl ed

, ,
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o n th e v ent al S i d e r o un d e d o n th e d o rsal c o v er e d w ith sh o rt b r ck

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red t o m en tu m C o tyle d o n s p un ctat e w i th b lack d o t s B a rk c o nt a n

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i ng a r e dd i s h b r o w n s ap S p ec ie s 3 H a wa ian sland s . . i I
L
, .

T y p e K o le i a r o c kii ew t o n .

KOK I A R OC KI I L e w t on , n e w s
p e ci e s

T re e 2 5 fe et h i gh av e r agin g 1 0 t o 1 2 in ch e s i n d iam eter B ract s

, .

b r o adly b o vat e ocm l o n g t o 8 cm b r o ad w it h th ree t v e .

, .
,
o
b l un t an d s h all o w l o b e s v e ry st r o n gly ret culate d an d v e n e d b el o w ,
i i .

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i r
cm i n d ame te a t p o in t o f att a chm en t o f t h e p et i o le th e p ulv n u s
.
,
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o f w h ic h i s o i
al s h a ry S tam in al t ub e 9 t o 1 0 cm l o n g c u rv e d S e ed s
. .
,
.

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. Typ e i n U S N at i o na l
. . . . .

H e r b a r um n o 6 9 1 0 82 c ll ect e d a t H u eh u e P uu w a a w a a H ua l a l a i
,
.
,
o -

, ,

N o r th K o n a H aw ai alt tu d e ,
fe et b y J F R o ck ( n oi ,
i , . . .

J u n e 1 90 9 Kn o w n t o th e w r it er o n ly fr o m th e t y pe sp e cim en
,
. .

I
KOK A D R Y N A R I OI D E S ( S ee m ann ) L ew t o n , n ov . co m b .

s
G osy p iunt d r y n a r i o i d e sS e e m a n n , Fl . V it .
,
1 86 5 , p . 22 .

cusd r y n a r i o i d e sK un
H ib is t z e ,
Rev . Gen . PI ,
1 89 1 , vo l . 1 , p . 68 .

i
W ith t h e excep t o n o f t h e cal y x th i s sp ec i e s s ade u ately de i q
i ii I
,

s cr b e d in H il l e b r a n d sFl o ra o f t h e H aw a a n slan d s A frag

.

m en tary sp ec im en in th e G r ay H e r b a ri u m o f arva r d Un ve r s ity H i ,

c o ll ect ed by D r . H
il l eb ran d an d i d en t i e d a s G d ry n ar i o i d e sh a s th e ,
.
,

r
o
n a r o w b r act s f h i s v ar ety h e re d e sc rib e d a s K o kia l a n ce o l a ta

i ,

w h il e an imm atu re cap sul e n a p o cke t at t ach e d t o th e sh e et h a s h e i t

o
b r o ad alm st c o r d at e b ract s o f t h e typ i cal f o m w h ich t h e w rit e r
, r
co n s r
i d e rs a s ep re s ent in g K o le i a dr y n ar i o id e s T h e sam e h e rb a i um . r
i r
c o nta n s a S h e et ep re sent ing R em y s N o 5 6 8 fr o m M o l o k a i evi
.
,

d e n t l y f r o m a d i s eas ed t e e Th e i nv o lu cr al b rac s a re sm all e r th an r . t

i n H il l e b r a n d ssp ec i m en b u t a r e a s b r o a d a s l o ng

,
.

i
Th e U S N at o n al H e rba r u m c o n ta n s t w o s h e et s o f th i s sp ec e s
. . i ,
i i .

,
i
T h e r st c o n s st in g o f t w o scr a p s r e p re se nt s H il l e b r a n d sN o 1 9 2 1 ,

.
,

n o l o c al i ty b e n g g v en i i
T h e s ec o n d spec m en c o n s s t in g o f a b ran ch
. i ,
i
a n d t w o matu r e cap su l e s wa s c o ll ect ed at M ah au a s l an d o f M o l o k a ,
I i ,

i t i
,

by F R o ck ( N o 7 0 7 6 ) A p r l 1 9 1 0
. T h e lat e r sp ec m en ha s
.
,
.

i
l eave s w h ch a r e g l a b r o u s b el o w ex cep t fo r a f e w b r o w n sh h a rs at i i
th e b a s e o f th e v e in s .
4 SM I T H SON IAN M I SCE LL ANE OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

KOKI A L A N CE OL A T A L e w t o n , n ew s
p e ci e s

s
G osy p i um d r y n a r io i d e sv a r . I8 H il l e b . PI . H . I .
,
1 888, p .
51 .

r
Un d e G d r y n a r i o id e sv ari ety ,8 H i ll eb ran d m ent i o n s t w o t re e s
.
-

r
h av in g l an ce o lat e i nv o l u c al b ract s w h ch a re o nl y o n e h al f a s w i d e i -

r
a s l o n g Th e s e w e e f o un d o n th e h il l s f M akak u an d K o k o
. ea d o H
at th e e a s t e rn en d o f O ah u M r F R ck a f te r a ca re fu l s e arch
. . . o , ,

i
f a il e d t o d i sc o v e r a s n gl e t r e e n o w g r o w in g n t h e s lan d O f O ah u o I .

N O sp e c im en kn o w n d e n it el y t o h av e b e en c o l l e ct e d i n O ah u ha s
, ,

b e en s e en by th e w r it e r b u t a stu d y o f H il l e b r a n d sna r o w b racte d

,

r -

G
s p ecim en i n t h e ray H e rba r i u m e fe r e d t un de K d r y n a r i o id e s ,
r r o r .
,

i
w h i ch w a s w i th o u t l o cal t y h a sc o n v in ce d th e w ite t h at H ill e b r a n d s
,
r r

r
v a ri ety 8 S h o ul d b e c o n s i d e e d a s a d s t inct sp ec i e s
,
i .

V
Th i s i e w i s t ak e n ( 1 ) b ecau s e i n t h e v a ri ety a s d e sc r ib e d b y H i lle
r r r
b and an d i n th e n a r o w b act ed S p ec im e n c o l l ect e d b y h im th e
,
-

o r
i nv l u c a l b ract s a r e b u t o n e h al f a s w id e a s l o ng o r l e s s w h e ea s n
-

, ,
r ,
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th e f o u r s p eci m en s o f K d r y n a r i o id e sexa m in e d t h e s e p art s a e a s
. r
i
w i de as l o n g o r w d e r ; an d ( 2 ) o n acc o u n t o f th e e st i ct i n f t h e
, r r o o
o
v a ri ety t an o th e r i s lan d o f t h e H aw a i i an g up i n e ep in g w ith t h e ro ,
k
i
v e ry l i m it e d d st ribu t i o n o n c e rta i n i slan ds o f m an y H aw a i i an pl an t s
an d an im a l s .
S S S
M IT H O N I A N M I C E L L A N E O U S C o L L E c r IO N S VO L . 60 ,
No . 5 , PL . 1

K KIA O RO C KI I L E W T O N

i
sp e c m e n
if l i
P a rt o f the ty p e

( Tw o
-
f t h s n a t ur a sz e )
S S S
M I T H O N IA N M I C E L L A N E O U S C O L L E C T IO N S VO L . 60 ,
NO . 5 ,
PL . 3

F L O W E IN G R BR A NC H OF K KIO O
( K KIAO R O C KI I )

F l li K i
t b id l i
ro m t re e in t h e ty p e o ca ty : P uu w -

aa w aa ,
No r t h o na . Ha w a i

( Ph o o g ra p h by J . F . Ro c k ; a o ut o n e -
th r n at u ra sz e )
S M S ON N M SC LL N O S C O LL C ON S
I TH IA I E A E U E TI VO L . 60 . NO . 5 ,
PL . 4

2

KO KIO E" T RE E ( KO K IA R O C KI I )

G aa s a a
a
ro w in g o n l v f ie l d a t P uu
-
a na h ul u , H w i i, H . T .

( Ph o to g r ph by J .
F . Ro c k)
S M S ON N M SC LL N O S CO LL C ON S
I TH IA I E A E U E TI VO L . 60 , No . 5 , pL. 5

KO KIA D R YNA R IO I D E S ( SE L ON ) E W T
l l it h u
E M

rb riu i r l r l
.

sp e c st sur v l v l n g We s i, H T
i h s tu r l s
He a m m e n f o m t he a t e e in t h e ty p e o ca y : Ma a a , t e n d o f M o o ka . .

( Tw o -
f ft na a iz e )
S M IT HS O NI A N M I S C E LL A N EOU S C O LL E C T I O NS
V L O UME U 60 , N M BE R 6

CO TT O N OF THE HO PI I N DI A N S : A
S PECI E S OF GO SS YPI UM
W IT F V L T
H I E P A E S

BY

F E E IC K L
R D R . LE WT ON

(P U L I TI
B CA ON 2 1 46 )

C IT Y OF W A HI GT S N ON

I E
PU BL S H D BY T HE IT H IA I TIT TI
SM SO N N NS U ON

OC T E O B R 2 3 , 19 1 2
 53 B o r b @a i fi m o r e (mm

BA L T MO
I RE , MD .
, U. sA
. .
T HE C O TT O N O F T H E
I IO PI I NDI

AN S A : NE W S PECI E S
F G O S SY P IU M O

F R E E R I CK L L EW T O BY D . N

(W T FV LAT ) I H I E P E S

I T R O D U CT I O N N

T he r ig i n and g r w t h o f c o tt o n c ul t i vat i o n i n the U n i ted S tate s

o o

has r ece i ved the ca r ef u l attent i o n o f h i st o ri ans l m l g iss sta , e t o o t ,

t i st i c i ans and o the r s and mu ch h sb een ri tten co nce r n i ng the deve l ,

a w

t o f th i s g r eat i nd u st r y o f o ur c o u nt r y T he i dent i ty and de 1

o pm en
.

sc r ip t i o n o f th o se va ri et i es wh i ch la i d the f u ndat i n o f the A m e ri can o o

Upland c o tt o n a r e q u est i o ns wh i ch have r ece i ved the attent i o n o f

seve r al w r i te r s n o ta b ly Watt Fletche r and de L s y i T he , ,
2

,
3
a te r e .

typ es o f plants wh i ch c o m p o se the eld c r o as i t isg r o wn t o d p -

av

have b een s y s te m at i cal l y st u d i ed o nly w i th i n the last few ea r s y .

5

T o what extent the c tt o n c u lt i vated at the p r esent t im e i n the o

Un i ted S tates has b een i n u enced b y the ty p s i nt r o d u ced b y the c o l o e

is t so f seve r al E u r o pean nat i o ns b y the t r p i cal s p ec i es imp o r ted

'

n o

f r o m M ex i c o C ent r al A m e ri ca and the West I nd i es o r b y the types o f

,

, ,

c o tt o n nat i ve w i th i n the p r esent b o u nda i es o f the U n i ted S tates when r

the wh i te m an ca m e i t w u ld b e d i ffi cu lt t o sy I t i s b e li eved h o w ,

o a .

eve r that the last na m ed fact o r h shad i f any the least e ff ect up o n
,

,
-

a , ,

the p r esent day eld c r o p T he fo l l o w i ng n o tes o n a type o f c o tt o n .

l o ng i n c u lt i vat i o n b y the P u e b l o I nd i ans o f the S o u thwest a r e o ffe r ed

as a c o nt ribu t i o n t o the st udy o f Am e ri can c o tt o ns :

T I QU I T Y O F C O TT O N C U L T U R E N H S OU H S
A N I T E T \VE T

T h t c o tt o n su sed and c u lt i vated i n the s o u thweste r n p r t o f the

a wa a

U n i ted S tates i n p r eh i st o ri c t im es h sb een sh o wn b y seve r al exp l o r e r s a

1
Pa y E I H i st ry
ne, . W rl d C ll d A r i 8 pp 6
: o o f the Ne w o a e me ca , 1 92 , .
40 ,

40 8 6
4 1 1 , 41
dy R O f Exp r i t S t t i s U S p t A r i u l tu r
-

H an B : ce o f e men a on De g c e,

B u ll t i 8 6 pp
. . .
, . .
,

e n 33 1 9 1 7 4 3

D ll E I C h r l i l d S t t i st i l H i st r y C tt
, ,
. .

onne : ono o g ca an a ca o o f o on 1 87 2

W tt G \V i l d C u l t i v t d C tt Pl ts \V rl d pp
.
, . ,

2
a , eo : an d a e o on an o f the o ,
1 90 9 , .

1 7 22

Fl t h r F C i r S i J u r pp
-
.

3
e c e : 6 a o c o n 1 90 9 , v o l 3 2 63 2 8
Du C t i r s u l tu r
-

. . .
,
. .
, ,

d e s i C L a te y r e 8 P : o onn e e t de a C e 1 08

T y l r F J B u r l t I du st r y U S D p t r i B u ll 6
.
, . . ,

5
e : P an n e Ag c 1 3 1910

Du r J l ri B u ll
. .
, . . .
, . . .
, ,

gg a ,
. F . : A abam a Ag c . E x p . S ta ,
. 1 40 ,
1 90 7 .

IT I I C LLA U C LL C TI
SM HS O N A N M S E NE O S O E O NS ,
VO L . 6 0 , NO . 6
2 SM ITH SON IA N M IC S E LL A NE O U C S O LL E C TI ON S VO L . 60

o f the v il lages o f the cl i ff dwelle r s th o se w o nde r f u l r el i cs i n the M esa -

V e r de N at i o nal P a r k wh i ch we r e i n r ui ns when r st seen by the

,

wh i te m an .

T he S wed i sh expl o r e r G N d sk iOl d and D r J Walte r , . or en ,

1
. .

F w k s o f the B u r ea u o f A m e r i ca E thn o l o gy b o th r ep o r t nd i ng
2
e e ,
n ,

f r ag m ents o f c o tt o n c l o th as f irl y c o mm o n i n m o st o f the cl i ff dwel l a -

i ngs N d skiOl d says

. or en

C tt o su sd b y h
on l i ff dw ll r s s h
wa t r i l f su p r i r
e t e c e e a t e r aw ma e a o e o

t x t i l f b r i s N u r u sf r t s f tt l th h v b f u d T h
-

e e a c me o ag m en o co on c o a e een o n e

tt sh r u b sp r b b l y u l t i v t d b y h l i ff p p l l st i s
. .

co on wa o a c a e t e c e o e at ea n o me
l l i t i sf i h l iff d l l i s f suth r U t h h s d s f th i ssh ru b
,

o ca e or n t e c we n g o o e n a t e ee o

h v b b sr v d O h M s V r d su h d h sb d
o

, ,

a e een o e e . n t e e a e e no c n a een ma e .

D r F w k sr ep o r ts nd i ng c o tt o n cl o th i n the r ui ns t C sa G r ande
. e e a a

i n s o u the r n A r iz o na and i n the cl i ff v i llages o f the Red R o ck c ount r y 3

i n the R i o V e r de V a l ley o f A riz o na T he r ui ns f the latte r r eg i o n .

4
. o

cl o sely r ese m b le th o se o f Tu sayan the l imi ted a r ea n o w i nha bi ted ,

b y the H o p i I nd i ans and see m t o s u p p o r t the cla im o f the H o p i that ,

.

s o m e o f the i r ancest o r s f o rm e rl y l i ved i n that r eg i o n D r F w k s . . e e

says o f these nds :

F b r i s d f tt
a c ma i h ru i s f h R d r ks
e o dco on are co mmon n t e n o t e e
oc an at

t i sth i s b r s b i d w i th yu S f h s i s f tt
,

me e wa co m ne cc a o me o t e pec m en o co on

l th w r l y w v d st i ll q u i t st r l th u h st i d d r k
.

c o e e ne o en an ar e e ong a o g a ne a o r

l st b l k S p i s f tt i ls p sh
,

a mo ac d ec men O ne ng are a o co mmon, an an o en me

l i i i l r h ki d uf tu r d i i t t i sb y h H pi d
.

eg g n g S m a to t e n m an ac e n an c e n me t e o an

t i ll w r b y r t i p r s t r si th i r s r d d sw r t k f r h
,

s o n ce a n e ona o n e ac e a n ce e e a en o m t e

w st r r Th r w r ls y fr t s f r p st r i
,

e e f Hn ki oo m o o n an e e e e a o m an ag m en o o e, ng

r d d l sl y t w i st d b d sr s b l i h d b d sf rr y i b u r d s
.
,

co an oo e e an e e m ng ea an o r ca ng en

A r d i wh i h si sr t d f r t f tt b r su l ik yth i
, , .

ee n c wa n e e a ag men o co on e wa n e an ng

yet r p r t d f r l i ff h u ss d s h d f h tt wh i h p r j t d
e o e o m c o e an a t e en o t e co on c o ec e

b y d h v i ty f h r d s h rr d i t p ssi b l y su sd s sl w
.

e on t e ca o t e ee wa c a e o wa e a a o

t h ti d r b
,
4
ma c o r n e ox .

R E F R E N C E S T O C O TT O N B Y T H E F I R S T S P A N I S H E X P L O R E R S
E

F r anc i sc o V as q u e z de C o r o n d was ap p o i nted g o ve r n o r o f the a o

pr ov i nce o f N ew G a li c i a i n Ap r i l 53 9 b y the g oo d v i ce r o y o f M ex i c o ,
1 ,

Ant o n i o de M end o z a A few m o nths late r he w ssent o n an p

,

. a ex e

d i t i o n t o expl o r e the c o u nt r y n o r th o f M e xi c o and ve r i fy the r e p o r ts

o f the g r eat ri ches o f the r eg i o n wh i ch had b een br o u ght b ack b y

N rd sk i ol d G T h C l i ff D ll r s f h M s V r d 8 pp
1
o en : e we e o t e e a e e, 1 93 94 104

k sJ W l t r B u r A r E th l B u ll 9 9 pp
-
.
, , .
,
.

2
F e w e 5
a e : me no 41 , 1 0 43 , 4 g 17 ;

B u ll p 76
. .
, . .
, .
, .
, .

51 , 191 1

B u r A r E th l ( i p r ss
. . .
,

3
8 h A
2 R t nn e p me no n e

7 th A B u r A r E th l 898 p 7
. . . . .
,
4
1 R nn . e p . . me . no .
, 1 ,
.
5 3 .
NO . 6 C TT O ON OF TH E H I I IAOP ND N S LE W T ON

P ad r e M a r c o s de N i z a and M elch i o r D i a z C o r o nad o s xp ed i t i o n

e

r es ul ted i n the d i sc o ve r y o f the P u e bl o I nd i ans o f N w M xi c o d

.

e e an

Ar iz o na the G r and C any o n o f the C o l o r ad o and the bi s o n o f t h pl a i ns

, e

P ed r o C aste nada de N aje r a the h i st o i an o f the C o r o nad o ex p d i t i o n

.

,
r e

m ent i o ns the P u e b l o I nd i ans swea ri ng c o tt o n bl ank ts and g i v i ng

,

a e

th m pr esents o f c o tt o n c l o th
e .
1

I n C o r nad o s lette r t o M end o z a dated A u g u st 3 54 and i n

o

, 1 0

o the r p ape r s o f the C o r o nad o e xp ed i t i o n the r e i s m ent i o n o f c o tt o n

, ,

r a i s i ng b y the nat i ves o f the r eg i o n e x tend i ng f r o m h pr esent 2

t e

s o u the r n t o the n o r the r n b o u nda ri es o f A ri z o na and eastwa r d t o the

R i G r ande
o .

EV I D E N C S O F O R M E R CU LT I V A I O N B Y T H E H O P I I N I A N S
E F T D

I n 89 5 D r J Walte r F w k s d e xpl o r at i o ns i n A t b i an
1 . . e e nt a e wa o
h i st o ri c H o pi rui n wh i ch was dest r o yed i n 7 and r e p o r ts nd i ng
,

1 00

ev i dence o f the u se o f c o tt o n b y the i nha b i tants

,

I n h v ryt rl i st u t s h i h h v f T u sy h H pi si d
e e e a e a cco n w c we a e o a an t e o a re a

r i s tt d w v i t i t nt l s T h s t l s t w l s s
,

to a e co on an to ea e n o ma e e e m an e o r o e a

th y r sty l d b y E sp j w r rd i t d r t d w i th
.
,

e we e C s e e o e e, a c co ng to a e na a, o n am e n e

b r i d r y d h d t ssl s h r r s
,

e m o e an a a e at t e co ne

Th his t ri l r f r s h i h t i d p r v th t h T u sy
.
,

e o ca e e e n ce w c ca n be m e n one to o e a t e a an

p p l w h th y w r r st v i si t d k w h
eo e en spi d w v e u r us e e e ne ow to n an ea e are n m e o

d b q u t d h r T h t h p p l f A b d tt f b r i s
, , ,

an d nee not e o e e e a t e eo e o w at o i ma e co on a c

th r is d u b t f i t isd i st i t l y st t d b y rl y v i si t r sth t th y w r
.

e e no o o r nc a e ea o a e e e

q u i t d w i th h f w vi f h pr s ts d h r st
,

ac a n e d s t e ar t o ea n g an o m e o t e e en ma e to t e

S p i sh xp l r r sw r f t i v tt A r h l i l v i d su pp r t s
,

an e o e e e o na e co on c eo o g ca e e n ce o

h h is t r i l i th i sp r t i u l r d sv r l f r t s f l th w r f u d
.

t e o ca n a c a an e e a ag men o c o e e o n

x v t i si w st r u d s f v i ll Th s fr ts
,

in o ur e ca a on n the e e n m o n o th e ag e e e ag men
w r f tt d v b r f tt l i st f h h ir
.

e e o co on d i an ag a e e o co on a one an n one n a n ce o t e a

uk w i l
, ,

f s
3
o o me n no n an ma .

L ate r D r Wa l te r H o u gh o f the U S N at i o na l M u se u m i n m ak i ng
,
. . .
,

e x cavat i ns i n t h la r ge rui n o f K w i kuh n a r the Kea m s C any o n

,

o e a a o e

r o ad f o u nd o ffe ri ngs o f c o tt o n and o the r seed sacc o mp ny i ng b uri a l s

,

a .

T he c tt o n seed r ese mb led that st il l r a i sed b y the H o pi I nd i ans o f

,

O r a i b i v ill age at M o e k pi 11 0 -

.
4

L i e u t J o seph C I ves ex p l o r ed i n 858 the C o l o r ad o R i v r and h . 1 e t e

c o u nt r y o cc u p i ed b y the H o p i ( M o q ui ) I nd i ans At the P u bl o o f

.

. e

T eg u a east o f O r a i b i M ay 7 858 h w r o te as f o ll o ws
, ,
1 ,
1 , e :

T h u p s e sb l n sw st f h t rr i t r y f th s I d i sh v th r
a a e c a no n e o t e e o o e e n an a e o wn

th e m f o l i f t r v l d xpl r t i
ut o d th r
th e sb r rd
ne o a e an e o a o n , an e e ha e en no e co

1
1th A R B u r A r E th l 8 6 pp 8
4 nn ep me no 1 9 4 9, 5 17
th B u r A r E th l 8 6
. . .
. . . .
, ,

2
14 R A nn 6
ep m e no 1 9 pp 5 50 , 560 , 5 9 , 5 74 5 7 5
th B u r A r E th l 8 8 p
. . .
. . . .
, , ,

3
17 R A nn e p me no 1 9 62 9
U S pp
. .
. . . .
, , .

M s

A nn . Rep . . . N at . u ,
1 90 1 , .
34 1 , 3 45 .
4 ITH IA I C LL A U C LL C TI SM 6 SON N M S E NE O S O E ON S VO L . 0

co n ce r i th si n ng u t s h rl y S p i sh i ssi r i s
em n ce th e a c co n o f t e ea an m ona e who
i si t d u t ry d d sr i b d h sv i t i s wh i h th y f u d th r
,

V e th e co n an e c e t e e en c e c e o n e e

w r l s tt t r u sr s d f r q u t l y ki d b l u s
.
,

Th e men ea oo e co on o e an e en a n o f o e fo r
u pp r r t v r wh i h th y th r w b l k t d r ss w
,

an e g a m en o e c e o a an e T he e o f the o m en

si v r i b l y l s b l k w l w w i th l d l r d st r ip r u d
.
,

i n a a a oo e ac o o en g o n a g o co o e e a o n th e
w i st b tt f ki r t t r ip s tt h i h th y r w
-

a an d os om o th e S T he e i o f co on w c e g o in
s ll q u t i t i s
.

1
ma an e .

E V I E N C E S O F F O R M E CU T I V T I O N B Y H P I M I I S
D R L A T E A ND A N

T he S pan i sh mi ss i o na r y P ad r e P ed r o F o nt wh o acc o mp an i ed ,

P ad r e F r anc i sc o G a r c es i n h isfth j o ur ney f r o m the S an X av i e r

,

M i ss i o n t o the P im a I nd i ans o n the G i la R i v r kept an e x tended e ,

d i a r y o f the j o u r ney O n No ve mb e r 7 7 5 he w r o te . 1 ,
1 ,
:

I l s s h th y w v l ks
a o aw tt p r du t w h i h th y s d
o w e o e c o a o f co on, a o c c e ew an

Spi d h r t r u b r f th k w h
n ; an t e g w v ea e n m e o em no ow to ea e .
2

M r J o hn R B a r tlett U S C mm i ss i o ne r o f the U n i ted S tates and

. .
,
. . o

M ex i can B o u nda r y C o m m i ss i o n d uri ng the yea r s 85 t o 853 als o 1 0 1 ,

r ec o r ds the P i m as o n the G i l as r a i s i ng c o tt o n a :

C tt o isr i sd b y th
on ( h Pi s ) w h i h th y s
a pi d w v T h i r
e em t e m a c e n an ea e e

l y u tu r s si st f b l k t s f v r i u st x tu r s d i s h vy
, .

on m an fa c e co n o an e o a o e e an S z e ; a ea

l th
c o so t r i l u sd b y w
f th e am e r u d th i r l i s d
ma e a e the o m e n t o p ut a o n e o n ; an

an a rt i l f r c e i h sw i d u sd s b d h h d
om 3 to 4 irdl f nc e e, e a a an fo r t e ea or a g e or

h w is t T h b l k t s w v w i th l r th r d s sl i ht l y t wi st d d
,

t e a e an e are o en a g e ea g e an

w i th ut Th y d f wh i t tt w i th ut r t
.
,

o an y n ap d e a re ma e o e co on an a re o o n am e n

l r s u r s sv rr w sl v f b uff h w vi
.
,

o f co o or g e is a e a na o e ag e o T e ea ng

r ll y d b y h l d
,

3
g ene a one t e o men .

L i e u t A W Wh i pple U S A ls o o f the M ex i can B o u nda r y

. . .
, . . .
, a

C o mmi ss i o n i n an o fc i al r ep o r t o f the s ur vey o f the G il a R i ve r dated

, ,

Jan u a r y 85 desc rib es nd i ng an I nd i an ga r d en i n the C ascade

10 ,
1 2 ,

G r o tt o whe r e we r e m el o ns m a iz e b eans and t o h i s g r eat s urp r i se

, , , , ,

a eld o f c o tt n H als o states that the b anks o f the G il a f r o m the

o . e

P im a settle m ent t o the j u nct i o n o f the S alt R i ve r we r e fe r t il e p r o , ,

d u i g c r o ps o f c o tt o n f the r st q u al i ty
4
c n o .

T he s ui ta b ili ty o f th i s r eg i o n f o r g r o w i ng c o tt o n and the fa mi l i a r ty i

1
I v sJ sCe ,
l r d R i v r f h W st
o . . : R p rt u p e o on the Co o a o e o t e e ,
1 86 1 , pp . 1 1 6,

12 7
Bur r E th l 8 p
.

2
h 2 6t Ann Rep Ame no 1 90 2 9
ls C s O h Tr il S p i sh P i r p
. . . .
, .
. .
,

S ee a o one E : n t e a o f a an o nee 1 9 00 vo l 2 3 86
B r t l tt J h r s l rr t i v Ex p l r t i s d I n c i d e n t sin
, .
, ,
.
, . .

3
a e o n R : Pe ona Na a e o f o a on an

T x sN M x i C l i f r i S r d C h i hu hu 8 p
, .

e a e w e co a o n a, ono a an a a, 1 54 vo l 2 22 4
B r t l tt J h R r s l rr t i v Ex p l r t i s d i d t si
, , , .
, . .

a e o n : Pe ona Na a e o f o a on an I nc en n

T x s M x i C l i f r i S r d C h i hu hu 5 pp 5 8
, .

e a ,
New e co , a o n a, ono a an a a, 18 4, vo l . 2 , .
9 ,

5 99 .
O SM ITH S ON IA N M IC S E LL A NE O U C S O LL E C TI ON S VO L . 60

N o rde n s
kiOl d r efe r s t o the us o f c o tt n b y the H o p i s as f o ll o ws e o :

A mo ng p r du t i s f h M ki i du st ry r st r r k t xt i l
the o c on o t e o n we ema the e e

f b r i s B t h w l d tt th y w v
a c o o f t l sb l k ts d r u s f
oo an co on e ea e m an e an e an g o

r t i st i d si s C t t th y f r rl y u l t i v t d h b ut d it
.
,

a c e g n o on e o me c a e at om e, now n

r v i t b uy h l t h r dy d h st r
.

1
mo e co n en en to t e C o ea ma e at t e o e .

M O E R N CU L T I V A I O N B Y T H E H O I S
D T P

At the s m al l v il lage o f M o enk o p i wh i ch i s n o w i ncl u ded i n the ,

Weste r n N avaj o Rese r vat i o n the r e a r e a bu ndant sp r i ngs and wate r ,

ava i la bl e f o r the irri gat i o n o f the I nd i ans elds A l o ng a r m o f the

.

U p pe r S o n o r an l i fe z o ne he r e p r o j ects u p f r o m the s o u th and m akes

c o tt o n r a i s i ng p o ss ib le .

Acc o r d i ng t o M r C R Je ffe ri s S up e ri ntendent o f the Weste r n

. . .
,

N avaj o S ch o l at Tub a A riz o na a c o ns i de r a b le a m o u nt o f c o tt o n

o , ,

was f o rm r ly g r o wn at th i s p o i nt d i t was sp u n and w o ven i nt o ga r

e an

m ents b y the I nd i ans l i v i ng he r e and i n o the r v il lages o f the r ese r v a

t i o n bu t at p r esent ve r y l i ttle i s g r o wn
,
.

N ea r the v il lage o f O r a ibi o n the M o q ui Rese r vat i o n a b out ft y

2

m i les t o the eastwa r d the c ul t i vat i o n o f c o tt o n o n a s m l l scale i s

,

,
a

ca rri ed o n b y the I nd i ans as a r eg u la r c r p i n the ir p u e bl o g r dens o a

nea r the v i l l ge w i th o u t any irri gat i o n whateve r T h i s is b

a ,
. co rr o

o r ated b y M r F r ank A T hacke r y S u p e r v i s o r o f S ch oo ls and b y the

. . a , ,

R ev H R V o th f o r seve r al yea r s a mi ss i o na r y at O r a i b i
. . .
,
.

T h c o tt o n r a i sed at O r a ibi i s w o r thy f ca r ef u l st u dy as that is

e o

p r b abl y the o nly Tu sayan p u e b l o at p r esent i nhabi ted wh i ch u

o , ,
o cc

p i es p r act i cal l y the sa m e s i te that i t d i d i n 54 when i t was d i s 1 0 ,

C o ve r ed b y P ed r o de T o b a r o f C o r o nad o s ex p ed i t i o n
.

M r L o r en z o H ubb el wh o c o nd u cts the t r ad i ng p o st at Kea m s

.
,

C any o n A ri z o na w ri tes that the H o p i I nd i ans have g i ven u p the

, ,

c u lt i vat i o n o f c o tt o n Acco r d i ng t o M r H ubb el they have f o r s o m e

. .

t im e past b een b u y i ng c o tt o n b att i ng f r o m the t r ad r s and sp i nn i ng i t

,

i nste d f that o f the i r o wn r a i s i ng and that at p r esent they a r e

a o ,

g i v i ng up the c u st o m o f bu y i ng the r aw c o tt o n i n fav o r o f c o tt o n ya r n

s pu n at h mi l l s t e .

E X P E I M E T S W T H H O I C O TT O N R N I P

T he H o pi c o tt o n has b een g r o wn fo r st u dy and f o r br eed i ng p i ex er

m ents b the U S D epa r t m ent o f Ag ri c ul t ur e f o r the p ast seven

v . .

1
r d ski l d
No en Cli f D ll r s h M s V r d 8 p
o G : f we e o f t e e a e e 1 93, 1 41

i l d si t i f h O I di ff i r si h I t ri r D
-

.
, .
.
,

2
Th e o f c a e g na on o t e f ce o f n an A a n t e n e o e

h I di s th l i st s u h p r f r h H pi
p a rtm e n t T e n an an d the e no o g m c e e t e n am e o

d p p l ) i st d f M q u i ( d d ) h i h isu sd s t r
.

( the g o o eo e n ea o o ea m an w c e a a e m
r pr h
, ,

o f e o ac .
NO . 6 C TT O ON OF TH E H II
OP NDI A N S LE W T ON

yea r s and when pr o tected b y i s o l at i o n f r o m hy bri d i z at i o n w i th o the r

c o tt o ns by b ees h ssh o wn i tse l f t o b e a ve r y d i st i nct s p c i e shav i ng
,

,
a e

ce r ta i n w ll m a r ked cha r acte ri st i cs T he o i g i nal seed fo r th i s st u dy

,

e -

. r

was o b ta i ned i n 9 9 7 d 9 f r o m the M o q ui d Weste r n 1 0 1 1 0 an 1 1 1 an

N avaj o Rese r vat i o ns i n n o r the r n A ri z o na b y th r ee d i ff r ent p r s o n s

,

e e .

T he r st l o t o f seed tested was t ur ned v r t o h D e p a r t m ent o f o e t e

Ag ri c ul t ur e b y D r VV l H o ugh o f the U S N at i o na l M u se um . a te r -

. .

D r H o u gh wh il e engaged i n st u d i es o n the H o pi I nd i an R se r v at i o n
.
,

.
,
e

i n A riz o na f o r the B u r ea u o f A m e ri can E thn o l o gy o b t i ned the c o tt o n ,

a

seed f r o m a H o pi I nd i an na m ed S a m P w iki li v i ng at O r a ibi a ,

A riz o na wh o stated that the seed was r a i sed at Tub ab u t 5 mi les

,

,
a ,
o 2

t o the n o r thwest .

T he sec o nd st o ck f th i s t r ul y A m e ri can c o tt o n was g r o n f r o m a o w

few b o l l s als o r a i sed at Tub a A r iz o na and b ta i ned i n 9 7 b y M r , ,

o 1 0 .

J. G .Kent an agent sent b y the

,
O fce o f I nd i an A ffa ir s o n a mi ss i o n
t o the H o pi Rese vat i o n M r K nt sent the b o l ls t o D r H o u gh o f r . . e .

the U S N at i o nal M u se um wh o gave the m t o the w ri te r

,

. . .
,

T he th ir d l o t o f seed was pr o c ur ed f o r the w r i te r b y M r F r ank A . .

T hacke r ay S u pe r v i s o r o f S ch o ol s f r o m the H o p i s o f O r a ibi v i l l age

, ,
.

Wh i le the pl ants g r o wn f r o m th se th r ee l o ts o f seed sh o w s o m e e

va ri at i o n o ne d o mi nant ty p e r u ns th r o u gh all and i s desc rib ed

,
on

Page 9
T h i s c o tt o n i s r e m a r k b le f o r i ts ea r l i ness ; pl ants have ri p ened a

b o lls i n 84 days f r o m the s o w i ng o f the seed I n a test o f seve r a l .

h u nd r ed spec i es and va ri et i es o f c tt o ns f r m a l l p a r ts o f the w o rl d o o ,

i t w sthe r st t o bl oo m A st u dy o f t h br anch i ng ha b i s o f th i s
a . e t

spec i es sh o ws that th i s p r e c o c i ty i s d u e t o the a pp ea r ance o f f rui t i ng '

b r anches at a ve r y ea rl y pe r i o d i n the g r o wth o f the plant T he f o l .

l o w i ng tabu lat i o n f a g r o up o f 44 n o rm al p lants g r o wn at S an o ,

Ant o n i o T exas 9 sh o ws the n o de at wh i ch the r st f rui t i ng

, 1 1 1

br anch a pp ea r s c o u nt i ng f r o m that wh i ch b ea r s the c o tyled o ns T he

, ,

.
,

r st f rui t i ng br anch a pp ea r ed at the 3 d n o de i n o ne p lant at the 4 h ,

t

n o de i n s ix pl ants t the 5 h n o de i n tw nty seven plants at the 6 th ,

a t e
,

n o de i n n i ne pl ants at the 7 h n de i o ne plant ,

t o . n .

As i s u s u ally the case w i th m o st w i ld o r l i ttle c u lt i vated ty p es o f

co tt o the r e i s a g r eat p r e p o nde r ance o f 3 and 4 l o cked b o l ls A
n .
,

co u nt o f 9 p lants at S an Ant o n i o g r o wn f r o m the o ri g i nal seed h

1 ,
o

t i
a ne d b y M r Kent sh o wed a t o tal o f 5 9 b o lls o f wh i ch
. pe r 1

p e r c nt
,

p e r cent we r e 4 l o cked and

,

cent we r e 3 l o cked -

we r e 5 l o cked
,

S eed o f H o p i c o tt o w sf ur n i sh d P r o fess o r \V L aw r ence B a ll s n a e

"
.
8 SM ITH S ON IA N M IC
S E LL A NE O U C S O LL E C TI ON S VO L . 60

fo r s i n ex p e rim ents o n M ende li n i nhe ri tance i n c o tt o n H r e

u e a . e

p o r ts th i s spec i es sb l oo mi ng ea r l i e r than the o the r s i n the p i

1
a ex er

m ent the plants b e i ng i n f ul l b l oo m i n 7 days and the r st b o ll

,
0

ri pen i ng days afte r the plant i ng o f the seed

100 .

I n sp i te o f the s m all b o lls and sh o r t spa r se l i nt o f the H o p i c tt o n ,

o ,

i ts ext r e m e ea r l i ness and p l i ssu nde r ve r y a r i d c o nd i t i o ns m ay

ro cn e

m ake i t o f val u e i n br eed i ng new ty p es o f c o tt o ns fo r s p ec i l c o nd i t i o ns a .

E S C R I T I O O F H O I C O TT O
D P N P N

T he plants st u d i ed and f r o m wh i c h the desc r i pt i o n g i ven o n page 9

i s d r wn we r e all g r o wn f r o m the seed ob ta i ned b y D r H o u gh and
a .

M r Kent f r o m Tub a A riz o na and M r T hacke r ay f r o m O r ibi t o

. . a ,

wh i ch r efe r ence has al r eady b een m ade S eed o f H o p i c o tt o n was

, ,

als o r ece i ved f r o m M r C R Je ffe ri s S up e ri ntendent o f the West r n

. . .
,
e

N avaj o S ch o l Tub a A riz o na ; f r o m M r L o r en z o H ubb el t r ade r

o at ,
.
, ,

o f Kea m s C any o n A r iz o na and f r o m D r J Walte r F w k so f the

, . . . e e ,

B ur ea u o f A m e ri can E thn o l o gy T he last l o t o f seed was c o llected b . v

M r T h o s B Kea m at O r a ibi v il lage i n 889 and

. . . si ncl u ded i n the 1 wa

Kea m c o llect i o n p u r chased b y D r F w k sf o r the H e m enway c llee . e e

-

t i o n i n the P ea b od y M u se um at C a mb r i dge M ass O the r spec im ens ,

.

o f what appea r s t o b e the sa m e c o tt o n have b een r ece i ved f r o m M r .

E W H u ds o n at t h P im a R ese r vat i o n S acat o

. .
,
e A riz o na ; and M s ,
n ,
r .

M at i lda C o xe S tevens o n f r o m T y C a m p E spa n la N ew M ex i c o on o ,

o , .

T he H o p i c o tt o n i s s c o nsp i c u o u sl y d i ffe r ent f r o m o the r spec i es

o

d espec i a l ly the Am e ri can U pland c o tt o ns that i t i s b el i eved t o

an

r ep r esent a new sp c i es the pa r t i c u la r d i agn ost i c cha r acte r s o f wh i ch

e ,

m ay b e exp r essed as f o ll o ws :

( ) Ye l l o w g r een c o l o r f the wh o l e plan t ; even the p u lv i n u s o f

1 o

the leaves isyell o w o r o r ange i nstead o f r ed .

( ) L o w b r anch i ng al m o st p r o st r ate ha bi t f rui t i ng br anches o ften

2 ,

as l o w sthe th ir d o r f o u r th n o de
a .

( 3 ) P a i r ed f r ui t i ng br nches and o ften an ax ill a r y vegetat i ve

a ,

br anch f r o m the sa m e n o de o n the ste m .

( 4 ) Z i g z ag cha r acte r o f ste m d b r anches an .

( 5 ) S w o llen n o des o f the ste m and es p ec i a ll y the b r anches .

( 6 ) N um e r o u s ent ir e leaves es p ec i a l ly up o n sec o nda r y br anches , .

( 7 ) L eaf necta ri es cl o se t o b ase f leaf bl ade 5 7 mm d i stant o ,

-

. .

( 8 ) L a r ge s iz e o f sca r s left b y fallen leaves and o we r s .

1
Y r b k Kh d i v i l A r i u l tu r l S i t y
ea oo e a g c a oc e , Ca ir o ,
1 90 6 , p . 18 .
I O SM ITH SON IA N M IC S E LL A NE O U C S O LL E C TI ON S VO L . 60

S ta m e n s m a y l ng ; sta mi na l t ub e dentate at t o p o ften p l if

n o e ta er

o u s ; l a m ents le m o n yell o w ; p o ll en c r ea m o r wh i te pl ent i f u l

, ,

.
,

S ty l ve r y sh o r t n o t exse r ted b ey o nd sta m ens

e .

B l l ss m a l l r o u nd o r s o m ewhat o val blu t p o i nted 3 t o 5 l o cked

,

o , ,
n -

,
-

s m oo th as i f waxed ; the b lack o i l g l ands we ll b e l o w the s ur face .

S d sda r k br o wn dev o i d o f f uzz exce p t f o r a c r o wn o f br o wn o r

ee ,

o li vace u s ha ir s o n the p o i nted end ; r athe r spa r se l y c o ve r ed w i th l i nt

,

o .

L i n w h i te s r o ng ne and s i lky 8 t o 5 mm l o ng the r at i o o f

t ,
t 1 2 .
,

l i nt t o seed va r y i ng f r m t o 3 p e r cent
, ,

o 20 0 .

T y p e i n U S N at i o na l H e rb a rium N o 69 7 5 C o llected at
. . . 10 .

V i ct o ri a T exas A u g u st 4 9 9 b y F L L ewt o n ( No
,

the 1 0 , . . .

p lants g r o wn f r o m seed o b ta i ned f r o m H o p i I nd i ans at Tub a A riz o a

, , ,

,
n .

R E F E R E N C E S T O H O P I C O TT O N S P E CI M S H E RB RIA A ND E N IN A

T he s p ec im en so f H o pi c o tt o n i n the U S N at i o nal H e rb a rium the . .

,

E c o n o mi c H e rb a rium o f the U S D e p a r t m ent o f Ag ri c ul t u r e and . .

,

th o se s up p li ed S ir G e o r ge Watt b y M r L H D ewey o f Washi ngt o n . . .

, ,

D C and M r W L aw r ence B a ll s o f C a ir o E gy p t a r e a ll descended

. . . .
, ,

f r o m the o ri g i nal seed g i ven D r H u gh b y S a m P iki P r o fess o r

, ,

1
. o aw .

B a ll s i n h i s ex p e rim ents o n M ende li an i nhe ri tance i n c tt o n u sed o

seed o f H o p i c o tt o n s u p p li ed b y the U S D e p a r t m ent o f Ag ri c u lt ur e . .

,

wh i ch was g r o wn Wac o T ex s f r o m the o ri g i nal A riz o na seed in ,

a ,
.
2

T h i s acc u nts f o r the cl o se s imil a ri t y o f the E gy p t i an and Wash i ngt o n

o

s p ec im ens wh i ch ev i dent l y puz z l ed D r Watt and sh o s the fa ll acy . w

o f h i s the o r y f the o ri g i n o f the H i nd i weed c o tt n o f E gy pt as

o

o

b u an o lde r acc lim at iz ed ( and p o ss ib l

t r ecess i ve ) hybri d o f y
3
bd o q uL

1
T he ri i l s d o g na ee wa r iv d u d r
s e ce e M qu i
n p i
s e the n am e

o an d the ec

men s r w th r f r
g o n e e o m, wh i hc are sv r l h r b r i
no ti d i
w in e e a e a a an d men one n

the tw o w r k sr f rr d o e e e b l w w r s l b ll d S f t t
to e o e e p 6 o a e e ee oo no e 2 on ag e

Y r b k Kh d i v i l r i u l tu r l S i ty C i r 6 pp 8 8 6
. .
,

ea oo e a Ag c a oc e a o 1 90 17 1 3 , 5
W tt S i r G r W i l d d C u l t i v t d C tt l t s W rl d
-

. .
, , , ,

3
a , eo g e : The an a e o on P an o f the o ,

1 90 9 , p . 1 81 -
.
S M S ON N M SC LL N O S CO LL C ON S
I TH IA I E A E U E TI VO L . 60 ,
NO . 6 ,
PL .

T Y I CAL L T
P P I C TT G Y I U
AN O F HO P O ON ( OSS P I
M HO P )

u l iv t d
C t ai s
e a t Sa n Anto n o , Te xa
 I C TT G Y I U
L
T W O F O W E R S O F HO P I O ON ( OSS P M HO P

D i ss d h i v lu r l br s i r u r su r l st i l l u ls
tu r l
e ct e to S o w o c a ct a nd te fa ce f ca y x, m m d
n a ,
n n e o o a na co n a n p e ta
( Na a S lz e )
S M S ON N M SC LL N O S CO L L C ON S
I TH IA I E A E U E TI VO L . 60 , No . 5 , pt 5

R IP E
r

BO LL S O FE H O P I C TT G Y I U
O ON ( I
OS S P M HO P )

ll d r i I d i s u b ri
u r l si
Co e ct e by Mr . J . G . Ke n t f o m Ho p n an a t T a ,
A z o na

( Na t a z e )
 s
E li e 2 m Qa tti m o r e ( pr e s

BA L T MO
I RE , MD . S . A.
 DE S C R I P T I O N S O F O N E H U N D R E D A N D F O U R N E \V
S P E C I E S A N D S L B S P E C I E S O F B I R D S FR O M T H E I

B A R U S S A N I S LA N D S A N D S U M A T R A

B H A RR Y C O B E R H O L S E R Y

A T A T T L G T L G CA U V Y T T AG C U L T U
.

S SI S N OR N I HO O IS ,
BIO O I L S R E ,
DE P A R M E N OF RI RE

D uri ng D r W L A bb o tt s s o j o ur n i n the E ast I nd i es he o b ta i ned

. . .

and pr esent d t o the U n i ted S tates N at i o na l M u se um a l a r g n umb e r

e e

o f bir ds A m o ng these a r e seve r a l ri ch and imp o r tant c o ll ct i o ns

. e

f r o m va ri o u s i slands and g r o u ps o f i slands i n the B uss cha i n ff ar an

1
o

the weste r n c o ast o f S um at r a and a l s f r o m S um at r a i tse l f T he o .

pri nc i pal i s l ands o n wh i ch Do ct o r A bb o tt c o llected a r e S im a lur

,

B a bi N i as E ngan o and the B anj ak B at u and P ag i g r o up s

,

L s i a a. , , ,
.

As the na l deta il ed r e p o r ts o n these c o ll ect i o ns a r e ecessa ril y f o r

, ,

s o m e t im e dela y ed i t see m s we ll t o publi sh pr el imi na r y desc ri pt i o ns

o f s u ch f rm s as a pp ea r n o w t o b e new T he f o ll o w i ng p ages g i ve
,

2
o .

s o m e i dea o f the ri chness f h ende mi c av i an fa u na o f these B a ru s o t e

san I slands
ily A
.

F A am R DE I D E

U O S J A N CU S A C O H U S
B T R I DE s ub sp i s AV I T P IL ,
n ew ec e

Rese mbli ng B uf id sj m usj i us f r m Java bu t mu ch or

'

e aZa
- '
'

e az a n e
'
o ,

l a r ge r ; neck d l o w e r p a r ts p a l e r
,

an .

Ty p Ad ul t fe m a l e N o 8
e U S N M ; N o r th P ag i I s l and . 1 0 100 . . .

Jan u a r y 4 9 3 ; D r W L A bb o tt
.
,
.
,

,
1 0 . . . .

O S JA A
B UT CU S C S O
R I DE US s u b sp i s V NI I A T PTE R ,
n ew ec e ?

S imil a r t o B ut i sj i s d / 1 11 f r o m N o r th P ag i I s l and '

'
o r ac
'
a z a n c zI
'
-
a o 1 2 11 5

bu t neck and l o we r p a r ts da r ke r L i ke B ut id sj i sj i us
,

ar e ar/ a n o n av a i z e
'

.
.
,

bu t mu ch l a r ge r and s o m ewhat li ghte r o n neck and l o we r s ur face

; .

Ty p Ad ul t m a l e N o 79 9 U S N M ; S im a lur I sland D e
e , . 1 00 ,
. . . .
,

ce mb 9
er 10 D r \V L A bb o tt
, 1 0 1 . . . .

Th is
1
l d s l h st r st f S u t r r k w h i t s
e an a on g t e we e n co a o ma a w e e no n to t e an c e n

a s I s u l B ss
n ae d si ll t i v l y th y u
ar u ae di dr
an n ce co ec e e are nn am e n mo e n

g eo r p h i s th y
g a s
e hl v i t l y d pp r p r i t l y b ll d
e m ay , a a w o e, co n en en an a o a e e ca e

I LA
,

th e B A RU S S A N S N DS

D r C W R i h d h s lr dy p u b l i sh d di ss f 4 b i r d sf r
.

2 '

c mon a a ea e ag n o e o 2 new o m
D t r A b b tt s ll t i s th s i sl d s( f P r B i l S W sh V l
. . .

o c o o co ec on on e e an c o c o oc a o

pp 87 pp 5 Pr U S N M s
.
. . .
,
.

1 5, 1 90 2 V l 1 1 90 ; o 25 1 91 2 103 10 ; oc at u
p r s t w r i t r 9 th rs( f P r U S
I

3 pp
- -

. . . .
, . .
, ,
. .
,

V l o6 2 85 1 90 d 4 an the e e n e o e c oc

pp 65 7 68 V l pp 85 6 5 V l
. . . . .
. , .

N M sV l
at 5 u o 3 1 90 9 , 0 ; o 39, 191 1 5 1 ; o 42 1912

p
-
-
.
.
, ,
.
, .
, .
,
.

IT IA I C LLA U C LL C TI
.

SM HS O N N M S E NE O S O E O NS , VO L 6 0 , No . 7
2 SM ITH SON IA N M IC S E LL A NE O U C S O LL E C TI ON S VO L . 60

F a mi y l R A I AE LL D

A M A UR OR N I S ub p P H OE N I C U R A CL E P T E A , n ew s se ci e s
Rese mb l i ng A m m l sp h i ph l u bu t ve r y mu ch
a
'
o rn o e n cn r a oen c
'
r a,

s m al l e r ; u ppe r pa r ts dec i dedly da r ke r pa r t i c u la r ly o n p i le um and ,

m o r e clea r ly S late c o l o r w i th s a r cely a t i nge o f l i ve ; l o e r ab d o m en

,

,
c o w
and anal r eg i o n ( bu t l o we r ta i l c o ve r ts ) p ur e wh i te i nstead o f n ot -

m o r e o r less t i ng d w i th i sa b ella c o l o r
,

e .

Ty p Ad ul t fe m ale N o 8 786 U S N M M j i R i ve r N i as
e
-

. 1 0 . . o e a

I sland M a r ch r bb
, , . .
,

, 9 5 D W L A o
1 1tt ,
1 0 . . . .

ly Fam i COL U M B DA I E
M A CR OP YG I E M I I A A L NA E L A S S A , n ew ub
p e ci e s
s s
Rese mb l i ng M py g l m i l i m dlg l i li bu t dec i dedly
'

a cr o a: e ana o an ,

s m alle r ; u ppe r s ur face o f ta i l d u lle r m o r e b r o wn i sh ( l ess r edd i sh )

and l o we r s u r face o f ta il l i gh te r less r edd i sh
,

Ty p Ad u lt m le N o 796 6 U S N M S i kakap S t r a i t No r th
.
,

e . a ,
. 1 0 ,
. . . .
,

P ag i I sland No ve mb e r 9 ; D
,
r W L A bb tt 12 ,
1 02 . . . o .

M A CR OP YG IA E M LI I A NA HY P OP E R C ub p NA ,
new s se ci e s
L i ke M py g i m fH l s s
ae r o a e -
an a c a a, f r o m N o r t h P ag i I sland bu t ,

l a r ge r ; l we r pa r ts and r um p da r ke r
o .

Ty p Imm at ur e sex u nkn o wn N 79 599 U S N M

e , ,
0 . 1 , . . . .
; S ib a b o
B y S im a lu r I sland O c o b e r 6
a , 9 ; D r W L A bb o tt ,
t 2 ,
1 02 . . . .

Fam i l y T E O I AE R R N D

M U S CA DI VOR E S A ub p E E M N US I S T US , n ew s se ci e s
L i ke M ns
ca a iv o r e

s s sb i
ae n e n bu t dec i ded l y s m alle r co n o r n a, .

W i ng ( o f type ) ,
mm ; ta i l 3 5 ; ex p o sed c u l m en ; ta r s u s
.
,
1 ,
2 2 ;

Ty p A d u lt m ale N o 79 54 U
e , . 1 0 ,
. S N M . . .
; S im al ur I sland
Jan u a r y 9 ; D r W L A bb o tt
2 ,
1 02 . . . .

DE N DR OP HA S S A
1
VE R NA N S M E S OCHL OA , new u pe c e s
sb s i
imil a r t o D d pl ss w s
S s f r o m the M ala y P en i n
en ro za
'

a r n an v e rn al I /

s ul a and S um at r a bu t la r ge r ; m a l w i th o l i ve o f u ppe r pa r ts m o r e
,

,
e

g r een i sh fe m ale l i ghte r a b o ve and m o r e g r een i sh b el o w

; , .

1
The g ri Os
ene B p r t b y wh i h th i ssp i sis r ll y
c n am e m o tr e r o n o na a e c ec e g ene a

k w sl t d t d by i H d H s
,

no n, i ong p s sG an (G e a e D e n dr o ha a lo g er e me n an 11 il f b
p ty p C l b G l i ( by ) Th r
. . .

N a t ur g 8 1 4 2 e, o mn a ar o m a t ie a me n m o n o typ y e e

r s r j t i th i s
. .
, , .

s s b
ee m to e no ea on fo r e ec n g n am e .
4 SM I H T SON IA N M IS C E LL A NE O U C S O LL E C TI ON S VO L . 60

T lm s
r e r o n e ur v t h t i bu t o li ve g r een o f u nde r p a r ts mu ch m o r e
ra ar e r t ,

ye ll o w i sh ( less g r ay i sh ) .

Ty p N ea r ly ad ul t m a l e N o 79 596 U S N M ; T ana B ala

e .
~

,
. 1 ,
. . . .

I s l and B at u I s l ands F ebru a r y 8 9 3 ; D r W L A bb o tt

, , ,
1 0 . . . .

T E R EG su b sp s
R ON C U R V I R OS T R A P A, n ew e ci e

S imi la r t o T u i s t sl
r e ro n ebu t mu ch l a r ge r ; l o we r p a r ts
rv r o ra n a ca i,

l i ghte r less y e ll o w i s
,
h ( m o r e g r ay i sh ) .

Ty p Ad u l m ale No 79 59 5 U S N M ; S i a b a B y N i as
e t , . 1 ,
. . . . a ,

Is land M a r ch 9 9 3 ; D r W L A b b o tt
,
1 ,
1 0 . . . .

T E R s u b sp i s
R ON C U R VI R OS T R A HA L I P L OA , new ec e

Rese mb l i ng T u i s p g f r o m N i s bu t m ale w i th
rero n c rv r o tr a e a, a ,

l o we r s ur face mu ch m o r e ye ll o w i sh ( less g r ay i sh ) S imi la r t o .

T mi s
r e ro n e n t b ti bu t la r ge r ; u ppe r and l o we r pa r ts s o m e
ro r a: ar te r
/
,

what l i ghte r .

Ty p Ad u lt m a l e N o 7959 U S N M ; S ib a b o B y S im a lur
e
,
. 1 2 ,
. . . . a ,

I sland O ct ob e r
, 9 ; D r W L A bb o tt 2 2 ,
1 02 . . . .

Fam i ly PS I TT A CI E DA

CON UR U S ub i
1
F A S CI A T U S P E R I ON CUS , new s s
p ec es

S imi la r t o C u usf si M sf si s bu t ve y mu ch la r ge r ;
on r a c a -

a c att n ,
r

pi le um pale r ; and p o ste ri o r l o we r p a r ts l i ghte r less b l ui sh R sm b ,

. e e

l i ng als o C m sf si sm j ( R i ch m o nd ) f r o m P ul o B a bi bu t
onn a c al n a or , ,

ave r ag i ng s m alle r w i th p il e um pa l e r and p o ste ri o r l o we r s ur face

, ,

l i ghte r less b l ui sh
,
.

Ty p Ad u lt m ale N o 8 8 7 U S N M S m sm N i as
e ,
. 1 0 1 ,
. . . .
; a a a a,

I sland F eb ru a r y
, 9 5 ; D r W L A bb o tt 2 2 , 1 0 . . . .

CONU R U S F A S CI A T U S C A L US , ub
new p e ci e s
ss
Rese mbli ng C f si t sf si t O IMH H S

a c a n a c a n sf r o m the M alay P en i ns u la
,

and T enasse r im bu t dec i ded l y la r ge r ,

.

Ty p Ad u lt m ale N o 79664 U S N M
e ,
. 1 , . . . .
; S ib ab o B ay , S im al ur
I s l and O ct o b e r
, 9 ; D r W L A bb o tt 2 1 ,
1 02 . . . .

1
T he g ri
ene c n am e C o n m usm
u st su pp l t P an a la e o r n i sS i n ce C o n ur usKuh l
i tt p p rf tly v l i d ls M th ws N v i t
,

( Co n s
p Ps 1 82 0 , 4 ) i sa e ec a n am e ( cf a o a e o

p
. .
, . .
, .

Vo l . 1 8, 191 1, .
NO
_
. B I DS F R R OM THE BA RU SSA N I S LA N DS OB E R H OL S E R 5

TI su b sp i s
P S I T T I NUS CY A NUR U S
1
P ON US , new ec e

L i ke P si i s y m s y si n c o l o r bu t dec i ded l y l a r g r
tt nn c an
'

u e a n n r rt e

Ty p Ad ul t m a l e N o 7964 3 U S N M ; So u th P ag i I s l and
, .

e . 1

D ece mb e r 8 9 ; D r \V L A bb o tt
.
, . .
,
.
,

1 ,
1 0 2 . . . .

L OR I C U L U S ub i C A L CU L U S L A M P R OC HL OR US , ne w pe c e s
s s
S imi la r t o L l l usg l g l usg l g l sbu t m a l e dec i ded l y s m a ll e r
or eu -

a n a u n ,

and the c o l o r s ave r ag i ng pa l e r fe m a l e w i th g r een c o l o r m o r e l

,

; ve

l o w i sh .

Ty p Ad u lt m ale No 8 8 U S N M ; M j i R i ve r N i as
e .
,
. 1 0 2 1 ,
. . . . o e a

I s l and M a r h 4 9 5 ; D r W L A bb o tt
,

,
c 1 ,
1 0 . . . .

L OR I CU L U S CA L CUL US D OL I C HOP T E R U S , ub p i new s se c e s

Rese m b l i ng L i I sg l g l sg l g ar a t n -

a zl n a n n l s bu t dec i dedly la r ge r ;
fe m a l e da r ke r a b o ve and b el o w
,

Ty p Ad u lt fe m a l e No 8 68 U
e ,
. 1 0 0 ,
. S N M . . .
; E ngan o I s l and
N o ve mb e r 6 9 4 ; D r W L A bb o tt ,
1 0 . . . .

Fam i ly C U CU L DA I E
S U R N I CU L U S ub i L U G UB R I S B A R US S A R UM , ne w pe c e s
ss
Rese mbli ng S u i l sl g b isl g ub isb u s m al l e r w i th the b il l rn e n u u u r Ir
/
r t ,

at least r elat i vely la r ge r ; and w i th less wh i te o n the i nne r we b s o f

,

w i ng q ui ll s-

Ty p Ad u lt fe m ale N o 7967 9 U S N M ; T ana B ala I sland

e . 1 .
,

B at u I s l ands F e bru a r y
,
. . .

r bb
,

9 3 D W L,
A tt 10 ,
1 0 . . . o .

C A COM A N T I S
'

M E R U L I N US S U B P A L L I D US , ub p i new s se c e s
imi la r t o C
S ism ul i usm di a c o n z arn t

er n e ri an sbu t s m a ll e r head and

, ;
l o we r pa r ts pa l e r
Ty p Ad ul t m ale N o 7968 U S N M ; L afa u N i as I s l and
e .
, . 1 2 ,
. . . .
, ,

M a r ch 6 9 3 ; D r W L A bb o tt
2 ,
1 0 . . . .

D r H r t r t h s lr dy sh w ( N v i t
1
a e a p ) th ta ea o n o Vo l 9 1 90 2 5 42 a th e

sS h l y u sd th i ssp i s r st pp r d
. . .
, ,

si s
P fo r
'

n am e t ta cu rn e e r t u aw co m mon

e ec e a ea e

th u h u su ll y q u t d s p r p ss
, ,

in 8 (N
1 07 M s at i c d pl o g a o e a 1 79 0 ; an he o o e

s i i sp l is th ( I d x O r i th I
.
, .

to u e n s st s a ce P i t t a cu m a l a e ce n L a am n e n Vo l 1 790 ,

p T h i s h w v r sp r u pi d b y s s ssG l i
. .
, ,

n am e , o e e i e o cc e P i t ta c u m al ae e e n l me n

( S ys t N V l 88 p u st r p l d b y si s
.
,

at d o I s
1 7 an m be e a ce P t ta c u cy a n ur a

F r st r ( F u u l I d i p ) p i s th r f r sh u l d
. . .
, , , .

o e a n s a n ca , e d 2 1 79 5 , 6 an d the ec e e e o e o

ll d P s l s s( F r s
t r)
.
,
.
, ,

b e ca e itt n u cy a n um o e .
O SM ITH S ON IA N M IC S E LL A NE O U C S OL LE C TI ON S V OL . 60

F a m i y P C DA l II E
M E I G L YP T E S
1
T U K KI C A L CE U T I CU S , new s p e ci e s
ub s
-

L i ke M sl kkl t / l f bu t mu ch la r ge r
e l g ly p l e ll

il C e ,
.

Ty p Ad u lt fe m ale N o 79 4 7 U S N M
e ,
. 1 1 ,
. . . .
; P o ul T uan ku,
B anj ak I slands Jan u a r y 3 9 ; D r W L A bb o tt
,
2 ,
1 02 . . . .

ub p
M E I G L YP T E S G R A M M I T HOR A X M I CR OT E R U S , new s se ci e s

Rese mb l i ng M ig l y p t sg m l h g m m i h e bu t s m alle r e ra n z t o rax ra t o rae r, .

Ty p Ad ul t m a l e N o 8 854 U S N M ; T el o k B l uku N i as
e ,
. 1 0 ,
. . . .
,

I sland M a r ch 3 9 5 ; D r W L A bb o tt
, ,
1 0 . . . .

M I CR OP T E R N U S P HA I OCE P S
2
C E L A E N E P HI S , ub n ew p e ci e s
s s
imi la r t M i p
S o sp h i p s b d i cr o te r n n a oee a n s f r o m S um at r a bu t ,

da r ke r and s o m ewhat la r ge r .

Ty p A d u lt fe m a l e N o 7 9688 U S N M ; L afa u N i as I sland

e , . 1 ,
. . . .
, ,

M a r ch 9 9 3 ; D r W L A bb o tt
2 ,
1 0 . . . .

F a m i l y CA P I TO I E N DA

C HOT OR E A
I
M YS T A COP HA NE S A M P A L A , ne wsu b s
p e ci e s
L i ke Ch t m st p h sm yst p h sbu t la r ge r p t i u
o ore a v a co an e a co ane , ,
ar c

l l y the bi ll r ed c r o wn patch la r ge r
ar .

Ty p Ad ul t m ale No 7 9699 U S N M ; T ana B ala I sland

'

e ,
. 1 ,
. . . .
,

B at u I slands F b i y , 9 3 ; D r W L A bb o tt
e r i ar 1 1 ,
1 0 . . . .

M E Z OB UC CO
1
DU VA U C E L I I G I G A N T OR HI N U S , ub new p e ci e s
s s
L i ke M b du u ln d
ez o n ce o va ce
'

n v a n ce l l l , bu t w i th a mu ch la r ge r bi ll .

Typ A d ul t m ale N o 797 3 U

e , . 1 0 , . S . N M ; L afa u N i as I sland
. .
,

M a r ch 6 9 3 ; D W L A bb o t t
,

2 ,
1 0 r . . . .

Fam ily B UC E TI A E
RO D

CR A NOR R HI N U S C OR R UG A T U S M E G I S T US , ub i n ew pe c e s
ss
L i ke C hi s m g t us
ra n o rr ug na co r a co r r a tn s bu t w i th l o nge r w i ng
,

and ta i l .

Ty p Ad u lt m a l e N o 79 797 U S N M ; T ana B a l a I sland

e ,
. 1 , . . . .
,

B at u I slands F e bru a r y 9 3 ; D r W L A bb o tt
,
1 1 ,
1 0 . . . .

1
T h i sish r i i l sp ll i
t e o g na e ng f the g e n e
o ri c n am e

T h i si s h r i i l sp ll i p i
.

n g o f t h e se c
2
t e o g na e c nam e .
8 SM ITH SON IA N M IC
S E LL A NE O U C S O LL E C TI ON S VOL . 60

HE M I P R OCN E L ON G I P E N N I S T HOA , bp new u se ci e s

s
L i ke H p r o cn e l o n g ip e n n isl o n g ip e n n
emi l sbu t la r ge r L i ke H . e mi
p bu t s m a ll e r
,

r o cn e l o n l e n n l s e r l o n a
g p p g
-
.

Typ Ad u t m ale U ul i n i e B at u
,

e l N o 1 797 2 4 S N M . . . .
; P o P
I slands M a r ch 7 9 3
, ,
.

W L A bb o tt
,

, ,
1 0 Dr . . . .

Fam i l y E Y A IM AE UR L ID

E Y I M US O H
UR LAU M C S s u b sp s
1
C R OM A L S
2
E ISTU , new e ci e

L i ke E y l l m s h l s h
nr a l us bu t dec i dedly la r ge r
n oc r o ni a u oc r o rn a

espec i al l y the bi ll and w i ng

, ,

Ty p Ad u lt fe m ale No 79 7 5 U S N M ; P u l o T u ku
e , . 1 1 , . . . . an

B anjak I slands Jan u a r y 9 9 ; D r W L A bb o tt

,

, 2 ,
1 02 . . . .

l y I TT I A E F am i P D

I TT P E T su b sp s
A M OL U CCE N S I S L P A, new e ci e

L i ke P i m l sism l
tt a s l sbu t s m alle r espec i ally the bi l l
o n e ce n o n cc e n .

Ty p Ad ul t m a l e No 7 98 U S N M ; S i a b a B y N i as
, ,

e . 1 0 1 . . . . a ,

I sla d M a r ch 5 9 3 ; D r W L A bb o tt
, ,

n ,
1 ,
1 0 . . . .

Fam i l y T I A II E M L DA

A NU R OP S I S M A L A CC E N S I S N E S I T I S , new ub p
s se ci e s
m ewhat l i ke A m p sis l
So s is m l sl s bu t r athe r
n

o ni a ae e e n a a cce n

la r ge r ; up pe r p a r ts da r ke r and p o ste ri o r ly m o r e ru fescent ; Si des and

,

nks f a deepe r shade W i ng ( o f type )

a o mm ; t i l .
,
. a ,

exp o sed c u l m en 7 ; ta r s u s 1

Ty p Ad u lt m a l e N 79966 U S N M ; T ana M asa I sland

,

e o . 1 . . . .
,

B at u I slands F e bru a r y
,

9 3 ; D r W L A bb o tt
,

,
20 ,
1 0 . . . .

A NU R OP S I S ub i
M A L A CCE N S I S E XS A N G U I S , new pe c e s
s s
M u ch l i ke A m p s ls l s is s
nn l l s f r o m the B at u I slands ni a are ce n - -
ne

z ,

bu t l i ghte r m o r e ru fescent a b o ve w i th anks and s i des pale r W i ng

,

.
, ,

( o f type ) 7 mm ; ta il ,
1 e xp o sed c ulm en 6 ; ta r s u s
.
, ,
1 ,

Ty p Ad u lt m a l e N o 793 5 5 U S N M P u l o T u ku B anj ak
e . 1 , . . . . an

I slands Jan u a r y 4 9 ; D r W L Abb o tt

, ,

,
2 ,
1 02 . . . .

A I E I E E HY L C PP sb s
p s
C N R A P OCN E CA , n ew u e ci e

S imi la r t o A l l p [ i i c b u s m al l e r ante r i o r u ppe r pa r ts

9 e c n e r e a c n e r e ai, t
s o m ewhat m o r e r u fescent ; l o we r pa r ts l i ghte r less g r ay i sh ( m o r e ,

washed w i th bu ffy )
T h i sis r i i l sp ll i f h
1
the o g ri na e n g o t g enee c n am e

O r i i l sp ll i p i
.

1
g na s e n g o f th e ec c n am e .
NO 7. B I RDS FR M I S LA N DS
O TH E 9 BA RU SSA N OB E R H O L S E R

Ty p Ad u lt [m a l e ] No 7 9949 U S N M ; P ul o P i n i e B at u
e ,
. 1 , . . . .
,

I s l ands M a r ch 4 9 3 ; D r W L A bb o tt
, ,
1 0 . . . .

MA ATA
S T A CHYR I S s u b sp i s CU L
'

HYP OP Y R R HA , n ew ec e

Rese mbli ng S hy ism ul l t

ta c bu t upp e r pa r ts da r ke r
r ac a t a n za e u a a , ,

m o r e ru fescent the rump m o r e deep l y fe rru g n o u s ; and p o ste r o r

,
i i
9

l o we r p r ts m r e ru sty a o .

Ty p Ad u l m a l e No 79976 U S N M ; P u l o P i n i e B at u
e t ,
. 1 . . . .

Is l ands M r ch 6 9 3 ; D r W L A bb o tt
, ,

,
a ,
1 0 . . . .

Y C E A Y A N OD RMM E M s u b sp s
E R T HR OP T E R U P LLU ,
new e ci e

S imil a r t o C y d m y h p m f
an o ul l R i ch m o nd bu t
er a er t ro te r i i v v e n tr e

p o ste ri o r l o we r p a r ts da r ke r d ul le r s li ghtly l ess bu ffy ; a b o ve da r k r

,

and d u lle r the c r o wn patch n o t d i st i nct

, ,

Ty p Ad u lt m l No 799 7 U S N M ; T ana M asa I sland

,

e a e . 1 1 . . . .

B at u I slands F e bru a r y
, , ,

, 9 3 ; D r W L A bb o tt 20 ,
1 0 . . . .

M X I E TAI OR N I S su b sp s P L A
1
ZA PT E RA , new e ci e

Rese mbli ng M is[l l sm

bu t l a r ge r ; u p p e r pa r ts
zr o r n I e a ta n a tr a na , ,

s i des and anks p ale r W i ng ( o f ty p e ) mm ; ta i l 5 3 ; e x p o sed

. .
,

c ulm en ta r su s 9
, ,

1 .

Ty p Ad u lt m l e N o 7998 U S N M ; T ana M asa I sland

, ,

e a . 1 1 . . . .
,

B at u I s l ands F e bru a r y 7
, ,

, 9 3 ; D r W L A bb o tt 1 ,
1 0 . . . .

M I EA T A
I X OR NI S P L su b sp i s Z A R HA B DOT A , n ew ec e

S imil a r t o M i isp il sm bu t l r ge r pa r t i c ul a r ly the

r o rn e a ta n a l r a n a, a ,

b ill ; the b lack i sh st r eaks o n th r o at and j u g u l um br o ade r ; s i des d an

anks less g r y i sh ( m o r e yel l o w i sh o li ve ) W i ng ( o f type )

a .

mm ; ta il 53 e xp o sed c ulm e 4 ; ta r s u s 9
,

.
; n 1 1

Ty p Ad ul m a l e No 7 93 5 7 U S N M ; P u l o B g k u
,
.
, ,

e t . 1 . an ar ,

B anjak I slands Jan u a r y 9 9 ; D r W L A bb o t

. . .
, ,

,
1 ,
1 02 . . . t .

ly Y TI AE Fam i P CNON O D

TI I
A E G I T HI N A su b sp i s PH A HOR I Z OP T E R A , new ec e

S imi la r t o A g / i i l l sf r o m B o r ne o bu t s m alle r ; m l
'

ip / i

e i t z na t L a v r a ,
a e

w i th up pe r p a r ts da r ke r ; f o r ehead w i th li ttle i f any t i nge o f ye ll o w i sh

,

and anks m o r e dee pl y o li ve g r een W i ng ( o f ty p e ) 6 mm ; ta il . 0 .

,

49 ; ex p o sed c ulm en 5 ta r s u s 9
,

,
1 ,
1 .

1
M
The s s( T r s i
o t a c il l a g ul a r i S d V o 8 f R a f e an L nn oc L on o l 1 3, 1 22

) sp r u pi d b y M l i ( S y st N V I p t
. . . .
.
, ,

312 i e o cc i sGe o t a ci l l a g ul a r me n at o l 2

8 p th r f r u t b l h x t pp rs
. .
,
. .
, ,

) d T be P r zm a
' '

17 9 99 7 an e e o e n ena e e ne n am e a ea to
B l yth ( J u r B l V p p is
, . .

p il e a t a S o n A S s oc en g a o l I I 1 84 2 T he ec e

h u l d sq t l y b ll d M ( B l yth )
. . .
, .
.
, ,

S o co n e ue n sp e ca e l x o rn i l l e a ta .
IO SM ITH SON IA N M IC S E LL A NE O U C S O LL E C TI ON S V OL . 60

Ty p e A d u lt m ale No 8 9 3 4 U S . 1 0 , . . N M . .
; T el o k B l uku , N i as
M a r ch 3 9 5 ; D r W L A bb o tt
,

I sland , ,
1 0 . . . .

ub p
A E G I T HI N A VI R I DI S S I M A N E S I OT I CA , new s se ci e s
M u ch l i ke A g l t h l i i ls si s
l id l sime f r o m S um at r a b u
n a: v r a

-
in a v r a ,
t

S Om w h t la r ge r espec i ally the bi ll ; and w i th the g r een o f l o we r

e a

s ur face less yell o w i sh pa r t i c u la r ly o n h i nde r p o r t i o n W i ng ( o f

,

type ) 6 mm ; ta i l 4 5 ; ex p o sed c u l m en 5 ta r s u s 9
,

,
2 .
, ,
I , 1 .

Ty p A d u lt m ale N 79989 U S N M ; T ana B ala I sland

e ,
o . 1 ,
. . . .
,

B at u I slands F e bru a ry 5 9 3 ; D r W L A bb o tt
, ,
1 0 . . . .

M A
I CR OT S M H RSU HR O S su sp s
E L A N OCE P A L OS

C YS P II OR U ,
new b e ci e

S imi la r t o M l t ssm l p h l sm l ero ph l s fro m S u

arr n e a n o ce
'

a o e an o e e a o ,

m at r a bu t yel l w i sh o f r um p and p o ste ri o r l o we r p a r ts m o r e g o lden

,
o .

Ty p Ad u lt m a l e N o 7999 8 U S N M ; S o u th P ag i I sland
e . 1 ,
. . . .
,

N ve mb e r 5 9 ; D r W L A bb o tt
,

o 1 ,
1 02 . . . .

M I CR OT A R S U S M E L A NOCE P HA L OS HYP E R E M N U S , n ew s p e ci e s
ub s

Rese mb l i ng M i l susm l p h l sm l p h l sbu t l o we r

cr o a r e an o e e a o e a n o ce a o

pa r ts mu ch da r ke r ; upp e r s ur face sl i ghtly da r ke r ; and bi ll mu ch

,

st o u te r .

Ty p Ad ul t m ale N 7 93 4 U S N M ; S im al ur I sland
e ,
o . 1 2 ,
. . . .
,

N o ve mb e r 9 D r W L A bb o tt
2 2 ,
1 0 1 . . . .

Y O OT S Y
P CN NH MO U CY OCH U S
E R s u b sp s
T HR OP I

AL S
2
AN R ,
new e ci e

S imi la r t o P y t s y th p t h l m s y t h p t h l m s( H um e )
cn o n o a -
er ro a o er ro a o

f r o m T ena sse rim bu t s m a l le r ; u ppe r and l o we r pa r ts mu ch da r ke r

,

.
,

Rese mbli ng P y t us y t l pll l ssl d l i S ha r pe f r o m

cn o n o er i rr o za n i o a va or

B o r ne o bu t up pe r s ur face da r ke r l ess ru fescent ; l o we r p a r ts less

,

b r o wn i sh o r bu ff y ( m o r e g r ay i sh o r yell o w i sh ) and s o m ewhat da r ke r

,

Ty p A d ul t m ale No 8 7 U S N M ; R u pat S t r a i t
.
,

e 1 1 12

easte r n S um at r a F e bru a r y 7 9 6 ; D r W L A bb o tt
. .
,
. . .
, ,

,
2 ,
1 0 . . . .

Y O T S Y O H M D I S US
P CN NO U subs i s
E R T II R PT AL S ,
new p ec e

S imi la r t o P y t us y t/ p th l s y t h p t h l m s bu t
cn o n o er i ro a n zo r er ro a o

Sm a l le r ; p il e um less g r ay i sh m o r e b r o n i sh o li ve l i ke the b ack

,

,
w .

L
1
s l am p h l sG
'

u l i S y st N V p t 788 p
m e a n o ce a o i me n, at o l 1, I 1 309 n

sl isS d w i h W d s i t S u tr s h l l i ty
~

.
.
,
.
, ,
. .

u an c e e g na e ma a a t e typ e o ca

sH u S t r y F th r sV l 6 878 p ( P k h
-
.

1
1 x 05 p l e ry th r o th a m o me, a ea e o 1 3 14 a c an

T ssr i ) T h i sish l d st t b l p i s ll d P
,
.
, ,
.
,

e na e m f h s t e o s e ena e n am e or t e ec e ca e y cn o n o t u
l l sb y S l d i ( f Ri h d Pr U S N M s V 6
.

p s u ln a va or c c mo n oc at u o l 2 1 90 3 ,

s7 )
.
, . . . .
, .
,

p . o .
I Z SM ITH SON IA N M IC S E LL A NE O U C S O LL E C TI ON S V OL . 60

Ty p e Ad u lt m a l e No 8 768 U S N

,
. 1 0 , . . . M ; P . u l o D u a E ngan o ,

I sland ,
No ve mb e r 9 4 ; D r W L A bb tt2 ,
1 0 . . . o .

ub p
R HI NOM YI A S U M B R A T I L I S E CL I P I S , new s se ci e s
S imi la r t o R h i m y l s m b l l l s l h m d l bu t dec i ded l y s m al l e r
no a n r a rt r e on

upp e r pa r ts r athe r l i ghte r p ste ri o r ly s o m ewhat m o r e tawny ; s i des o f

,

br east da r ke r m o r e awny ; and l o r es less wh i t i sh

,

,
t .

Ty p Ad u lt m ale No 799 5 U S N M ; T ana M asa I sland

e . 1 2 . . . . .

B at u I s l ands F e bru a r y 9 9 3 D r W L A bb o tt
, ,

,
1 ,
1 0 : . . . .

CUL IC I CA P A C s u b sp s
C E Y L ON E N S I S P E R CN O AR A , new e ci e

S imi la r t o C l l l p y l sl s u cy l sl s f
car o m the M ala
a y ce onen ce o ne n

P en i ns u la bu t dec i dedly la r ge r ; p i le um da r ke r m o r e b lack i sh ( less

,

, ,

t i nged w i th b r o wn i sh ) .

Ty p Ad u lt m ale No 794 5 U S N M ; S im al ur I sland No

e .
,
. 1 2 ,
. . . .
,

ve mb er 23 9 D W L A bb o tt
,
1 0 1 r . . . .

C C UL I I CA P AM s u b sp s
C E YL ON E N S I S A P HI A L A , n ew e ci e

Rese mb l i ng C l i i p y l sl sp n c ca f r o m S im al ur I s a ce one n e r cn o e a r a ,

land bu t sl i ght l y s m alle r ; p i le um pale r ; d yell o w i sh o l i ve g r een o f

,
an

up pe r pa r ts less go lden S imi la r t o C l l l p y l sis l sl s . n c ca a ce onen -

eey onen ,

bu t la r ge r ; yell o w i sh o l i ve g r een o f u ppe r s ur face d ul le r and less

g lden
o .

Ty p Ad u lt m ale N o 799 7 U S N M ; N o r th P ag i I sland

e ,
. 1 2 ,
. . . .
,

Jan u a ry 8 9 3 D W L A bb o tt
,
1 0 r . . . .

CU L I CI CA P A CE Y L ON E N S I S P E L L ONOT A ,ub new p e ci e s

ss
S imil a r t o C l l l p yl s
nls yl
c ea sisbu t la r ge r and w i th
a ce onen ce onen ,

a da r ke r b ack L i ke C l l i p y l sis p h l f r o m N o r th
,
'

. n e ca ai c e o nen a In -
l a a,

P ag i I sland bu t yell o w i sh o li ve g r een o f b ack da r ke r m o r e g o lden

, .

Ty p Ad u lt m ale N o 8 9 7 U S N M ; S m sm N i as
,

e ,
. 1 0 0 ,
. . . . a a a a,

I sland F e b r u a r y 9 5 D r W L A bb tt
,
2 0 ,
1 0 . . . o

il y T I E Fam UR D DA

C Y S OP S C HU s u b sp s S A U L A R I S Z A CN E CUS , new e ci e

S imi la r t o C p s y h ss l ism us o i usb Ut m a l e w i th anks and

c n a n ar c
'

c ri ss um t i nged w i th bu ff ; fe m ale da r ke r and w i th anks and c r i ss um

,

m o r e c o nsp i c u o u sly o ch r ace o u s bu ff .

Ty p Ad u lt m ale No 79 9 U S N M ; S im al ur I sland D e
e ,
. 1 2 1 . . .

D r W L A bb o tt
.
, ,

ce mb er 2 9 ,
1 0 1 . . . .
NO .
7 B I R D FR M T H E S I S LA N DSO R 3 BA RU SSA N O B E R H OL S E I

K ME A A
I T T A CI NC L A s u b sp i s L N UR HYP OL I Z A , ne w ec e

S imi la r t o K l i l m l m m l t ta c f r o m the i sl and o f N i a s

nc a e a t ra e a n ur a ,

bu t s m a ll e r ; r u f o u s o f p o ste ri o r l o w r p a r ts ave r ag i ng l i ghte r

,

Ty p Ad u lt m ale N o 79 3 U S N M S im lur I s l and

.

e ,
. 1 00 ,
. . . . a

Jan u a r y 3 9 ; D r W L A bb o t
,

,
1 02 . . . t .

K ME I T T A CI N C L A su b sp i s L A NU R A OP I S T HOC HR A , new e c e

Rese mb l i ng Kl l l m l m l bu t w i th p o st ri o r
t ta c ne a e a n ur a e a n ur a , e

l we r pa r ts l i ghte r S imi la r t o K i
o l m l m . l p l s fro t t atcz n c
'

a e a tr a iy o i
'

a, m
S im a lur I sland bu t la r ge r and w i th p o ste ri o r l o we r p a r t sp a l e r
, ,

Ty p Ad u lt fe m ale No 79 99 U S N M P ul o L si Jan
.

e . 1 2 . . . .
; a a,

u a r y 7 9 ; D r W L A bb o tt
, ,

,
1 02 . . . .

K M A A I
I T T A C I N CL A subs i s AL B R CA
1
OP I S T HOP E L A , new p ec e

S imi la r t o K i i l m l b l l b l
t ta c f r o m S um at r a b u
ne a
-

a a azr e a n za a ar e a, ,
t

m ale w i th p o ste ri o r l o we r pa r ts ave r ag i ng da r k r ; fe m a l e w i th ru fo u s e

o f p o ste r i o r l o we r p a r t sda r k r and m o r e extens i ve ; upp e r s ur face e

and th r o at mu ch da r ke r and m o r e ri chly m ta lli c blu e bl ack ( l e ss e

slaty ) .

Ty p Ad ul t fe m ale N o 8 9 U S N M T ana B a l a I s l and

e ,
. 1 00 0 ,
. . . .
;
B at u I slands F e b r u a r y 5 9 3 ; D r W L A bb o t
,

, ,
1 0 . . . t .

K M A A I I T
I T T A CI N CL A su b sp i s AL B R CA OP S HI S A ,-
new ec e

Rese mb l i ng Kl i l m l b p l sl p l f r o m the B at u I s
t ta c n e a '

a a a r i ca
'

o
'

t i o e a:

l ands bu t ta i l l o nge r ; m ale w i th p o ste ri r l o we r p a r ts dec i ded l y p a l e r o .

Ty p Ad ul t m ale N o 7 93 U S N M P u l o T u ku B anj ak
,

e . 1 0 1 . . an
,
. .

I slands Jan u a r y 3 9 ; D r W L A bb o tt
, ,

,
2 ,
1 02 . . . .

l y Y V II A E F a mi S L D

T T OR C HO OM U S CI N E R As u b sp i s E US B A E U S , new ec e

L i ke O t h m us i r sl o to usbu t s m a l le r c n e ra e e n c n e r a ce .

Ty p Ad u lt m ale N o 7995 7 U S N M ; S i ab a B y N i as
,

e . 1 . . . . a

I s l and M a r ch 9 9 3 ; D r W L A bb o tt
, , ,

,
1 ,
1 0 . . . .

T TM OR HO O MM su b sp i s
U S CI N E R A C E US O CHR O A T US , new ec e

S imil a r t o O th ms sb us f r o m N i as I sland bu t
r o to n cz n e r a e e n ae ,

la r ge r ; upp e r and l o we r p a r ts p a l e r the mi ddle o f a b d o m en m o r e

,

extens i ve l y wh i t i sh
,

1
T h e M us
c ic a p a m a l a b a r i e a S p l i ( F l r F u sb V o f co o De l o a n In u r o l 2

p t d t sb th sG l i
. . . .
,
.
,

1 7 86 , 96 ) an e a e s a d s
o a du m a cr o ur u me n an d u t r ic o l o r

V i i ll t i d t i l pp l i t i ( f R i h d r U S N M
.

e o , an d is o f en ca a ca on c . c mon ,
P oc . . . at . u s ,

Vo l . 2 6 ,
1 90 3 , p
I 4 SM ITH SON IA N M IC
S E LL A NE O U C S O LL E C TI ON S VO L . 60

Ty p Ad u lt m al e No 799 58 U S
e ,
. 1 . . N M . .
; No r th P ag i I s l and ,

No ve mb e r 3 9 ; D r W L A bb o tt
,

2 ,
1 02 . . . .

i
B U R N E S I A D Y S A N CR I T A , new pe c e s
s
S o m ewhat r ese mb l i ng Bu s l s up i l i is bu t la r ge r the ta i l rn e a e rc ar

e r y mu ch l o nge r ; l o we r p r ts w i th n o yell o w bu t w i th a st r o ng t i nge

, ,

v a ,

o f bu ff pa r t i c u la r ly o n br east s i des anks and c r i ss um ; c ri ss um

, , , ,

o ch r ace o u s n o t o l i ve yell o w L ength o f w i ng ( o f type ) 5 mm ;

,
.
,
0 .

ta i l 85 mm .

Ty p A d u lt m ale N o 793 6 U S N M ; L o h S id h B y
,

e , . 1 0 ,
. . . . o a ,

n o r thweste r n S um at r a N o ve mb e r 7 9 D r W L Ab b o tt , ,
1 0 1 . . . .

B U R NE S I A DYS A N C R I T A HA L I S T ON A , n ew s p e ci e s
ub s

imi la r t o B u sl ays l t ay s l but u ppe r s u r face da r ke r

S rn e a a n cr
-

a a n cr
-
t a, ,

less u n i f o rm the p il e um slate c o l r and m o r e c o nt r asted w i th the

,
o ,

b ack ; ta i l S h r te and s up e r c ili a r y st rip e less extens i ve

o r .

Ty p Ad u lt fe m ale N o 8 9 5 U S N M ; T l iw N i as I s
e , . 1 0 0 , . . . . e aa ,

land M a r ch
, 9 5 D W L 2 2 A bb o tt
,
1 0 r . . . .

Fam ily CA M P E P HA G I DA E
A R T A M I DE S ub p
S UM A T R E NS I S HA L I S T E P HI S , new s se ci e s
S imi la r t o A ml d ssm sl ssm r ta l s b u la r ge r ; m ale
s e n a tr e n n a tr e n t
li ghte r a b o ve w i th n o bl ac k b a r s and o n l y d ul l g r ay i sh l i ght b a r s o n
,

the r ump ; fe m ale w i th na rr o we r bl ack b a r s and na rr o we r d ul le r

,

, ,

wh i te o nes o n the rum p ; and w i th s o m ewhat heav i e r da r k b a r s o n the

c ri ss um .

Ty p Ad u lt m l e No 79896 U S N M ; S o u th P ag i I sland
e a . 1 . . . .

D ece m b e r 3 9 ; D r W L A bb o tt
, , ,

1 ,
1 02 . . . .

T I
P E R I CR OC OT U S I G N E U S s u b sp s R OP H S , new e ci e

L i ke P i sl g usl g usbu t dec i ded l y l a r ge r

e r cr o e o tn ne ne .

Ty p Ad ul m a l e N o 79 4 U S N M ; S im a lur I s l and
,

e t ,
. 1 22 . . . .

D ece mb e r 8 9 D r W L A bb o tt
, ,

,
1 0 1 . . . .

P E R I C R OCOT U S A N D A M M Y su b sp i s A NE NS I S IN T HOM E L A S , n ew ec e

S imi la r t o P i s d m sism dl g l i ii f o m E n g an o
e r i cr o e o t n
'

an a an e n o an r

I sland bu t s m al l e r ; m ale w i th less bl ack o n o u te r we b s o f mi ddle ta i l

,

feathe r s ; fe m a l e da r ke r a b ve and b e l o w L i ke P l us d o . e r e r o co t an a

i n an e nsisfl lf bu t mu ch la r ge r
a rn n z e r, .

Ty p Ad u lt m l e No 79 6 U S N M ; S im a lur I sland D
e a , . 1 2 2 . . . . e

mb e r D r W L A bb o tt
, ,

9 12 ,
1 0 1 . . . .
I 6 SM ITH SON IA N M IC S E LL A NE O U C S O LL E C TI ON S VO L . 60

Ty p Ad u lt m a l e N o 8 883 U S
e . 1 0 . N M ; T e l iw a a , N i as I s
land M a r ch 5 9 5 ; D r W L A bb o tt
. .
, ,
.

, ,
1 0 . . . .

DI S S E M U R US P A R A DI S E US P A C HI S T U S , new ss ub
p e ci e s
Rese mb l i ng D iss u sp d is s d l p h us f r o m N i as I sland e nt /
rn arra en a e
-

bu t w i th f r o ntal c r est and ant r o r se bri stles sh o te r and r acket

,

r ,

s m a l le r L i ke D issm sp d is sp di s sf r o m easte r n S u
. e n rn a ra -
ea ar a ea

m at r a bu t mu ch la r ge r and w i th sh o r te r r acket W i ng ( o f ty p e )
, ,
.

mm ; ta i l 3 7 ; t o tal c u l m en
. he i ght o f bi l l at b ase 0 , ,

ta r s u s
,

Ty p Ad u lt m ale N 79 3 9 U S N M ; P u la L si Jan u a r y
,

e o . 1 2 ,
. . . . a a,

W L A bb o tt
,

5 , 9 ; D 1 02 r . . . .

S M S
DI S USSE SSO UR U S s u b sp i s P A R A DI E E LA PTE RU ,
new ec e

Rese mb l i ng D issm usp dis sp h ist sf r o m P u l o L si bu t e nr ara ea ae

'

n a a,

w i ng and ta i l sh o r te r bi ll la r ge r r acket na rr ow e r and f r o ntal c r est

,

s o m ewhat l o nge r W i ng ( o f type ) mm ; ta i l 3 6 7 ; t o tal c u l

, ,

.
.
, ,

m en 3 4 ; he i ght o f bi ll at b ase 3 ; ta r s u s 1

Ty p A d u lt m ale N o 79 3 8 U S N M ; P u l o B a bi Jan u a r y
, , ,

e . 1 2 , . . . .
,

I 9 ; D r W L A bb o tt
,

1 ,
1 02 . . . .

ly I I E F am i OR OL DA

I S M C T S HM O OR OL U su b sp s A UL A U RI C N DI ,
1
ne w e ci e

S imil a r t o O i l usm ul t usm ul t s bu t w i g sh o r te r ; bi l l

r o ac a

ac a u n

r athe r l o nge r ; m ale w i th sec o nda r i es and te r t i als mu ch less br o ad l y

,

edged w i th yell o w i sh Rese mb l i ng O i l usm ul tus m sR i ch . r o ac a n nan

e

m o nd bu t bil l s o m what s m alle r ; m ale w i th p o ste ri o r u ppe r p a r ts less

,
e

pur ely yell o w ( m o r e t i nged w i th o li ve ) as i n O i l usm ul us ,

r o ac at

m ul t us
ac ; sec o nda ri es and te r t i a l s m o r e b r o adly m a r g ned w i th
a i

yel l ow i sh .

Ty p A d u lt m ale N o 79 886 U S N M ; No r th P ag i I s l and

e . 1 .

D ece mb e r 3 r bb
.
, .

L
, .

W A tt
,

9 ; D o 1 ,
1 02 . . . .

i l y CU Fam GRA L I DA E
2

G J S S M O
R A CU L A u b sp i s
s A VA N E N I I TE RA , new ec e

L i ke G ul j sls j ra c sis bu t s m a
a l le r and w i th a
a v arn e ns l ende r e r av a n e n

bil l
,

1
Nam e d fo r D r C h rl sW R i h a e c mon d a sa sg l i ht t k o en o f th e auth r s o

r rd
. .
,

eg a

By h ri sC uv i r i us
.

1
the c f
an g e o t he g ene c n am e E ul a b e G e to r a c ul a L nn ae

h f ily b pl f E
,

the n am e o f t e sG
am e co me r a cul id a e in a ce o ul a b e t i d a e .
NO .
7 B I R S FR D OM TH E BA RU SSA N I LA S N DS OB E R H OL S E R I 7

Ty p Ad u lt m ale N o 7 9 88 U S N M ; S im a lur I s l and

e ,
. 1 2 ,
. . . .
,

No ve mb e r 4 9 D W L A bb o t 2 ,
1 0 1 r . . . t .

G A AJ R CU L s u b sp s A VA NE N S I S OP HE L L OCHL OR A , n ew e ci e

S imi la r t o G l j sis b u s f r o m N i as I s l and bu t

rae n a av an e n ro ta , ,

s m alle r and i th the s i des f the c r o wn m o r e g r een i sh

w o .

Ty p Ad ul t m ale No 7 9 84 U S N M ; P ul o T u ku
,

e . 1 2 ,
. . . . an ,

B anj ak I slands Jan u a r y 3 ; D r W L A bb o tt

,

9 ,
2 ,
1 02 . . . .

X
L A M P R OCOR A su b sp i s
C HA L Y B E U S P A C HI S T OR HI N U S , n ew ec e

S imi la r t o L m p l l y b us l i s s f r o m N i as I sland
a r o e o rax c ia e a t ro tr z .

bu t w i th w i ng l o nge r and pl um age s o m ewhat less gl o ssy

,

Ty p Ad u lt m a l e No 79863 U S N M S o u th P ag i I s l and
,

o . 1 . . . .
; ,

N o ve mb e r 9 9 ; D W L A bb o tt
, ,

1 ,
1 02 r . . . .

M LA H P R OCOR A X C M su b sp s A L YB E U S R HA DI NOR HA P HU S , new e ci e

Rese mb l i ng L m p h l y b sp hl s hl s f r o m S o u th
a r o e o r a tr c a e u ae to r nn

P ag i I sl nd b u bi ll m o r s l ende r ; s i z e s m a l le r ; p l um age s o m ewhat

,

a ,
t e

less gl o ssy p a r t i c ul a r ly b el o w .

Ty p Ad ul t m a l e N o 79 7 U S N M ; S im a lur I s l and
,

e ,
. 1 2 2 ,
. . . .
,

D ece mb e r 9 D W L A bb
12 o tt ,
1 0 1 r . . . .

i l y E T A I II A E F am N C R N D

C HA L COS T E T HA CA L COS T E T HA C s u b sp s 1
PA GI OL A , new e ci e

S imil a r t o C l l s l l s h l s l bu t s m a l le r ; fe m a l e
za e o te t i a ca e o te t a ca e o te t i a,

w i th b ack m o r e g r ay i sh sca r cely t i nged w i th o l i ve g r een .

Ty p Ad ul t m a l e N o 8 3 U S N M No r th P ag i I s l and
,

e ,
. 1 002 ,
. . . .
;
Jan u a r y 9 3 ; D r W L A bb o tt 2 ,
1 0 . . . .

J u b sp i s
s
A E T HOP YG A S I P A R A A T I N OP I I L A ,

ne w ec e

Rese m b li ng A l py g sip j sip j f r o m S um at r a bu t s o m e e t zo a ara a -

aro a ,

what la r ge r ; m a l e w i th p o ste ri r l o we r pa r ts less o li vace o u s and o

u s u a l ly m r e e x tens i ve l y b lack i sh ; fe m a l e w i th l o we r p a r ts da r ke r
o ,

d u l l e r and r athe r m o r e sl y S imi la r t o A h py g sip j i a l . e t o a ar a a

'

n a

isbu t mu ch l a r ge r and o the r w i se d i ffe r ent

,

ss en

Ad ul t m a l e No 7 94 U S N M ; P ul o S ium nea r
.
,

Typ e
- -

1 10 . . . at,

S im a lur I s l and D ece mb e r 8 9 D r \V L A bb o tt

. . .
, ,

. 2 . 1 0 1 . . . .

1
T he
C s h s s( J r d i )
n am e wh i h st uth r s ll th i s
h a l e o te t a i n ig ni a ne by c mo a o ca

p i ssh u l d i v i f v r ( J rd i ) s i
,

S ec e o C l s g s e w ay ll a o o f ha eo t e t /I a c a l e o t e t l za a ne n ce

J r d i ( N H i st p ) s
, ,

s 8 N e ct a r in ia d a e 63

N e c t a r i n ia ca l e o t e t /z a a ne at 1 43 , 2 ha
vr s sJ r d i His t
-
.
. .
,

a n t e r io r i t y
-

o (
e N e c t a r i n ia in ig ni a ne N at . . N e c t a r in i a d a e ,
1 84 3 ,

p . 2 74 ) .
I 8 SM C TI ITH 6 SON IA N M IC S E LL A NE O U C S O LL E ON S V OL . 0

J M A E T HOP Y G A S I P A R A Asu b sp s E L A NE T R A , new eci e

S imi la r t o A h p y g s lp j tl p l l f r o m S im al u r I sland bu t
et o a ar a a no t a,
,

bi l l s m alle r ; m a l e w i th p o ste ri o r l o we r p a r ts da r ke r m o r e extens i vely

b lack i sh ; fe m le l i ghte r m o r e g r een i sh a b o ve mu ch l i ghte r and
,

m o r e ye l l o w i sh b el o w
, ,

Ty p Ad u lt m ale No 794 U S N M ; P u l o L si Jan u a r y

e ,
. 1 0 1 , . . . . a a,

5 9 ,
D r W L A bb o tt
1 02 . . . .

TI su b sp s
A E T HOP Y G A S I P A R A JA P HO NA , n ew e ci e

L i ke A th py g sip j tl p il f r o m S im al ur I sland bu t m al e
e o a air a a .
no t a, ,

w i th m etall i c patch o n f o r ehead la r ge r ; fem ale l i ghte r bri ght r m o r e e

yell o w i sh and g r een i sh a b o ve ; mu ch l i ghte r m o r e yell o w i sh b el o w

, ,

.
,

Typ A d u lt m ale N o 8 58 U S N M ; N o r th P ag i I sland

e
,
. 1 00 ,
. . . .
,

D ece mb e r 9 ; D r W L A bb o tt 2 2 ,
1 02 . . . .

ub p i
CI N N YR I S OR NA T A
1
P OL Y CL YS T A , new s se c e s
S imi la r t o C l y l s f r o m Java bu t mu ch la r ge r nn r o r n a ta o r n a t a, , ,

pa r t i c u la r ly t h bil l ; yell o w o f p o ste ri o l o we r pa r ts and o l i ve o f

e r

u ppe r s u r face mu ch d r ke r a .

Ty p A d u lt m ale N 8 7 74 U S N M ; E ngan o I sland

e o . 1 0 ,
. . . .
,

N o ve mb e r 4 9 4 ; D r W L A bb o tt
,

2 ,
1 0 . . . .

b i
CI NN YR I S B R A S I L I A N A
2
OE N OP A , new s pe c e s
u s

S imil a r t o C l y l sb s b s bu t bi ll s o m ewhat la r ge r ; '

il i il nn r ra an a
'

r ar i a n a,
'

m ale w i th p o ste ri o r l o we r pa r ts ave r ag i ng da r ke r ; fe m ale da r ke r ,

d u lle r b el o w and m o r e g r een i sh a b o ve .

Ty p Ad u lt m a l e N 8 9 U S N M ; M j i R i ve r N i as
e ,
o . 1 0 20 . . . . o e a ,

I sland M a r ch 4 9 5 D r W L Ab b ot t
,

,
1 ,
1 0 . . . .

C i n n y r l sp e c t o r a lisH o r s ( N e ct a r i n i a p e c t o r a l isH o r s
e l d
1
T he n am e e l d
Tr d V ip 6 ) b y w h i h th i ssp i sis u rr t l y
,

an sL 8 nn So c L on o l 1 3, 1 2 1, 1 7 c ec e c en

k w isp r u pi d b y C i sp sV i i ll t ( N
. . . . .
,
.

d H is

D ie t N at

no n, e o cc e n n y rz e ct o r a l i e o o uv t

p pp l i d Ci is f S i xt
.
. . .
,

V o 8 l 31, 1 1 9, N i a e to n nyr a ra n ce th e ne n am e , e ct a r i n a

k ( l hClr V si v l i d t d
. . .

i l T
e x in a e m m in c
8 l 8 s P an c o o o l 4 1 22 p 13 g 1, i n a a e

by N i d ( Tr s i d V p 68)
. . .
.
, , , , .

i H s
e c ta r n i a e x S 8 im a or el an L nn oc L on o l 1 3, 1 2 1 1

u d i d si t i Ci is
. . . .
, .
, .

( :
p A i i )
e s
th o y a ex s s s m a the cce e ng e g na on, n nyr o r n a tu L e on

( Di t S i N p u st b d p t d d sp i s ll d
,

c V. 8 c . at .
,
o l . 1, 1 2 7, . m e a o e , an the ec e ca e

Cl s L s s
'

n n y rz o r n a za e on

rl i st
.

Ci s ss ii ( i ) isC h i b sl i i
2
ha lt Temm
'

The ea e n am e fo r n n y ri e n ck ert a ra an a

G l i ( S y st
me nV p t 788 p d sp i ssh u l d th r f r
N at o l 1, 1, 1 an th e ec e o e e o e

t d sC sb si i ( G l i ) T l l i ty ( B r z i l ) wh i h G l i
. .
, . .
,
.
, ,

s inn yr i l he me
'

an a ra an a me n o ca a c n

i v sb i rr u s d si t J v s ty p l l i ty
.

g e e n g e oneo , we e g na e a a a th e e -

o ca .
20 SM ITH S ON IA N M IC S E LL A NE O U C S O LL E C TI ON S VO L . 60

Ty p A d u lt m ale N o
e ,
. 1 7 9 3 86 U S N M ; P u l o B angka r
. . . . a,

B anj ak I slands Jan u a r y 8 ; D r W L A bb o tt

,

,
1 ,
1 90 2 . . . .

A R A CHN OT HE R A CHR YS OG E NYS C OP R A , u new p e ci e s

sb s
S imi la r t o A h th h y sg y s l y sg
ra e
y sf r o m s o u theast
no e ra c r o en e ir o en

e r n S um at r a b ut la r ge r ; upp e r and l o we r pa r ts da r ke r and d u lle r

,

.
,

Ty p A d u lt m ale N o 7 93 8 U S N M T a p an u l i B n o r th
e ,
. 1 1 . . . . av,

weste r n S um at r a F e bru a r y 8 9 ; D r W L A bb ott

,

,
2 ,
1 02 . . . .

A R A CHN OT HE R A ub C HR YS OG E N YS I S OP E G A , n ew p e ci e s
s s
Res mb l i ng A l l
e h y sg y s p / f r o m n
r a c zn oo r thweste r n t i e ra c r
-

o e n co ca ,

S um at r a bu t la r ge r except i ng the bi ll ; and l o we r pa r ts l i ghte r .

Ty p Ad ul t sex u nkn o wn p r o b a b ly m ale N o 8 8 U S

, ,

e , , ,
. 1 002 , . .

N M ; P ag i I slands D ece mb e r 46 9
. . D r W L A bb o tt ,
: ,
1 02 . . . .

A R A CHN OT HE R A ub
CHR Y S OG E NYS P L E OXA N T HA , new p e ci e s
s s
S imi la r t o A h th h y sg y s rac p h f r o
no m n o r thweste r n e ra e r
-
o en co a,
-

S um at r a bu t sm alle r ; o l i ve g r een o f up pe r s u r face s o m ewhat m r e

,
o

yel l o w i sh ; ante ri o r l o we r p a r ts m o r e ye l l w i sh ; and yell o w o f a b d o o

m en m o r e go lden ( less g r een i sh ) Rese mb l i ng A l l h y . r ae i n o

'

t i e ra C r

sg y s l y sg y sbu t da r ke r b o th a b o ve and b el o w
o en cir
-

o en .

Ty p Ad u lt fe m ale N o 8 9 9 U S N M ; G u n o ng L e mbu
,

e . 1 0 0 ,
. . . .
,

N i as I s l and F e bru a r y 7 9 5 ; D r W L A bb o tt
,

,
2 ,
1 0 . . . .

A N T HR E P T E S M A L A CE N S I S ub p 1
NE S A E US , n ew s se ci e s
S imi la r t o A l p sm l sism l
n tsl sbu t ave r ag i ng la r ge r ;
i re te a ae e n a a ce n

m ale da r ke r b el o w p a r t i c ul a r l y o n b r east ; fe m a l e w i th ell o w o f

,

u nde r pa r ts l i ghte r ; o li ve g r een o f up pe r s ur face m o r e g r ay i sh o r

,

g r een i sh ( less g o lden ) .

Ty p Ad ul t m ale N o 8 4 8 U S N M S i kaka p S t r a i t P ag i
e ,
. 1 00 . . . .
,

I slands N o ve mb e r o r D ece mb e r 9 D W L Abb o tt

,

, ,
1 0 2 r . . . .

A N T HR E P T E S ub M A L A C E N S I S P E L L OP T I L U S , new p e ci e s
s s
L i ke A t l p s m l sis m l n ire is bu t ave r ag i ng la r ge r ;
te a a ce n a a ce n c -

fe m ale and j u venal m ale da r ke r a b o ve and b el o w .

Ty p Ad u lt m ale No 7 93 9 U S N M ; S im al u r I s l and
e ,
. 1 2 . . . .
,

N o ve mb e r D r W L A bb o tt
,

9 2 2 ,
1 0 1 . . . .

1
T h i sis h r i i l sp ll i
t e o g na e ng o f the S p i ec c n am e .
NO .
7
'

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I N SM ITH SON IA C TI
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MA NA I MA OS
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BA L T MO
I RE , MD .
, U . S. A .
NE W G E N ER A A N D RA C E S O F A F R I C A N U N G U L A T E S
B E D M U N D H E LL E R Y

AT U AL T T
N R A A CA
IS ,
TSM I H S ON I N F RI N E XP E D I I ON

I n atte m pt i ng t o dete rmi ne the sk u ll cha r acte r s o f the va ri o u s

spec i es o f E ast A f ri can u ng u lates seve r al s p ec i es have b een f o u d n

t o p o ssess gene ri c ha r acte r s d i ffe r ent f r o m th o se o f the spec i es w i th

,

wh i ch they have h i the r t o b een ass o c i ated T hey a r e desc rib ed i n .

the p r esent pape r t o gethe r w i th s i x new r aces o f antel o pes detected

a m o ng the s p ec im ens c o llected b y the S mi ths o n i an Af ri can E xped i
,

t i o n u nde r d ir ect i o n o f C o l o nel R o o sevelt I n m ak i ng these st u d i es .

,

the m ate r i al i n the B ri t i sh M u se um has b een d r awn up o n extens i vely

and has b een o f i nval u a b le ass i stance .

F ami ly E QU I DZE
D OL I C HOHI P P U S , new g en us
T ype e sg r e v y l O us
in tal e t .

C h a r a ct e r s S k u ll el o ngate and na rr o w the r o stal p o r t i o n and

t o a l esse r deg r ee the o cc i p i ta l r eg i o n p r o d u ced al o ng the m a i n ax i s
,

o f the sk u ll ; r o st r al p o r t i o n l o ng and na rr w the d i aste m a e q u al l i ng

, ,

t h alve o la r lengt h o f the f o u r last cheek teeth ; la mb d o i dal c r est o f

,

o cc ipi tals p r o d u ced b eh i nd c o ndyles and e x tend i ng al m o st o n a leve l

w i th the a u d i t o r y m eat u s n o t ve r t i ca l ly a b o ve i t as i n E q so r nn

H ipp t ig is ; fac i a l p o r t i o n f l ach r y m al b o ne la r ge f o r mi ng o ne

,

o r o

th ir d o f o rbi tal rim and extend i ng well b eh i nd nasal b o nes p ste r

,

i l y i ts len g t h t o % t im es i ts g r eatest de p th i nte r o rbi tal r eg i o n

,

or 2 2 ,

at o r t r u ncate m ed i a l ly ; ascend i ng pr cess o f p r e m ax i l l a na rr o w ; o

i ts s u t ur e w i th the nasal ly i ng b e l o w the nasal n o tch wh i ch wh o lly 15

i n the nasal b o ne ; palatal f o r a mi na l o ng and na rr o w ; br a i n case -

ve r y shall o w and dep r essed ; c o l o r patt er n c o mp o sed o f n um r o u s e

na r r o w b lack and wh i te t r ansve r se st rip es the l o i ns w i th o u t any

g ri d ir o n patte r n ; ea r s l a r ge and br o ad ; h o o fs la r ge and s o m
,

what el o ngate ; e r go ts f o r elegs u s u ally s m all0 11 .

T he S ha p e o f the sk u ll o f D l i l l l p p s g y l i s dec i ded l y o c io i -

n rev

d o l i ch o ce p hal i c b o th the r o st r a l and o cc ipi ta l p o r t i o ns b e i ng pr o

d u d s o m ewhat si n the sk ul l o f the wh i t e r h i n o ce r o s C
,

ce a t h e ra o t e

T he gene r al sha p e o f the sk ul l i s i n fact mu ch nea r e r that o f

,
'

rz m n.
, ,

IT IA I C LLA U C LL C TI
SM HS O N N M S E NE O S O E O NS , VO L . 60, No . 8 .
2 SM ITH SON IA N M IC
S E LL A NE O U C S O LL E C TI ON S VO L . 60

E qn usca b arl l n s bu t i t stands at the ext r e m e as r ega r ds length and

na rr o wness the h o r se b e i ng i nte r m ed i ate i n shape o f sk u ll b et ween
,

th i s type and the asses and z ebr as F o ur sk u lls o f E qu s b l l s . n ca a n

p lskl l i n the B ri t i sh M u se um have b en u sed f o r m ak i ng these

r z e e v ai e

c o m pa ri s o ns sthey r e p r esent b est the o r i g i nal w i ld h o r se type

,
a .

T hese f o u r sk u lls a r e sh o r te r and br o ade r than that o f the n o r m al

d o m est i c h o r se and r ese mb le the sk u lls o f w i ld asses m o r cl osely e .

S k u lls o f t h d m si br eeds o f h o r ses va y c o ns i de r b ly i n length

e o e t c r a

and na rr o wness bu t o ne a r e as d o l i ch o cephal i c sD l h hl pp s

,
n a o ic
'

o n ,

and all d i ffe r f r o m th i s gen u s i n the sh o r te r r ectang u la r shape o f

the fac i l p o r t i o n o f t h lach r y m al b o ne I n fact D l i h h l pp s
a e .
,
o e o n

g rev y i is the o n l y s p ec i es o f the o ld gen u s E q swh i ch sh o ws nn

app r ec i a b le d i st i nct i ve sk u ll c a r acte r s I t ism o r e w i dely sepa r ated

h .

f r o m t ru e E qm sthan th i s i s f r o m A si so r H ipp tig is T he tw o

t nn o r .

latte r gene r a sh o w n o sk u ll cha r acte r s wh i ch w i ll sepa r ate the m .

H ipp t ig isr ep r esents the ext r e m e as r ega r ds sh o r tness o f sk u ll

o r ,

r o u ndness o f i nte r o rbi tal r eg i o n and s m all s iz o f lach ry m al b o ne ; ,

e

As i si s s o m ewha t m o r e d l i ch o cephal i c and atte r i n the i nte r

nn o

o rbi tal r eg i o n wh i le E g siso ften q ui te d o l i ch o cephal i c ante r i o rl y

'

,
an -

bu t lacks an y o cc i p i tal el o ngat i o n .

T he th r ee e q ui n gene r a E q s A si sand H ipp tig isd i ffe r

e nn na -
o r

c o llect i vely f r o m D li h h ip pusb y the i r sh o r te r and br o ade r sk u lls

,

o c o

S h o r te r and m o r e r ectang u l r lach r y m al b o ne ( the de p th o f wh i ch

,

nea r ly e q u als i slength f r o m the o rbi tal r im ) the p o s i t i o n o f the

t ,

late r al nasal n o tch ( wh i ch i s at the s u t u r e o f the nasals and p r e

m ax i ll e ) and the sh o r te r la mb d o i dal c r est ( wh i ch te r mi nates ve r
a

t i cal i n r espe t t o the a u d i t o r y m atus ) H ip p tl g l sd i ffe r s f ur the r

,

c e . o r

i n hav i ng a r o u nded o r c o nvex i nte r o rbi t l r eg i o n and sh o r te r p s a ,

o

t i
er or extens i o n o f the fac i al p o r t i o n o f the lach r y m al b o ne wh i ch
d o es n o t extend b ey o nd the nasal b o nes O the r d i ffe r ences i n that .

gen u s a r e the s m a l l ea r s br o ad st rip es na r r o we r h o fs and la r ge r , o

e r go ts o n f o r elegs T he m o u nta i n z e br a H b sh o ws o nly sl i ght

,

.
,
. z e r a,

sk u ll d i ff e r nces f r o m the q u aggas o r bu h l ll g r o up alth o u gh the

e re e ,

w i de c o l o r d i ffe r ences and d i ve r se ha bi ts w o ul d le d o ne t o ant i c i pate a

o the r st ru ct ur al pec u l i a ri t i es i n th i s f o rm T h shape o f the ea r o f . e

D l l h / p p sisq ui te d i ffe r ent i n i ts g r eate r br eadth f r o m that o f

'

o e o n n

As i nns i n wh i ch gen u s the ea r s th o u gh e q u ally l o ng a r e na r r o w

,
.

T he h oo f th o u gh st ri k i ngly d i ffe r ent f r o m that o f H ip p ig is d

,
ot r an

the na rr o w h oo fed spec i es o f A si si n i ts la r ge s iz e and b r eadth i s

-
nn ,

ve r y Simi la r i these tw o cha r acte r s t o that o f the k i ang A sl s

ll ,
nn

kia n g .
4 SM ITH SON IA N M S IC E LL A NE O U C S O LL E C TI ON S V OL . 60

n o e h wt e si n
l ng nasal b o nes and el o ngate r o st r al pa rt o f t h
it s o
'

S k u ll i n i ts p r e m ax i ll w i th r o u nded b o r de r and the br o ad asc nd

,

, ae e

i ng nasal p r o cesses T h d i r ect i o n o f the h o r ns i s o u twa r d and n o t

,

. e

f o r wa r d d u pwa r d o ve r the eyes as i n C

an h t s T h th o r c i c o nn oc az e . e a

ve r te b r a r e o ne less than i n C
ae h wt s wh i ch i s u n i q u e a m o ng onn oe e

A f r i can antel o pes i n the p o ssess i o n o f f o u r teen B o th gene r a h v

,

. a e

as a r u le o nly tw o l o we r p r e m o la r s i n the pe r m anent denti t i o n t h e

r st mi lk m o la r n o t b e i ng r e p laced b y a p r e m o la r A m o ng t h spec i es
,

. e

o f B ub l is spec i es l i h t st i l stands ut f r o m t h o the r s as a

a one c en e n o e

ve r y d i ff e r ent f o r m and sh o ws a c o ns i de r ab le deg r ee o f d i st i nctness

, ,

b th i n h o r n shape and sk u ll cha r acte r s T he b r o ad h o r n ped i cle

o .
1

g ves t h p o s t e ri o r p o r t i o n o f the sk u ll a st r i k i ng r ese mb lance t o

i e

that o f G g I t i s he r e c o ns i de r ed as the type o f a se p a r at

or on . e

gen u s .

S I G M OCE R OS , new g e nu s
T ype B ub a l isl ich t e n s
t e in i ete r s P .

C ha ra ct e r s r s w i th a pec u l i a r S o r Z shaped c u r vat u r e

Ho n -

br ad and dep r essed at the b ase and sha r ply t u r ned b a k wa r d at the
o c

t i ps ; m ed i an f r o ntal s u t u r e r a i sed i nt o a p r o mi nent r i dge i

,

th n e

i nte r o rbi tal r eg i o n ; h o r n ped i cle w i de and sh o r t i ts bi fu r cat i o n 1

o cc u rr i ng d i r ectly a b o ve the p o ste r i o r m a r g i n o f the c o ndyles the ,

w i dth o f the ped i cle e q u all i ng the d i stance f r o m the bi f u r cat i o n t o

the p o ste ri o r b o r de r o f t h o rbi tal r im e .

I n the cl o sely all i ed gen u s B b l sthe h o r n ped i cle i s ve r y l o ng il a i

'

and na rr o w the bi f u r cat i o n tak i ng p lac well p ste r i o r ly t o the

,
e o

c o ndyles and the w i dth o f the ped i cle i s always mu ch less than it s
,

l ength f r o m the bi f u r cat i o n t o the o r bi tal rim T he f r o ntal r eg i o n .

.

d i ffe r s f u r the r i n b e i g at and the h r ns at the b se a r e c i r c u l r

n o a a

w i th o u t any m a r ked dep r ess i o n as i n S ig m s o ce r o .

T he ge o g r a p h i cal d i st ribu t i o n o f th i s d i st i nct typ i s pec u l i a r I t e .

o cc u p i es the te r ri t o r y b etween tw o spec i es o f typ i cal B ub l isw i th a

ne i the r o f wh i ch i t isat all cl o sely all i ed I t sr ange extends f r o m .

cent r al G e r m an E ast A f ri ca s o u thwa r d th r o u gh N yasaland and

Po r t u g u ese E ast A f r i ca t o the v i c i n i ty o f D l g B y e a oa a .

T he C aa m a a typ i cal B ub l is o f the ext r e m e d o l i ch o ce p hal i c a

lelwel ty pe extends n o r thwa r ds f r o m the C ape r eg i o n as fa r sthe

,

L imp o p o R i ve r bu t d o es n o t r each the s o u the r n l imi ts o f t h r ange

,

,
e

o f S ig s I n cent r al G e r m an E ast Af ri ca S ig m
n i o ce r o . sr eaches ,
i o ce r o

1
Th t r h r p d i l isu sd h r d l swh r i t h i sp p r
e e m

o n e c e

e e e an e e e e n a e to
d si t
e g p st r i r u pp r p r t i f h r i u f r h rb i t s h
na e th e o e o e o on o t e c an m, o m t e o to t e

v rt x
e e .
NO . 8 NE w A F RI C A U G U L AT N N E S H E LL E R 5

i ts n o r the r n limi ts and he r e i t m eets the w i de s pr ead i ng h o r ned - -

Sp ec i es B k l bu t d o es n o t ap p a r ently act u a ll y o cc ur w i th i t
,

. co e

anywhe r e
, , ,

H w s u ch a d i st i nct ty p e as S ig
o shas c o m e t o i nha bi t te rri tn o ce r o

t o r y i nte rm ed i ate b etween tw o fa ir ly cl o sely a lli ed s p ec i es and y e t

r e m a i n al oo f f r o m the te rri t o r y f b o th d o es n o t at pr esent ad mi t o f

,

any r eady ex p lanat i o n .

I OK KO G B UB A L S su b sp s C E I N ONI , new e ci e

T ype f r o m L it P la i ns S o u the r n G u as o N y ir o R i ve r B ri t i sh E ast

o a

A f r i ca ; ad u lt m ale No 6 99 U S N at M us; sh o t b y C l T he o
, ,

. 1 2 2 . . . o .

d o r e R oo seve l t J u ne 9 9 9 ; o ri g i nal ( H e ll e r ) n umb e r 3 9

,

, 1 1 0 1 .

S imil a r t o k l bu t d i ffe r i ng b y l i ghte r c o l o r at i o n

,

Ch t s
ara c e r co e ,

the c o at m o r e pu r ely bu ffy w i th ve r y l i tt l e r edd i sh t i nt o n the b o dy ,

the r u fo u s o f the f o r ehead and sn o u t o f k l r eplaced b y tawny ; co e

S k u ll ave r g i ng br o ade r w i th w i de r and sh o r te r h o r n p ed i c l e

a .

C l ti
o ora D o r sa l c o l o r t i o n t wny o h r ace o u s the r um p and
on a a -
c

th i ghs l i ghte r bu ff i n c o l o r and sh wi ng c o ns i de r a b le c o nt r ast f r o m

,

the da r ke r d o r sal c o l o r at i o n ; s i des o f b o dy bu ff i n c o l o r and s o m e

wha t l i ghte r than the m ed ium d o r sal a r ea m e r g i ng im pe r cept ib ly
i nt o the c r ea m buff o f the u nde r pa r ts T o p o f head S l i ghtly da r ke r
,

than the b ack tawny ; che ks and th r o at l i ghte r m o r e bu ffy the

,
e ,

latte r p ur e bu ff i n c o l o r ; t ip o f ch i n ha i r br o wn ; b ac k o f ea r s tawny -

o ch r ace o u s the i ns i de cl o thed b y c r ea m bu ff ha ir s F r o nt o f legs

tawny f r o m the h oo fs t o the knees and h o cks ; b ack and s i des o f
.

legs c r ea m bu ff l i ke the b e l ly T a il w i th b lack c r es t and t ip the

,

.
,

b ase bu ff l i ke the r um p
,

M s m ts H ead d b o dy
e at
-

ur e en .mm ; ta i l 48 ; h i nd f oo t an . 0 ,

5 5 ; ea r
, ,

0 2 10 .

S k u ll C d y l b asal length 4 ; g r eatest l ength ( bi f ur cat i o n o f

,

: on o 02

h o r n ped i cle t o pr m ax i ll e t i p ) 4 5 5 ; nasa l 5 ; br eadth o f h o r n

,

e a 20

ped i cle 94 ; length o f h o r n p ed i cle f r o m o rbi t t o bi f ur cat i o n 4 ;

, ,

1 1

length o f u ppe r t oo th r o w d i stance f r o m r st pr e m o l a r t o

, ,

p r e m ax i ll e t i p 3 9 a 1 .

T he ha r teb eests i nha bi t i ng the h i gh l ands o f the i nte ri o r a r e d i s

,

t i t l y l i ghte r c l o r ed o r m o r e p ur e l y bu ffy i n t o ne than th o se

nc o

f r o m the l o w c o ast lands T he h o r n and sk ul l va ri at i o ns a r e s o

, ,

g r eat h o weve r that den i te sk ull cha r acte r s a r e ha r dly d t m i

,
e er n

a b le T he h r ns S h o w g r eat age va ri at i o n I n imm at uri ty they a r e

,

. o .

mu ch less br acket shaped w i th l o ng slende r p o i nts bu t i n o l d age

,

when the teeth sh o w mu ch wea r the h o r n p o i nts a r e a l s o g r eat l y

, ,

,
O SM ITH SON IA N M IC S E LL A NE O U C S O LL E C TI ON S V OL . 60

sh o r tened d u e t o wea r d the b sal shank o f the h o r n stands ut an a o

t a w i de r angle g i v i ng the h o r ns a m o r e p r o n o u nced br acket shape

, ,

a .

T he type s p ec im en o f B ub l s / i i n the B r i t i sh M u se um c o n
-

a i
'

co e e

s i sts o f the d r i ed head S k i n and the sk u ll the latte r w i th o u t the

-

m and ib le o r nasal b o nes T he wh o le t o p o f the head i n th i s sca lp i s

,

deep c i nna m o n r u f ous the heeks and b ack o f ea r s d neck tawny

-
C an

and the th r o at tawny o ch r ace o u s T he S k u ll iss o m ewhat imm at ur e

,

-
.
,

the p r e m o la r s hav i ng j u st up t d the last o ne b e i ng n o t yet u p t o

e rr e ,

the level o f the gene r al t o o th l i ne A pa r t o f the c o ndyles b as i -

.

o cc i p i tal and sphen o i d r eg i o n o f the S k u ll have b een c u t away T he

,

m eas u r e m ents o f th i s sk u ll a r e sf o ll o ws C dy l b asal length a : on o -

3 83 mm ; g r eatest length ( bi f ur cat i o n t o p r e m ax i ll

. t i p ) 453 ae

z yg o m at i c b r eadth 3 ; length o f u ppe r t oo th r o w 93 ; d i stance

,

I 2 -

f r o m r st p r e m o la r t o t i p o f p r e m ax i l l e 3
,

a 1 1 .

H o r ns L ength o n o u ts i de c u r ve 4 3 ; b r eadth t t i p 3 5 ; g r eatest

,

: ,
1 a 1

b r eadth 3 95 ; c i r c um fe r ence at b ase 3 5

,

, ,
2 .

A m o ng the S u ah i l i th i s antel o p e iskn o wn as the ko ngo n i and the ,

te rm has b ec o m e s fa mi l i a r th r o u gh i ts c o nstant us b y the neg r o

o e

p o r te r s o n safa r i tha t i t h sb een ad o pted b y sp o r ts m en gene r ally

a

f o r th i s spec i es .

BU I S N KU I E BA Lsp s A R ,
n ew e ci e

T ype f r o m N ak u r u B r i t i sh E ast A f r i ca ; ad u lt m ale ; N o 63 3

,
. 1 1 0 ,

U S N at M u s ; S h o t b y Ke r mi t R oo sevelt O t o b e r
. . . .
9 9; c 20 , 1 0

o ri g i nal ( H elle r ) n umb e r 4 8

,

,
1 .

Ch t s
arac e r S imi la r t o i o f the L ake R u d o lf r eg i o n bu t
n e n n za n n

d i ffe r i ng b y l i ghte r b o dy c o l o r at i o n and na rr o we r o r less br o adly

b r acket sh ped h o r ns ; s imi la r t o k l i n s iz e and gene r al b o dy
a co e

c o l o r bu t feet w i th b lack b and b r de r i ng h oo f clefts h o r ns na rr o we r o

and less br acket shaped

,

G ene r al d o r sal c o l o r tawny o ch r ace o u s the c o l o r b

.

C lo o ra ti on -
e

c o mi ng li ghte r the Si des whe r e i t isbu ffy bu t m e r ges g r ad u al ly

on

i nt o the c r ea m bu ff o f the l o we r p a r ts ; r um p sca r cely l i ghte r than

b ack bu t the th i ghs bu ff i n c o l o r l i ke s i des T o p o f head tawny .
,

the cheeks l i ghte r tawny o ch r ace o u s and m e r g i ng i nt o the bu ff o f

-

the th r o at ; ch i n seal br o n at t i p ; b ack o f ea r s o ch r ace o u s the i

w ,
n

s i de s ur faces c l o thed b y c r ea m b u ha ir s F r o nt o f legs w i th seal -

.

b r o wn sp o t a b o ve h oo fs wh i ch m e r ges i nt o a tawny st ri pe extend i ng

t o the kn es and h o cks ; b ack and i ns i de o f legs bu ff T i l c r est and
e . a

t ip b lack b ase tawny o ch r ace o u s -

S k ul l d y l b asal length 4 mm g r eatest

,

M s m
e a n re ts en C : on o -

00 .

length ( bi f ur cat i o n o f h o r n ped i cle t o p r e m ax i ll e t ip ) 46 3 ; z y g o

,
.

a ,
8 SM ITH SON IA N M IC S E L LA N E O U C S O LL E C TI ON S VOL . 60

b r eadth 5 ; nasals 34 ; b r eadth o f h r n p ed i cle 9 5 ; length o f

,
12 2 o

h o r n p ed i cle fr m o r bi t t o bi fu r cat i o n 4 3 length o f u ppe r t oo th

, ,

o 1

r o w 5 ; d i stance f r o m r st p r e m o la r t o p r e m ax i ll t i p 44
,

,
10 ae ,
1 .

T h i s r ace i s l i ghte r and m o r e y ell o w i sh i n c o l o r than any o f h t e

o the r r aces o f l l w l T he sk u ll d i ffe r s c o ns i de r a b ly f r o m j ks l

e e .
-

ac on

b y it sl o nge r nasal b o nes and up pe r t oo th r o w T he h o r ns d i ffe r -

.
,

f ur the r i n that the i r t i ps a r e pa r allel o r t ur n i nwa r ds si n i dl ki ;

, a n e ec

n o t o u twa r dly si n j ks i T he h o r ns a r e dec i dedly st r a i ghte r

,

,
a ae on .

i n p r o le than i n j ks l the angle m ade b y the t i ps b e i ng mu ch

ae on

m o r e o b t u se O n the west b ank o f the N i l we m eet w i th the typi cal

. e

l l w l wh i ch h sSimi la r h o r n and S k u ll ha r acte r s bu t h sexten

e e a -

C a

s i ve b lack m a r k i ngs a b o u t the h oo fs d legs the b lack o n the fo r e

,

an

feet b e i ng c o nt i n u ed sa br o ad s t ri pe f r o m the h o f b ands t o the

,

a o -

knees .

I n the gen u s D m l isuswe nd a c o ns i de r a b le d i ff e r enc i n the

a a c e

shape o f the h o r ns i n the d i ffe r ent f o r m s o f the t o p i o n the o ne ,

hand and i n the b o nteb o k o f S o u th Af r i ca o n h o the r bu t the

,
t e ,

S k u ll d i ffe r ences b etween these spec i es a r e q ui te sl i ght T h i s is

-

.
,

h o weve r b y n o m eans the case w i th the pec u l i a r E st Af r i can s p ec i es

,
a

kn wn as D [ism sh u t l T he shape o f the sk u ll and h o r ns

o a ni a /
n er .

and the c o l o r at i o n i n th i s spec i es a r e s d i ff e r ent f r o m th o se f the o o

o the r m e mb e r s o f the gen u s that i t see m s necessa r y t sepa r ate i t ,

o

gene r i cally f r o m the latte r i n o r de r t o av o i d c o nf u s i o I t isthe r e n .

,

f o r e desc r ib ed b el o w sthe r ep r esentat i ve o f new gen u s

,
a a .

B E A T R A G US , new g en u s
T ype D a m a l is
cus clate r
ha n te ri S .

Ch t s N asal b o nes l ng r each i ng as fa r p ste r i o r ly as the

ar a c e r o o

ante ri o r edge f the o r bi ts ac u tely p o i nted at f r o ntal o ntact ; lach

,

o ,
C

r y m al b o ne w i th it sfac i al p o r t i o n p r o j ect i ng f o r wa r d al o ng the

nas l s u t u r e s na rr o w ac u tely p i n t ed p r o ess ; i nf r o r bi tal
a a a ,
-
o c a

f o r a m en d i v i ded ; kn o bb ed p r o cesses o n b as i cc i p i tal at b as i sphen i d o o

s u t u r e s m all ; l o we r p r e m o la r s o nly t w ; h o r ns w i de sp r ead at b ase o ,

U shaped ; c o l o r cha r acte r s a wh i te ta i l and wh i te i nte r o rbi tal b a r

ac r o ss f o r ehead
,

D m l isusd i ff e r s f r o m B
a a c t g usch i ey i n the S h o r te r nasal e a ra

b o nes ( wh i ch st op well i n advance o f the o r bi tsand end o b t u sely o r

a r e t ru ncated ) the sh o r te r lach r y m al b o ne s i ngle i nf r a o rbi tal fo r a
,

m en and the p r esence f the th r ee l o we r p r e m o la r s

,

o .

T o s o m e deg r ee th i s gen u s i s i nte rm ed i te b etween B ub l isand

,

a a

D m l isus es p ec i ally as r ega r ds the el o ngate nasal b o nes bu t the

a a c , ,
NO . 8 NE W A F RI C A U G U L AT
N N E S H E LL E R 9

gene r a l sha p e o f the o cc ipi tal p a r t o f the sk ull i s d i st i nct l y D l is a ni a

en sli ke T he d o ub l i nf r a o r bi tal f o r a mi na and the p r esence o f o nly

-

. e

tw o l o we r p r e m o la r s s u ggest k i nsh ip w i th G g and C h s or on onn oc a te

t o wh i ch gene r a i t o b v i o u sly h s h o weve r n o r ea l afn i ty I t i s
,

a ,

ap p a r ent l y a Sp ec i al iz ed o ff sh oo t f r o m the D m l susst o ck

.
,
'

a a i c

T he ve S k ul ls o f B t g si n the B ri t i sh M u se um ag r ee i n the
.

e a ra n

p o ssess i o n o f the cha r acte r s g i ven fo r that gen u s T h r ee o f the .

sk u lls lack m and ib les bu t tw o r ecently p r esented t o the mu se um b y

, ,

M r G B la i ne wh o sec u r ed the m o n the T ana R i ve r have ena bl d

. .
, e

the w ri te r t o dete rmi ne the dental cha r acte r s o f the gen u s

,

S YL VI CA P R A GRI MMI R OOS E VE L T I , n ew s

u s b
p e ci e s
i l B u sh Du i k r N e e

T ype f r o m Rh i n o C a m p L ad o E nclave ; E gypt i an S u dan ; y o u ng

ad u lt m ale ( r s t mi lk m o la r st i ll i n place ) N o 64664 U S N at
,

. 1 ,
. . .

M us; sh o t b y T he o d o r e R o o sevelt ; Jan u a ry 5 9 o ri g i nal 2 1 10

( H elle r ) n umb e r 6 6
,

1 .

S m alle r than any o the r r ace and l i ghte r c o l o r ed ;

,

Ch t s
ar a c e r

the b o d y c o l o g r ay i sh r athe r than yell o w i sh and the da r k a r eas o f

,

r ,

l o we r pa r t o f legs b r o cc o l i b r o wn n o t b lack da r k b and o n f o r elegs

-

f r o m h oo f t o knees o nl y fa i ntly i nd i cated

,

C l ti
o ora D o r sal b o dy c o l o r at i o n w oo d br o wn ve r mi c u lated
on .

w i th b lack i sh da r kest o n m ed i an l i ne b sally the ha ir isec r u d r ab ; a

the s i des o f the b o dy l i ghte r b ec o mi ng p u r e fawn whe r e they m eet

, ,

the wh i te o f the u nde rp a r ts ; the neck sh o w i ng ve r y l i ttle b lack ve r

,

m i ul t i
c aal m o s t wh o lly c i nna m o n br wn th i s o l o r extend i ng o nt o
on, -

o ,
c

the he d whe r e i t dee p ens t o r u sset o n c r o wn and b o r de r s the w i de

a

b lack m ed i an st ri pe wh i ch extends f r o m r h i na r ium t o b ase o f h o r ns ;

,

cheeks and Si des o f face l i ghte r fawn c o l o r ; rum p m o r e g r ay i sh than

b ack d r ab g r ey p r ed o mi nat i ng ; ta i l w i th a heavy bl ack d o r sal st r ip e
, ,

the Si des and l o we r s ur faces wh i te the t ip ch i ey wh i te B el l y and .

i ns i de o f legs wh i te the ha ir at e x t r e m e b se d r a b chest mi xed

,

wh i te and fawn w i th the d r a b o f the b asal pa r t S h o w i ng th r o u gh ;

, ,

l o we r th r o at fawn l i ke the s i des ; g ul a r r eg i o n and u p p e r l i ps and

,

th r o a t wh i te t ip o f ch i n w i th da r k b r o wn p o t o n e ch s i de se p a S a

r ated b y wh i te i th r o at L imb s g r ay i sh fawn l i ke the b ack w i th a

,

o .

br o cc o l i br o wn b and enc i r cl i ng the h oo f sh i gh as the false h oo fs ;

-

a st r i pe o f the sa m e c o l o r extend i ng t o knees f o r elegs O u ts i de on .

o f ea r s da r k c o ve r ed b y mi n u te scatte r ed c i nna m o n ha ir s t ip s sh w o

i ng n o da r ke r b o r de r s ; i ns i de o f ea r s cl o thed b y l o ng wh i te ha ir s
,

55 ; h i nd f o o t
,

M s u m
ea ts H ead and b o dy 86 mm ; ta i l
re en 0 .

5 ; ea r 7 3 ( taken f r o m tanned S k i n )
, , ,

2 1 ,
.
IO SM ITH SON IA N M IC S E LL A NE O U C S O LL E C TI ON S VOL . 60

k u ll C dy l b asal length 46 ; b as i la r length 3 6 ; g r eatest

S : on o -

1 1

lengt h 56 ; z yg o m at i c b r eadth 6 7 ; nasals 56 3 ; i nte r o rbi tal

, ,

,
1 x 0

w i dth 3 7 ; ve r t i cal d i a m ete r o f o r bi t 7 ; lengt h o f u ppe r t oo th r o w

, ,

2 -

r st p r e m o la r t o p r e m ax i ll e t i p 46 ; length o f bu ll
, ,

51 a ae , 2 2 .

T he se ri es o f spec im ens f r o m the L ad o E nclav S h o w ve r y l i ttle

,

va r i at i o n f r o m t h cha r acte r s g i ven f o r the type all b e i ng dec i dedl y

e ,

li ght g r ay i sh i n c o l o r and s m all i n s iz e S p c im ens i n the B r i t i sh

-
. e

M u se um f r o m the B ah r l G ha z al r eg i o n f u r the r n o r th S h o w the

-
e -

sa m e l i gh t? c o l o r at i o n and s m all s iz e T h i s spec i es g l m i w i th it s

,

.
, r rn

va r i o u s r ac i al f o r m s has the w i dest ge o g r aph i cal d alt i t u d i nal

,

,
an

r ange o f any A f r i can antel o pe I t isfo u nd p r act i c lly eve ywhe r . a r e

f r o m A b y ss i n i a s o u thwa r d t t h C a p e r eg i o n and f r o m the east

o e

c o ast westwa r d t o the G a mbi an r eg i o n I ts alt i t u d i nal r ange extends

,

f r o m s level t o twelve th o u sand feet o n the q u t i l m o u nta i n

ea -

ae a or a

r anges T he c o l o r changes o ve r th i s w i de a r e a r e r e m a r kab ly sl i ght

. a ,

w i th the s i ngle except i o n o f t h r u f o u s r ace t s; o f the west e , co r o n a n

c o ast T he s o u the r n swell sthe alp i ne r aces S h o w t h da r kest

. a a e

c o at and the g r eatest a m o u nt o f b lack ann u lat i o n i n the ha i r aec o m

pan e i d b y the la r gest s iz e .

I n the L a b o E nclave th i s d ui ke r was f r e q u entl y u she d f r o m

c o ve r ts o f t all d r y g r ass wh i ch a r e it sch i ef ha u nt she r e i n t h e

ab sence o f th i ckets o f bu shes I t spa r t i al i ty fo r th i ck c o ve r ca u ses

.

i t t o seek the p r o tect i o n o f the densest patches o f tall g r ass bu t it s ,

foo d c o ns i st s excl u s i vely f the f o l i ag and f r ui t o f sh rub s O ne

o e .

o f the c o mm o nest s ub stances f o u nd i n i ts st o m ach w sthe ha r d a

yell o w b e rr y f the th o r n y n i ghtshade S l m

o py l th m o an n cann -
'

a e arn n .

O nly s o l i ta r y i nd i v i d u als we r e seen and these when u shed seld o m

,

st o p ped g o i ng u nt i l safely w i th i n the p r o tect i o n o f s o m e ne i gh b o r i ng

,

c o ve r .

SY C G MM A
L VI A PRA S s u b sp i s
RI I L T I VA L L I ,
new ec e

A lp i B u sh Du i k r ne e

T y p e f r o m s ummi t o f A b e r da r e Range nea r Ki g p P eak n an a o ,

alt i t u de f t ; ad u lt fe m ale ( p r e m o la r s w o r n ) ; N o
. 64 7 4 6 ,
. 1 ,

U S N at M us; sh o t b y T he o d o r e R oo sevelt A u g u st
. . .
9 9; 10 1 0

o ri g i nal ( H elle r ) n umb e r 9 5

, ,

2 .

S imi la r t o h i d i bu t la r ge r and d o r sal c o l o r da r ke r

,

Ch t s
ara c e r n e ,

mu ch m o r e ve rmi c u lated w i th b lack and less r edd i sh ; pelage mu ch

,

heav i e r c o l o r o f d o r sal ha ir b asally br o cc o l i b r o wn i n l i d i i t i s

,
-

i n e

mu ch l i ghte r ; h o o fs la r ge r ; ha ir o f u nde r p a rts b asa ll y ec r u d r a b

,

n o t wh i te t o the r oo ts si n l l a n nae
'

.
 12 SM ITH S ON IA N M IC
S E LL A NE O U C
S O LL E C TI ON S V OL . 00

feed S u rr o u nd i ng th i s m oo r land o n the sl o p es o f the r ange i s a

.

dense f o r est o f b a mb o o i ncl u d i ng a scatte r ed g o wth o f t r ees O n r .

the l o we r sl o pes the t r ees fo rm a s o l i d dense fo r est t o the e cl u s i o n

,

o f the b a mb o o T h i s f r i ng i ng f o r est i s n o t i nha bi ted b y any o f the

.

S yl i p d ui ke r s wh i ch a r e st r i ctly pla i ns o r bu sh d ui ke r s bu t
v e al r a ,

se es sa b a r r i e r t o the i r m i g r at i o n d o wnwa r ds t o the pla i ns

,

rv a

wh i ch a r e i nhabi ted b y an o the r c l o sel all i ed r ace h i d i

,

y n e .

We have the sa m e c o nd i t i o ns d u pl i cated o n M o u nt Ken i a the

,

sa m e r ace o f h i gh m o u nta i n d ui ke r s S g l t i l l l s i nha bi t i ng the

,

. . a va

m oo r land d o wn t o the b eg i nn i ng f the dense b a mb o and f o r est

,

o o

z o ne wh i ch a b s o l u tely l imi ts the i r l o we r ve r t i cal r ange and keeps

the m apa r t f r o m the i r cl o se all i es o f the p la i ns b el o w
,

OU R E B I A T I M ON T
sb s
p s A NA E QUA OR A, new u e ci e

N i l O ri b i e

T ype f r o m Rh i n o C a m p L ad o E nclave ; ad u lt m ale N o 647 3 ,

. 1 1 ,

U S N at M u s ; sh o t b y C l T he o d o r e R oo sevel t Jan u a ry
,

. . . . o .
,
12 ,

1 9 10; o r i g i nal ( H elle r ) n umb r 6 8 e 0 .

l bu t d i ff e r i ng b y the s m al l e r less
,

Ch t s N ea r est
a r ac e r tt co
l
on

ve r t i cal h r ns wh i ch a r e less heav i ly r i nged and l i ghte r ; d o r sal

, ,

c o l o r at i o n w i th da r ke r t i ps t o the ea r s and a few da k ha ir s i n the

,

r
t i p o f the t a i l ; ha ir sh o r te r ; h o r ns mu ch he v i e r than m t bu t a on ana,

slant i ng b ackwa r d t sa m e angle ty m pan i c bu ll and nasal b o nes

a ,
ae

la r ge r I nte m ed i at i n h o r n ch r acte r s b etween t t and m

. r e a co oni
'

on

t a na , bu t c o l o r at i o n nea r e r tt i co on .

C l i
o o ra t o n Do r sal c o l o r r u nn i ng b r o wn ve r mi c u lated b y V an
-

dyke b r o wn ; neck r um p and s i des w i th o u t the da r ke r ve r mi c u lat i o n

-

, ,

and t wn y i n c o l o r ; c r o wn o f head b r i ght r u fo u s b o r de r ed o n s i des

a ,

b y a b r o ad wh i te s u p r a o r bi tal b and ; sn o u t d s i des o f face bu ff y an , ,

the r h i na r ium b o r de r ed a b o ve b y a br o cc o l i b r o wn patch T a i l -

tawny l i ke r um p w i th a few b lack ha i r s i n t ip b o r de r ed b el o w b y a ,

few wh i te ha ir s L imb s tawny l i ke s i des the clefts o f h o fs and

,

,
o

p o ste r ns wh i t i sh E a r s o n o u ts i de bu ffy w i th ext r e m e t ip seal

.

.
,

b r o wn l i ned o n i ns i de b y l o ng wh i te ha ir s U nde r p a r ts and i ns i de

,

o f l imb s s i lky wh i te ; the ha ir wh i te t o the r o o ts ; chest s u ff u sed w i th

,

bu ffy ; th r o at o ch r ace o u s bu ff ; ch i n u p p e r l i ps and g u la r r eg i o n ,

wh i te
Sku l l M at u r e ad u lt all the cheek teeth sh o w i ng c o ns i de r a b le
.

:
-

wea r ; sk u ll la r ge and h eavy ; r a i sed and bu lg i ng o n d o r sal p r o le

al o ng lach r y m al nasal s u t u r e whe r e the lach r y m al p r o j ects l l l at e ra v

and r oo fs o ve r the imm ense anteo rbi tal f o ssa ; nasals ve r y la r ge and
NO . 8 NE w A F RI C A U G U L AT N N E S H E LL E R 1 3

l o ng t ri angu la r the Si des p o ste ri o rl y e x tend i ng o u t t o edge o f ante

, ,

o r bi tal f o ssa and f o rmi ng pa r t o f r oo f ; s up r a o rbi tal pi ts la r ge ;

l o we r edge o f ante o rb i ta l f o ssa f o rm ed i nt o a sha r p kn i fe edge te r
,

i g i n a p r o mi nent m assete r kn o b ; m sp y id f o ssa end i ng

,

mi n at n e o te r o

i n a sha r p o b t u se angle and well b eh i nd late r al f o ssa wh i ch a r e ,

r o u nded and te rmi nate o n a l i ne w i th mi ddle o f r st upp e r m o l a r ;

,

bu ll e la r ge l o ng and na r r o wed o n l o we r s u r face i nt o a S ha rp ri dge ;

a ,

t o o th r o w l o ng e q u al li ng d i stance f r o m r s p r e m o l a r o t i p o f
-

, t t

p r e m ax i ll e ; i nne r m a r g i n st r a i ght
a .

[VI s m s H ead and b o dy 96 mm ; ta i l 8 ; h i nd f oo t

e a n re en t .
~

0 . 0

8 ; ea r
, ,

2 0 7 10 .

S k u ll C dy l b asal length 66 ; b as i la r length 5 5 ; i nte r o rbi ta l

,

: on o -

1 , 1

w i dth 5 ; z yg o m at i c br eadth 74 ; nasals 74 9 ; d i a m ete r o f o r bi t

,

1 , ,
x 2

length o f up pe r t o o th r o w 5 3 r st p r e m o la r t o p r e m ax ill t ip
, ,

3 2 -

,
ae

5 3 ; length o f bul l e a ,

H r ns oL gth o n c u r ve r i ght
: left 4 ; c ir c um fe r ence at
e n 1 12 ,
1 1

b ase ri ght 5 left 5

, ,

2 ,
0 .

T he r aces o f O u bi a r e st ri k i ngly a li ke i n c o l o r and Si z e bu t

, , ,

re a

m o st o f the m i nha bi t w i del y se pa r ated a r eas and a r e well del imi ted
,

ge o g r aph i cally T he sk u llva r i at i o n i s r ea ll y imm ense and ve r y l i t l e

,

. t

dep ndence can b e placed o n s u ch cha r acte r s T he h o r ns h o weve r

e .
, ,

S h o w goo d ave r age cha r acte r s sr ega r ds the ir slant s iz e and sha p e a

bu t these a r e all q ui te sl ig ht and o nly app r ec i a b le as ave r ages T he

, ,

se r i es f r o m the U ppe r N i le sh o ws ve r y l i ttle c ol o r va ri at i o n and -

mu ch less sk u ll va r i at i o n than the se ri es o f l f r o m the G u as o

,

co tt o n

N g is h u P latea u T he d i ffe r ence b etween th i s r ace and t i i s

. co to n
s urpri s i ngly s li ght n o tw i thstand i ng the fact that these r aces tw o

l i ve at the ext r e m es o f the ve r t i cal r ange o f the gen u s

,

OR E ODOR CA S ,
n ew g en us
T ype ; R e d un ca ful v o r ufn l a A f z e l iu s
T y m p an i c sheath wh i ch encl o ses the ty mp an o hya l pi t
.

C h ar a ct e r s .

l o w and n o t e x tend i ng d o wnwa r d o n s i des o f bull e ; kn o bb ed pr o

, a

cesses o f b as i o cc i p i tal s m all and sh o r t ; fac i a l p o r t i o n o f l ach r y m a l

b o ne l o ng and na rr o w and extend i ng fa r p o ste ri o rl y o n o rbi t we l l ,

b eh i nd te rm nat i o n o f na sa l b o nes ; o rbi t la r ge the ve r t i cal d i a m ete r

i

o ne half length o f nasa l b o nes ; i nf r a o rbi al o p en i ng s i t u ated p o s

,

t
te r i l y a b o ve ante ri o r end o f mid dle u p p e r pr e m o l a r ; m assete r
or

kn o b o n s i des o f m ax il la r y s m all ; p i t at b ase o f c o ndyles p o ste ri o r

,

t o bu ll e deep ; l ach r y m a l nasa l s i n u s na rr o w ; p r e m ax il l l o ng

a -

ae

length o ne and o ne f o ur th t im es i n nasa l length

,

.
I 4 SM ITH SON IA N M IC
S E LL A NE O U C S O LL E C TI ON S V OL . 60

F e m ale sk ul ls lack the g r eat devel o p m ent o f the kn o bb ed p r o cesses

o f the b as i o cc ipi tal but th length o f th i s l atte r b o ne i s mu ch less
e

than i n the gen u s R d u T he m o st cl o sely all i ed gen u s i s R

e n ca . e

d n n e a,wh i ch d i ff r s ch i ey i n the l ng ty m pan i c sheath the g r eate r

e o

devel o p m ent o f the kn o bb ed p r o cesses o f the b s i o cc i p i tal b o ne

,

a ,

s m alle r o r bi t and w i de r and S h o r te r lach r y m al b o ne .

T he sk u ll d i ff e r ences b etween O d sand R d u a r e q ui te

-

re o o r ca
'
e nca

g r eat n o tw i thstand i ng the Simi la r i ty o f the gene r al b d y f o r m o -

pelage and h o r ns wh i ch g i ve these tw o types a false a p pea r anc o f e

cl o se k i nsh i p
,

T he ha bi ts o f O d sa r e st ri k i ngly d i ffe r ent f r o m th o se o f

re o o r ca

the swa m p i nha bi t i ng R d u I ts ha u nts a r e g r assy o r r o cky h i ll

e n ca.

s i des u s u ally i cl o se p r o x imi ty t o t h ha u nts o f the Kl i ppsp ri nge r

,
n e .

I n atte m pti ng t o b r eak u p the s ub fa mi l y T g l p h i i nt o -

ra e a n ae

nat u r al gene r a m any d i fc u lt i es m et w i th o w i ng t o the a b sence

,
a re ,

o f app r ec i a b le st r u ct u r al cha r acte r s a m o ng the spec i es T he sub .

fa mi ly isb ased ch i ey u p o n the s p ir al tw i st i the h o r ns Aec o m o .

pany i ng th i s h o r n cha r acte r isa cl o se s imil a ri ty i n shape o f S k u ll

-

and o f the i nd i v i d u al b o nes wh i ch c o m p o se i t T he s i t u at i o n o f the .

f o r a mi na f o ssa and s i n u ses isnea r ly the sa m e th r o u gh o u t the g r o u p

,
.

T he teeth a r e als o p r act i cally i dent i cal i n shap and r elat i ve s iz e e .

T h g r o u p m ay b e dened as f o ll o ws i n wh i ch the m ales

e B i : o v a aa

a r e a rm ed w i th sp ir ally w i sted h o r ns a ri s i ng a b o ve the o rbi ts and

t
extend i ng b ackwa r d and u pwa r d at an angle t o the gene r al d o r sal
,

p r o le o f the sk u ll ; h o r ns o f the fe m ale when p r esent cl o sely ,

re

se mb l i ng th o se f the m ale ; t i b i l f o ssa want i ng ; lach r y m al

,

o an or ta
nasal Si n u s well devel o p ed bu t n o t enla r ged ; lach r y m al b o ne la r ge
-

the fac i al p o r t i o n a b o u t e qu all i ng the o rbi t i n s iz e ; i nt r a o r bi tal fo r a

,

m en placed fa r f o r wa r d imm ed i ately i n advance o f the r st p r e

m o la r and o n t h m ax i lla r y canth u s the o p en i ng d ir ected f o r wa r d ;
,

e ,

cheekteeth s om ewhat br achy o d o nt and s im p l e the ena m el f sst s

,

o e

n o t hav i ng access o r y l o b es ; b o dy b anded b y t r ansve r se l i gh t st ri pes

,

o r b y Sp o ts f o rm ed b y the br eak i ng up o f the st ri ped patte r n .

N ea r ly a l l the s p ec i es f the T g l p h i a r e s cl o sely all i ed

o ra e a n ae o

that they mi ght a l l b e i ncl u ded i n a Si ng l e gen u s S u ch an a rr ange .

m ent w o ul d h o weve r r es ul t i n c o ns i de r a bl e ge o g r aph i cal c o nf u s i o n

and o b sc ur e the r eal r elat i o nsh i ps o f the s p ec i es T he atte m pt t o
, ,

m ake gene r a o f e q u al we i ght s st o exp r ess the r e l at i o nsh i ps o a

c l ea r ly o r av o i d c o nfu s i o n r es u lts i n a mu lt i pl i c i ty o f gene r a f r o m

spl i tt i ng i nt o g r o u ps s u ch cl o sely all i ed spec i es sth o se n o w u nde r
, ,

c o ns i de r at i o n T he gene r a ad o p ted b y m o st w r i te r s a r e b ased al m o st

.

s o lely up o n h o r n cha r acte r s -

.
I O SM ITH SON IA N M IC
S E LL A NE O U C S O LL E C TI ON S VO L . 60

N YA L A , n ew g enu s
T ype ; T p hus g si A ngas
r ag e l a ain a .

Ch t s O r bi t s m all ; fac i al p o r t i o n o f lach r y m al b o ne l o ng

arac e r

and na r r o w ; lach r y m al nasal s i n u s s m all ; nasal p r o cesses o f p r e

-

m ax i ll b r o ad at the t i ps ; nasal b o nes n o tched at t i p o n the o u te r

ae

b o r de r h o r n wh o r l o p en sh o rt th r ee f o u r ths o f a t u r n ; m al w i th -
e

heavy d o r sal and th r o at m anes and sp o tted c o l o r at i o n ; fe m ale w i th

, , ,

t r ansv r se wh i te b o dy st ri pes
e .

I n T g l p h uswe nd lach r y m al b o ne wh i ch isw i dest l o ng

ra e a a a

i ts m a i ll r y s u t u r e i ts w i dth o n the o rbi tal im b e i ng mu ch less

x a r ,

the nasals als o d i ff e r b y hav i ng the te r mi nal n o tches o r clefts cent r a l

,

the nasal p r o cesses o f the p r e m ax i ll e a r e m r e slende r and atten u ate a o

at the t i ps and the o r bi t i s la r ge r than i n N y l T h m o st cl o sely a al . e

all i ed gen u s i s l t g swh i ch sh r es the s m all o r bi t na rr o w

ln o ra n a ,

l ch ry m al b o nes and sh o r t o pen wh o r led h o r ns T h l o ng th r o at

a ,
-

. e

m a e o f the m al s u ggests S t psi s as d o als o the t r ansve r s

n e re e ero e

wh i t b dy st r i pes o f the fe m ale wh i ch h weve r a r e lack i ng i n th

,

e o -
o , e

m le wh o se l i ght sp o ts have the cha r acte r i st i c T g l p h usa rr ange

, ,

a ra e a

m ent T he g r ga r i o u s ha bi ts o f t h N yala S h o w f u r the r a fn i ty t o

. e e

ie e r o s
S tr e p s .
 S M I T HS O N I A N M I S C E LL A N E O U S C O LL E C TI O NS
V OLUME U 60 , N M BE R 9

A R E CE N T ME T E O R I T E FA LL N E AR
HO L BR OO K N A VA JO CO UN T Y
, .

AR I ZO N A

BY

G EO R G E P ME RRI L L
d ur t r l y t i l M usu
.

He a C a o of Geo og ,
3 . Na o na e m

(P U I TI
BL C A ON 2 1 49 )

C IT Y WA I G T
OF SH N ON

I E
P U B L S H D BY T HE MI T
S IA I T I T T I
HS O N N NS U ON

NO V EM E B R 2 1 , 191 2
C c o r b

s
@a fti m o r e (Dr e s
BA L T MO
I RE , MD .
, U . sA
. .
2 SM ITH S ON IA N M IC S E LL A NE O U C S O LL E C TI ON S V OL . 60

nat u r e o f the st o ne T he t o tal we i ght o f all the kn o wn m ate r i al

.
,

accept i ng the g u r es g i ven a b ve and add i ng the r et the we i ght o f that o o

r ece i ved he r e w o u ld b e ap p r o x im ately 7 p o u nds o r 58 g r a m s

, 2 0 12 2 , 0 .
1

M i c r o sc o p i cally the st o ne i s o f a l i ght ash g r ay c o l o r cl o sely s imu

,

lat i ng that o f Allegan M i ch i gan bu t i s mu ch m o r e rm and c o m

pact L i ke the A llegan the pa r t i cles f nat i ve ir o n a r e s s m all as
, ,

. o o

t o b e sca r cely d i st i ng ui shab le b y the u na i ded eye I t d i ffe r s h o weve r

,

.
, ,

r ad i cally i n the Siz e o f s u l p h i de pa r t i cles and i n the i r r el t i ve bu d a a n

ance as c om p a r ed w i th the i r o n C h o nd rul es a r e a bu ndant bu t s m all .

and q ui te i nc o nsp i c u o u s and o f a c o l o r o nly a shade da r ke r than the

,

g r o u nd T hey r a r el y b r eak w i th the m at ri x T he la r gest n o ted

. .

a r e n o t o ve r o r p oss ib ly 3 mm i n d i a m ete r T he c r u st isi n all

2 . .

cases l u st r eless b lack o r br o wn b lack s o m et im es s m oo th o r aga i n -

r o u ghly h g
, ,

c a re e n .

T he st o ne isi nte r est i ng f the s m a l l p r o p o r t i o n o f v i s i b l e m etall i c

or -

ir o n and the a bu ndance o f i r o n s u lph i de t r o ili te T he latte r o cc ur s .

i n g r an u les o f all s iz es u p t 8 mm and has a p ec uli a r br o n z e l u st r e

,

o .

l i ke o r d i na r y te rr est r i al py r r h o t i te I t i s h weve r n o n m agnet i c

,

. o

n o t b e i ng a ffected b y elect r o m agnet o f c o ns i de r ab le p o we r and

, , ,

an

i s u n q u est i o na b ly t r oi l i te as sh o wn b y the analys i s I t i s ve r y bri ttle

,

. .
,

O n o ne f the sa m pl s a l a r ge n o d u le s o m e 6 t o 8 mm i n d i a m ete r
o e , .

ly i ng nea r the s u r face h sb een b u r nt o u t t o a depth o f s o m e 5 mm

,

,
a .

the r es i d u e hav i ng a gla z ed s o m ewh t p o r o u s s u r face and mu ch the

,

,
a

appea r ance o f a f u r nace S lag T he av i ty left ischa r acte ri st i c o f the . c

dee p e r p i ts c o mm o n t o m ete o r i tes and l eaves d o ub t st o the ir no a

o ri g i n .

U nde r the mi c r o sc o pe the st o ne r es o lves i tself i nt o ne bu t r athe r a

l oo sely c o m pacted agg r egate o f p o la r izi ng pa r t i cles i n wh i ch a r e

imb edded the n um e r o u s h o nd ru les and la r ge Si ngle and cl u ste r ed
C

im pe r fectly o u tl i ned c r ystals o f an o r th o r h o mbi c and o ccas i o nal m o n

oc l i i py r o xenes and o f o l i v i ne w i th s m all scatte r i ng a r eas o f m etall i c
n c

i r o n and i r o n s u l p h i de T he ne l o o sely agg r egated g r o u nd i s c o m

.

p o sed o f s i l i ce o u s pa r t i cles i n wh i ch o nl y o l i v i ne and py r o xenes can b e

sat i sfact o r i ly i dent i ed T he ch o nd ri t i c st u ct u r e iso b sc u r e and o nl y
. r

o ccas i nally r ec o g iz a b le i n th i s sect i o n N well d d felds p a r s

o n . o -

e ne

n o r o the r mi ne r als than th o se m ent i o ned we r e i dent i ed and the r e i s

l i ttle i f any t ru e glass S ect i o ns h o weve r S h w f r e q u ent c o l o r less
,

.
, o

nea r ly ist p i a r eas and o ccas i o nally a ea r ly c o l o r less b o dy p o la r

, ,

o rO c n

i z i ng fa i ntly i n l i ght and da r k c o l o r n o t ext i ng ui sh i ng u n i f o r m ly

,

th r o u gh o u t and w i th at t im es a fa i nt s u ggest i o n o f p lysynthet i c tw i n

, o

1
See S u pp l t ry N t
e men a d f th i s r t i l
o e at en o a c e .
NO .
9 M E T E R I T E F ALL I N A R I N A M E R I LL
O ZO -
R 3

st ruct u r e si n a feldspa r T hese a r e o ften s o cha r ged w i th a bl ack

a .

a m o r ph o usp o wde r as t o q ui te o b sc u r e the ir r e l nat ur e and i t i s o nl y

,

by anal o gy o r s u r mi se that o ne i s led t o b el i eve the m t o b e m aske l yn i te

,

A he mi cal i nvest i gat i o n o f the st o ne b y D J E Wh i te l d o f

.

C r . .

P h i lade lp h i a y i elded the r es u lts sb el o w

.
,
1

, a

t Pe r
S h r i b r si t
ce n

c e e e I

Tr il i t o e

M l e ta

Sili t s
I

ca e

T he m eta l l i c p o r t i o n y i e l ded :

Ni k l c e

C b lt o a

C pp r o e

s i l i cate p o r t i o n y i elded :

Sili ca

A lu i m na

F rr u s x i d
e o o e

M si a g ne a

Sd o a tr a ce

M s pr t xi d
an g a n e e o o e

Ni k l xi dc e o e

99 9 2

pec i c g r av i ty at 6 C
S 2 2

.

T he st o ne i s l o w i n i r o n th o u gh n o t u np r ecedented l y s o and h i gh ,

I n s u lph u r bu t o the r w i se p r esents n o u n u s u a l feat ur es A t t l lack

,

,
. o a

o f chl o i ne i s t o b e n o ted bu t u nf o r t u nate l y th i s ele m ent i s s i

r ,
o re

1
It w ll st t h r th t b i st i s d w i th d t r i t i s
m ay b e e to a e e e a no t e ng a e my e e m na on

of h i ss tu p p sd sk l y i t i C B ut t R i h M T h p s d th r
o e ma e n e n oon e, c L o m on an o e

t ri st s I su b i tt d u v r d sl i d s f h r st t i d D r
,

me eo c one m e n co e e e o t e men one to

F E W r i h t f h C r i G p hy si l L b r t ry I t h s h d t r i d
.
,

1 g o t e a neg e eo ca a o a o n e e e e e m ne

i d x r f r t i f h d u b tfu l i r l b rd i L rs s
. . .

the n e e ac A on o t e o m ne a to e cco ng to a en

d t r i t i s( A r J u r S i l 8
e e m na on ) r fr t i v i d i s f
me o n c vo 2 1 90 9 on e ac e n ce o

f l d sp th i l sss t h i sw u l d r l t i t f l d sp r r l i l s i
. . .
.
, ,

e a c g a e o e e g a e to a e a nea o g oc a e n

p si t i
,

co m o on

T h i s l y si sis f sv r l d f h wr i t r u d r r t f r h
.

1
an a one o e e a ma e or t e e n e a g an o m t e

J L wr S i th fu d b y N t i l A d y f S i s w h i h
a e n ce m n th e a o na ca em o c e n ce to c

b dy h isi d b t d f p r i ssi s it h r
.
,

o e n e e or e m on to u e e e .
4 SM ITH SON IA N M ICS E LL A NE O U C S O LL E C TI ON S VOL . OO

q u ent l y d i s r ega r ded i n analyses that sat i sfact o r y c o mp a ri s o ns a r e

n o t p o ss ib le .

T he s ul ph i de sepa r ated m echan i cally and f r ee f r o m m etal o r s i l i

cate im p uri t i es y i elded :

t
,

Pe r ce n

S u l p hu r
Ni k l b l t d pp r c e , co a an co e none

p ec i c g r av i ty dete r mi ned i n p i cn o m ete r ask at 6

S T he 22

c o m p o s i t i o n i s the r ef o r e that o f t r o i l i te th o u gh the s p ec i c g r av i ty ,

isl o w T he o cc u r r ence isc o nt r a r y t o the ass um p t i o n m ade b y R o se

1
.

t o the e ffect that the s u lph i de o f the st o n y m ete o ri tes was py rr h o t i te .

I have d i sc u ssed th i s m atte r f u rth r i n a pape r n o w i n p r ess o n a st o n y e

m ete o r i te f r o m C u ll i s o n Kansas ,
.
2

I nas mu ch as the stat i o n called A z tec a b ve i s n o t a p o st ofce o

stat i o n and sm o r e o ve r the r e i s a p o st o fce b y th i s na m e i n Y um a

,
a , ,

C o u nty i n the ext r e m e s o u thwest pa r t o f the state and als o o ne i n ,

N ew M ex i c o i t see m s adv i sa b le that th i s na m e b e i gn o r ed

,
d the an

st o ne b e kn o wn as the H o l br oo k m ete o r i te F o ll o w i ng B r e zi na i t
w o u ld b e classed as a S phe r u l i t i c ch o nd r i te c r ystall i ne C k
.

, ,
e .

SU L PPTA Y N T I
E M E N ri J ur l f S i f N v b r
R O E n th e A m e ca n o na o c e n ce or o em e

W M F t i v s d t i l d u t f th i sf ll i w h i h t t l w i ht is
,

oo e g e a e a e a cco n o a n c the o a e g
t i t d 8 % lb s r s T h i si sp r b b l y r rl y
. .

e s ma e at 4 1 or g am o a mo e nea co r

r t th ti t iv bv M C k l I t w i ll b t d th t
.
, .

ec s an th e e ma e g en me r hec a e no e a my
d t r i t i f h i r l p si t i is v r i w i th th t i v b y
I . .

e e m na on o t e m ne a co m o on at a a n ce a g en

F t I d f r q u rt
oo e n spi l d no h i l l y si sr v l s
ee a z no r ne an th e c e m ca an a e ea no

h r i u T p y rrh t i t I h v sh w b t r i l i t
.
,

c o m m . he o e a e o n to e o e .

1
T i r su l p h i d f B ju r b l t r i t is l s i
he on f r f tr i
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l i t ssh w b y R sy
e, a o B s n B u ll N d amC i ssi a and Or g t r o m , o 12 e la o mm o n

Fi l d M
. .
,

G l eo o g iq ue d e n an a y , 1 90 2

r U S N M sV
, .

11
P oc . . . at . u ,
o l .
43 , 1 91 2 .
 S M I T HSO N I AN M I S C E LL AN E O U S C O L L E C T I O N S
VO LUM E 60 , N U M BE R 1 0

THE CR I N O I DS OF THE N A T URA L

HI S T O R Y MUS E UM A T

A U TIN H C A K S L R
i st t C r t r i vi si f M i I v rt br t s U t i l u su
.

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2 SM I T H S N I A N I C O M S E LL A NE O U C S O LL E C TI ON S VOL . 00

A c tin o m e tr a ro bus
ta . . C o m a t ul a s
o l a r is

A c ti n o m e t r a C o m a n t h e r ia g r a n d i e a l y x

g ran d z ca l y r
A c tin o m e t r a m e y e r i C o m a n th usa n n ul a ta
A n t e d o n z ra r iip i n n a . . A m p hi m e tr a v a r ii p in n a
A n te d o n cr e n ul a t a A m p h im e t r a cr e n ul a t a
l ae w p in n a A m p h l m e tr a l ce v i p i n n a
'

A n te a o n

A a cu ti e i r r a C rasp e a o m e t r a a cn t ici r r a
'
n te d o n
l ua o v i e l C r as a cut i cir r a

A n te d o n p e d o m e tr a
A n t e d o n b ip a r t ip in n a Cr as
p e d o m e tr a a cuti cl r r a

D i ch r o m e t r a p r o t e c tus
' '

A n te d o n ce q m pi n n a
A n te d o n i m p a r ip i n n a D i ch r o m e t r a p r o t e c t us

f these f o u r a r e syn o ny m s o f p r ev i u sly desc rib ed f o rm s and tw o

O o ,

a r e syn o ny m s o f a s p c i es desc rib ed i n the s m e p ape r leav i ng ve

e a ,

a sthe t o tal o f act u al new S pec i es .

C a r pente r i nc o rp o r ated the data p ub l i shed i n th i s pape r i n his

Ch l l ga enm o n o g r ap h
er and b y i nse r t i ng h i s s up p o sed new ,

s p ec i es i n h i s s p ec i c keys i nd i cated the i r r elat i o nsh i ps w i th a l l i ed ,

f o rm s .

I n the p r e p a r at i o n o f h i s m e m o ir up o n the c o m at u l i ds o f the I nd i an

O cean D r C le m ens H a r tla ub als v i s i ted the H a mbur g M u se um
,
. o ,

exa mi n i ng C a r pente r s typ s and st u dy i ng the spec im ens wh i ch had

e

b en r ece i ved s i nce C a r p ente r s V i s i t I n h i s pr e limi na r y pa p e r ( 89 )

e

. 1 0

he i ncl u ded desc rip t i o ns o f twelve new s p ec i es seven o f wh i ch we r e ,

excl u s i vely and ve i n pa r t b ased u p o n m ate ri al at H a mbur g T he .

new s p ec i es desc rib ed b y H a r tla ub ( w i th the ir pr esen t dete rmi na

t i o ns ) a r e as fo ll ow s :

A e ti n o m e tr a In a e r o b r a ch i us C a p il l a s
t e r m a cr o b r a e hl us
p rt )
. .

A n te a o n

e ra s
sl pin n a ( a H i rn e r o m e t r a m a g n ip i n n a
A n te d o n kr a e p e l l n i H i m e r o m e t r a ( P se c e s ) p i
A n te do n ne m a to do n A m p h im e tr a ne m a to d o n
A n te a o n

o x y a ca n th a ( p rt )
a S t e p h a n o m e tr a o x y a ca n th a
p rt )
.

A n te d o n m o n a ca n th a ( a S t e p h a n o m e tr a m o n a ca n t h a
A te d o n O r y 1n e t r a e r in a ce a
'

n e r i n a ce a . . .

D i e h r o m e t r a p r o t e e t us

A n ted o n l e pl a a
p rt )
. .

A n t e d o n te n e r a ( a D l e h r o m e tr a g y g e s
A n te d o n afr a T r o p i o m e tr a a f r a
A n te d o n h n p fe r i A n te d o n h up fe r i
A n te d o n n a n a I r l d o m e tr a n an a

f these o ne i s t s u fc i ently well pr ese r ved t o b e dete rmi na b le

O no ,

tw a r e syn o ny m s f p r ev i o u sly desc rib ed spec i es and o ne a type i n

o o

pa r t i s n o t the sa m e Sp ec i es as that r ep r esented b y the r e m a i nde r o f

, ,

the type m ate ri al leav i ng e i ght as the t o tal o f act u al new f o r m s

,
.

I n the n i shed m e m o i r ( 89 ) H a r tla ub ela b o r ated h i s pr el imi na r y 1 1

desc rip t i o ns o f these new spec i es p ubli sh i ng g u r es o f m o st o f the m ,

.
NO . 10 C RI I N O DS OF

HA MB R U G M U U SE M C L AR K 3

A s p ec im en o f S l t g l l l c o ll cted b D r H Reh
o a n o rn e ra ni a
'

e an e a e y .

b e r g was r ec o r ded b y H a r tla ub i n 89 5 wh i le a p a r t o f the m ate ri al

.

c o llected b y P r o fess o r W Kii k t h l at S pi t z b e r gen and at T e r nate

,

. en a ,

r ec o r ded b y P r o fess o r P fe ffe r and o f that c o ll ected at S pi t z b e r g n ,

e

b y R Om and S cha u d i nn r ec o r ded b y P r o fess o r L u dw i g DOd l i

er ,
er e n,

isi n the H a mbur g M u se um .

T he p r esent a u th o r s r e p o r t up o n the c ri n o i ds c o l l ected b y the

H a mbur g West A u st r a li an E xp ed i t i o n u nde r D r s W M i chae l s en ,

. .

and R H tm y w sb ased up o n m ate ri a l wh i ch i s n o w d i v i ded

. ar e e r, a

b etween the H a mbur g M u se um and the M u se um f l ir N at ur k u nde at

B e rl in .

N O TA T E LI S T O F T H E S C E S
A N D PE I

T he fo l l o w i ng l i st i ncl u des id i t i so f a ll the s p ec im ens i n re en t ca on

the H a mbur g M u se um pr ev i o u s l y r ec o r ded w i th when necessa r y , ,

r edesc rip t i o ns T he r e a r e als o n o t i ces o f m any s p ec im ens wh i ch have

.

b een r ece i ved f r o m va ri o u s s o ur ces s i ce the publi cat i n f H a r t l a ub s n o o

m e m o ir and wh i ch he r e i dent i ed f o r h r st t im e A few

a re t e
Sp ec im ens c o llected b y the H a mbur g West A u st r a li an E xp ed i t i o n
, .

wh i ch e r e sent t o m e w i th the c o l lect i o n o f the H a mbur g M u se um

w

we r e u nfo r t u natel y o ve r l oo ked at the t im e I pr e p a ed m y m e m o ir

,

u p o n the West A u st r a li an c ri n o i d fa u na ; these a r e r ec o r ded he r e i n .

T he c i tat i o ns g i ven u nde r the s p ec i es head i ngs r efe r o nl y t o the

spec im ens r ec o r ded as i nd i cated b y the n umb r s i n p a r entheses
,
e

fo ll o w i ng .

l y COM Fam i A S T E R I D ZE

ub f i l y C S am A P I L L A S T E R I NZE

COM G ( H C rp t r)
ATE L L A S TE L L I E RA P . . a en e

A i e t no s ll
m e tr a 8 H T LA U N v A t A d G r
te ig e ra 1 91 l 58. A R B, o a c a ca . e m an , vo .
,

No . 1, p . 104

1 . S am o a T w o s p ec im ens each w i th th ir ty a rm s
and F iji .

t ( the acc o m pany i ng la b el r eads i n C h i nese

,

2 . C hi s C s ne e oa ,

cha r acte r s ve r y dee p wate r O spec im en ; the cent r o d o r sal

,

ne

i s th i ck d i sc o i dal w i th a at d o r sa l p o l e mm i n d i am et r ; the c irri . e

a r e X V III mm l o ng ; the r e a r e th ir ty e i ght a rm s a b o u t 8

,
20 -

2 1 ,
2 0 .
-

mm l o ng ; the d i stal edges o f h br ach i als a r e p r o d u ced and nely

. t e
s pi n o u s and the d i sta l ends o f the e l e m ents o f the d i v i s i o n se ri es a r e
p r o mi nent thes tw o feat u es t o gethe r g i v i ng the an i m al a ve r y
e r

ru go se ap p ea r ance
,

.
4 SM ITH S ON IA N M A IC
S E LL NE O U C S O C TI
LL E ON S VO L . 60

C OM A T E L L A MA T CU L A A ( P H Ca r
. . p t en er )
A c t i n o m e t r a p ul ch e l l a I 89 I . H A T LA U R B, No v a A c a t A d ca . Ge rm a n . v0 1 58,
.

No 1 , p 105 ( 1 ) . .

I . l an ds
R ule , C a r o lin e I s O ne s m all S pec im en w i th twent y a rm s ;
the c i rr i a r e XXIII ,
1 5
-

1 7 .

CA P I L L A S T E R M A C R OB R A C HI U S ( Ha rt l u b ) a

A e t in o m e tr a m a cr o br a e h l us1 890 H AR T LA U B N a ch r G e s G Ott in g en M ai

p v t d G e rm an p
. . .
, ,

1 890 , I8 1
. 1 86 ( )
I .
9 . No a A c a A ca .
,
vo l 58 N o
.
, . I ,
. 10 1

(I) .

1 . ne spec im en well desc rib ed b y H a r tla ub ; i n

C h in a S e a O ,

gene r al appea r ance th i s c uri o u s f o rm r ese mb les s u ch spec i es s a

C th i b i us b ut the a r m st r u ct u r e i s that o f a typ i cal

o ni a n er a r ar e ,

C a p il l as
te r .

E T OS ( H C p t ) CA P I L L A S T E R S N A P . . ar en er

C b O ne la r ge spec im en w i th the br ach i als and the ele m ents

1 . e n

o f the o u te r d i v i s i o n se ri es st r o ngl y eve r ted d i stally .

CA P I L L A S T E R M A R I I E (A H . . C l a rk )
A e tl n o rn e tr a m n l t ir a d ia t a ( p rt )
a 1 89 1 H AR T L A U B No v a Ac t a A ca d Ger
p
.
,
.

m an .
, vo l 5 8, N O
. . 1, . 10 4 .

r H a r tla ub r ec o r ds spec im en o f th i s spec i es f r o m Kag o sh im

D . a a,

Japan i n the S t u ttga r t M u se um

, .

CA P I L L A S T E R M UL T I R A DI A T A ( L in n )

A e ti n o m e t r a rn ul ti r a d za ta
'

p r t ) 88 P H CA T J u r L i S
( a 1 2 RPE N E R, o n nn oc

p 5 ( ) 888 C h ll r R p rt C u l
. . . . . .

( Z o Ol ) vol 1 6, 2 1 I 1 a eng e e o o m at ae ,

p H A T LA U N v A t A d G r
. .
. . .
,

1 89 I l 58 N
32 5 ( I) R B, o a c a ca e m an , vo O 1,

p
. . . . .
, .

1 03

H A T LA U N v A t A d G r
.

A c ti n o m e tr a m br i a ta 8 1 91 l 58 R B, o a c a ca e m an vo

p
.
. .
, ,

No . 1, . 102

A c tl n o m e t r a c o pp l n g e r i 1 90 0 P FE FF E R, A bhan dl de r S e n ck n a t ur fo r s
ch

e ll p 85
. . . .

Ge s .
, vo l . 2 5, .

I . S n m a tr a .
F r ag m ents o f a d r y spec im en .

2 . F o rm o s
a ( A ct l n o m e t r a g r a cil i sL ii tk e n ne r athe r O
slende r m ed ium s i z ed s p ec im en w i th th i r t y si a r m s and c i r ri XII
,

x ,

2 2 4 2
-

3 R ule. C a r o l i n e I s
l a n d s O ne S pec im en desc r ib ed i n deta i l ,
by
a r tla ub ; the c i rr i a r e XXI
,

H ,
2 4
-
2 8 .
6 SM I T H SON IAN M I S CE L L AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 00

S ub f am il y C OM A S T E R I NZE

C OM A S T E R B E L L I ( P . H . C a rp e n t e r )

C o m as
t e r ty p i ca ( p a r ) 1 9 1 I A t H C A K Di F L R e a un a t A usr a l
S ii d w e s t i en s
if t H dl d W st r t i
-

. . .
, ,

Bd 3, L e . I 3 p 4 53 ( P o r .
, . e an ,
e e n A usr a l a )
A b r o l h o sI s
l a n d s ( H o ut m cm sR o cks) W e s A us
t r a l ia

I . te r n ,
.

One sm all spe c im en w ith s ev en ty th r e e a rm s ab o ut 85 m m l o n g ; t h e -

I
c i r ri a r e V 1 4 1 6 1 0 m m t o 1 2 m m l o n g
,
-

, . .

2 .B r o o m e R o e b uck B ay , Wes te m A us tr a l ia T w m ed iu m ,
o
S iz e d spe ci m en s ; o n e h a s s ev enty th e e a rm s 1 3 5 mm l o n g an d r .
,

c i rr i X VI I I I m m l o ng ; th e re a r e a fe w s cat t e re d sm a ll n o d u le s o n
,
.

k o r
th e d i s ; th e c l o i s gray i s h b r o w n ; th e o th e h a s S i xty e igh t a m s r -
r
1 2 5 m m l o ng an d ci
. rr
i X V ; th e d i sk i s t h i ck l y st u d d e d w ith sm al l
,
I
c al ca r e o u s n o d ule s ; th e c o l o r i s b r ight y el l o w g e en t h e c en t r o d o r sal r ,

ir
an d c ri l igh t s laty .

T h e th re e sm all S p ec i m en s fr o m P o rt e dlan d w h i ch I r e f e r r e d t H o
Co mas t e r t y p i cw i n m y
r epo rt u p o n t h e c i n o i d s c o l lect e d by th er r
H amb u rg W e s t A u st al ian E xp e d iti o n a e u n d o ub t e dl y ep re s ent a r r r
t iv e s o f th i s S pe c i e s .

C o m as t e r b e l l i i s a v e y c u r i o u s f o rm ; l a rg e sp eci m en s a r e i n r
s up e rc i a l app ea ra n c e st rikingl y l k e s i m i l a rly l a rge S pec im en s o f i
C o m a n t h i n a S chl e g e l ii b o t h sp eci e s a gree in g i n p o s se s s n g a u n iqu e
,
i
typ e o f a rm d i vi s i o n C a rp en t e pl ac ed th e t w o f o m s s . i d e by S i d e i n r r
h i s P a r v ic ir ra G r o u p f A cti n o m e t r a an d h e et o f o e I h a v e f l o ,
r r o
o
l w e d h i m in k e ep i ng th em cl o s e t o g et h e r T h e t e rm in al c mb s O f . o
r i
b e l l z a n d th e a m d iv i s o n b ey o n d th e I I I B r s e r i e s h o w ev e r a e f th e

, ,
r o
typ e typ i c al o f C o m a s t e r an d n d th at t a i n g a ll th e ch a ra ct e r s
'

,
I ,
k
o r
t geth e t h e sm a ll e r t h e i n d i v i du al th e g reat e r t h e e s embl an ce t o
,
r
o rth e S pe c i e s o f C o m as t e r an d th e g e at e th e d i ffe en ce fr m s im la r ,
r r r o i
smal l sp ec im en s o f C o m a n t h in a s ch l e g e l ii t t h u s b e c o m e s ne ce s sa ry . I
o
t p lac e A ct in o m e t m b e ll i i n th e gen u s C o wt as
-
te r w h e r e i t nds it s /
,

r
p r o p e sy st e m at i c p o s it i o n n ea r C t y p ical . .

C OM A S T E R T Y P I CA ( L o en ) v
A c ti n o m e tm ica
( 3) / M 1 888 P H C A R PE N TE R,

C h a ll e n g e r
Re po r t Co m a
t
. . .
,

us
l
e, p . 2 96 ( I) .

I . F iji O n e S p ec i m en .

COM A S T E R N OVI E G U I N E I E ( J M iil l e r )

.

A c tin o m e tm n am e -

g uin e a 1 90 0 . P F E FF E R ,
A bh an dl . d e r S e n ck . n a t ur fo r c h s .

Ges
e ll .
, vo l . 2 5 , p 85 .
( I) .

I . T e r n a te T w o sm al l sp e ci m en s .
 NO . I O I
C R N O DS I OF H A M B UR G M U SE U M CL AR K 7

COM A N T HE R I A G R A N DI CA L YX (P . H . Ca rp e n t er )
A c t i n o n z e t r a g r a n d i ca l y x 1 882 P H CAR P E N TE R, Jo ur n L inn Soc
t
. . . . .

vo l 16 p .
5 2 0 ,( )I 1 888
. . . C h a ll e n g e r
R epo r , C o m a t ul x , p .
330 ( I) .

I C a n t o n C hi n a ; LVe r n e n O n e sp ec m en th e typ e O f th e sp ec i e s ;
.
,
i ,

th e c ent r o d o rsal i s l a rge l o w h em i s p h e r i cal 9 m m in ba sal d ia m e t e r ; ,

.

i i
,

th e d o r s al p o l e i s c o n cave in th e c ent e r 4 m m n d a m et e r ; th e ci rr i ,
.

a re ab o u t X L 2 2 2 4 ( u su al ly t h e l at te r ) 2 5 m m l o n g ; th e l o n g e st
,
-

, .

i
p r o x m a l s egm ents ( th e e igh th o r n in th ) a re S l gh tly l o nge r th a n i
b r o ad ; t h e o ut e r m o st t en o r e l eve n a re r ath e r ab ru ptly S h o rte r t han
th e p rec ed in g a b o ut tw i c e as b r o a d a s l o n g h ghly p o l i sh e d w ith l o w ,
i ,

i r
,

Ob s cu r e b r o a d m e d an t ub e cl e s w h i ch b ec o m e b et te r d eve l o p e d d i st
ally ; th e f o rty S even a rm s a r e ab o u t 1 0 0 m m l o n g ; th e I I B r s e i e s a re . r
all th e I I I B r s e r i e s al l 2 an d th e I V B r s e r i e s all +4) ,

the di s k i s 3 5 m m i n d i am et e r ; th e te r m in al c o m b o n th e p r o xi m a l
.

i
p nn u le s h a s f r o m t w elv e t o ft een ( u su a ll y f o u rt een ) t eeth w h i ch ar e
l o w an d r o u n d e d ; t hey a ri s e g ra du all y an d di s tally gra d u all y b ec o m e
O b s o l ete ; t h e ba s al segm en t s O f th e p nn ul e s ( th e s ec o n d t o t h e fth ) i
h ave sp in o u s r o u n d e d d i stal p r o ce s s e s su gge st ing th e c o n d it o n s ,
i
ca rr i ed t o a n ex t rem e i n C o m o s t e r b e l l i ; th e c o l o i s g rayi sh b r o w n '

r ,

w i t h a b r o a d m ed i an l in e o f w h i t e o n th e d iv i s o n s e r i e s a n d a rm s i .

T h e ge n e ral app ea r an ce o f t h i s an i mal i s s i m la r t o th at o f C O M20 1 1 i /

zh n s

p i n g n is an d th e r e i s th e sam e la rge c en t o d o rsa l ; th e b rach ial s

,
r
i mb r ic at e s l gh tly i .

zi n a ; C o n s n zs
s
2 F n ch o w P TO Z I H CC f F k i C / u l G S i n ; A p r il
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i
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4 ,
1 9 0 6 . One spec i men C l o s el y re s e m b l i n g t h e type b u t s l gh tly ,

s m al le r an d les s r o b u st ; th e c ent r o d o r sal s l arge w th a str o ngl y i ,

i
c o n cav e d o r sa l p o l e 3 m m n d a m et e r ; h e c i r r i r e s e m b l e i n gen e ra l . i i t
f o rm t h o s e o f C o m a n t h n sb e n n e t ti ; th ey a r e 2 5 mm l o n g w i th 2 3 2 5 .
-

s egm ents o f w h i ch th e rs t th r e e a re v e ry sh o rt th e fth i s ab o u t a s ,

l o ng a s b r o a d an d th e s even th t en t h th e l o nge st sl ght ly l o nge r

,
-
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i
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th o u gh s ca rcely s o m u ch a s o n e th r d l o n ge r th an b r o a d ; th e f o ll o w -

i i
ng d ecre a s e ve ry sl o w l y n l en g th t o a b o u t a s l o n g a sb r o a d o r sl gh tl y i
r
b r o ade tha n l o n g ; bu t th e t er m i nal n in e o r t en a re a b ruptly sh o rt e r
th an th e p r ec ed in g t w i c e a s b r o ad as l o n g o r ev en b r o ad e r ; th e s
,
e ,

a s i n th e type h ave a p o l i sh e d s u r face i n c o n t ra st t o th o s e p rec e d ng

,
i
i
w h ch h av e a du ll su r f ace an d b ea a l o w r o un ded an d O b scu re d o rsa l ,
r
h ump w h i ch b ec o m e s m o re ev i d ent t o w a rd th e en d O f t h e c i r u s ; t h e r
r
f o ty e igh t a rm s a re ab o u t 1 1 0 m m l o n g ; th e I I B r s e i e s a re al l
-

. r
al l b u t t w o o f t h e I l I B r se r es a re 2 th e except i o n sb e in g i ,

i
s x o f th e I v B r s e r e s a re an d t w o a re 2 ; th e d v i i i
s io n s e r ie s t
a re ra h e r b r o ad w el l r o un d e d d o rsally an d n o t i n la e ra l ,
t
 8 SM I T H S ON A N I M I S CE LL AN E OU S CO L L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

c o nt ac t ; t h e d i sk s i 30 m m in d ia m et e
. r; th e c o l or i s a u n i f o rm d e ep
yel l o w b w n ro .

3 . F n ch o w P r o v i n ce ,
o f F o ki e n , C h in d O n e s p ecim e n .

COM A N T HI N A S C HL E G E L I I ( P H C a rp e n t e r )
. .

A c ti n o n i e tr a p a r v i cir r a I 8OI . HA RT L AU B ,
No v a A t
c a A ca d . G e rm an , vo l .

5 8, N o I , p 9 6 ( I ) . . .

I M o r t l o ck I s
. l a n d Ca r o l in e s ; C a p t P o h l O n e sp e c ime n w ith
, . .

o
f t y tw a rm s ab u t 85 mm l o n g an d ci i V I I I I 3 I 4 s ma ll b ut o .
,
rr , ,

i
typ cal ; f o u ro r
f t h e ay s h av e th e divi s i o n s e i e s a s ch a act e r i st i c f r r or
t h e sp eci e s ; t h e fth ha s n e o f th e ext e nal I I I B r se i e s + 4) o r r
i n stea d f2 o .

2 C e bn ; C ap t Hin g e O n e t y p i cal sp ec im en w i th a S ingl e c i r ru s

. .

r e m a i n in g .

E ka l in S t M a t t h i a sI sl a n d ; r e e f ; D r G D n n cke r O n e s ma ll
3 .
,
. . . .

s p ec im en w it h o u t c i r i r .

COM A N T HU S B E N NE T T I ( L mama )
A c ti n o m e t r a b e n n e t ti I 882 H CA
P R PE N T E R, Jo ur n L i nn So c
t t
. . . . . .

( I ll e n g e r Repor C o m a ul ae , p

vo l 1 6, p 52 6 888
1 Ch a 3 82
HA T A N v A t
. . . .
, ,

( ) I 89 1 A ca d G e rm an vol I
I . . R L UB, o a c a .
, 5 8, N O. .
, p .

95

I 5 in g a p o r e O n e m agn i cen t sp eci m en r e s embl i n g th e n e f

. . o r o m
I
th e P el ew s l an d s i n th e C o p en h agen M u s e u m
k
.

2 N o L o ca l i ty A s i mi la b u t b r o en sp e cim en
. r , ,
.

3 P o r t D e n is
. on Que e n s
l and , ( A ctin o ni e tr a b r a chy ni era L ii t k e n ,
M S ) O n e s p e ci m en
. .

4 . I a l n i t, M a r si

l a nd s
hall I s ; H e rn s
h e im ; S e p t e m be r 5 ,
I S8S O n e .

o
b r k en sp ecim en ; th e c ent r o d o r sal i s l a ge h em i sph e r i cal 6 m m i n r , .

r r r
,

d ia m e t e at t h e b a s e ; th e ci r i a e X X I 7 2 o 2 0 mm l o ng s t o ut ; , ,
.
,

r
t h e p o x i m al s e g m en t s a r e ab o u t a s l o n g a s b r a d th e di stal o n e o ,

r oo
th i d t n e h al f aga in a s b a d a s l ng p e r f ectly s
-

m o th d sa lly ; ro o ,
o or
r r
t h e e a e ab o u t s i xty a m s ab o u t I 3 0 mm l n g ; al l th e d iv i s i n s e i es r o o r
r
.

a e 4 ( 3 + 4 ) t h e d ivi s i o n s e i e s a e s t r n gly o u n de d d o rs al ly an d r r o r
w ell s epa r at ed Th i s app e a s t b e a d wa f spe c im en. r o r .

5 B . le a l i n S t M a tt h i

asI s
l a n d ;
, r e e f ; D r G
. D i i
n cke r T w o sp ec i . . .

o
me n s n e i s m e di u m S iz e d w i th ab o u t s even ty a rm s ; t h e d o s a l s u r r
o
f ac e o f t h e d iv i s i n s e i e s an d b ach ial s i s n el y g an ula an d v e y r r r r r
ro ugh ; th e d i sk i s 3 5 mm i n d i am et e r ; th e o t h e r i s sm all e r w ith f ty . or
r o r
,

eigh t a m s ab u t I I 5 m m l o ng ; o n e o f t h e I I B r s e r ie s i s 2 an d b e a s .

r
,

e xt e n ally a s ingl e I I I B r 2 s e rie s .

 I O SM I T H S ON IAN M ISCE LL AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

a re + 4 ) t h e c o l o i s th e s am e a s in t h e p e ce d ng ; a t h i d ha s r r i r
r r
th i ty f o u arm s 1 0 5 mm l o n g an d c i i
-
8 mm l o n g ; it i s c o l r ed .
,
rr I V ,
. o
r
l ik e th e p ece d in g ; a f o u th h a s f rty n e a rm s 75 m m l o ng ; th e c i rr i r o -
o .

a eVr II I
I 4 9 mm l o ng ; th e r e a r e th e e I I B r 2 s e ri e s ; t h e c o l o rat i o n
, ,
.
,
r
r
i s a s d es c ibe d ; a ft h h a s tw enty si x a rm s O f w h ich t h e ante i o r a e -

r r
85 mm an d th e p o s te i o r 40 m m l n g ; th e c i r i a r e r
6 m m l ng ; . o r II ,
. o
r
.

s i x o f th e I l B r s e r i e s a e 2 an d f o u r a r e + 4 ) t h e c o l o i s p la i n r
d ark b r o w n ; t h e e m a in n g f o u sp ecim en s are smal l r i r .

COM A N T HU S P A R VI CI R R A ( J M ul l er) .

A ctin o m e tra p a r v ici r r a 1 882 P H

C AR P E N E R Jo ur n L n n S o c T i
t t
. . .
. .
, .

C h a ll e n g e r

R e p o r , C o m a ul ae , p 3 3 8,
vo l 1 6, p 519 ( I ) I 888

H v t
.
. . . .

( I 2 I 89 1 A R T L AU B N o a A c a A c a d G e r m a n , v o l 5 8 N O I ,
t
. .
, , .
,
.
,

p .
96 ( I , 2 4, ,
1 0 0
9 P F E FF E R , A b h a n d l d e r S e n ck n a ur G e s
.
e ll , . . . .

v o l 2 5 , p 85. .

I P e r u; Vi e r a u F o u r spec i men s all f m e d i u m s i z e ; o n e h a s

. .
,
o
t w en ty o n e a rm s ; th e I I B r s e ri e s b ea in g t h e s in gl e ( inte rn al ) I I I B r
-

r
s e ri es i s 2 a l l th e o t h e d iv i s i o n s e r i e s b e in g
, + 4) the ci i are r rr
i
I X ( w t h s o m e ru d i m en ta ry ) I 6 I 7 ; an o th e r h a s tw enty a rm s w ith -

rr V I
,

al l t he d iv i s i o n s er e s an d ci i i
1 6 I 7 ; a th i d has nine ,
-

r
t e en a rm s ; v e O f th e I I B r se i e s a re + 4 ) an d th re e a re 2 ; a s i ngl e r
I I I B r s er i e s i s d ev e l o p e d o n th e i nn e S i d e o f a p st a di a l se i es r o r -

r
b e a r in g t w o I I B r 2 s e ri e s ; th e f o u t h sp eci m en i s sm a l l e th an th e r r
o th e r s ; i t h a s e ght e en a rm s w it h e igh t I l B r i s er i e s ,
.

r
C a p en te r an d H a rtl aub a s su m e d th at P e ru

t h e l cal ity wh enc e ,
o
t he s e S p ec i m en s a r e s a d t o h av e c o m e i s th e c o unt ry o f th at n a m e in i ,

S o u t h A m e ri ca ; b u t th e w e st e rn c o a st o f b o th S o u th a nd N o rth A m e r
i ca i s q u it e b a rren o f c r in o i d s ex c ep t i n v e ry d eep w at e r an d i n th e
e xt rem e s o ut h an d extr em e n o rth I hav e s u gge ste d t ha t th e P e ru .

m ean t m ight b e P er u o r F ran c i s slan d S it uate d i n ab o ut 1 3 0 S l at I

. .
,

1 76

E l o n g in th e G ilb e rt
. . Kin gsm ill gr o up Th s sp ec i e s i s or . i
k o
,

n wn t o o ccu r in th e s e i sl an d s P r o fe s s o P fe ff e r a n d D r M ich ael . r .

s e n t ell m e t h a t th e s p ec m en s c o l l ecte d b y V i e r a u f m pa rt f a v e y i or o r
O l d c o lle ct i o n an d th at th e l o cal it i es a s giv e n a re un re l iab l e .

2 . M o r e t o n B a y Que e n s l a n d T h r ee sp ec im en s ; t w o o f th e s e
,

h a ve n in et e en a rm s ; th e th i rd h a s tw en ty seven a rm s ; all f t h e o
i i
p o st ra d al s e r e s b u t t w o a r e regene at in g a t t h e s
-

y n a r t h r y betw e en r
th e el em ent s o f th e I B r s e ri e s ; o n e o f th e u n regen e rat ed p o st ad ial -

r
se rie s ( th e r igh t p o st e r i o r ) h a s th e I B r s e i e s t h i s b e a ri ng r
two I I Br s e r es i .

3 . S ul u ( I o l o ) A r c h i p e l a
g o T w o sp e c m en s e ac h w th s o m e o f i ,
i
r
t h e a m s g reat ly l en gth en e d an d att en ua t ed .
NO . 10 C R N O DS I I OF H A M B U RG M USE U M CL AR K II

4 . L sp ec i m en w ith th i y s
o n i bo k S t r ai t O n e
eve n a r m s an d . rt -

no

i i i
ci r ri ; th s ind v d ua l m ght e u ally w e ll b e r e f e r re d t o C a n n ul a ta i q . .

5 T o.n g a a n d F iji O n e m ed i u m s i ed S p ec m en z i .

6 T e r n a t e O n e sp ecim en
. .
~

7 . P i t il u ,
A d m ir a l ty I s
l a n ds; Dr . G . D un c / o r ; c
O ct o b e r 1 2 -

1 3 ,

I 9 OS O n e . sp ec i m
a rm s th e l o n ge st 1 2 0 m m en w ith tw ent y v e -

,
.

l o ng an d c i r r i V 1 2 1 3
,
I
m m l o n g ; e igh t o f t h e I I B r se r es a re 2 ,
-

,
. i
t
,

an d t w o a re + 4 ) fo u r o f h e I l I B r s e r e s a r e an d o n e s i i
2 ; t w o o f t h e I I I B r s er e s a re d ev el o p e d e xte rnall y a n d t h ree a r e i
d evel o p e d i nt er n al ly .

8 E ka l in S t M a t t h ia sI s
. lan d ; s h o r e a n d r e e fs O n e sp ec m en
. i
i I
,

w i t h th rty o n e a rm s an d c i r r i V 1 0 1 1 m m l o n g ; al l O f th e ,
-

, .

I I B r s e ri e s a re 2 ; t w o o f th e I I I B r s e r e s a r e 2 i .

F a m il y Z YG OM E T R I D I E

Z Y G OM E T R A M I CR OD I S CU S ( Bell )
Hyp o n o m e s
ars
i 1 868 L O V E N F Or h a n d l S ka n d N a t ur f Ch r i st i i X an a ,

iv i t i st
.
,
. . .
,

p l ( ) I 1 86
9 B IL L I N G S Can a d an N a ur a l vo l 4, N o 3 p 2 70
i t r l i st
. . . . .
.
, , ,

I 86 67 ( I )
( ) I 9 L UT K E N, Can ad an Na u a vo l4 NO 3, p 2

V Hi st
. . . . . .
, ,

1 869 LO E A d M ag Nat vol 1 869

N nn an 4, p 1 59
V i t i st
. . . . . .
, . .

L E Can ad
l 6 1 869 L UT K E N a ur a l V id e n s
k
'

O N, 4, p 2 5 an vo N,

i
. . . .
,

M e d d f r a d e n n a t ur h i s
t F o r e n in g K ab e n h a v n 1 868, p 1 84 ( ) I 18 2
7
i
. .
. .
, .

\VY VI L L E T H O M S O N P r o c R o y S o c E d n b ur g h , v o l 7 , p 4 1 7 ( I) I 87 9
H
.
, . . .
. . .

P C A R P E NT E R, Pro c R o y So c vo l 2 8 p 3 88 ( ) I 1 88
3 PE RR E R , I
t H
. . . . . . . .
, ,

Co m p e sR e n d us v o l 1 0 6, NO 7 p 4 50 ( ) I I 8S
3 P CAR P E N TE R ,

Hi t P H C
. . . .
.
, . .
,

A nn II an d M ag N at
6 ( ) 88 s vo l p 33 I 1
4 AR

ibr K
. .
, .
. . . . . . .

PE N TE R, P ro c R o y S o c E d
6 88 L n u g h, vo l 12 p 3 9
1
4 OC

t t Hi st r P H
. . . .
,
. .

I N CTON I S a n d a r d N a ur a l
( ) 8 o y. vo l p 1 40 I I
91
J r Li
. . . .
,
.
, .

CA S
R PE N T E R, ( ) 8 N o u n nn o c vo l 2 4, p 4 5 I 1
91 E VI A N I ,

R ivis
t I t l i di S i z II f s HA T
. . . . . . .

6 8
a an a c en e n at an n a c 2 1 91 R
a p
N v t A dG
. . . .
, , .
,

A L U B, 8 I o 5 ( I) a A c a ca . e rm a n , vo l .
5 ,
NO .
, p . 2 .

H p y ss 8 \V
o in e n e d S I G Pr A d N ar i 1 79 A CH S M UTH an PR N E R ; oc ca at

S i Phil d l i 8
. . . .

c ( ) 8 \N a d S I G e ph a, 1 79 , p 2 02 I 1
79 A CH S M U T H an PR N E R,

R v isi f ri i d
. . . .

e l 8 ( I) on o t h e P a ae o c no e a, p . 2 .

I . Ca detach e d d i sk t h e typ e o f H y p o n o m e s
p e Vo r l ars
c
i. A ,
.

D e t ach e d d i sk s o f sp eci e s o f th s gen u s can n o t w ith c e rta inty b e i

det e r m in e d b u t C a rp ent e r b e l ev ed i t p r o b abl e th a t t h s sp e cim en
,
i i
sh o u ld b e r e fe rre d t o h i s A n t cd o n ( i e Z y g o m c t ra ) n z n l t ir a d ia ta . . .
,
.

w h ich i s a syn o n ym o f th e ea rl i e r A n /c a o n ( Z yg o m e t r a ) n z zcr o d is

c zt s
'
-

of B ell .

2 . s
S o ut h P a sag S h a r ksB a y ; 9 m e t e r s
e, ; D r s M ic h a e l s
e n . a nd

H a r t m e y e r ; Jun e 1 6 1 90 5
,
O n e spec m en w ith fty a r m s 1 0
.
4 i mm .

l o n g an d c i rr i ab o u t X X XV
, , 30
-

31, s
to u t ,
2 5 mm . lo ng ; one I I B r2 o f a
 12 SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE LL AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

IIBr ri r
s e es b ea s in stea d o f a p inn ul e a S l gh tly u n d e rs i ze d
+ 4) i
r r i r o
a m th e s t d v i s i o n s e i es f w h i ch c o n s i st s o f v e o s si cl e s all a p
p a r e n t l y u n it e d by s y n a r t h r y an d n n e b ea r in g p in n ul e s ; th i s c ar r i e s o
o
t w I V B r s e r i e s b o th t h e a rm s h av e a kn o tty an d ir r e g u
r i
,

la app e a ran ce w h i ch i s p r o bab ly d u e t o pa ra s it zat i o n P i s f r o m 2 3

, I

m m t o 2 5 mm l o n g v e y st o u t t ap e in g gra du all y t a deli cat e t ip

. .
,
r ,
r o ,

an d c o m p o s e d o f f r o m tw enty v e t o t w enty seve n s egm ent s -

Z YG OM E T R A COM A T A ( A H C l a rk )
. .

Z yg o rn e t r a c o n i a t a 1 91 1 A H C L AR K A usr a l t i an M us
e um M e m o ir IV p
f t t
.
. . .
, ,

7 62 ( oo no e ) .

1 . H o ng Ko ng ; A W i e l e r 1 888 O n e sma l l S p eci m en w ith tw enty

.
,
.

a rm s ; I i
c an n o t s e e th at it d ffe r s f r o m S p ec i m en s fr o m S in gap o r e .

E U DI OCR I NI S VA R I E G A T U S (A . H . Cl a r k)
1 . No L o ca l i ty ; C . E be r s
t e in O n e . r a th e r sm all an d i mm atu re
spe ci m en w h ich may b e d es c ri b e d a s f o l l o w s :
,

r or
T h e c en t o d sa l i s th i n d i sc o i dal w i th a at d o r s al p o l e 1 m m i n .

r
di am et e ; th e c i rr i ar e a r range d in a s i n gl e i r egul a r ma g in al r o w r r .

T h e c i rr i a re X 14 1 5 5 m m VI I
l o ng ; t h e f o u rt h a n d ft h s eg
,
-

r
,

m en t s a re th e l o n ge st v e ry s li ghtl y l o nge t h an th e p r o x ima l

,

r o
d i am et e ; th e sec o n d t t h e ft h a re c en t ral ly c n st r ict e d w i t h w i d ely o
r
a in g d i stal en d s w h i ch p j ect st r o ngly d o r s al ly ; t h i s ap i dl y d e ro r
r
c ea se s d i sta lly an d d i sapp ea rs a f te th e e igh t h r .

or r
Th e d i sta l b d e O f t h e a d ia l s i s S l gh tl y sw o l len sm o th r r i ,
o o
n el y b ea d ed ; t h e p r o x im al b o rd e o f t h e I B r 1 i s sl gh tly ev e t ed an d r i r ,

b ea rs a s m al l b ut p r o m in en t m ed i an t ub e rcl e ; th e d st al e dge i s al s o i
r r
eve te d th e eve s i o n b e in g th i c en e d an d sl ig ht l y p o d u ce d i n th e
, k r
r
cen te r ; th e p o xi m al O bl o ng b rach i al s h av e th e d i stal e dge s ve ry
r
s li gh tl y t u n e d o u tw a r d a n d sl ightly t h icken ed i n t h e cen t e r ; th e
r o
a m s b ey n d t h e p r o x i ma l d i sc o dal b ra ch i al s h av e a sm o o th d r sal i o
l in e an d app a rentl y l ack th e u s u al z ig ag ca inat i o n z r .

Th e v e a m s a e 40 m m l o n g r r . .

T h e d i sk i s c o mpl e ely pl at e d t .

o
Th e p inn u le s f t h e rst pa i r a e 3 m m l o n g an d c o n s i st O f n in e r .

segm ent s w h i ch a t r st a e sh o t b ec o m ing ab o u t a s l n g a s b r a d n r r ,

o o o
t h e t h i rd an d n ea rly th e e t me s a s l n g a s b o ad t e rm in ally ; t h e r i o r
rs t s eg m en t h a s a h igh o u n d e d c a r i nat e p c es s w h i ch i s n e a ly r ro r
ha l f a s h i gh a s t h e lat e ra l d iam et e r o f th e s egm en t ; th e s ec n d h a sa
o
r
ca i n at e p r o ce s s w h c h i s n o t u t e s i
o h i gh an d w h i ch h a s a s t a igh t q i ,
r
d i sta l b o rde r p a rall el t o t h e m e d i an ax i s o f th e s egm en t ; th e t h i rd
I 4 SM I T H S ON IAN M I SCE LL AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

2 ,
o nl y o n e b e in g th e c i r r i h ave 6 9 s egm ent s; a fth h a s 2 -
2

e ight ee n a r m s 85 m m l n g ; th e e igh t I I B s er ie s a re . o r o ne

r ay ha s b o th t h e I I B s e r i e s m i s s in g ; t h c i r r i h av e 7 o r 8 s egm ent s ;
r e 2 2

one h a s th e d i st al h a l f r egen e r at e d ; t h e ixt h h a s tw enty a rm s S -

one

8 m m l ng ;
0 o f th e I I B s e r i e s i s th e th e r n i n e an d th e s ingl e
. o one r 2 ,
o ,

I I I B s e r i e s b e i ng
r th e c i r i h av e 63 segm ent s f w h i ch
,
r 2 0 o

th e l n ge s t a r e n e a r ly a s l n g a s b r a d
o o o .

A M P HI M E T R A S CHL E G E L I I ( A H Cl a rk )
. .

1 . N0 L o ca l i ty ; C E b e r s
t e i
. n One . sp ecim en w h i ch m av b e d e
,

s c rib e d a s f o ll o w s :
The ci i a e X rr r
2 9 35 2 0 m m t 2 3 mm V l
,
o ng ; th e l nge p r o xi ,
. o . o r
r
m al s e g m ent s a e ab o u t a s l o ng a s o r sl ightly l o nge th an b a d ; ,
r ,
ro
r
t h e d i st a l s egmen t s a e n ea rly t w i c e a sb r o a d a s th e i m e d i an l en g t h ; r
r
t h e tw el fth th i te ent h o r f u t een t h an d f o ll o w in g b ea a l o ng an d
,
o r r
r
p r o m in ent rat h e b r o ad d o rs al sp in e ; th e s egm e nt s w h i ch b e a th e
, ,
r
o i
d rs al sp n e s h av e th e d o sa l s u r fa c e atten ed S O th at t h e r e i s a r
r r
at h e r c o n sp i cu o u s o un d e d i dge a l o n g t h e b un da y b e tw e en th e r o r
lat e ral a n d d o s al su r fac e s r .

T h e ra d ia l s h av e a n ely b ea de d d st al e dg e a s i s f e qu entl y th e i r
ca s e i n A p h il ib e r t i . .

r
T h e t w el ve a m s a e 85 m m l o ng ; o n e a y b e ars n e I I B r r + 4) . r o
r
s e ri e s w h i ch c a r i e s ( i nt e n al ly ) a I l I B r 2 s e ri e s
,
r .

i
P I s s mal l an d S l en d e 6 mm l o ng w i th tw en t r
y f o u s egm en t s , . r
w h i ch b ec o m e ab o u t a s l o n g a s b r o a d o n t h e fth t h e r e m a in de r b e in g

,

S l igh t ly l o n ge r r
th an b o a d t h e s ec o n d ei gh th b e a r a h igh b o a d n ely r
o
sp in u s ca rina t e p r o ce s s w h ic h ap i d ly de c rea s e s in h e igh t a ft e th e r r
th i r d ; P 2 i s 1 0 m m l o n g w ith t w enty v e se gm ent s o f w h ich th e
.

ft h s eventh a r e ab o u t a s l o n g a s b o a d a n d th e d i stal a re tw i c e a s
-
r
o
l ng a s b r o ad ; th e s ec o n d n n t h a e di m in i sh in gly c a r in at e th e o ut e -

i r ,
r
bo d e r ro r
f th e ca i n a t i o n b e n g c n ve x n t h e s ec o n d b u t p a all e l t i o o r o
t h e l o n git u d ina l a x i s o f th e s egm en t o n th e r ema in de ; th e p inn u l e r
i s even ly t ap e r in g an d i s p ro p o r t io n a t e l y l a rge r th an P I P 3 i s 1 3 mm -

o
l n g w it h t w enty f o u se g m ent s ; i t e s embl es P 2 b u t t h e s upp l e
-
r r ,

r r
m ent ary i dge i s st o ngly i n d cat e d an d i t b e c o m e s m r e d i st n ctly i ,
o i
r r
t i angul a d i st al ly ; P 4 i s 7 mm l o n g w it h e ight ee n s egm en t s th e .
,

r
s ec o n d ft h w ith p o p o rt i o na te ly h igh er c a ri na te p r o ce s s es than th e
-

o o
c r re sp n d ing s egm ent s o f t h e p re ce d ing p in n ul e s ; P 5 i s mm .

o
l n g w i th f o u rte en s egm ent s o f w h i ch t h e s e c o n d ft h a e v e y -
r r
st r o n gl y an d th e S ixth s o m ew h at ca ri nat e ; th e f o ll o w in g p inn ul e s
r e s e m bl e P 5 t h e d i stal p in n ul e s a r e s le n d e 7 m m l o ng w ith n n et e en r , . i
s egm ent s o f w h i ch t h e o u te r a re ab o u t tw ic e a s l o n g a s b r o a d .
NO . IO C R N O DS I I OF H A M B U RG M U S E U M CL AR K I S

Th i s sp eci e s i s cl o sely re la ed t o A p lz il ib e r t i bu t t m ay be e a s ly t .
,
i i
i i
di st ngu sh e d by th e l o n ger pr o x i m al c rru s segm ent s th e l o n g e r an d i
t
,

m o re p r o min en t sp n e s o n th e d i stal c i r ru s s eg m ent s an d b y h e i ,

s m all e r n u mb e O f a rm s r
t i s a c o n s i d e rab ly sm all e r an d m o re . I
del i cate S p ec i e s tha n A [) h il ib e r t i . .

A t th e t im e d esc r b e d A s I
c /il e g e l ii ( P r o c B i o l S o c W a s i h i ngt o n . . . .
,

vo l 2 1 . 1 90 8 p 2 2 3 )
,
h a d b e f o r e m e t w o S p ec im en s o n e w t h t en
. I ,
i ,

i iz
,

th e o th e r w t h th i rt een a rm s w h i ch w e r e o f th e sam e s e an d gen er a l .

app e aran c e ; su ch di ffe ren ce s a s f o u n d c o n si d e red a s p r o bably th e I I

res ult o f i n d iv i du a l va ria t o n n th i s c o l l ect o n t h e r e a r e t w o s pec i i . I i
m en s o n e w it h t en t h e o th e r w ith tw elv e a rm s w h i ch r e s embl e t h e
,

pa i r in th e C o p en h agen M u s eu m .

Th e p re s enc e o f th e t y p e o f A l a v ip i n n a an d o f a l ar ge s e ri e s o f .

A p h il i b e r t i ( a sp ec e s w h i ch
. ha d n o t s e en w h en i
d es c rib e d A I I .

s chl e g e l ii ) sh o w s clea rly th at t h e t en a m ed sp eci m en i n th e o rig in al r

i
m at e r al an d t h e o n e i n th e p re sen t l o t a e i dent ical w ith C a rp en t e r s r

l a v ip in n a w h i le th e tw elv e an d t h i rt een a m e d sp ec m en s r ep re s en t
,
r i
i i i
a d st nct f o rm ea s ly d i ff e r ent iat e d b v th e st r o n g c a r inat i o n o f th e
,

p inn ule s relate d t o A p h il ib e r t i

,
. .

T h e sp ec i men w h ch s el ect e d a s t h e typ e o f s i I

chl e g e l i i at th e t im e

o i i
f th e o r g n al d e scr ipt o n h app en e d t o b e th e o n e w ith th i rt een a rm s i .

Th u s w h i le th e o n e w it h t en ar m s o rig n ally c o n s d e re d a s i d ent cal ,

i i i
w ith i t m u st b e r e fe r re d t o l a v ip i n n a th e n am e s
,
ch l e g e l ii i s ava l abl e ,
i
fo r th e th i rt een a r m ed sp ec im en an d fo r th e t w el v e a r m e d exam ple .

und e r c o n s i d e rat o n w h c h rep r esent s th e sa m e f o r m i ,

i .

A m p h im e t r a s ch l e g c l i i ap p e a rs t o b e th e n o r th e rn r ep re s enta tiv e o f
-

A p h il ib e r t i j u st a s A l ce v ip i n n a i s t h e n o rth e rn rep r e sentat v e o f

.
,
. i
th e d is co id e a g o u p O f sp ec i e s r .

A M P HI M E T R A N E M A T OD ON ( Ha r t l a ub )

A n te d o n n e n i a to do n 1 890 HA RT L AU B N a ch r GesGo tt i ng en, M ai 1 890

v t
. .
,
.
, ,

1 85 18 1 No A A ca d G e rm an l 58 N O
p .
9 . a c a .
, vo .
, . 1, p . 2 7, p l . 1,

g .
9 (I) .

1 . B owen Que e n l a n d s
sp ec i m en t h e typ e ; th e re a re th i rty
,
One ,

i
e gh t a rm s a b o u t 1 0 5 m m l o n g ; t w o o f th e c i r r st i ll i n s i t n h av e 4 2 . i
an d 4 3 s egm ent s o f w h ch th e t w el fth an d f o l l o w in g bea r d o rs a l i
i
sp n e s ; th e l o nge st c i r ru s s eg m en t s a r e n o t u t e s o l o ng a s b r a d ; q i o
in th e o u t e r t w o th i rd s o r at l ea st o n e h al f o f th e c i rr i t h e s egm en t s
-

,
-

r i
a e tw c e a s b r o a d a s l o n g ; t h e d o r sal s p n e s a r e ath e r small an d i r
r
slen d e th o u gh sh a rp a n d p r o m in en t ; th e en l a rge d p r o x m a l p inn u le s
, i
r
ar e c o m p a at iv ely S l en d e r s m o o th n o t ca rin a e ; t h e d v s o n s e r i e s , ,
t i ii
 I 6 SM I T H S ON IAN M I SCE L L A N E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

a re n ar r o w an d rath e r w id e ly s epa rate d ; t h e b rach i al s a r e e xt rem ely

,
i i
sh o r t d sc o da l w i t h p r o du ce d d stal edges ,
i .

r
T h i s spec i e s app ea s t o b e m o st cl o s ely el at e d t o A p hi l ib e r t i b u t r .
,

i t i s ve ry e a s ily d i st ingu s h e d f r o m th at f o rm b y th e ab s e n c e o f ca r i na i
r
t i o n o n th e p o xi m al p inn u le s an d by h av in g th e I I I B r s e r e s 2 in ste a d i
o f

A M P HI M E T R A CR E NU L A T A ( P H Ca r p e n t e r )
. .

A n te d o n cr e n ul a t a 1 882 . P . H . C AR P E N TE R , Jo ur n . L i nn . So c . vol .

1 6, p .
50 7 .

Th e typ e o f th i s sp ec i e s i s a d ry s p e ci m en in th e amb u g M u s eum H r

fr o m th e n e ighb o rh o o d O f B o rne o ; un f o rt un at el y o ve r l o o k e d it I
w h i l e a t H a m b u rg bu t f r o m t h e o ri g n al d e scr ip t i o n th e r e ca n b e n o
,
i
d o ubt th at i t i s th e f rm w h c h h a s c o m m o n ly b e en kn w n a s o i o
v a r i ip i n n a A S th i s n a m e i s o f th e sam e dat e a s v a r i ip in /n a
. ccu r ing ,
o r
o n th e n ext p age o f th e sa m e p ub l c at i o n a n d an t edat e s al l o th e r n am es i ,

o
f r th e sp ec i e s i t i s th e n a m e by w h ich th e f o rm m u st h en ce f rt h b e
,
o
kn o wn .

A M P HI M E T R A VA R I I P I N N A ( P H Ca r p e n t e r )
\
. .

A n te d o n v a r ii p in n a 1 882 . P . H . C AR P E N T E R, Jo ur n L . i nn . So c . vo l .

1 6, p 50 6 ( I )
HA
.

A n te d o n br o cle ii 1 890 RTL A U B N a ch r G e sG 6 t t in g e n M ai 1 890 p 1 83

v t
. . .
.
,
.
, , ,

1 89 1 . No a Ac a A ca d . G e r m a n v o l 58 N O I p , .
, .
, . 2 3, p l . 1, g s4 .
,
12 ,

13 ; pl . 2 ,
g . 17 .

1 . W e r n e r O n e sp ec i m en th e typ e f th e sp eci e s
Ca n t o n C h in a ; ,
.
,
o
i
th s m a y b e d e sc rib e d a s f o ll o w s :
r r
Th e cent o d o s al i s m d e at e in S i z e w ith a sl gh tly c o nv ex d o rsal o r i
o
p l e 2 mm i n d iam e t e r . .

rr
T h e c i i a r e ab o u t X X 2 8 3 3 1 7 m m t o 2 0 m m l o ng ; th e l o nge ,
-

,
. . r
r
p o x ima l s egm ent s a e ab o ut a s l o n g a s th e d i stal d am et e s o m e r i r ,

t im e s v e ry s l ightly l o n ge r ; t h e ut e r s egm ent s a r e ab o u t o n e th ir d o -

ro r
b a d e th an l o n g ; t h e ea rl ie s egm en t s h av e sl i ghtly t h ick en e d an d r
o
p r m in en t d i sta l d o r sal ed ge s ; th e n int h t o t h e tw el fth ( u s u al ly th e
lat te r ) an d f o ll o w in g d ev el o p l o n g an d sh a rp d r s al sp in e s o .

r
Th e tw en ty th e e a rm s w e re p r o b ably ab u t 50 m m l o n g ; th ee O f
-

o . r
t h e I I B r s e i es a re 2 an d s even a e r + 4 ) th e th re e I I I B r s e r i e s
,
r
r
a e a l l 2 an d a ll a r e i nte rn ally d ev e l o p e d
,
.

T h e d i sta l e dge s o f th e thi rd an d f o l l o w in g s egm en t s f th e p o x o r

i
im al p nn u le s a r e st r o n gl y eve rt ed an d v e ry n ely sp i n o u s in st ea d o f
b e ing p r o v id e d w ith b r o a d lat e ra l p o ce sse s r .

k
Th e d i s isc o mp l et ely c o v e re d w ith a p av em en t o f s m a l l i r regula r
pl at e s .
1 8 SM I T H S ON IAN M I SC E L L AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 00

r
m ent s a e S l ightly b r a de th an l o n g ; t h e c i r i a re m de rately o r r o
r o
st o u t ; th e e a re n o d r sal sp in e s th e d o r s al s u r f ace o f th e sh o rt d i s t al
o
s egm ent s i s c nv ex ; t h e ant ep en u l t i m at e h a s a s mal l t ub ercle w h ich
q u i ckly b ec o m es O b s o l e t e n th e n e o r t w o p rece d ing ; P i s 2 8 m m o o D .

l o n g w ith th i rty th re e t h i ty f o u s egm ent s v e y st o u t b a sally

-
or r r -

,
r ,

t ap e rin g even ly t o a d el i cat e t p ; t h e e a rl i e s eg m en t s a r e tw i c e a s i r

r
b o ad a s l o n g t h e f o ll o w i n g g ad ual l y in c rea s ing i n l en gth an d
,
r
b ec o m in g ab o u t a s l o ng a s b o a d o n t h e f o u rt een th an d tw i ce a s l o n g r ,

r
a s b o a d o n t h e sm al l t e m in al s egm en t s ; t h e segm en t s i n th e m i ddl e r
h al f o f th e p i nnu l e h av e th e d i st al d o rsa l e dge S l ightly sw o ll en an d
r
p o min en t ; P i s 2 6 m m l o n g w it h th i ty t h re e s egment s S i m il a in
P . r -

,
r
eve r y w ay t o P P I i s 1 8 m m l o n g w i th tw en ty v e s e g m ent s
D .
-

r
s i m i la t o t h e p rec e d ing b u t p o p o t i n a t ely small e r ; t h e ci r i c ent r o r r o r ,

o o
d r sal an d d i v i s i n s e r i e s a e p ink i sh fle sh c l ; th e a m s a re slaty ; r o or r
th e p r o x i ma l p i nn u l e s an d th e o u te p o t i n O f th e m i d dle an d o ut e r r o r
p inn ul e s a re p i nk i sh .

abe l a B as
Is
2 . il a n , f M in d an a o ; D r H H a l l i e r ; Ja n
,
P r o v i n ce o . .

ua r y I 9 0 4 O n e b r o k en sp ec im e n w it h f or ty a rm s
. a n d ci rri ,

3 2 m m l o ng w i th 3 2 s egm en ts o f w h i ch th e t e rm in al ft e en h av e a
.

m in ut e subm e d i a n tub e r cl e w h i ch inc r e a se s in s iz e d i stal ly ; th e d i st al

edge s o f th e segm en ts o f th e p r o x i m al p in n u le s w h i ch a re la rg e an d ,

ve ry st o ut a re ev e r te d b u t n o t sp in o u s ; th e I I B r s e ri e s a r e
,

th e I I I B r ser i e s a re + 4 ) ext ern al ly a n d 2 i nt e rn ally o r a ll .

+ 4 ) t h e f o ll o w i ng d iv i s i o n s e r ie s w h e n p r e s en t a re , ,

E k l i S t M a tt h i sI sl a d D G D u l O n e f ragmenta r y
3 . a n a ,
n ; r . n c e e r . . .

S p ec im en ; th e c i r r i an d l o w e r p i n nu l e s a re v e ry sl igh tly st o u t e r th an

i n th e p rec ed i ng th e s egm en t s O f th e l a tt e r w it h l e s s p r o m in en t d i s t al
,

en d s .

P i t il u A d m i l t I s
l a d s D G D u l T h r e e n e spe ci
4 . r a y ,
n ; r n c e e r . . .

m en s w i th th i rty S ix f o r ty f o u r an d f o r ty s ev en a rm s 1 3 0 mm l o ng
-

,
- -

. .

HI M E R OM E T R A , S p .

A n t e d o n k r a e p e l i n i I 89 0 HA T A R L U B, N a ch r G e s G 6 t t in g en, M ai 1 890 , p
v At A
. . . .
,

G e rm a n
1 83 ( )I 1 89 1 . . No a c a ca d .
,
vo l .
5 8, N O . 1, p . 22 , pl . 2 ,

g . 15 ( I ) .

A le y a b, A
1 . ka n C o a s
Th i s app ea s t o b e a s ma ll
rro t B ur m a ,
r
sp ec im en O f H r o b ust ip i n n a w ith w h i ch i t agr e e s i n th e ab s enc e o f a
.

o
th i ck en ing r ev e r s i n f t h e d i stal ed ge s f th e s egmen t s O f th e o o o
enl a rged p o x im al p in n ul e sr Th e la c o f th e p in n ul e t ip s a n d o f th e . k
r
ci r i p reven t accu rat e d ete rm i nat i o n .
NO . IO C R N O DS I I OF H AM B U RG M U SE U M CL AR K 1 9

C R A S P E D OM E T R A A C U T I CI R R A ( P H Ca r p e n
. . t er )
A n t e d o n a c ut ici r r a 1 882 H CA J r Li S P RPE N TE R, o u n nn oc vo l
p
. . . . . . .

1 6, 50 9 ( I )
P H CA J r Li
.

A n te d o n a u tr a l s is 88 1 2 S . . . R PE N T E R , o u n . nn . oc . vo l .

1 6, p 510
P H CA
. .

A n te d o n l ud o v ic i 8 1 J r L
82 S R P E N TE R , o u n in n oc vo l
HA A N v t
. . . . . . .

1 6, p .
510 8 1
91 d G . RT L UB, o a A c a A ca . e rm an ,
vo l .
58 ,

NO I p 2 9
P H CA Li
.
, .

A n t e d o n b ip a r t ip i 88 nn a J r 1 2 . . . RPE N TE R, o u n . nn . So c .

vo l . 1 6, p .
51 2

1 . No L o ca i
l y
t One
sp ec m en ; th e re a re t w enty s ix a rm s ; th e i -

s y n a r t h r ia l t u b e rcl e s a re rath e r p r o m n ent ; th e d stal ed g e s O f th e i i

b rach i als a re rat h e r st r o n gl y o v e rl a pp ng Th i s e a m p l e s j u st l ik e i . x i
o th e r s w h i ch I
h av e s e en fr o m t h e A n d a m an slan d s an d f r o m o th e r I
l o cal i ti e s .

2 H o n g K o ng O n e S p ec i m en u n d o u b t edly ep re s ent n g th e sa m e
. r i
t
,

i
sp ec e s a s h e p r ec ed in g .

3 H on
.
g K o n
g
O n e sp ec m en w ith sl
g ht ly s m o o th er a r m s th a n i i
i

th e typ e O f a cut ici r r a ( N o 1 ) b ut u n d o ubt e dly o f th e s ame sp ec e s ; . i

t h e d evel o pm e nt o f t h e s y n a r t h r ia l t ub e rcl e s s s i m ila r ; t h e sp ec m en i i
t
i s ra h e r s m al l e r an d i s p u rp l e in c o l o r , .

F a m i l y S T E P HA N OM E T R I D I E

S T E P HA N OM E T R A E CHI N US ( A H Cl a r )
. . k
H i rn e r o m c t r a e ch in u s1 90 8 A H CL AR K Sm i t h sM is ce ll C o ll ( Qua r t e rl y
I ss ) t
. . . . . .
,

ue vo l 52 , p a r 2 p 2 18

H K
.
, , . .

S t e p h an o m e tr a co r o n a ta 1 90 9 . A . . CL AR ,
P ro c U . . S N a t M us
. .
,
vo l 3 6,
.

p . 63 9 .

1 . No L o c a l i ty A rm fra g m en t s .

S T E P HA N OM E T R A O XY A CA N T H A ( Ha r tl a ub )
A n te d o n o x y a ca n th a I 89 0 HA R TL AU B N a ch r G e s G 6 t t in g en M ai 1 890

v t
.
, . .
, , ,

p . 1 78 ( ) I .
1 89 I . No a Ac a A ca d . G e rm a n ,
vo l 5 8, N O
. . I , p .
55 p l 3
,
.
,

g s3 5 .
, 37 ( I) .

I A m b o in a ; D r sp eci m e n w it h th i rty a rm s 1 40 I B r o ck O n e
'

. . . .

mm l o n g ; th e cen t r o d o r s al i s l o w h e m i sph er i cal 6 m m in b a s

. al ,
.

d iam e te r ; th e d o rsal p o l e i s sm al l Ha t mm n d a m et e r ; th e c r u s , ,
. i i ir
o
s cket s a re a r ra ng ed in th re e cl o s el y c r o w d e d i r regul a r r o w s ; th e ci r r i
re s e m b le th o s e o f S m o n ac a n t h a o r S t ub e r cul a t a ; th e l o n ge p ox . . r r
im al s egm en t s a r e tw i c e a s l o n g a s b r o a d o r sl igh tly l n ge r ; th o s e in o
the o
ut e r th i rd o r h al f o f th e c r i are ab o u t a s l o n g a s b o a d ; t h i s i s ir r
a m o r e r o bu st f o r m th at S t ub e r cul a t a o r S m o n a ca n t h a an d P 2 P 3 . .
, ,
 2 0 SM I T H S ON IAN M I SCE L L ANE OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 00

r
an d P 4 a e s i m i la r ; P 1 i s 1 2 m m l o n g sl en de r w it h t w en ty o n e s eg .
, ,
-

m en t s ; P 2 i s 1 3 m m t o 1 6 m m l o ng en l arge d st ffen e d an d S p in e l k e . .
, ,
i -

i ,

w i th t h i rte en o r f o u t e en s eg m ent s ; P 3 i s 1 3 mm t 1 6 m m l o n g r . o .
,

S im il a r
i n ev e ry w ay t o P 2 w it h tw elv e o r th i tee n s eg m ent s ; P 4 i s ,
r
9 m m l o n g s im il a r t o th e p r ec ed in g b u t p r o p o rt i o n ate ly sma l l e r w it h
.
, ,

t en s egm ent s ; P 5 i s 6 mm l o n g s i mi la t o P , b u t p o p rt i o n at el y . r r o
k
,

r
sm all e w i th t en s egm en t s th e f o ll o w ng p nn u l e s a e s ma ll an d w ea
,
i i r ,

m m o r 5 mm i n l ength g a d ually i n c e a s in g in S iz e o u t wa r dly ;

. .
,
r r
th e d i sta l p i nnu l e s a re 9 m m l o n g w it h t w enty s egmen t s v e ry .
,

s l en de r .

S T E P HA N OM E T R A T U B E R CU L A T A (P . H . Ca r p e n t er )
A n te d o n t ub e r c ul a t a I 89 1 . HA R TL AU B ,
No v a A c a t A ca d . G e rm an , vo l .
58,
No . 1, p .
57 (I) .

1 . R ule , C a r o l in e I s
l a n ds On e
p ec i m en w i th t h rty o n e a rm s S i -

. o
85 m m l n g ; t h e c i i h av e 2 6 2 7 s e g m en t s an d a re ab o u t 2 3 mm rr -
.

l o ng ; th e l o nge st ci r u s s egm en t s are u su al ly n o t q ui t e s l o ng a s r o

r
br o a d a r el y a s l o ng as b a d ; th e o u t e m o st n in e t o tw e lv e a r e
,
ro r
r r
b o ade th an l o n g ; th e en la ge d l o we r p in n ul e s h av e t en o r e l ev en r
s egmen t s P i s m o e l ik e th e s ucc e ed in g p in nu l e s th a n i n th e s p ec i
.
4
r
r
m en f o m t h e A dm i al ty sl an d s a n d th e S h rt e an d s o m ew h a t r I ,
o r
r rr
st o ut e c i i w it h s h o t e r se gme nt s g i v e th i s i n d iv i du al a s o m e wh at r
r
d i ffe en t appe a ra n c e .

2 P i t i l u A d m i r a l ty I s
. l a n ds; Dr
, G D un cke r O n e S p ec im e n . . .
-

w it h tw e nty s even a m s 95 m m l o ng ; t h e c i rr i a r e XX X 2 0 2 3 2 5
-
r .
,
-

m m t o 2 7 m m l o n g ; t h e l o n ge st s egm ent s o f th e l o nge c i r i a e

. . r r r
i
tw c e a s l o n g a s th e med i an d am et e r o r s o m ew h a t l o nger ; P I i s i
1 0 mm o r 1 1 m m l o n g w e a
. an d sl en d e r w i t h s even t een o r e igh teen
.
,
k ,

i
s egm en t s ; P 2 s st o u t an d S p n e l ik e 1 0 mm l o n g w i th t e n elev en i , . or
s e gm en t s ; P 3 i s S i m i la r 9 m m t o 1 0 m m l n g w ith n i n e o r t e n ,
. . o
se g m en ts P 4 i s 7 mm l o n g smal l e r t han th e p rece d ing b u t st i ffen ed ; .
, ,

P 5 i s 5 m m l o ng w it h t e n s egm ent s ; th e f ll o w ing p in nul e s a e

. o r
r
s im i la s ligh tl y s mal le a n d w eak e r ; th e d i sta l p inn u l e s a e v e ry
,
r r
S len d e r
9 mm l o n g w it h e ight e en o r n in eteen s eg m ent s
, . .

3 P e.l e w I sl a n d s O n e sp ec im e n w i t h th ty arm s 1 1
5 m m l ng ir . o ,

r
an d ci r i 2 5 m m t o 3 0 m m l o n g w i th 2 0 2 3 s egm ent s o f w h ich t h e
. .
-

r ro
l o nge p x i m al a r e tw i c e a s l o ng a s b r a d an d th e s h o rt e d i st al o r
sl igh tly l o nge r than b r o a d ; th e ci r r i a e m o de rat ely sl en de an d v e ry r r
l o ng a s in th e sp eci m en f o m P i t il u t h o ugh n o t qu it e s o sl en de as n r ,
r i
t h a t i n d iv id u al ; P 1 i s 1 3 m m l o n g sl en d e an d fl agel lat e w i th t w enty .
,
r ,

i
s x s egm ent s ; P 2 i s 1 5 mm l o n g v e ry s ti ff an d sp in e l k e b ut sl igh tly .
,
-

i ,
2 2 SM I T H SON IAN M I S CE LL ANE OU S CO L L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

x 5 ) i s fty
Th e st u ct u e f th e d ivi s i n s e i e s an d . r r o o r
o f t h e a rm ba se s i s exactly a s in S n s ch ii ; t h e d iv i s i o n s e i e s a r e . r
st r o ngl y c o nve x w ith p e f ectly st a igh t s i d e s r r .

Th e s egm ent s o f th e en l a rge d l o w e p i nn u le s a r e al l sh o t ab o u t r r ,

a s l o n g a s b r o ad o f u n i f o m s ze ; th e s e p nn ul e s a r e s ti ffen e d t h o ugh
,
r i i ,

s ca c ely sr o m u ch S O a s th o s e O f th e sp ec i e s o f S t e p ha n o m e t r a an d th e ,

t ip th o u gh sh a rp en d s i n th e n o rm al m an n e r T h e p i nn u le s a e m o r e
, ,
. r
S l en d e r t ha n th o s e o f S t e p h a n o m e t r a a n d a re even ly tap e rin g .

Th i s S p ec i e s i s m o s t n e a rly rel ate d t o t h at w h i ch r ecentl y d e I

r
s c ib e d u n d e r th e n a m e o f S e l e n e m e t r a t e n ui cir r a w h ich h a s s im i ' '

r
l a r l y st i ff en e d an d enl a ge d p o x i m a l p nn u l e s b u t i n t e n ui cir r a t h e r i
p i n nul e s a r e st o u t e r p r o x nn a l l y a n d m o re d el cat e d i stally s th at th ey i o
r r
t ap e l e s s regul a l y an d t h e v a r e c o n s i de ably S h o te an d th e c i rr i
,
r r r
r
a re v e y m u ch l o n ge r w it h m o r e n u m er us s egm en t s f w h i ch th e o o
d i st al a re m u ch l o n ge r .

r
F o m th e publ i sh e d d e sc ri p t i n an d gu r e a s s u me d th a t th i s f o rm o I
i
w a s all e d t o th e sp ec i e s o f S t e p h a n o m e tr a w i th w h i ch i t w a s a s s o
c ia t e d by H a tlaub an d r
a s i t d i ffe re d m a t e al ly f r o m all th e f o rm s
,
ri
w h i ch I
ha d g r o up e d in t h at genu s s ugges te d t h e gen e i c n am e ,
I r
O x y m e t r a fo r i t E xa m n a t i o n o f th e s p e c i m e n h w eve
. i
Sho w s ,
o r ,

th at i t h a s n o th in g t o do w it h th e S p ec i e s f S t e p h a n o m e tr a, b u t i s o
r
cl o s ely el at e d t o t h e sp e c e s w h i c h h av e gr u p e d i n t h e gen u s i I o
S e l e n e m e tr a e sp ec al ly t o S t e n ui cir ra
,
i . .

N o w t h e gen e r i c n am e O x y m e t r a ( P r o c B i o l S o c W as h ingt o n : . . .
,

vo l 2 2 . 1 90 9 p 1 3 ) w ith A n t e d o n e r i n a ce a
, , . a rt l aub a s t h e typ e h a s .
H
p re c ed en ce o ve r t h e gen e r i c n am e S e l e ne m e t r a ( P r o c U S N a t . . . .

M us v o l 3 9 1 9 1 1 p 5 4 1 ) w it h A n t e d o n n s
, .
,
ch ii
,
a tlaub a s t h e
. Hr
typ e s o t h at all t h e s pec i e s h e e t o f r e a s s ign e d t o th e gen u s S e l e n e
,
r o
r
m e t r a m u st b e t an s fe r re d t o t h e gen u s O x y m e t r a an d th e na m e ,

S e l e n e m e tr a mu s t b e r el egat e d t o th e syn o ny m y o f O x v m e t r a .

DI C HR OM E T R A -

FL A G E L L A T A ( J M il l l e r )
.

A n t e d o n fl a g e l l a ta 1 89 1 . HA T A R L U B, No v a A c a t A ca d G e r m a n
.
, vo l 58, N O
. .

73 (I) .

1 . P e lew lan ds
Is One
p ec im e n w ith a b o u t f o rty a rm s ab u t S o
1 4 0 mm l o n g ; t h e c en t r o d o rs al i s la ge l o w h em i s p h e i cal 7 m m i n
. r ,
r ,
.

i
d am et e r a t th e ba s e an d 3 mm i n d i a m e te r at th e c n cav e d o s al p o l e ; . o r
r
th e ci ru s s o ck et s a r e a r range d i n th r e e cl o s el y c o w de d i r eg ul a r r r
r o w s ; t h e c i r r i a r e ab o u t XL 2 7 2 9 2 5 mm l n g ; t h e l n ge r p r o xi mal ,
-

,
. o o
s eg m en t s a re ab o u t a s l o n g a s b o a d ; d s al sp in e s w h ch ar e ra th e r r or ,
i
l o w an d blun t a r e d ev el o p ed f r o m t h e t enth r t w el ft h o nw a rd ; t h e
,
o
 NO . IO C R N O DS I I OF H AM BU RG M U SE U M CL ~

AR K 2 3

c i r r i a r e a s u su al rath e r st o ut ; th e d v i s
,
i o n s e r i e s an d a rm b a se s a r e
,
i
str o n gly c o n vex an d ru gge d ; P 3 i s th e l o nge st a b o u t 1 5 m m l o ng ,
.

w it h ab o u t t w enty s eg m en t s .

2 P i l
t
. i u A d i l
m ra y t I sl a n d s; D r G D u n c le e r O n e specim en . . .

i i
,

w it h t w en ty e i gh t a r m s 1 50 m m l o ng ; t h e l o nge st c rr h av e 3 2
-
.

o r 3 3 s eg m en ts d o rs al sp n e s b e ing d ev el o p ed fr o m th e el ev ent h o r
,
i
tw el f th o nw a rd ; P 3 i s 1 5 m m l o n g w t h tw enty e igh t o r tw en ty n in e . i - -

s eg m en t s T h i s sp e ci men i s int e rm e d iat e i n ch a racte r b etw e en th e

.

o
tw at L ey d en u p o n w h i ch M ii l l e r b a se d th e n a m e s fl a g e l l a t a an d
e l o n g a t a th o ugh r ath e r n ea re r th e la t e r
,
t .

DI CHR OM E T R A F L A G E L L A T A v ar . A FRA , n ew v t a ri e y

A n te d o n fl a g e l l a t a 1 89 9 L U D IG , S e n ck n a t ur f o r s
ch W Ges vo l 2 1, H ft e 4,
f it Z i
. . . . .
,

p 5 3 8 ( R e e o p p o s e h a rb o r o f L a m u an z ba r )

H K
.
.
,

D ich r o m e t r a s
p 191 1 A C L AR P ro c U S N at M us vo 40 , pl 2 7
i Z zi H
. .
. . . .
, . . . .
,

( tw o h e ad ng s; Cap e S t A n dr M a da g a s
ca r ;
'

an bar ) 1 1 1
9 A
K it
. . . .
.
,

CL A R B ull e um d h is
d u m us ( Cap S a
'

NO

,
. t . n at .
,
.
4, 1 91 1, p . 2 54 n

A n d r M a d a g
, a s
ca r ) .

1 . M a d ag a ca r ;s
Th e cen t r o d s al i s l o w h e m i sph e r ical
C . M o lt or ,

. i
4 mm i n d am ete r at th e b as e ; th e d o r sa l p o l e i s at mm in ,
.

d iam et e r ; t h e ci r ru s s o cket s a r e a rran ge d in t w o i r regu l ar m a rginal

ro w s .

Th e ci r ri a r e ab o u t X X 2 3 2 9 1 5 m m t o 1 8 mm l o ng ; th e rst ,
-

,
. .

segmen t i s ve ry sh o r t th e f o ll o w in g g ra du ally in c re a s ing i n l en gth ,

o
t th e ft h o r s i xth w h i ch i s ab o u t a s l o n g a s b r o ad an d th e s xth i
i
n nth o r s ev enth t ent h w h ch a r e th e l o n gest sl gh tly l o n ge r t han i ,
i
i
b r o a d ; t h e f o l l o w n g gra d ual ly d e c r ea s e i n length th o s e in th e o ute r ,

i r
h al f b e ing sl gh tly b o ad e r th a n l o ng ; t h e n i n th o r tent h an d f o l l o w ng i
b ea r pr o m i n en t bl un t d o r sa l s p n e s o f m d e rat e s i ze i o .

T h e re a re tw en ty n n e a r m s ab o u t 85 mm l o ng ; I I I B r s e r i e s a r e
-

i .

devel o pe d e xt e rn al ly ; t h e d iv s i o n s e ri e s ar e b r o a d w ith t h e v en t r o i
r
late al ed ge s o f th e s eg m en t s e xt en d ed late ra lly a s a th n na rr o w i
r
b o rd e th e o ute r e dge o f w h ich i s p ar al l el t o th e ax s o f t h e d iv i s i o n i
i
se r e s ; s y n a r t h r ia l an d a rt cu l a r t ub e rcle s a re n o t dev el o pe d i .

P i s 8 m m l o n g w t h fr o m tw en ty o n e t o t w enty v e s eg m ent s
1 . i -

i
s lend e r d el cate an d fl agell at e ; th e r st seg m en t i s t w c e a s b r o a d a s
,
i
l o n g th e th i rd ab o u t a s l o ng a s b r o ad an d th o s e i n th e o ut e r h al f
, ,

tw i ce a s l o ng a s b r o a d ; th e p nn u l e t a pe r sr ath e r rap dly il l t h e rs t i i

f o u r s eg m en t s m o re g ra d u al ly f r o m tha t p o n t o nw a rd P 2 i s
,
i
mm t o I O m m l o n g w th f r o m tw ent y t w o t o tw en ty v e seg m ent s
. . i - -

t i
,

s imil a r t o P bu s t o ut e r a nd tap e rin g m o r e e venly P 3 s 1 0 m m

, . .

l o ng w ith f r o m t w enty t w o t o t w en ty f o u r seg m ent ss i m la r t o P an d - -

,
i 2
2 4 SM I T H S ON IAN M I S CE LL ANE OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 00

ab o u t o f th e sam e S iz e T h e f o l l o w i ng p inn u l e s ar e s m al l Th e d i st al
. .

r
p in n u l e s a e ve ry s l en d e r 8 m m l o n g w i t h tw enty s egm ent s T h e , . .

o r
en la rge d l w e p inn u l e s a r e s l en d e an d a g e l l a t e o f t h e typ e s een i n r ,

i
typ ca l fl ag e l l a t a .

i r r
T h s f o m d i ffe s f r m typ i ca l fl a g e l l a t a m u ch a s C a p il l a s o
t e r m ul t i
r a d ia t a va r co cc o d is
t o m a d i ff e r s f r o m t u e C m ul t ir a d ia ta
. t is r . . I
r r
sm al le an d m o e d el c at e w i th f ew e a m s an d la cks th e ch a ac i ,
r r ,
r
t e r ist ic r ug o s ity o f th e a rm b as e s an d th e p o m in ent s y n a r t h r i a l r
tub e rcl es P 2 an d P 3 a re p r o p o rt i o n at ely l e s s en la g ed an d m e
. r or
d el i cat e an d a re n o t gr eatly l nge th an P ,
,
o r .

DI CHR OM E T R A P A L M A T A ( J M iil l e r )
.

G im s
1 a h B a y , A r i ca n
. f
f S ue z ; D r R H a r t co a s
t of the G ul f o . .

m eyer O n e n e sp ec im e n
.
-

w it h t w e n ty n in e a rm s 1 2 0 m m l o n g an d .

V
c i rr i X X I I 2 1 2 4 ; t h e d o rsal p o l e o f th e c ent r o d o r s al i s 3 mm i n
,
-

d i a m et e r S l igh t ly c o n cav e
,
.

D I C HR OM E T R A P R OT E CT U S ( L iit k e n )
A n t e d o n l e p id a I 890 . HA RT L AU B , N a ch r . G e sG o . tt i n g en, M ai ,
1 890 , p . 1 76
( I)
H CA T J r L i S
.

A n te do n (e q uip in n a 1 882 . P . . RPE N E R, o u n . nn . oc .

vo l 1 6, p50 4
P H CA Li
. .

A n te d o n i m p a r ip i n n a 1 882 J r S R PE N T E R , o u n nn oc

HA A N v A t A d G
. . . . . .

l 1 6, I 89 1 rm an l
vo .
p .
50 5 . RT L U B, o a c a ca . e , vo .

58, N O ( 2 3,
t HA A N v A t A d G
.
,

A n t e d o n p a l n za ta ( pa r ) 1 89 1 . RT L U B, o a c a ca . e rm an ,
vo l .

5 8, N o ( I)
HA A N v A t A d G r
. .

A n te d o n b r e v i cn n e a t a 1 89 1 . RT L U B, o a c a ca . e m an , vo l .
5 8,
NO . 1. D . 68

1 . To ng a an d
Tw sm al l sp ec i m en s F iji o .

2 N o L o ca l i ty T w o s pec im en s ; th e l a rge h a s th e cent o d s al

. r r or
ro
b a d th i n d isc o i dal th e c i r ru s s o ck et s a r ran ge d i n t w o i r egu l a r
, ,
r
r o w s ; th e b a e d r sal p o l e i s r o
mm i n d a m et e r ; t h e c i a r e ab o u t . i irr
X XX VI I
2 2 2 8 ( u s u ally n ea re r th e la tt e r ) 2 0 m m t o 2 3 mm l n g ;
,
-

,
. . o
or
t h e f ty arm s a re 2 0 mm t o 2 3 m m l o ng ; P 2 ha s ab u t t h i ty s eg . . o r
m e nt s an d i s ab o u t 1 7 m m l o n g m o d er at el y S l en d e r ; i t i s g eatly .
,
r
o
enl a rge d n th e o u ts i d e o f th e ay s an d n ea l y a s m u ch s o n t h e i nn e r r o r
m o st s id e o i the I I B r se i e s ; th e s egm en t s i n th e o u t e h al f O f th e c i i r r rr
o rr
hav e a l w sh a rp n a o w m ed i a n ca r in at i o n ; th e sm al l e r spe c im en h a d
r
p o b ably b etw ee n tw enty v e a n d th i rty a m s ; P i s sl gh t ly m o re -
r 2
i
sl end e r th an u su a l re se m bl n g th at in th e o th e r i n d vi d ua l ; th e c i r r i
,
i i
h av e 2 2 2 3 s eg m en t s
-
.
2 6 SM I T H S ON IAN M ISCE L L AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 00

P E T A S OM E T R A HE L I A N T HOI DE S , n ew s
p e ci e s

1 . s
S o ut h P a sag e, S h a r ksB a y , 9 m e te rs ; D r s M i ch a e l s
en . an d

H a r t m e y e r ; Jun e 1 6 1 9 5
0 On e n e sp ec im en w h i ch m ay b e de
r
, ,

s c ib e d a s f o l l o w s
r r
C en t o d o s al th i n d i s c o i dal w i t h a b o a d a t d o rsal p o l e 4 mm in ,
r .

r irr
d i amet e ; c u s s o cket s a r ran ge d i n a s ingl e egu la r cl o s ely c o w d ed r r
ma rgin al r o w .

r I
C i r i X X 2 8 3 1 2 0 mm t o 2 2 m m l o ng ; t h e c i r u s s egm en t s a e
,
-

,
. . r r
s ube qu al ab o u t tw i ce a s b o a d a s l o n g t h e ba sal sh o r t e th e l ast
,
r ,
r ,

v e o r s ix b e c o m i n g s o m ew h at l o n ger ; th e d o r s al s u r face O f th e
s egm ent s i s b r o a d an d at ; th e s ec o n d h a s t h e d i stal d o r sal e dge
p r o d uc e d an d b l unt ly s e r rat e ; o n t h e f o l l o w i ng th i s s e r rat e id ge r
r
b ec o m e s m o e an d m e d e epl y c re sc en t ic o n th e f o u rt e enth an d or ,

f o l l o w in g b ec o m in g a m e di an st r aigh t n e l v an d r ath e b l un tly ser r

r V
, ,

r r r r
at e t an s ve s e i dge app ea in g a s a m in u t e S p in e i n l ate al i ew ; r
O p p o s ing sp in e l a rge th e ap ex sub te rmi n al a r i s in g f r o m th e en t i re
, ,

r
d o r s al s u face o f t h e p en u lt imat e s egm en t r i s in g t o a h e i gh t ab o u t ,

q
e u a l t o o n e h al f o f t h e d iam ete o f th e p en u l ti m at e s egm ent ; o w in g r
t o t h e cl o s el y c r o w d e d c o n d it i o n o f th e ci r u s s o cket s th e rs t t h r e e r
segm en ts o f t h e c i r r i a re S h a rp ly fl atten e d lat e ral ly a s i n r elat e d
fo m s r .

r
Th e a di al s a r e c o n ce al e d i n t h e m e d ian l in e b u t a re v i s bl e a s l o w ,
i
r
t i angl e s in th e angle s o f th e calyx ; t h e I B r , a e ve ry S h o t ab o u t si x r r ,

t im e s a sb r o a d a s l o n g th e p r o x im al a n d d i s tal edge s p ar al l el t o ea ch
,

o th e r
an d t h e l at e ra l e dge s p a ral l el t o th e l o n git u d inal ax i s o f th e
,

o s s i cl e o
n t i n lat e ral c o n tac t ; a x i ll a r i e s v e ry b r o a d ly p entag o n al
, ,

r
fr o m t w o t o th e e t i me s a s b r o a d as l o n g th e l at e ral edge s a b o u t t w o ,

o
th i rd s a s l n g a s th o s e o f t h e I B r t u rn ed sli ghtly o ut w a d an d t h e r e ,,
r
r
f o e m ak in g a s l igh t an gl e w ith t h e l o n git u d n al ax i s ; th e l at er al i
r
c o rn e s o f th e I B r , an d o f th e I B r a xi lla ry a re r o u n d e d O ff ; t h e r e a e r
t en I l B r s e r i e s an d t w o I I I B r s eri e s b o th o f t h e ,

l att e r dev e l o p ed o n t h e s am e I I B r s e r i es ; th e d iv i s i o n s e r i es a re
str o ngly r o un d e d d o r sal ly w it h o u t la e ra l b o rde rs r es emb l i ng th o s e t ,

o f H e te r o m e tr a s
a v ig n ii .

r
t w en ty t w o a m s a re 85 m m l ng ; t h e r s t tw b ra ch i al s a re
T he -

. o o
q i
s ube u al sl gh tl y w e dge sh aped ab o u t f o u t im e s a s b o a d a s th e -

,
r r
r
,

m ed i a n l ength ; th e s t i s i nt e n ally u n it e d fo r t h e p r o x im al t w o r
o
t h i rd s b ey n d th i s p o in t d i ve rging at a ri gh t an gle ; th e s t sy zyg i al
,
r
o
pa i r ( c m p o s ed O f th e th i r d an d f o u th b ra ch al s ) o b l o n g t w o a n d r i ,

i
o n e hal f t m es a s b r o a d a s l o n g ; th e n ex t f o u r b r ach ial s a re s h o t
-
r .

app r o x im at el y o bl o n g ab o u t f o u t m e s a s b r o ad a s l o n g t h e f o l l o w
,
r i .
NO . IO I
C R N O DS I OF H AM BU RG M U SE U M CL AR K 2 7

i ng o bl iqu ely w edge sh ap e d t w o an d o n e h al f t i m e s a s b r o ad a s l o ng

-

, ,

b ec o m in g l e s s o b l iqu ely w e dge sh ap ed d stally -

i .

P al ways ab s en t ; P
a 1 1 mm t o 1 2 m m l o n g w th f r o m tw en ty
D . . i
s eve n t o tw en t y n in e s egm en t s o f w h i ch th e rs t f o u r o r v e a re
-

b r o ad e r th an l o n g an d th e rem ai n d er ab o ut a s l o ng a s b r o a d sl igh tly ,

r i
l o nge t han b r o a d t e rm nal ly ; th e p n n ul e i s m o d e rat e n s i e s m o o th i i z ,

i i
,

e ven ly t ap e ring a n d v e ry d el cat e d st ally ; P 1 0 m m l o ng w it h ,

.

tw enty t w o s eg m ent s re sembl in g P b ut v e ry sl ight ly m o re sl end e r

, D

P , i s 1 0 m m l o ng w i th tw en ty v e s eg m ent s r e s e m bl in g P , ; P i s
.
-

, 3

6 m m l o n g w ith n in ete en s egmen t s s m all e r an d w eak e r t h an t h e p re

.

it
,

i
c ed ing ; th e f o ll o w n g p i nn u le s ar e S m i l a r t o P ; t h e d sa l p inn u l e s i ,

a re 1 1 m m l o ng s len d e r w ith t w en ty n in e segm ent s wh ch a re

.
, ,
-

i
sh o r t s ca rcely hal f aga i n a s l On g a s b r o ad
,
.

Th e c o l o r i s l igh t yell o w i sh w ith t h e d o rs al p o l e o f th e cen t r o ,

or
d s al ( exc ep t fo r a c ent ral sp o t ) an d th e a rt icu lat i o n s d a rk b r o w n .

i
Th s s p ec i e s d i ffe rs f r o m P cl o n e o f t h e M o lu cca s i n it sm u ch .

g reat er n u m b e r o f a r m s ( tw en ty t w o n ste a d o f f r o m t en t o t w elve ) i

i n th e gr eat e r n u m b e r o f c i rru s seg m e nt s an d n it sl o n ge r an d m o r e ,
i
n u m e r o u s l y seg m en te d p r o x i m a l p n n u l e s i .

OL I G OM E T R A S E R R I P I N N A ( P H Ca rp e n
. . t er )
A n te d o n s
e r r ip in n a 1 89 1 . HA RTL AU B ,
No v a A c a t A cad . G e rm an , vo l .
58,
No . I , p 82.
( I) .

I To ng a I s
. la n ds S ev en S p ecim en s
; o n e o f t h ese h a s th e c i r ri
XX I II
2 1 th e s egmen t s t e rm in all y b ec o m in g n e a rly a s l o n g a s
, ,

b r o ad ; t h e c en t r o d o r sa l i s th i n d i sc o i dal t h e c i r ru s s o cket s w h i ch ar e , ,

o bl o n g t w o an d o n e
,
hal f t o t h re e t i m e s a s h i gh a s b r o ad a rrange d i n ,

i r r
a s ngl e egu la m a rginal r o w ; th e d o r sa l p o l e s sl gh tly c o n cav e i i ,

3 m m i n d i ame te r ; P i s 7 m m l o ng w ith fte en segm ent s f w h ch

.
, . o i
the fth i s th e l o n ge st t w i ce a s l o ng a s b r o ad ; t h e r e i s a v e y sl igh t
,
r
r
sp in o u s p o d uct i o n o f t h e d i s a l ed ge s o f th e se g m ent s A n o th er t .

sp ecim en a l s o h a s2 1 c r ru s s egm en t s w h ch d stall y a re n ea rly a s i i i

l o ng a s b r o a d ; P , h a s f r o m ft een t o e ght e en seg m en t so f w h ch h e i i t
i
b asal a re atten ed e xt e r o rly ; t h e d s tal ed ge s o f th e th r d an d f o ll o w i i
ing s egmen t a r e sli gh tly p r o du ce d an d sp n o u s n a th i rd sp e c m en i . I i
th e a rm s a re ab o u t 60 mm l o n g ; th e c i rr i a re 1 5 m m l o n g w ith 2 o 2 1 . .
-

s eg m ent s ; P h a s fr o m t en t o th i rte e n s egme n t s ; P h a s tw elv e s eg

, ,

m ents w h ich h av e n o p e rcept bl e p r o du ct i o n o f th e d i s tal e dge s

,
A i .

f o u rth S p eci m en i s i nt e re s t n g in p o s i
se s s n g el even a r m s o n e I I B r 1 i ,

i i
s er e s b e ng p re s en t ; P h a ssxt een s e g m en t s T h e re m a n ing th re e
,
i . i
i
a re s m i la r t o th o se de sc r i b ed .
2 8 SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE L L AN E OU S CO L L E C TI ON S VO L . 00

Th e s e sp ec i m en s p o s s e s s i n gen e ral th e ch a a ct ers o f t h e f o r m r

o
f r o m s u th ea st e n A f i ca w h ich r r
c all e d o cci d e n t a l is an d p s s ibl y I ,
o
o r
s h ul d b e ec o r de d u n d e t h a t nam e T h ey h av e b u t t h e m e r es t t ac e r . r
o f t h e ch a ract e r f o m w h i ch s r
e r r ip in n a get s i t s n a m e th u gh th i s i s ,
o
o r
n t en ti ely ab s en t a s i n ja p o n ica .

r
T h e d i st ib ut i o n o f th i s g en e ral type o f s e rr ip i n n a s u th ea ste r n o
A f rica L r
e s s e S u n d a slan d s an d T o n ga i s cu r i o u sly pa ral l e l t o
, I
r
th at o f th e v a iati o n o f S t e p ha n o m e tr a m o n ac a n t ha i n th e d i re ct i o n o f
S in di ca s o u th ea ste n A f ri ca C eyl o n L e s s e S un da sl an d s T
. r , ,
r I ,
or
r es St ait r .

Ol ig o m e t r a ca l e d o n i a f r o m N e w C al e d o n ia an d O ja p o n i ca f m '
.
'

ro
r r
J ap an ep es e n t th e ext re m e s f th e sm o o t h p in n ul e d va i at i o n f r o m o r
th e O s e r r ip i n n a st o ck
. .

2 .
f F o ki e n C h in a ; C o n s
P uch o w P r o v in c e ,
ul S S i e m s s en ; De o , .

ce m b e r 1 8 1 9 0 5 O n e sp eci m en ; th e r e a r e
,
c i u s s e g m en t s rr
w h i ch b ec o m e n ea rly a s l o ng a s b r ad d st al ly ; P , i s 7 mm l o n g w it h o i .

ei ght een s egm ent s w h i c h p o s s e s s n ly a s l igh t t ra ce f l at e a l p r o o o r

c e ss e s t h e s e c n d f o u rth s egm en t s o f th e e a rl i e p inn u l es a re ca rinat e
o r .

F a m i l y T R OP I OM E T R I DZE

T R OP I OM E T R A A F R A ( Ha rt l a ub )
A n t e d o n a f r a I 890 HA RTL AU B N a ch r G e sG 6 t t in g en, M ai 1 890 p 1 72 ( I)
v At
. . .
,
.
, , .

1 89 1 . No a c a A ca d . G e rm a n , vol .
5 8, N O . I , p . 86 p l , .
5 , g s 50 . ,

52 ( I) .

1 . B owe n , Que e n l a n d s On e S p ec im en t h e ty p e ,
o f t h e sp ec ie s .

T R OP I OM E T R A M A CR ODI S CU S ( Ha r a )
I M is . a ki Ja p a n ; 3 0 5 0 fa t h o m s , ; A l a n O z o st o u O n e sp ec m e n -

. i
r r
p u rpl e i n c o l o an d e s e m bl in g t h e sp e c i m en s f r o m J ap an in th e U S . .

N at i o na l M u s eu m an d i n th e C o p en h agen M u se um .

2 M is
. a le i Ja p a n ;
3 5
0 0 -

f a t h o m
, s; A l a n D a l s
t o n O n e sp ec im en -

S l igh t ly sm al le t h an t h e p r eced in g r .

I
am n o w c nv in c e d t h a t o
w a sw r o n g i n pla ci ng a ra s m a cr o I H

d is cusu n d e th e syn o nym y o f r a rtl a ub s a fr a ; m a cr o d iscusi s a H

st o u te an d la ge r f o rm t h an a f ra w ith l nge a n d h e av i e ci i an d
r r o r r rr
r r
l o nge b ac h i al s A gl an c e at t h e c i r i a l o n e i s s u fci en t t d i s ti ngu i s h
. r o
t hem .

T R OP I OM E T R A P I C T A ( G ay )
A n te d o n ca r i n a t a ( pa t
r ) 1 882 . P . H . C AR P E N T E R, Jo urn . L i nn . So c .

vol . 1 6, p .
50 2

I S a n t o sB r a z il T en sp ec im en s
.
, .

2 R i o d e Ja n e ir o B r a z il O n e la rge spec
.
, . i m en .
3O SM I T H S ON IAN M ISCE LL AN E OU S CO L L E C TI ON S VO L . 00

A N T E D ON HU P F E R I ( Ha r t l a ub )
A n te d o n h up fe r i I 890 HA RTL AU B N a ch r G e s G 6 t t in g en, M ai 1 89 0 , p 171

v t
. . .
, .

( I) .
I 89 1 No a A . c a A ca d . G e r m an ,
vo l 5 8, N O
. . 1, p . 88, p l 5 g .
, s.

5 3 , 59 ( I) .

I . W ap u Wes,
t A fr ica ) 2 1 f a t h o m s
I v o ry C o as
t ( ; b l ue m ud ; C a p t .
.

H up f e r D e ce m b e r 5 1 887 O n e sp ec i m en t h e typ e o f th e S pe c i e s ;
, ,
.
,

th i s ma y b e d es c rib e d a s f o l l o w s :
o
T h e cent r d o r sal i s t h in w ith a at h e b r o a d d o sal p o l e 1 m m in ,
r r r .

d iam et e r v e ry sl i gh tly c o nca v e th e c i r u s s o ck ets a e a r ran ge d i n t w o

,
r r
r
i r egu l a ws r ro .

The ci i are X X rr VI
1 4 1 6 1 2 m m t o 1 4 m m l n g i nte rm e d i at e ,
-

,
. . o ,

r
in cha a ct e r b etw ee n t h o s e o f A n t e d o n bi ti d a an d th o s e o f A m e d i .
.

t e r r a n e a t h o u gh sl igh tly n ea e th e f o rm e r ; o n t h e sh
,
t u t e s eg rr or o r
or o
men t s t h e d sa l p r l e i s p e fectl y st a ight o n t h e l o nge r centr al ly r r ,

o r
c n st ic te d s egm en t s v e ry s l ightl y c o ncav e ; t h e l o nge s t p r x ima l o
r
s egm ent s a r e f o m t w o t o t w an d o n e h al f t im e s a s l o n g a s th e o -

r r
p o x i m al d i am e te ; th e S h o t ut e segm ent s a e u s u ally h al f aga in r o r r
a s l o ng a s b r o ad be c o m in g sl ightly l o n ge r n th e l ast t h e e ; th e
,
o r
o pp o s in g s p in e i s m inu te t e m inal an d s h a p ; th e l nge e a l i e s eg ,
r ,
r o r r r
m ent s a re m o derat ely c o n st r i ct ed s t h at th e o ut e r w h ic h a e sl igh tly o ,
r
atten e d l at e ra lly app ea b o ad e in l at e a l v i e w ; b u t t h e d i ffe ren c e
,
r r r r
r
i s c o mpa at i vel y s l i gh t .

r r
Th e a m st u ct u e e s embl e s t hat o f A bitid a r r . .

T h e p e r is o m ic a rea s be tw een th e I B r s e i es a e ccup i e d b v t ri r r o

r
angu la m a s s e s f ra th e s o l i d p e r is o
o m ic p lat e s r .

P , h as e igh te en s eg m en t s f w h i ch t h e st i s ab u t a s b r o a d a s o r o
o
l n g th e s ec o n d sl ight ly l nge t han b o ad th e t h i d sl ightly v e
,
o r r ,
r o r
i o
t w c e a s l n g a s b r o a d a n d t h e em a in de t h r ee t i m e s a s l o ng a s b r o a d ;
,
r r
r
t h e th i d an d f o l l o w ing h av e v e y sl ightly p r d u c e d an d v e y n e l y r o r
sp in o u s d i stal e d ge s ; t h e p i nn u l e i s v e ry l o ng th o u gh n o t e sp ec ia lly ,

st o ut ; P , an d th e f ll o w n g p inn u le sa re v e y m u ch S h rte o i r o r .

k r
T h e d i s b ea s a v e y fe w sm al l c a lca e u s n dul es m e n um e u s r ro o ,
or ro
o n t h e b a s e o f th e ana l tub e th an el s ew h e r e .

2 . G o r e e , I v o ry C o as

t; 1 3 f a th o ms
; Cap t . H up f e r, M ay ,
1 89 1 .

One s m al l sp ecim en .

A N T E D ON M E DI T E R R A N E A ( L am arc ) k
A n te do n ro s
e um H am b ur g M us M S , .

I . N i ce O n e sp ec im en .

2 . N a pl e s O n e sp ec im en .

3 . S i ci l y ; K r o h n O n e S p e ci m en . .

4 . M e d i t e r r a n e a i z S e a O n e sp ec men -

i .
 NO . IO I
C R N O DS I OF H A M B U RG M U SE U M CL AR K 31

E U A NT E D ON , new g e nu s
171
C entr o d o rs a l l o w i
h e m sp h e r i cal res e m b l in g h at o f A n t e d o n m e d i ,
t
r
t e r a n e a o r A a d r i a t i ca be a rin g ab o u t th i rty c i rr i
.
'

,
.

r
C i r i l o n g rath e r sl en d e r al l th e seg m ent s l o n g e r th an b r o ad t h e
, , ,

r r
ea rl i e t w o t o f o u t im e s a s l o n g a s b r o a d th e o uter s l ig h t l v l o n ge r ,

th a n b r o a d ; in ge n e ral r e s emb l ing t h o s e o f th e M ed i te r ran e an s pec e s i

o fA n te do n .

in A rm st r uctu r e a s in th e M e d te rr an e an spe ci e s o f A n t e d o n ; syn i

lo r
a r t h r ia l tub e cl e s m a y be m o d e ratel y dev el o p e d .

i
P , s len d e r w t h l e s s than tw enty v e s eg m ent s sh o rte r th an t h e -

r
c i r i s o m ewh a t st i ffen e d ; a l l t h e s eg m en t s exc ept th e b asal a re
,

el o ngat e d ; P , ab o u t h a l f a s l o n g a s P b u t l o nge r th an P r e se m b l n g , , 3 ,
i
Q
7
l

P, .

G H
(

eno ty p e A n te d o n m o l n cca n a A . . C l a rk , 1 9 2
1 .

d i ffe r s f r o m A n t e d o n n h av in g P , re s embl ng P an d
E ua n t e d o n i i ,

he i i z
inte rm ed at e n s i e b etw e en P an d P 3 an d i n h a V l n g P , co m p o se d o f ,

t
much l o n ge r seg m en s th a n th e c o r r e sp o n d in g p inn u l e i n A n t e d o n .

I i
t d ffe r s f o m IlI a s r
t ig o n l e t r a in h av n g P S h o rt e r th a n in st e a d o f i ,

m uch l o nge r th a n th e c i r ri sti ffen e d n st ea d o f a g e l l a t e an d co m ,

i ,

p o s ed o i few e r seg m en t s .

E U A NT E DON S NE N S S , n e w I I s
p e ci e s

I . C o as t o f C h i n a ( l abe l ed i n C h in e s e ch a ract e r s v e ry d e ep , ,

wate r O n e sp ecim en w h i ch m ay b e de sc ribe d a s f o l l o w s :

-

C i r r i ab o u t X XX 1 5 1 7 th e l o nge s t p r o b ab ly 1 3 m m t o 1 5 mm
,
-

,
. .

l o ng ; th e l o nge s t s egm en t s i n th e p r o x i m a l p o rt i o n a re fr o m t w o t o
t w o an d o n e h al f t im e s a s l o n g a s b r o ad ; th e o u t er s egm e nt s a r e o nly
-

r
ve ry sl igh tly sh o rte ; t h e c i r r i re se mbl e t h o s e o f A n t e d o n a d r ia t ica i n
gen e ral a pp ea ran ce ; t h e d o s al p r o xi m al an d d i sta l edge s o f th e s eg r
i
ment s a r e sl gh t ly t h i ck en e d i n t h e o ute r s eg m e nt s a s i n A n t e d o n
m e d i t e r r a n e a an d n A a d r ia t ica i .
'

Th e a r m str u ctu re r e se m b l e sth a t o f A a d r ia t ica ; t h e d i s ta l i nt e r .

z i
sy ygial i nt e rva l s th r e e o b l u e m u scul a r a t icu l at i o n s T h e a r m s iq r .

a re ab o u t 60 1n m l o n g . .

P , i s b r o k en i n a l l c a se s ; b u t t i s l o n ge r an d s t o ut e r th an P , ; th e i
i
rst segm en t s sh o rt th e s e c o n d sl igh tly l o nge r th a n b r o a d th e th i r d
, ,

sligh tly o v e r t w i ce a s l o n g a s b r o a d an d t h e f o l l o w n g a b o u t th ree ,

i
t ime s a s l o ng a s b r o ad ; th e d i stal e dge s o f th e th i r d an d f o l l o w ng i
i
s egm ent s a re sl gh tly p r o d u ce d ; P i s f r o m 6 m m t o m m lo ng ,
. .

i
w ith n n e o r ten s eg m en t s o f w h ich th e s ec o n d i s a b o u a s l o ng a s t
b r o ad th e th i r d n ea rl y tw i ce a s l o ng a s b r o ad an d th e f o l l o w i ng
, ,

incre a se i n l ength s o th at th e o ut e r a re a b o u t f o u r t i m e s a s l o n g a s
3 2 SM I T H SON IAN M I SCE LL AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

r
th e m e d i an d iam ete ; th e th i d an d f o l l o w ing h av e sl ightly p r o du ce d r
n ely sp in o u s d i sta l e dge s ; th e f o l l o w ing p i nn u le s a e sm al l an d w eak r .

o
T h i s sp ec i e s i s cl s el y el at e d t E ua n t e d o n m o l ucca n a ; i t i s s m e r o o
r
w h at l a rge th a n th e t yp e ( an d o nly n o w n sp ec im en ) f t hat f o m k o r ,

an d sh o w s th e f o ll o w i ng d i ffe ren ces ; t h e c i r u s s egm en t s a re p p o r r ro

t io n a t e l y o
n ly ab o u t h al f a s l o n g w ith b o th th e p x im al a n d d i stal ,
ro
d o rs al e dge s th i cken e d an d p r o m i n en t th e en t i e d o rsal su r fac e in E ,
r .

r
m o l uccan a b e i ng st a igh t an d sm o o th t h e e i s m u ch l e s s d i ffe en ce in r r
r r
p o p o ti o n s b etw een th e p xi ma l an d t e m in al ci u s s egm ent s t ha n ro r rr
in E m o l ucca n a ; t h e p r o x i ma l p inn u le s a re e s s ent i al ly th e s a m e i n th e
.

t w o f o m s bu t i n E r
m o l ucca n a th e c o m p o n en t s e g m ent s a e l n ge
,
. r o r
an d th e d i sta l e dge s a re sm o o t h an d n o t p r o d u c e d ; th e s y n a r t h r ia l
r
t ub e cl e s ar e l es s p o m in en t t h an i n E m o l ucca n a r . .

I R I DOM E T R A NA NA ( Ha r t l a ub )
A n te d o n n an a I HA T A
89 0 R L UB, N a ch r G e sG 6 t t in g en, M a i 1 890 p 1 70 ( I)
v At A d
. .
. . .
,

1 89 1 . No a c a ca . G e rm a n ,
vo l 58, N o
. . 1 , p . 89 ( I) .

1 . Tong a l a n ds
Is On e sp eci m en .

S ub f am i l y Z E NOM E T R I NI E

L E P T OM E T R A CE L T I CA tt
( B a rr e an d M cA n d r e w )

P o r cup in e S t a t io n N o Three sp ec i m en s
I .
.
. 1 3 . .

L E P T OM E T R A P HA L A N G I U M ( J M ii l l e r )
.

I . N apl e s Th r ee sp ec im en s .

2 . T un is5 0 1 0 0 f a t h o m s Th re e sp ec i men s
,
. .

S ub f a m il y HE L I OM E T R I NI E

HE L I OM E T R A G L A CI A L I S ( L e a ch )
1 . G r e e n lan d o
Tw l a rge a n d h an d s m e sp e ci m en s o .

2 . E as
t S p itz b e r g e n ; W K ii ke n t h a l T w elv e sp eci m en s . . .

S OL A N OM E T R A M A G E L L A N I CA ( B ell )
A n te do n e s
ch r i ch tii v ar . m ag e l l a n i ca 1 882 . BE LL ,
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1 882 p 65 1
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l
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1 91 1 t n at NO 4

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191 I , p . 2 57 .

1 . S m y t h C h a n n e l , S tr a i t so f M a g e l l a n ; D r . H . R e h be rg .

On e
sp ec m en i , r e s embl ing o th e r s at h an d f r o m th e v ic in i ty f C a p e o H rn
o .
SM ITH S O NI A N MI SC E LL A N E O US CO LL E CTI O NS
V OL U M E 60 N U M B E R , 11

F RO M
A
GE N US AND S P E C I ES
WI TH T w o PL AT E s
-

FR E D E RJCK

( P U BL IC A TI O N 2 15 1)

I
C T Y OF W I
A S H NG T O N

I
PU B L S HE D B Y T HE I
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NO V E M BE R 1 , 1 9 1 2
2 SM I T H S ON IAN M I S CE L L AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ONS VO L . 60

i
c o n st itu t n g th e pa i r n ea r est t h e p o ste ri o r en d o f t h e fragmen t a r e
s epa ra ted i n th e m e d ia n l i n e by a d i stan ce o f 9 mm w h il e t h e t w o . ,

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f o rm , b u t o nl y a f e w m il l im et e r s d eep T h e s e d ep r e s s i o n s a r e .

d eep e st at th e m i d dl e o f th e s er ie s th e p o st e i o n e s b e ing shal l w e r ,

r ro o
an d l o ng er an d t h e ant e r i o r o n e s sh all o w e r an d S h t e
,
or r .

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o ,

r ro o r
d i ff e f m th e t h e s i n th at t h ey a r e d iv i de d b y n e o r t w o u d i o r
r
m en ta y t ran sv e rs e s ept a Th e s e s ep ta a re c n v e x b ac wa d an d . o k r
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t h e righ t h a l f o f th e ja w an d o n t h e l e ft i t i s d ev el o p e d o n t h e s id e
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n ea es t th e o ut e r m arg in o f t h e j a w t i s s upp sab l e t h at t h e t e eth . I o
o
b el n ging in t he s e a lve o l i h ad a p a rt i ally d iv i d e d r o t s u ch as s o m e o ,

t i me s o ccu rs in P l a t a n is t a I n ia an d o th e r r ec en t gen e a b ut t h i s
,
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i s b y n o m e an s c e rt ain Th e f ragm en t i n w h i ch t h ey a e s it uat e d

. r
h a s b e en b r o ke n t ran sve r s ely i nt t w o p e ce s an d i t i s p s s ibl e t h at o i ,
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t h e t w o p a rt s d o n o t b el o n g t o get h e r A sth e f r act u re i s b eh in d .

r
th e ant e ri o r p a i o f alve o l i h w ev e r th i s d o e s n o t e xpl a in t h e i r ,
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f a th e f o rw a d an d t hat th e m a n d ib l e w a s a l i ttl e exp an d e d at t h e
,

e xtr e m ity .

r r
Th e u pp e ma gi n s f th e ja w a e o un d ed an d th e late ral b o r o r r ,

r
d er s O f t h e m ed ian i dge a e s in u o u s w in g t o th e f ac t that it ex r o ,

pa n ds o pp o s it e t h e p o int s at w h i c h th e p a i s o f alv e l i an d o f e l l ip t i r o
c al d ep re s s i o n s j o i n A l o ng t h e c ent e i t app ea s t o h av e b e en a s
. r ,
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o r
h igh a s th e u te b o rd e r s o f th e ja w an d fl at ab o v e .

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i
th e me d an l in e be l o w O n e a ch S d e a e s ev e ra l . a th e l a ge i r r r r
r i
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t o w a rd th e ext em ity o f th e ja w Th e re i s h o w ev e r n o c o ntin u o u s .
, ,

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l o ngitu d i n al fu r o w s u ch a s i s f o un d i n S t e n o d e l p h isS c hie o d e l p h is , ,

et c.

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p a t o f t h e r o t an d t h e c r o w n s a r e w o n n a p e c u l a r m ann e a s
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w ill b e n te d m e i n d eta i l b el w T h ey s e em t o o la ge fo r t h e o . r
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d e sc r b e d .
NO . 1 1 F OS S L I T T
OO HE D CE TA CE AN T RUE 3

Th e c r o wn s o f th e t ee th w h ic h a r e o f a v ery da rk b r o w n c o l o r , ,

a re s h o rt an d c o n i cal an d el l ip t i c al i n s e ct i o n at th e b a se T hey a re
, .

st r o ngl y cu rved i nwa d o r a l ttl e b ackw a rd fr o m ab o u t t h e m d dle r ,

i ,
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o f t h e h e ig ht T h e en am el i s d i sti n ctly rug o s e an d th e e i s a cl ea rly
. r
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d e n e d l o ng t ud in al p o ste r o in te rna l r idge an d al s o an an t e r o e x -

l
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r r
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tern al r i dge T h e l at te r i s b i fu cat e d i n th e l o w e h al f The c i i

. .

r
gulu m i s r ep e s ent e d o nly b y a sma ll tub e rcl e at th e ba s e o f th e
inte rnal r i dge T h e cr o w n i s sl ghtl y c o n st rict e d b el o w th i s p o int
. i .

o
Th e b a s e f t h e c r o w n app ea r s o bl i u e o w n g t o w e a r r spl in e r in g q i o t
o f th e en a m e l o n th e o u te r S i d e bu t w a s p r o b ab ly n o t s o o rig n al ly ,
i .

Th e ap ex o f t h e c r o w n i n t w o o f t h e t eeth i s o b l qu ely t run cate a s i

a re su lt o f attr it i o n th e u ppe r exp o s ed s u rfac e be ing qu i te a t ,
n . I
t t
h e o th er t w o eeth o n l y th e e xt rem e t p i s ab r ad ed an d th e e x i
p o se d w o r l i s u r fac e s n ea rly at righ t angles w i th th e l o ng itud n a l i i
axi s o f th e c r o wn Th e d i men s i n s o f t h e t e et h ar e a s f o l l o w s :
. o

M eas
ur e m e n ts . No . 1 . No . 2 . No 3 . . No 4 . .

n un . mm . mm .

L eng th f II II II
t t i t
o 12

An se r i o r d a m e e r o f c r o w n
ro ba s 8
v t
at
i
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po e . 10 9
T r a n se r s
e d a m e e r o f cro w n a t 8 8 8

f o u r te et h o f w h ch m e a su r e m en s a r e giv en a b o ve d ff e r
T he ,
i t ,
i
s o mew h at i i i th e i r c h a ract e r i st i cs w h en c o mp ar e d w i th ea ch o th er .

T o o th N o I i s f o m t h e l e f S id e i f a l o w e r t o o t h
. r t s t h e sm all e s t , . I i t
o f th e f o u r an d th e c r o w n i s m o st st r o ngly rec u rv e d Th e ant e r o .

ext e rn al r i dge o f th e c r o w n i s n ea rl y o b l ite rat e d b u t app ea s t o b e ,

r
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w dely b i fu r cat ed a t th e b a s e O n th s acc o un t a n d b eca u se o f th e . i
t r
cu rvatu re o f h e c o w n it may b e a p o st e ri o r t o th an d b el o n g b e o ,

hin d th e o th e r th re e T h e an te r o r s id e o f th e c r o w n i s w o rn aw ay . i
b y ab ra s i o n l eav ing a l a rge fl a t ell pt c a l an d n ea l y v e ti cal su r
, , ,
i i r r
f ac e d ev o i d O f enam el T o o t h N o 2 h a s th e l a ge st c r o wn o f th e . . r
f o ur an d th e c r o w n i s al s o m o r e c o mp re s s e d t han i n th e th e r t e eth o .

i
T h e b fu r cat i o n o f th e ant e ri o r r i dge ext en d s up wa d n ly a l ittl e r o
way fr o m th e b a s e Th i s t o th i s o n ly sl gh tly cu rv e d i n w a r d an d
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b ackw a rd T eet h N o s 3 an d 4 a re al m o st i dent ical i n f r m an d
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s ze T h ey a r e p e rc ep bly l a rge r i n d iamet e r th a n N o I an d the
. ti .

t
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c r o wn i s s o m ew h at gi b b o u s n ea r h e b a se T h e ap ex s w o r n a w ay . i ,

,
q
leav in g a la rge O bl i u e ell pti cal s u r f ac e d ev o i d o f ena mel b u t wa s ,
i ,

o r ginally i st r o ngl y cu rve d i n wa rd an d b ackw a r d Th e ant e ri o r .

4 SM I T H S ON IA N M I S CE L L AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

r i dge i s b i f u rcat e d u pw a rd t o a p o int ab o ut h al f w ay b etw e en t h e

b a s e O f th e c r o w n an d th e ap e x ( w h en c o m pl et e ) .

T h e d im en s i o n s o f the p o rt i o n o f th e m an d bl e w h ich i s p r e i
s erv e d a re a s f o ll o w s :
711 771

t f h t r rt s h i l i d t i
L eng h o t e h ee pa w en n ne an o uch ng

Gr t s t b dt
ea e i rt i re a t ri l
s h o f m ed an po on po e or y
st r t
L ea t r i r rt i t r i rl
b e ad h o f an e o po on an e o y
dtB re a i l f di h at rt i m dd e o me an po on

t L e ngst ri r l v l s
h f po
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dt B re a
f s h o th e am e

t L lv l s x t
eng h o f t ri r
a eo u ne to th e an e o o ne

B r d th f ea s o th e am e

L t eng t ri r lv l s
h o f an e o a eo u
Br t f t ri r lv l s
e ad h o an e o a eo u
L feng s
tht r i r r ssi
o the po e o dep e on

r th f
B e ad s O th e am e

t i d l d r ssi s
.

L eng f h o f one o th e m d e e p e on

r th f
B e ad s o th e am e

t i xt t r i r lv l s
.

L eng d r s hs o f th e ep e on ne to the an e o a eo u
r dth f
B ea s o the am e

s
Lt br dtea i id t ea lv li s
h o t r i rl
f med an r g e be w e en a eo po e o y
t b r th i ri b t l v l i t r i rl
.

s
L ea e ad o f med an dg e e ween a eo an e o y
t f d i b l r fr t st r i rl
.

De p h o m an ua ag men po e o y
td t f ib l r fr t t r i rl
.

L s ea ep h o m an d u a ag men an e o y

F r m th e f r eg in g d e sc ript i n i t w il l b e gat he r e d t hat H s

o o o p o e e ro

ce us l if
t ca i usi s a t o t h e d ceta ce an
-
o rn c p or p i s e f m d e r a te o or o o o

s iz e w i t h a rath e r l ng b eak a nd t eeth in b t h j aw s T h e t e eth

, ,

, o o .

w e r e s epa rat e d b y w i d e i nt e rsp ace s t h s e o f t h e l we r j aw tti ng in ,

o o

b etw ee n th o s e o f th e u pp er j aw an d v i ce v e r s a w h en th e m o ut h w a s

cl o s ed b u t p r o b ably th e t e e t li o f n e ith e s et t o u ch ed th o s e o f t h e
,
r
o th e r i n fr o n t o r b eh in d e xc ept in a fe w in stan ce s T h e t ip s o f th e
,
.

upp e r t e eth p r o b ab ly re st ed o n th e uppe r s u r fac e o f th e l o w e r j aw in

t r i
h e dep e s s i o n s w h ch in t e rv en e b et w een th e a lve o l i an d s im il a rly , , ,

i
t h e m an d bul a r t eeth p r o bab ly re ste d agai n st t h e r o o f o f t h e m o u th .

W h at t h e a f n it i e s o f th e sp ec e s a r e i s d i fc ul t t o d et e rm n e T h e i i .

i
pecu l i a r s ett ng o f th e teet h j u st m ent o n ed re m in d s o n e t o a c e rta in i ,

ext en t o f t h e S o ut h A m e r i can gen u s I s

,
ch y r o r h y n c h usA m egh in o .

i
T h e o r i g inal d e s c r p t i o n o f t he typ e m an d ibl e o f I s ch y r o r h y n c h us

v a n b e n e d e n i i s a s f o ll o w s
:

i
M an d b ul a r ram i an ch yl o s e d t o geth e r th r ugh o u t t h e l ength O f o
t h e t o o t h r o w a s i n S a n r o ce t e s
-
M a n d b l e l es s i
t
c o m p r e s s ed w i h a at a n d r ug s e S p ac e b etw e e n t h e t w o t o t h r o w s
,
o o -

i
o n e o r t w o c ent m et e r sb r o a d i n it s p o st e r o r p a t P e rp en d cu la r i r . i
O SM I T H S ON IAN M I S CE L L AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VOL . 60

h a d t h e t eeth w i d el y sp ace d th r ugh o u t Th i s i dea i s st ren g th en e d o .

by t h e fa ct th a t t h e i nt e rspac e s in th e fragm en t p res e rv e d in c ea s e r

i n l en g th t o w a rd t h e p o st er o en d o f t h e j aw o r m a inta i n a c n i r ,
o
s tan t l ength th e l ength o f ea ch f o m i n f o n t b ackw a d b e in g a s
,
r r r
f o l l o w s : 1 3 ( h i at u s ) 2 o 2 3 2 3 2 3 m m
,
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m and bl e in th e l att e r f o r m i s d e ep e r t h an w i d e w h i l e i n H e s pe r o

,

c e t us i t i s w i d e
,
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than d e ep b u t t h i s d i ff e re nc e i s ath e sp ec i c t h an
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i
O n a cc oun t o f t h e d ff e r enc es m en t i n e d ab o ve th e a s s i gnm ent o f o ,

t h e C al i f o rn ia n sp ec im en t th e genu s I s o
ch y r o r h y n ch usd o e s n o t

s e em w a r rant ed .

I t i s p o s s bl e th at H e si p e r o ce t usi s re l at e d t o th e S o uth A m e ri can

r
gen u s S a ur o d e l p h isB u m e i ste w h i ch b el ngs t o t h e fam i ly I n iid ae r o ,

t k o
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b u t a s h e m an d ib l e o f th e latt e r g en u s i s n o t n w n th i s can n o t b e
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d et e rm n e d at p e s en t r .

T h e gen u s P o n t o p l a n o d e sA m egh i n o w h i ch h a s al ea dy b e en ,
r
r
all u de d t o p e s ent s s m e o f t h e cha act e i st ics o f H e s
,
o p e r o c e t us r r .

r
Th e man d ibu la t e et h h av e c o n i cal ec u v e d cr o w n s w it h r u go s e ,
r r ,

en am el an d i n t h e an t e i
, o n es the r or
o o t i s m o r e o r l es s d i st i nctly r
d iv i de d in t o t w o or
th re e b r an ch e s at t h e e xt em ity T h e u pp e r r .

b o r d e r s o f th e j aw a re s in u o us i n utl in e an d th e re a r e d ep e s si o n s o ,
r
be tw een t h e t ee th T h e s e d ep e s s i o n s h w ev e r a r e o f sm al l s iz e
. r ,
o ,

i
an d a r e s tu at e d o ut s i d e o f t h e a lve o l i in s tea d o f i n l in e w it h th e m ,

a s th ey a re i n H e s p e r o ce t us T h e t e et h a e qu it e cl o s e t o ge
. th e r r ,

r
e sp ec ia lly a t th e p o ste r i o en d f t h e s e ri e s T h e m an d ibl e h a s a o .

d i sti nc t ch an n el or
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r
p o t i o n a s in P l a t a n is
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.

W h il e P o n t o p l a n o d e sp e sent s s o m e e s emblan c es t H e s r p e r o ce t us r o
r o
th ey a e n t s u f ci ent i n my o p in i o n t o w a r ant a cl s e a s s o c iati o n
, ,
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H es p e r o c e t usm ay b e p r o v i s i n all y a s s ign e d t t h e f am i ly I n iid ae o o ,

b u t i t S h o u l d b e r ema rk e d tha t th e t eet h th o ugh m u ch l a rge r r e , ,

s embl e t h o s e o f D e l p h in o d o n w h i ch I h av e e centl y p o p o s e d t o r r
r r o
t an s f e t th e D e l p h in id m N o n o wn gen u so f that fam ily h o w . k ,

e ve r p r es en t s mandibu la r ch a ract e r i st i c s s im i la r t o th o s e f H e s
,
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NO . 1 1 F OS S L I T T OO HE D CE T ACE A N T RU E
I

E X P L A NA T O N O F P L A T E S I
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p e r o c e tusca l i fo r n icus n e w g ,
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P AT L E 2

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e L t r l s t a eL ft s i d N t r l siz
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BA L TI MO R E , MD .
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L E M UR S
F R O M B R I T I S H E A S T A F R I CA
B E DM U ND H LE R
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N A A I
TU R IT
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S T, SM I I H S ON N R C N E X PE D T ON

Fu rth er stu dy o f t h e c o ll ect i o n o f E as t A f r ica n m a m m a l sin th e

. . r
U S N at i o n al M u s eu m h a s e su l t e d i n th e d i sc o v e ry o f s ev e r al n e w
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E as t A fri ca .

Th e n ew ra ce s d e sc rib e d a r e ch i efl y f r o m th e s u m m it s o f i s o l ated

o i r
m unt a n s s it u at e d e i th e in th e n o th e rn de s e rt o f B it sh E a st r r i
A fr ica n ea r t h e A by s s in ian b o r der r el se i n th e T aru D e s e rt n ea r ,
o
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Th e m at er i al h a s b e en c o mp a e d di rectly w i th th e typ es o f th e r
r
de s c ib e d S p ec i e s i n t h e B r it sh M u s eum F o r t h e p r v i lege o f e x i . i
a m in in g th e sp e c im en s i n th e B rit i sh M u s e u m an d f o r faci l it i e s in

k o
th e w o r ing u t o f th e c o l l ecti o n th e w it e r i s i ndebt ed t o M r O l d r .

o
el d Th m a s t he cu rat o o f m ammal s
,
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s p e ci e s

T ype z ,
r
f r o m M a e ra s B i ti s h E a s t A f i c a ; a dul t m al e ; N o 1 8 1 8 1 0 r .
,

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o rigina l n u mb e 4870 r ,
.

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. r
g a l l a r um b u t d i ffer ing ,

o
by th e c inn am o n t o n e t th e u pp e r p ar t s an d t a i l an d th e p l umb e o u s
o
base s t o th e h a i r f th e u n de pa rt s F o m n y as r
ae t h i s r ac e d i ffe r s . r ,

r o i
by l ight e d r s al c o l o rat o n d a rk e r h in d fee t an d l o n ge pe l age ,
r .

o r
Th e la st m la i s d i st in ctly l arge th an i n e ith e r g a l l a r um o r n y a s ce r l .

r r
C o l o r a ti o n D o sa l s u face o f b o dy c inn am o n ; t h e l i mb s t o t h e
t o es an d t h e S i d e s ligh te r b u ffy yell o w ; tail pu re r c n nam o n d eep en
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b o rde re d n each s i d e b y b r o cc o l i b r o w n w h i ch c o l o r i s c n tin u o u s -

o
o n s ide s o f sn o u t t o th e w h it i s h l p s ; ch e ek s g ray i sh b u ffy ; ea r s i -

n aked bl ack s ,
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SM IT HS O N IA N M IS C E LL AN E O US COLL E I
C T O NS , VO L . 60 , No . 12
2 SM I T H S ON I AN M I S CE LL AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

o
b u ff y y ell w th e h a i rs ev e yw h e re pl umb e o u s at t h e b as e ; ch e st m o e
-

, r r
h ighl y c l e d ch ace u s o or ,
o r o .

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ur e m e n ts e a d an d b o dy 1 50 m m ; t ai l 2 0 3 ; h in d f o t
.
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r r .

k
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n a s al s l o 8 x u pp e ch e e t eeth
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m
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length p al ate m an dibl e l en gt h 2 5 ; m an d ibl e h eigh t at

, ,

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Th i s r ace i s in t e m e d iat e b e tw e en g a l l a r um o f S o m al ilan d an d r

n y as ce o
f N ya s al an d e xce p t i n t h e d i st in ct c h a r ac t e o f th e la st ,
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m o la r
G a l l ar um d ff e r s c h i ey b y th e p u e b u ff y
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whitish hai o f r or r
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h a i r b o w n ta i l w i th a b la cki s h t p T h e c o ll ect i n c o nta i ns s ix
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sp e c im en s f o m t h e t yp e l o cal ity al l o f w h i ch agr e e in t h e c inn am n -

o
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c l at i o n an d t h e l a ge s iz e o f t h e l as t up p e m la S m e f t e en r r o r . o
r r
m i l e s fa t h e i nlan d f o m M az e a s a t M aj i y a ch u mv i a s e i e s f r r - -

r o
r o
f o u sp ec i m en s f G a l a g o w e e O bta in e d Th es e a e al l ba cca t us r . r ,

b e ing a s h y g ay in c l r
w ith u t any c in nam n s uff u s i o n
-
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c o c o a pal m g o ve s Th e s e g ve s a e th e d m in an t f e atu e i n th e
-

. ro r o r
lan d scap e o f th e c o a s t b e lt an d exten d alm o st u nb o en f m t h e ,
rk ro
s e a b e a ch esi nl an d a d i st an ce f t en ft e en m il e s T h ey m a o or . rk
ro r
th e t p i cal l itt o a l z n e m o e p e ci s el y th an any t h e p lant g o w th o r r o r r .

M I N I OP T E R U S NA T A L E N S I S A R E NA R I U S , n ew s
ub s
p e ci e s

q t i l B d Wi d B E ua or a ro a ng e at

T yp e f ro m t h e G u a s o N yu k i N rth e r n G u a s N yi ro R iv e r B r it i sh , o o ,

E a st A f r i ca ; a dult f em al ; N 8 8 U S N t M us; c o l l ect ed e o . 1 1 1 1 ,

. . a .

by E dm un d H el l e r O c t b e r 4 9 ; or i gi na l n umb e r 44 3 ,
o ,
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ar a c e r f t l s is b u t c l or p al e r p lage s h ort e r ;
e O na a en ,
o ,
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t h e sk u ll w i th b r o a de r b r a in ca s e an d w ith inn e r i nc i s or g r e atl y ex -

ce e di g u te r i s i z e
n o n .

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o ora D rs a l c o l r s eal b ro w n
on th e h e a d da rke r cl o v e
o o -

.
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b ro w n an d t h e r u mp l i gh t e r w aln ut b r w n t h ha i r o nl y s l igh tly

,
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d a r k e r a t th e b a s ; u n d e r p a r t s w s h e d w ith d r ab g r a y th e h a i r
e a -

b a sal ly da r k s l aty ; e a r s an d m emb r an e s bl a ck i sh th e l at te r n a rro w ly ,

W h it e b or d e r e d .

M s u m ea ts H ea d an d b dy 5 5 m m ; t a il 4 7 ; h in d f oo t 9 ;
re e n:
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ea r I I ; f or ea r m 4 5
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4 SM I T H S ON IAN M I S CE L L AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

an d b id a t t ip ; f r o m a r i e l i t d i ff e s in b id i nn e upp e r in ci s o an d r r r
r
la ge s iz e f r st upp e r p em o l a o r r .

or
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r
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t em e b as e d eep blac k ; u n d e p a rt s l ight e r b u ff i n c o l th e h a i r ,
or ,
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d e ep b la ck n t h e b asal t w o th i d s f its l en gt h ; e a s n ak e d cl ay -

r o r
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oo
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ea d an d b dy 4 5 mm t a il 3 1 ; h in d f t 5 ;
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k
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,
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l e ngth zyg o m at i c b rea dth 7 ; i nt e rb ital c n st i ct i n
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r ,

i nc i s iv e lengt h f m an dib l e o
c o r o n i d an gul a d ept h f m an ,
o -
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d ibl e ,

r o
Th e e sp e cim en s f th i s d im in u t iv e P ip i st el l e a re i n t h e c o ll e e r
r
t i o n A ll w e e c o ll e ct e d i n th e N t h e n G u as N y i w at e s h e d
. or r o ro r .

P A C HY U R A LI X A E QUA T OR I A , new s
ub s
p e ci e s
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ua o a l P a ch y ur a

Typ e f m th e s u mm i t ro S aga ll a T ait a il l s B it i sh E a st of M t .

,
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o r ,
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48 1 5 .

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Size rk r o r o
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p i d l a ge an d p la ce d i n t th r o w s t h at i t i s v i s ib l e fr o m th e s id e oo o ,

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d i ff e en t f r m l e ucur a in w h i ch sp eci e s t h e f o u t h i s m in ut e an d r
sh o v e d i n s i d e th e t th oo ro
w i n t h e an gl e b etw e en t h e t h i r d an d th e
r r r r r r ro
l a ge p em o l a d i ffe s f u t h e f m l e ucur a it s ne a e s t ge o g ap h i c a l
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al ly by m u ch sm a ll e r s iz e an d da k t ai l
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Co l o r a t i o n . or o r
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r r o
l igh te g ay 8 f R i dgw ay th e t w o c l o s at h e sh a ply d en e d ,
o r r r r
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e a d an d b dy 75 m m ; t a i l 56 ; h in d f o t 1 2 5 o ,
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r r
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i n c i s i v e l engt h o f m an dibl e 1 2 5 dep th O f c r n i d p r c e s s 5 . oo o o .

k
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o iz o
ab ut t w ice t h e s e f th e s ec o n d w h i ch i s sca rc ely tw ice h e s ize t
o o
f th e f u rth T h e sp e ci e s i s cl o s el y relat ed t o l ix a o f N ya s alan d
.

r
an d ath e r d i stan tly t o th e la rge l e ucur a w h ch o ccu rs o n Zan i b a r i z
Isl an d an d n th e c o a s o
t a t L a m u an d VVit u .

P A C HYU R A I
I NF N I T E S I M A , ne w s
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P y g m y P a ch y ur a

r
Typ e f o m R um r ut i L a ik ip a P lat ea u B rit i s h E a st A fri ca ; alt i
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tude f t ; adu l t m a l e ; N o
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C h a r a ct e r s o o
M s t cl s el y all ie d t n a n ill a o f S u th A f i c a bu t o o r ,

size c o n si d e rab ly sm a ll e r an d c l o f upp er pa rt s b r o cc l b r o w n o ro oi ,

n o t v a ri egat e d g ay ; f o u t h u pp e -
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u n i cu sp i d l a rge o n e t h i rd S iz e o f r ,
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sec o n d an d p la ce d i n t th r o w th e e b e in g a s l igh t d ia st em a b e oo ,
r
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r r
h al f s iz e o f th i d ; el at iv e s iz e s O f un icus p id sag e e ing w it h n a n ill a r .

C o l o r a t i o n D sal c o l or or
u n i f o rm b r o cc o l b r w n u n d e rpa rt s i o -

r
mu ch l i gh t e s i lv e ry g r ay 1 0 o f R i dgw ay fa i rl y s h a p ly d en e d o n
, ,
r
r r r
si de s ; h a i ev e yw h e e pl umb e o u s a t b a s e except o n ch i n w h e re i t ,

i s w h i te t th e o roo o
t s ; p s i t i o n f l ate ra l glan d s m a r e d by a c n o k o
s p icu o u s o i
p atch f w h t e h ai r ; feet w h it e ; ea rs an d t ai l d r sa ll y o
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b cc l i b wn th e u n d e s i d e f t h e l att e w h it i sh f
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. r
i s th e sm al l e st A fri c an r ac e bu t i s l e s s m n u te th an m a d a g a s ca r e n s
is
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,
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r
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,
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betw e e n th e t h i d u n i c u sp i d an d th e l a rg e p rem o la an d h a s n r e r o
o r
s emb lanc e t o th e l w c i cu la cu sp i d t o o th f P a chy ur a w h i ch r e p r e r o
o r r
sent s t h e f u t h u pp e u n i cu sp i d T h e l e f t s i d e O f n a n il l a l ac s an y . k
oo o
adv ent it i o u s t t h f t h i s s o rt an d i s o f th e n o rm al C r o cidur a t yp e .

I n n a n i l l a th e th i r d un i cu sp i d i s s c a rce ly la ge t h an th e s ec n d r r o
wh il e i n P a chy ur a th i s t o o th i s u su ally d o ubl e th e S ize o f t h e s ec o n d .

r
The e i s i n th e c o ll ect o n am o ng a l a rge se ri e s o f Cr o cid ur a i
s ua h e l ce o
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6 SM I T H SON IAN M I S CE LL AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

o r r
f u t h u p p e u n i cu s p i d o n each S i d e T h e s e a dv ent i t i u s t eeth h av e . o
r r
p ecul ia c o mp e s se d kn i f e l ik e c w n s w h ich a e w e dge d i n b etw e e n -
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t h e n rm al t ee th m u ch l ik e t h e b l a d e f a kn fe mi ght be i n s e t e d i n o i r
th e t th ro w oo .

CR OCI DUR A S U A HE L I E , n ew s
p e ci e s

S tr an d S hre w

Typ e f ro m M az e r as B r i t i s h E , a r
s t A f i c a ; a d ul t m a l e ; N O 1 81 81 5 .
,

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el l e D ecemb e 1 7 1 9 1 1 ; r r ,

r r
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o i gin al n umb e 4 875 , .

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A g e e in g w ith v o i i n th e en l a ge d c h a act e f th e r r ro
o
s e c n d u n i cu sp i d i n c mp a i s n t t h e t h i d b u t s i z e f b d y m uch o r o o r , o o
r r oo
l a ge an d c l rat i n b cc l i b w n n o t sl aty o ro o ro -

,
.

or
C o l o r a t i o n D s a l c l at i o n u n i f o m b cc l i b w n n o t s h a p ly o or r ro o ro r -

d e n e d a g a i n s t t h e d rab g ay f th e u n d e p a t s ; h a i ev e r yw h e e r o
-
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slat e gr a y at b a s e ; l at e ral gl an d s den e d by a c n s p i cu u s l in e O f
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w h it e h a i s ; fe et s o m e w h at l ight e th an b o dy d a b in c l r ; ta i l r r oo ,

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r o
an d s catt e ed l n g w h it e h a i s n t h e b a sal t w o t h i d s r o r .

M e as ur e m e n ts . H
ea d an d b o dy 1 1 0 mm ; t ail 69 h in d f t 1 6 , . oo ,
.

k
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-

,
o r -

in t e ror
b ita l w i dth upp e t o t h r o w ( cr w n s ) , co n d y l o r o o ,

o
i n c is iv e l ength f man d ible I 6 d ept h ( c r n i d p ce s s t amu s) ,
o o o ro or ,

o n c ro w d e d ca u s i n g th e s ec n d un i cu sp i d t app ea r d ec i d
D en t it i ,
o o

e d l y l a r g r t h an t h e th i r d f r o m th e s i d e
e W h en v i ew e d f r m b el o w . o

th e y a r e s e en t o b e a ctu ally t h e sam e i n s i z e .

Th i s sp e c ie s al t h o ugh p o ss es s in g th e d ent al ch a r act e r s o f i doe s vo

no t se m t o int e r g r a d e w ith i t in s iz e or c l r at i o n
e I t i s a d ec i d ed ly o o .

l a r ge r sp e i s p p ro ach in g v e r y cl s el y fl
c e a s si n actu al s iz e o f o av e ce n

b o dy an d t e eth b u t d iff e r ing by t h e enla r ge d s ec n d un i cu sp i d f ro m

,
o

th e m emb e r s o f t ha t g ro up .

A s r i es o f t w en ty f ro m t h e typ e l cal ity

e i th e c o ll ect i o n -

o a re n .

Th e c l or v a r i ati o n i s al m o s t n il excep t i n v e r y imm at u r e sp ec i

o ,

m en s w h i ch a r e u n i f r m g r ay i s h o .

CR OCI D U R A T U R B A L A KI U N DZE , new s p e ci e s

ub s

L a ki un d a S w a m p S h r e w

r
Typ e f o m th e L akiun d u R iv e n ea it s j un cti n w it h th e N th r ,
r o or
r
e rn G u a s o N y i o R iv e r B it i sh E a s t A fri ca ; a d ul t f emal e ; N o ,
r .

1 81 81 6 U S N a t M us; c o ll e cte d b y E d m u n d
, . . e ll e r J ul y 1 2
. H , ,

191 1 ; o
rigin al n umb e r 1 9 86 . .
8 SM I T H S ON IAN M I S CE LL AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

r r
p a ts s c a ce ly d i ffe r en t i n sh a d e f o m t h e d s al b u t w i th o u t t h e r or ,

r
S i lve y t i ck ing ; h a i e ve ywh e e pl u mb e u s a t b a s er r
han d s an d fee t r o ,

r
w hi t i s h ; ea s n ak ed w h it i sh ; tai l in d i s t in ctly b i c l,
d ab ab o v e o or r
rk
, ,

o
w h it i sh b el w ; l at e ral glan d s m a e d by s h t g ay i sh h a i r s w h i ch or r
r o o
a e n t n t i ceabl y d i ff e ent f o m t h e s i d e s i n c l o r r o r .

M e as ur e m en t s H
ea d an d b dy 90 m m ta il 6 1 h i n d f o o t
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,
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l ength u p p e t o o th r o w 1 I co n d y l o in c i s iv e l ength f m an d ibl e
,
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o ,

o
d ep th f m an d ibl e at c o n i d p r o c e s s 6 ro o ,
.

Th is sp eci e s i s a cl s e al ly f f um o s a o o
b u t d i ff e s m o e i n c o l o ,
r r r
o ro
fr o m t h e typ ica l f rm f m M t Ken ia th an f m th e M t R uw en z i .
,
ro . or
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ra ce m an t is Th e s e i e s f e igh t sp ec im en s f m t h e typ e l cal ity
, . ro o
o o
S h w ab s lu t ely n o o or r o ro
c l v a iat i n f m t h e t yp e an d n in t e r g r a d a o
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t i n t a e s p l ac e w i th t h e K en ia sp e ci e s T h i s i s in a g e em en t w i th . r
o
t h e i s l at ed h ab itat T h e sp e ci es i s c n n e d t t h e ext em e f e st e d
. o o r or
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s um mi t f M o unt G a r g ue z w h i c h i s i s o l at e d f m t h e Ke n i a f e st by ro or

o r r
l o w b u s h c v e e d d e s e t i n w h i ch n ep e s ent a t iv e f t h e fum o s a or r o
ro
g up i s n w n t k o oo ccu r F um o s a an d i t s all i e s a e al l f
. e st sp e ci e s r or
k o ro
n o w n nl y f m t h e h igh l an d s w i th t h e ex cep t i n f s ch is t ice a o f o o
th e h i gh v el d t o f t h e A th i P l a in s O n M t G a r g ue z t h i s a c e w a s . . r
o r
f u n d f o m th e l w e e dge f th e f o e s t at o r fee t t t h e su mm ito r o ,

f e et .

CR OCI DUR A L U T R E OL A , new s

p e ci e s

M b o l o l o B ro w n S h r e w

o
Typ e fr m t h e s um m i t f M t M b l o l o Ta it a i ll s B it i sh E ast o . o ,
H ,
r
r
A f i ca al t it u d e
,
f t ; a d ul t f em al e ; N o 1 8 1 8 1 8 U S N a t
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o H r o r or
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M us; c l l e c t e d b y E dm u n d ell e N v emb e 6 1 9 1 1 ; igi n al , ,

n umb e 463 5 r ,
.

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.
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b ut d i st ingu i sh abl e o o ,

r oo ro
by t h e d a k e r c l rati o n an d n ar w e r sm al le sk ull ; t h i rd u n i cu sp i d r
r o
d e ci de dly la rge t h an s ec n d alm o st tw i ce a s la ge w h il e i n ja cks oni ,
r
r r
th e el at iv e d i ffe en ce in s iz e i s S l igh tly l es s .

C o l o r a t i o n D s al c.or
o l or
s e al ro
b wn u n i f m i n c l t l we ,
or o or o o r
S i d e s ; u n de p a t s b r r ro r r
cc o l i b o w n ; h a i ev e ryw h e e pl umb e u s a t
-
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b a s e ; fe et an d e a s b o cc l i b w n t a il s eal b r o w n ab o v e an d s o m e -

,
-

r o
w h at l igh te b el w b u t n o t d i st i nct ly b i c o l o r .

M e a su r e m e n t s H o
ead an d b dy 70 m m ; ta i l 52 ; h i n d f o t 1 2 5
.
,
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,
o ,
. .

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-

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l en g t h f u pp e r t th r o w 8 ; co n d y l o inc i s i v e l engt h f man d ible ,
-
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d ep th at c o n o i d p ce s s ro ro ,
NO . 12 NE W I N SE C TIV OR E S F ROM A F R C I A HE LL E R 9

i
Th s i s o n e o f th e ja cle s o n i gr o up w h ich are ch i ey d s tingu sh a b l e i i
o
f r m h il d cg a r d e ce by th e ma rke d en la rge m ent o f th e th i r d un i cu sp d i
i
i n c o mp a r s o n t o t h e s ec o n d w h ch i s o nl y ab o u t hal f it s si ze Th e i .

skul l o f th e typ e o f h il d e g a r d e ce h a s l o st b o t h it s s ec o n d up p e r un i
r
cu sp i d s b u t th e t h i d i s mu ch sm al ler th an th e sa m e t o o t h n th e i
typ e o f jac le s o n i an d c o u ld n o t h av e b e en any l a rge r th an th e m s s in g i
se c o n d u n i cu sp i d Th e spec im en s o f ja cle s
. o n i i n th e B r t i sh M u s e um i
o o
a r e nly tw b o t h o f w h i ch a e f r o m alc o h o l i c ma t e r al T h e s e t w o
,
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i .

r r
app ea c o n s i d e abl y l ight e an d t h e r sk ull s a re dec i d e dly l a rge r r i .

o
Fr o m M t M b l o l o w e h av e e igh t sk n s o f th i s n e w rac e an d t w o
. i
ro
al s o f m th e f o re st o n M t U m e n g o a n e ghb o rin g m o un tain F m .
,
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th e su m mit o f M t S a gal la al s o o n e o f th e T a it i H il l s th e re i s a
.
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r
s e ri e s o f m u ch l ight e sp ecim en s w h i ch n o d ub t rep re sen t p a r v ip e s o
o r
alth ugh t h e i ta i l s a r e m u ch l o ng er th a n th at o f t h e typ ical sp e c i
o
m en w h i ch c a me fr m t h e b a se o f th i s m o u nt a in M t S agalla s a . . i
r o
l o w e m unta i n th an M b o l o l o an d l ack s t h e f o r e st c o v e rin g o n i t s
o
s um m i t ch i e y o n ac c u n t f i t s l ac o f m o i stu re t o w h i ch envi r o n o k ,

m ent al d i ffe r en c e th e l ight e c l o r O f i t s s h ew s s e e m s t o b e d u e r o r .

CR OCI DU R A HI L D E G A R DE JE A L T zE ,
new s
ub s
p e ci e s

U a rag e s
sB r o w n S h re w

ro
Typ e f m M t G a r g ue z M ath e w s R ange B ri t i s h E a st A fri ca
.
, , ,

alt itu de f t ; a dul t m al e ; N O 1 8 1 8 1 9 U S N a t M us; co l

. .
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l e ct e d by E dm u n d H
ell er A u gu st 3 1 1 9 1 1 ; o r gi n al n u mb e r 4 1 90 ,
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L
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C h a r a ct e r s i k e h i l d e a r d e a b u t ta i l l o n ge r an d c l o ra t i o n
g o
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da ke r t h i r d u n i cu sp i d e qu al t o s i z e O f s ec o n d a s i n typ i c al h il d e
,

g ar de a .

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c o l o rat i o n van dyk e b r o w n m e rg n g im p e r ce p
.
- -
i
t ib l y o o
n s i de s i nt t h e sl igh tl y l igh te d r ab c o l o re d u n de rp a rt s h a i r ,
r
ev e rywh e re p lu mb e o us at b a s e ; fe et d ra b ; ea r s d a rk e r ha r b r o w n ; i
o r
,

ta i l alm o st u n i f o rm van dyk e b r wn o n l y l ight e r o n u n d e s i d e -

basall y .

M e as ur e m e n t s H e a d an d b o dy
7 4 mm ; t ai l 6 2 ; h in d f o o t ,
.
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S ku ll : C o n d l i nci s iv e l ength b e a dt h o f b r a n ca s e
-

,
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o
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1 2 ; d epth at c o o n o i d p r o ce s s r ,

r
Th i s a c e i s c o nn ed t o th e f o e st ed su m m it o f M t G a r g ue z r .

r anging f o m tor ft Th e l o w e r S l o p e s o f th e m o unta in .

a re inh ab it e d by th e s h o rte ta i le d an d l gh te r c o l o re d rac e p r o ce r a r i

r o r
.

A se i e s f s i x t o p o typ e s a r e i n t h e c o ll ect i o n Th es e sh o w v e y .

r o
little va i at i n in th e c o l o rat i o n o r i n l en gth o f t a l i .
 IO SM I T H S ON IAN M I S CE LL AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

CR OCI D UR A HI L DE G A R DE ZE P R OCE R A , new s p e ci e s

ub s

Jun i per B ro w n S h re w

o
Ty p e f r m th e s u mm i t o f M t L o l o l o kui N t h e n G u a s o N y i .
,
or r ro
i
d st r i ct B r it i s h E a st A fr i ca ; a lt itu d e
,
f t ; a d u lt f emal e ; N o . .

1 8 1 82 0 U S N a t M us; c l l ect e d b y E dm un d
,
. . . o
ell e S ept emb e r H r ,

9 9 ,
1 1 1 o i gi n al r
n u mbe 42 74 r , .

C h a r a ct e r s A ll i e d c l s el y t o
hi l d e g a rd e a an d h av ng th e sam e o r i
r
p r o p o t i o n s b u t l ight e r c l e d e sp ec i ally t h e un d e p a t s an d
, o or ,
r r ,

r r rr o r
s l igh tl y la ge s iz e d ; d i ffe s f r o m i ts n ea e g e g ap h ic al a lly a l tce r -

r r r o r
by l ight e w h it i sh un d e p a tsan d s h rt e t a il ; s ec n d an d t h i d
,
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un icus o
p id se qu al in s i ze th e th i rd n t a pp ec i ably l a ge r
,
r r .

C o l o r a ti o n Do sal c o l o r r ro o r
b cc o l i b r w n t h e c o l o u n i f o rm t o -

r r ir
l o w e s i d e s w h e e i t i s fa l y w e ll d en e d aga in st th e l igh t g ay r
r r r r r
un d e pa t s ; h a i eve yw h e e p l u mb e o u s at b as e ; f eet w h it e ; ea s r '

r ro o r r
d ab ; t ail in d i st in ctly b ic o l o r b r o cc o l i b wn ab v e d ab g ay b el w ,
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ea d an d b d y 7 2 mm ; ta il 5 1 ; h i n d f o t 1 2
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l en g t h f upp e t o th r o w r o co n d y l o in c i s iv e l ength ,
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dep th at c r o n i d p ce s s o o ro ,

r
T h i s sh ew w a s f o un d ab u n dant ly i n th e d ry j u n ip e f e st w h ich r or
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o r o
sk in s i s i n th e c o ll ect i n f o m th e typ e l cal it y b e s i de s t h e e th e s r o r
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f r o m th e l w e sl p e s o f M t G a r g ue z O n M t G a rg ue z t h e j un ip e . r . .
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or
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r o r r o
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r o r
T h e w h it i sh u n d e p a rt s a t n ce d i st i ngu i s h i t f o m any f t h e o th e o r
race s o f h il d e g a r d e a .

E L E P HA N T UL U S R U FE S CE N S M A R I A KA NI E , new s p e ci e s
ub s

t l h tS rw Co as E ep an h e

Typ e f r m M a ri aka n i B r i t i sh E a s t A f r i c a ; ad ult f em al e ; N

o , o

U S N t M us; c o ll e ct e d b E dm un d H el le r D e cemb e r
.

1 8 1 82 1 , . . a .
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o rigi n al n u mb e r 5 7
,

31, 191 1 , 0 2 .

Ch ar a c t s er I n t e rm e d iat e i n c o l r at i n b tw een th e da r k r a ce
. o o e

an d t h e r e dd i s h uf s s ; m e di an d rs al c o l or ati o n w o d
,

p l ch e r ,
u r e ce n o o

o
b r w n mu ch l ighte r th an t h e p r o ut b r o w n o f p ul ch e r an d m u ch l es s
,

re d d i sh th an t h e u s s e t o f r uf e s
ce n s r
; S iz e an d S ku ll ab o u t a s i n
r ufe s ce n s .
I 2 SM I T H SON IAN M I S CE LL AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

r
a pp ea r t o b e v e y w e ll s ep arat e d a s a gr o up f r o m t h e o th e r mem
b e rs o f th e gen u s by th e p s s e s s i o n f th e p ecul i a ch e st gl an d o o r .

P E T R ODR OM U S S U L T A N I S A N G I , n ew s
ub s
p e ci e s

it G i t E l h t S h r
Ta a an ep an e w

Typ e f r o m th e o o o su mm it o f M t M b l l
ft alt it u de Ta i t i .
,
.
,

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, .
,
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c o ll ect e d by E dm u n d H
ell e N o vemb e 9 1 9 1 1 ; o ig n al n u mb e r r ,
r ,
r i ,

4 698 .

C ha r a ct e r s D i ff e rs fr m w h m
th e c ast d i st i ct b y l ight e
o o o f o r r
c o l o r at i o n t h e ,
m ed i an d or s a l r eg i n
o b e ing a w umb e ath e r th an r rr
bi s t er an d th e l o w e r p a r t sc ream w hi t e i n s te a d O f o ch ra ce o u s b u ff a s - -

in s ul t a n i S ku l l s m all e r w it h th e p o st e ri o r en d s o f th e n as al
.

k
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b o n e s d e ep ly s un b e tw e en t h e a i s e d b o r d e s o f t h e m ax il l a y r r r
o
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bu ffy l ik e t h e S i d e s t h e f e et c inn am o n ; f e l egs b u ffy l ik e s i d e s
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s h o t d i stan c e b u ff ; a m e d a l o n g i ts l w e m a gi n b y a r o w f l ng o r r o o
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I N THE N O R T H PA C I F I C O CE A N A N D I N
T HE A D J A C E NT E N CL O S E D S E A S

BY A U ST N I HOB A R T CL A R K

CO NT E NT S
P AG E
P re f a ce 1

T he i it
l m so f e rro r in t h e o b s er a ons v ti 4
ti
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ti
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n g the ns r um e n a l e rr o r ti i t t 6
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o n s o un d in t h e N o r h P a c c f t i 9
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M e e o r o l o g c a l c o n d o n se n d n g t o l o w e r t h e s
al n y o f the P ac c w h le i i it i i
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,

n cr e a s n g the s al n y o f t h e A l a n c 15

v i ti i it t if i
.

Th e s ea s o n al a r a o n in t h e s a l n y o f t h e w a e r o ff t h e C a l o r n an

15

T he Be r i n g Se a 17

i h sl i i t srv t i st k d r i h
S y n o p ssO f t e a n y Ob e a on a en u ng t e 1 90 6 c ru s i
e o f th e
A lb t r ss a o 19

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a e 2 1

An b sr v t i
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e ali f ri v r don on t e n e m ng n g O e an o ce a n wa t e r 2 4
Co m p a ris f r s ith th s r v i s
on l b l is
o h d gu e w o e p e o u y pu e 2 4

PRE FA CE
D u r ing r
t h e 1 90 6 c u i se o f t h e Un i te d S t ate s F i sh er i e s s team e r
A lbat s s ro
i n th e N o rt h P a ci c O cean an d i n t h e B e r i n g O k h t sk ,
o ,

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the qu est o n o f t he s al ini ty o f th e w ate r th r o u gh w h i ch th e sh ip
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acti vi ty o f th e R u s s ia n A dm i a lty i n th e w o rki n g o ut o f th e co n r ,

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d it io n sa l n g t h e A s i at c s h o e s a n d th an k s t o th e sh ip s O f th e i r ,

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i i
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th e c o n d ti o n s f o m S e attl e s o u th w a r d v e ry l ttl e h a s b e en d o n e n i o
t
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r r
he A me i can s i d e n o th o f P u ge t S o un d an d i n th e B e ri ng S e a :
r
the re f o r e pa rti cu l a p a i n s w e re t ak en t o m ak e th e rec o rd s fo r th i s
r
a e a e spe cially c o m pl et e .

I W ate r s pec i m en s w e e taken b y th e qu a rte r m a st e r a t 8 a m an dr . .

at 8 p m an d at o n c e p u t i n t o 1 8 o z c o w n gl a s s b o ttl e s w h ch
. .
, . r i
SM I T HS O N IAN MIS C E LL AN E O US COLL E C TI O NS , VO L . 6 0 , No . 13
2 SM I T H SON IAN M IS CE LL AN E OU S CO L L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

rk
w e r e tigh tly c o e d A S a u l e s amp le s f th e s u r fac e w at e w e e
. r o r r
r
al s o ta ken w h en eve th e sh ip w a s s t o pp e d f o r d e dg n g r i .

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r
am o un t o f o th e m o r e p re s s in g w o rk t o b e d o ne i t w a s n o t p o s s ib l e t o
w o rk o ut th e de ns i ty o f th e w at e r spe ci m e ns at s e a T h ey w e e the re . r
f o re al l o w e d t o ac cu m u l at e i n t h e l ab o rat o ry u nt i l a h a rb o qu i et r or
an ch o r age w a s re ac he d w h en th e accu mu l at i o n w a sd i sp o s e d f o .

r i
T h e va r i at i o n in t h e ea d n g o f m y sal in mete s e s ult in g f o m o r r r
ch an ge s i n t emp e ra tu e w a sn o t n o w n B ut any e r k
r a ri s ing f m . rro ro
i
s u ch va r i at o n w as e l im in at e d s fa a s p s s ibl e b y t ak ing t h e ea d o r o r
i ng s alw ay s i n app r o xi m at ely th e s am e t em p e atu e th e w at er r r ,

r ro
sam p l e s be in g s t o e d i n a o m i n w h i c h th e tem p e ratu e w a s at a l l r
i
t m e s fa i rly c o n stan t .

r or
T h e e a re th r ee i m p tan t s o u ce s O f e o r i nv lv e d i n th e m eth o d f r rr o o
or r
st i ng w ate s amp l e s i n c o rk s t o p p e e d s o ft gl a s s b o ttl e s u n til s u ch r
i o o
t m e a s d ete rm inat i n i s p s s ibl e T h e w a te w il l d i s s o lv e a ce t a i n . r r
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,
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t h i s s u r ce h o w eve r a re p b ably n egl i gibl e s f a a s m y e s ul t s a r e
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. th e s tat i n n umbe r w e e ,
or o ,
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r rr
th e gen e al c o e ct i o n appl i e d Th e th i d s o u c e o f e o l i e s i n t h e . r r rr r
o o r
ev ap rat i n th o ugh an d a r u n d th e c o s ; c ca s i o n all y th e e i s o rk o r
r o
a n ev i d en t di s c epa n cy d u e t th i s cau s e ( a s fo r i n s tanc e i n N o s9 .

an d b u t o d in a il y th e e r r
w a s p o b ab l y s o sma ll a s t rror be in r o ,

V o r r r
i e w f th e p o b a bl e e r o a s c al cul at e d n egl igibl e I n t h e o u gh , . r
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,
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w e re all edu ce d t th e stan d a d t emp e at ur e o f 60 F ah r r
r .

T h e tabl e s em pl o ye d i n th i s re du cti o n a e given i n th e R e p o rt o f r

t h e Co mm i s s o n e i r o
f F i s h an d Fi sh e ri e s fo r 1 883 p 78 . .
4 SM I T H SON IAN M IS CE L L AN E OU S CO L L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

A sm y t im e w a s t o o fu lly o c cu p i e d i n th e r w o rk t o pe mi t f o r o
r
my d ev o t in g m y p e s o n al att ent i o n t o i t th e g e at e p a t o f th e ,
r r r
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actu al d ete m i n at i o n o f t h e d en s iti e s w a s d o n e by M r eo na d M . L r .

,
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T o n gu e t h e c l e r o f th e s h ip u n de r m y su perv i s i o n M r T o ngu e s ,
. .

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fam l ia ri ty w ith th e i n str u m en t s an d h i s c o n s ci ent i u s d ev t i o n t o o o
i o o
th e s c ent i c w rk f th e sh i p c o m bi n e d t m ak e h i s calc u lat i n s o o
rel i ab l e w it h i n a c o m pa at i vel y sm al l l m i t f p ers o n al e r o r r i o r .

I o r
n a dd iti n t o s u f ace S p ec im en s s ampl e s f w at e r w ere s o fa r ,
o ,

a s p o s s ib l e t ak e n a t th e sam e t im e fr m t h e ci culatin g p ump t h e

, o r
intak e o f w h i ch i s ab o u t f u fe et b el o w t h e s u fa c e T h i s w ate o r r . r
r r
w a sd a w n f o m th e t ap in t h e lab o r at y en o ugh w ate b e in g st or ,
r r
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all w e d t o r un o ff ent re ly t o cl e a th e p ip e f o m th e labo at y t i r r r or o
th e s ea I
t w a sn o t b el i ev e d th at t h e m di cat i o n f t h e w at e
. n o o ro
ro
its p a s s age th ugh t h i s p ip e w h i ch w a s c n st antly i n u s e c o u l d b e ,
o ,

s u f ci e n t t o b e d ete ct e d by t h e m eth o d u s ed i n th e d et e m i n a t i o n f r o
th e spe c i c g av i t i es r .

M an y o f th e s al in i ty d e te rm inat i o n s tak en a t th e s u r fa ce du ing r

r
th i s c u i s e a re i n cl u d e d w ith o u t c o ect i o n o r c o m m ent i n th e d r e dg
,
rr ,

r r
i ng an d hyd o g aph i c rec o rd s f th e c u i s e ( B u ea u o f F i sh e i es o r r r
o
D cum en t N o 6 2 1 1 90 7 pp 1 . t w a s n e ce s s
,
a y i n d is t r i bu t ing
,
. I r
o r
u r z o Ol o g ica l m ate ia l fo r s tu dy t o p r o v i de e ach o f o ur c l lab o at o s o r r
a t the sa m e tim e w it h t h e dat a f e ach dr ed ge h aul '
mm ed i ately o . I
o r r r r or
up n o ur e tu n t o S a n F an ci s c o th e e f e M r T o n gu e c o mp il ed , ,
.

r r ro o
th e s e ec o d s f m o ur u n di ge st e d n t e s tak en a t s ea .

T H E L I M I T S O F E R R O R I N T H E O B S E R VA T I O N S

Th e r e w e r e fty o b s e r vat i n s t ke n o n th e w at e r f r m t h e c i r e o a o n

la ti n g p um p ; i n th r e e i n sta nc e s th es e r ea d in gs w e r e i d en t i cal w ith

t h o s e t aken f r o m w at er d i pp e d f ro m th e su r fac e ( N s 4 6 4 an d
-

o . 2 ,

7 3 ) i n tw e ty f u r i n stan ce s t h ey w e re gre at e r a s f o l l o w s
n o :
-

NO . 1 : NO .
57
( NO .
9 NO . 60
No . 18 NO . 62
No . 19 NO . 66
No . 2 5 NO . 81
No . 27 NO .
91
No . 28 NO .
93
No . 2 9 NO .
94
No 32 . NO .
97 .

N o 40 .
( NO .
99 :

N o 46 . . NO . 12 4 :

NO 5 1 . : NO . 12 9 :

i
an d n t w enty t h r e e i n st anc es l e s s a s f o ll o w s
-

,
:
I
N
NO . 1 3 S AL IN I Y T OF P ACI IC F SUR FA CE W AT E R CL AR K 5

No . 2 NO .
42 :

NO .
4 . NO .
43 :

( NO .
5 : NO .
50 :

NO .
7
:

NO . 61 :

No . 10 NO . 2 :

No . 11 : NO . 83 :

( No . 12 : NO . 84 :

No . 13 : NO . 86 :
No . 22 : NO .
92 :

NO 30 . : NO . 1 10 :

No 41 . NO . 11 5 :

NO . 12 0 :

In
th e ca s e s i n w h i ch th e r e ad in g f r o m th e c rcu lati n g pu m p w a s i
r r
g eate th a n th a t f r o m t h e su fa ce w at e ( excl u d n g N o 9 i n w h i ch r r i .

r r
th e su f ac e e a d ing fr o m a n o r s o m e o th e cau s e i s o b v i o u sly
,
ri r ,

a b n o rm al ly l o w ; an d N o 99 i n w h i ch th e re ad n g fr o m t h e c ren
. i i
,
r
lat ing pump p o babl y b ec au s e o f evap o rati o n i s O bv i o u sly t o o h i gh ) ,

w e n d a v a r at i o n betw e en i ( N O
97 ) an d ( N o s 1 9 . .
,

2 9 5 1 an d w i t h a m e an f o
ir
,

I
n th e ca s e s i n w h i ch th e e ad in g f r m th e C cu l at in g p um p w as r o -

l e ss than th a t f r o m t h e s u r fac e w at e r ( e xcl u d in g N o s 5 an d 1 2 in .

r
wh i ch th e s u rfac e ead in g i s bv i o u sly t o o h gh ) w e n d a va ri at o n o i i
N of
betwe en ( N O 1 1 ) an d ( O . w ith a m e an .

i
Th e f act that th e va r i at o n w a s p l u s i n tw enty f o u i n sta nce s and r
min u s i n t w en ty th r e e w i th n o v a ria ti o n i n th re e th at th e r e i s n co r
-

,
o
r elati o n b etw e en t h e va ri at o n an d th e l at i tu d e an d th at t h e ave agei ,
r
o f all th e v a ri ati o n i s o o 4 a qu anti ty . oo o ,

alt o geth er t o o sm al l t o b e d etect e d by th e n st rum ent s u s ed sh w s i ,

o
r
th at i n eali t y th e d i ffe ren c e i n th e w ate r a t th e s u r fa ce an d a few
o
feet b el w i t i s ent i rely n egl igib l e n o t fal l n g w t h n th e sco p e o f p s ,
i i i o
o
sibl e d etecti n by th e in stru m en t s u s e d .

Th i s b ei n g s o w e h av e a p e r s o n a l an d f o rtu i t o u s e rr o r o f
to t ake i nt o c o n si de r at i o n s o th at ,

io
unde r th e b e st o f c o n d i t n s w e m u s t ad m i t o f a p o s s b l e v a ri at i o n i
o f $ 0 0 0 0 2 0 f r o m th e t ruth Th s s h o w s g raph i call y t h e ab s o l u te
. i
in sig n ica n ce o f th e gu re s i n th e fth d eci m al pl ace an d th e i ent re r i
depen den c e u p o n ch an c e .

THE RE JE C T O N O F I IN A C CU R A T E R E A D NG S I .

A
ss um in g th at th e rea d n gs fr o m th e su r face an d fr m th e c ir c u i -

o
i
lat ng pump a re s o fa r a s l ie s w i th n t h e p o w e r o f o ur i n str u m en s
,
i t
t o d etect th e s am e w e a re abl e t o c o mpa re th e t w o
, ,
ea d ing s an d n r i
 6 SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE LL ANE OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

r
m any c a s e s t o e j ect o n e o f th em a sp o b ab ly le s s accu at e th an t h e r r
o ther r r
W h e e t w o r ea di ng s w e e t ak e n th o s e w h i ch a e p r o b abl y
. r
r r r
th e m o s t n e a ly c o rect a e ( di sc a di n g t h e i n s ign i can t fth d e ci r
m al ) a s f o l l o w s :
NO . 1 : 53
NO . 2 : 53
NO .
4 : 53
NO .
5 : 54
NO .
7 : 53
NO .
9
'

53
No . 10 53
NO . 11

NO . 12

NO . 1 3
NO . 18

NO . 19

No . 22 52
No . 2 4 .
3
N0 . 2 5 :

No . 2 7 : 53
N0 . 2 8: 53
N0 . 2 9 :

N o 30 . : 97 :

N0 32 . : 99 :

N 0 40 . : . 1 10 :

No 41 . : . 1 15 :

N o 42
. : . 120 : 57
N o 43
. : . 12 4 :

N o 46 :
. . 12 9 :

I
CA L CU L A T O N O F T H E C ON S T A N T R E PR E S E NT N G I THE
I N S T R U M E NT A L E R R O R
D u r i ng th e c r u i s e o f th e A lb at r s s am n g th e P h i l ipp i n e I sl an d s
o o

tw o h u n d r e d a n d tw enty bs e rv t i n s -

f th e s u r fac e den s ty
one O a o o i

w e r t ake n w i th th e i n st r u m en t s w h ic h I m ys el f h a d u se d i n 9 6 ;
e , 1 0

t h e s e o b s e r v at i n s sh w c n s i d e rabl e v a r i at i n bu t t h e av e rage i s
o o o o ,

r r
T h e e w e e a l So tak en o n t h e s am e c u i s e e igh ty b s e vat i o n s f r o r o
i o
th e s al n i ty b el o w 1 0 0 fat h m s ; th e s e l i ew i s e e xh ib i t a c n s i d e abl e k o r
r o
am o un t o f va ia ti n a n d giv e an a v e age f ,
r o
r r
T h e ec o d s fo r th e e i gh ty f o u o b s e vat i o n s t ak en am o n g th e
-
r r
i I o
P h il pp in e slan d s b el w th e s u r fac e a re iii d eta l a s f o l l o w s : i
8 SM I T H S ON I AN M I S CE LL AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

C o mp a r ing th e kn w n a ve r age d en s ity f th e s u r fa ce w ate r f th e

o o o

P h i lipp i n e a r ch ip el ag ab u t w ith th e av e rage f th e b

o, o o o

s t i staken b y th e A lbat r s s
e rv a on w e n d th e l atte r t b eo ,

o

t l w P o s s ibl y p a rt f th e d i ffe r enc e i s d u e t th e ex ce s s

oo o . o o

o f s al i n i ti e s tak en n e ar t h e sh or e i th e A l ba t r s s r e c or d s n o .

C m p a r in g th e kn w n ave r a ge d en s ity f t h e de e p w ate r f t h

o o o o e

P ac i c ,
w i th th e av e r ag f th e e ighty b s ervat i n s t ak e n e o o o

by th e A lbat ros s b el w fath o m s o w e n d th e latte r

1 00 ,

to be t l w A gl anc e at th e r ec or d s s ugge st s th t th e
oo o . a

d i ffe re n c e r e ally i s s m ew h at g r e ate r f th e w ate r b ttl e s evi d en tl y

o ,
or o

did t a lw ay s c o nta i n w ate r f r m th e d epth t w h i ch th ey w e r e s ub

no o o

m e r ged .

A i m il a r c mp ar i s o n f th e d en s i t i e s a s giv en b y M k
S o o -
ff a n d a aro ,

a s de te r m in e d b y m ys el f i n t h e s am e l cal it ie s a t i w e ll s ep a rat e d o S x

p la ce s h w m y o b s e r v t i o n s a s ca l culat e d t b e t
S o a l w by o oo o

an d
I r
f w e a v e age t h es e d i ffe ren c e s b etw e e n th e o b se vat i o n s taken o n r
th e A l b at r s s an d t h o s o e t a en b y t h e B rit i s h G e m an S w e d i sh k ,
r ,

an d R u s s ia n S h ip s w e w i ll ge t a c r e ct i o n w h i ch w h en appl i e d t o t h e or ,

r
f o m e r w i ll m ak e t h e m c m p ar abl e t o th e l att e
,
o at an y at e r or
,
r
o
n ea rly en u gh S O fo r t h e p u rp o s e s o f th e p re s en t stu dy T h e av e rag e .

o i
f t h e s e e gh t d i ffe ren ce s i s w h i ch i s th e c o r e ct i o n w h ich r
r
w il l b e u s e d t h o u gh o u t th i s p a p e
. T h e av e age f m y s i x o b s er r . r o
r
vat i o n sw h i ch a r e c o m p a a b l e t o th s e o f M a ka r o ff all o f w h i ch w e r e
-
o ,

c al cu l ate d by t h e s am e o b se v e i s r r ,

r
O n pl o tt in g m y O b s e vat i o n s c o e ct ed by c o m pa ri s o n w i th th e ,
rr
d et e rm ina t i o n s o f M a ka r o ff o n th e w e st e rn s d e o f th e P aci c up n
-
i o
a ch a rt I
f o un d th a t o n e o f m y s t at i o n s w a s al m o s t n t h e ex act
, o
s p o t o ccup i ed b y a s tat i o n r e c o r d e d b y L en z i n th e G u l f o f Al a sk a , ,

I i
an d w a s grat ed t o n d th at th e sal in i ty g ive n by en z a n d my L ,

own r
d ete m i n ati o n o f t h e sa l i n i ty w it h th e emp i ri cal c r e ct i o n or
add ed w e r e i den t i cal
, .

I o
t w i ll b e n t i ce d tha t al l o f t h e s al in ity e c o rd s p ubl i sh e d b y r
r
M r A l ex an d e A ga s s i z fo r th e m i d P a c ic egi o n w h i ch w e re ta en
.
-

r k
o n b o a d th e r A lb at r o s s r
a e i n n e e d o f ab o ut th e s am e c r e cti o n or
o r
t o m ake the m c m p a abl e w i t h th o s e f th e sh p s o f th e n ati n s o i o r o .

T h e n ec e ss i ty f or r
thi s c o r e ct i o n a i s e s f o m th e fa ct t h at t h e r r
r r o
i n st u m e nt s w e e n t st an da rd iz e d b e f r e b e ng u s ed o i .
NO 3 . 1 S FAAL I N I Y T OF
9 P ACI IC F SUR CE \V \ T E R
. CL
\R K .

I F S U M E O H C O I I O FO
BR E RE H F T E ND T NS U ND IN T E
NO H CI I C RT PA F

F kn w l e dge f the wat er d en s i t i e s and f t h e te m pe r atu re s

o r o ur o o o

o f th e N rt h P ac i c w e a re ch i e y i n debte d
o t h e l a t e V i ce A d m i r al to -

S O M k . ff f t h e R u s
. s i a n N avy N nl d i d h e tak e an
a a ro o . o t o y

en r m u s n u m be r f b s
o o e rva t i n s f h is b eg i nn in g i n 86 6 sa o o o o o w 1 a

t an tl u nt i l h i s d ea t h
,

nava l cad et d f m th at t i m e a l m s t c ns
an ro -

o o y

on th e Va r i ag b in
exh a u st i ve m n grap h p ubl i sh e d i n
.

ut an o o

h e su m ma r iz e d a n d d i ge s t ed al l t h e w rk f t h e t h e r s h o o o w o

ha d taken b s e rva t i n si n th at a r ea r ep u b l i s
o h i n g f t en w i t h c e r t a i n
o , ,
o

c r re ct i n s cal cu lat e d b y h i m se l f al l th ei r dat a

o o .

i n g cc un t f th e c n d i ti n s i n t h e P a c i c isch i e y a
,

T h f ll e o o w a o o o o

sum m a ry f tha t g i ve n b y M k o ff a aro .

S p ea k i n g b adly th e re i s f u n d i n t h e t rad e w i n d b el t f t h e
ro ,
o o

w e ste rn pa rt f th e P aci c a z n e f w a r m w a te r w i t h a h igh s al i n

o o o

i s nl y f un d i n t h i s
,

ity ; w ate r w it h a d en s i ty f m re t han o o o o

z n e an d al n g th e equat r ; b ey n d th i s a r ea a s fa r sth e P h i l i ppi n e s

o o o o a

an d J ap n an d app r a ch i n g h e q u at r i a b r ad cu rv e a r u n d i t
a ,
o t e o ii o o

to th e ea st wa rd n d w at er h av i n g a d en s i ty f f r m
,
w e o o to

C r re sp n d i n g lat i t ud e 4 4 6 N w e n d w at e r w i th

o o to 2 to .

a d en s i ty o f f r o m to th i s app r o ach e s t h e c o a st o f
i i
C al f o rn a w h e re i t m il i g l e sw th th e c o a st w at e r an d t ak i ng a d i r e c i ,

i
t o n t o w a rd th e s o ut h w e s
o ut l i s t f o rm s a c un e f o r m a rea w th n th e ,
i i i
ar e a o f w ate r o f h i gh e r sal n ty t i s p r o b a b l e t h at th s a rea o f l o w i i . I i
i i i
sal n i ty ( w h c h l e s t o th e s o u th w a rd o f th e H a wa i i an slan d s ) i s n a r I
r o w e r i n A u gu st than n M a rch an d al s o th at t i s th en S t uat ed m o r ei ,
i i
t o th e s o u th w a rd T h s o n e c o r re sp o n d st o th e S O call e d C al f o rn a
. i z -

i i
cu rren t .

T h e s u r fac e w at e r t o th e n o rth wa rd o f th e o n e w th d en s ity z i

ranging fr o m to h a s a d en sty o f f r o m to i
and M a ka r o ff b el i e ve d it p r o b abl e t h at t he l a rge r p a rt o f h e s u r f ace t
w ate r o f th e B e ri n g S e a l i e s w i th i n th e s e ext re m e s ( se e b ey o nd ,

9 .

T he
e an S p eci c grav i ty o f th e su r fac e w at e r o f th e P ac i c
m
i
( excl u d n g th e en cl o s ed S ea s ) i s
T h e sp ec ic gravi ty o f th e l o w e r l evel s o ve r t h e en ti r e P ac c i
i s eve ryw h e re th e sam e ; th e av er age i s
T he

C h all en ge r f o u n d n ea r t h e an ta rct c ce a t 50 fath o m sa
i i
spec c g rav ity o f i o r th e sa m e a s h e m ean fo r th e d e e p w ate r t
1
V i t ia z

i T ik i O k bl e an ; L e

V it i a z

e t l O c

an P a c iq ue . St .

P te rs
b o ur g ,
1 894 .
IO SM I T H SON IAN M I S CE LL ANE OU S COL L E C TI ON S V OL . 60

o f i
th e P ac c ; M a ka r o ff b el i eve s th at th e w ate r o f th e deep e r l ay e r s
i n t h e P aci c c o m e s o ri gin al l y f r o m th e A n ta rct c O cean an hyp o i ,

i
t h es i s w h ch n d s m u ch s upp o r t i n th e z o Og e o g r a p h y o f th e Pa c c -

i
regi o n .

i
T h e sp ec c grav ity o f t h e w ate r o f th e P h i l pp in e s an d o f t h e i
S u l u an d C el ebe s S ea s i s m uc h l e s s th an t h at o f th e a d j a cen t p a rt s o f
th e P a c c i .

I
n o rd e r t o app r ec ate th e s i gn can c e o f t h e v a ryi n g sa l in iti e s i i
i n th e N o rth P aci c an d i n th e encl o s e d s e a s b o rd e r n g u p o n i t s o m e i
i
att en t i o n m u st b e g ve n t o th e c rc u lati o n o f th e w at e r i n th e r egi o n i
an d t o th e co u r s e an d in t err e lat o n shi p s o f th e va r o u s cu r ren ts f o u n d
-

i i
the e r .

Th e la rge st o f t h e s e cu r re nt s a n d b y fa r th e m o st mp o rt ant i s ,
i ,

t h e w a r m cu r r en t f r o m th e s o ut h ca r ry ng w a te r o f h i gh s al in ity i ,

kn o w n a s th e Ku r o S w o o r Japan e s e cu r ren t an d c o r re sp o n d in g n -

i ,
i
a gen e ral w ay t o t h e s o c all e d ul f S t r eam o f th e w e st e rn A tl ant ic -

G .

O n re ach in g t h e c o a s t s o f J a p a n an d t h e p en in su l a o f K o re a th e
i i i
K u r o S w o d v d e s i n t o th r e e pa rt s ; t h e p r n ci pa l pa rt a dv an ce s i
t
alo n g th e s o u h e rn c o a st o f J ap an ; t h e s ec o n d en te rs th e S e a o f
J ap an th r o u gh t he st rai t s o f K o r e a a n d f o rm s th e s o cal le d T s u
i
S h m a cu r ren t ; th e t h rd t u rn s t o th e w e s i
t wa rd an d e s em b l e s i n it s r
gen e ra l ch a ract e r i st i c s a s m l a r b ran c h w h i ch i s g v en o ff f r o m th e i i i
i
Ku r o S w o s o uth o f F o r m o sa t i s n o t yet d en t ely kn o w n j u st . I i
i i i
w ha t d r ect o n th s b r an ch tak e s ; b ut a s M a k a r o ff f o u n d i n runn ng i
fr o m th e C h u S a n arch ip elag o t o N aga sak a w ate r w t h a v e ry
-

i i
i i
h gh spe c c g r av t y i s e e m s p r o bab l e th at t h s b ran ch a f te d e i t i ,
r
i
s c r b i ng a b r o a d cu rv e t u rn s t o w ar d th e s o u th i n th e sa m e m ann e r ,

a s d o e s t h e b ra nch g iv e n o ff s o ut h o f F o r m o sa .

The T s u S h i m a cu r r ent d o e s n o t o c cu py t h e en t i re w d th o f th e
-

i
K o rean S t rait s f o r th e re i s a o n e o f c o l d w ate r w th a l o w sp ec c
,
z i i
gr avity al o n g th e K o rea n C o a st w h i c h s par t o f a s i m la r o n e i i z
o ccu pyi n g th e ent re w e st e rn p a rt o f th e s ea o f J apan i
O n e nt e r ng .
. i
t h e S e a o f J ap an t h r o ugh th e K o r ean S t ra t s th e T s uS h m a cu r en t i i r
t u rn st o th e ri g h t a n d run s n o rth e a s t wa rd al o n g th e J apan e s e c o a st .

I t i s p r o b a b l e t h at th i scu r ren t n u en c e s th e sa l i n i ty o f th e en re
-

i ti
s o u th ea st e rn p a rt o f t h e S e a o f Jap an .

i
O b se rvat o n s h ave S h o w n th at n ea r D a je l e t sl and a t a d epth o f I .

1 0 0 m ete r s th e c o l d w at e r i s sh a rply s e pa r ate d f r o m th e w a rm w a te r -

i i
w h c h h e re s sh o v ed d o w n w a rd f o rm in g a d e ep cu r ren t b en eath
'

,
.

i
th e su p er c al w at e r o f l o w s al in ty o w n g s o u th w a rd f r o m th e i i
n o rth .
12 SM I T H S N I A N O M ISCE L L AN E OU S CO LL E T I N SC O VO L . 60

c urr ent o f s m a ll sal i n i ty w h ic h c o m es f r o m the I la d S ea ente ri ng n n

the S ea o f Ja p an by the S t r a i ts o f S h im o n o sek i T h i s heavy wate r

,

i n o w i ng n o r thwa r d a l g the c o asts o f N ip Ye z o d S kha li n

.

on on an a

ve r y grad u all y b ec o m es l ess and less sa li ne

,

N ea r the S ib e ri an c ast wate r w i th a s p c i c g r av i ty o f f r o m

.

o e

descends f r o m n o r th s u th wash i ng the wh o le

,

to to o

c o ast o f the weste r n pa r t o f the S ea o f Ja p an and m ak i ng i tself fe l t

,

even i n the K o ean S t r a i t

r .

T he s p ec i c g r av i ty o f the wate r i n the S ea o f Ja p an i s h i ghe r than

that i n c o rr es p o nd i ng lat i t u des i n the P ac i c ; i n g o i ng f r o m H ak o
date t o V lad i v o st o k the s p ec i c g r av i ty d imi n i shes r ap i dly west o f
3 4 and nea r V l ad i v o st o k i s a b o u t l ess than i n h S t r a i t o f

1 0 00 1 1 t e

T s u ga ru .

T he m ean s p ec i c g r av i ty o f the wate r o f the S ea o f Japan b o th

at the s ur face and i n the deepe r p o r t i o ns i s
,

Tr ac i ng a l i ne f r o m the B y o f S t O lga t the mi ddle o f the

,

a o

K o r ean S t r a i t we nd that i n the weste r n p a r t the spec i c g r av i ty

.

b o th at the s ur face and b el o w d o es t pass T he heavy no

wate r wh i ch ente r s the S t r a i t o f K o r ea o cc u p i es i n w i dth m r e than

,

half the st r a i t and i ts ent ir e de p th ; fur the r n o r thw r d h o weve r the a

th i ckness o f the heavy l aye r d o es m ete r s

, ,

Wate r
,

exceed no t 1 00 .

w i th a Sp ec i c g r av i ty o f m o r e than i so n l y f o u nd i n t h e

easte r n p a r t o f the sea .

T he S t r a i t o f L P e r o u se i ncl u des tw o z o nes o f wate r o f d i ff r ent

a e

sa li n i t i es and te mp e r at ur es I n the s outhe r n p a r t the r e i s a wa rm

.

c urr ent wh i ch descends t o wa r d the east nea r the c o ast o f Ye z o and ,

i n the n o r the r n p a r t nea r the c o ast o f S akhal i n the r e i s a c o ld c urr ent

,

ru nn i ng t o wa r d the westwa r d u o f the S ea o f O kh o tsk T he l i ne

,

o t .

o f se p a r t i o n b etween these tw o c urr ents i s

a ve r t i ca l bu t st r o ng l y no t

i ncl i ned ; the wate r f r o m the S ea o f O kh o tsk l i ghte r and c o lde r , ,

advances i n a m ass hav i ng a c u ne i f o rm sect i o n o ve r the wa me r r ,

bu t als o heav i e r wate r o f the easte r n p a r t o f the S ea o f Ja p an wh i ch

p asses d o wnwa r d d t u i g t o the ri ght acc o u nt o f the r o ta
,

an ,
.
rn n on

t i o n o f the ea r th e x tends fa r t o wa r d the n o r thea st u nde r the c o l d

,

wate r T h i s wate f r o m the S o f Ja p n has a s p ec i c g r av i ty o f

. r ea a

and a te mp e r at ur e o f 9 C i n A u g u st ; i t isp r o b a b le that i n

1

.

w i nte r the te mp e r at ur e d o es n o t fa l l b e l o w 3 C
.

T he s ur face wate r o f An i va B i n s o u the r n S akhal i n has a ay , ,

s p ec i c g r av i ty o f f o r a wh i le i n A u g u st it ste m pe r at u r e
m ay b as mu ch as 7 C bu t the r e st o f the yea r i t i s mu ch l o we r
e 1

.
,
.
NO . 1 3 S AL I N I T Y OF P F
ACI IC SUR FA CE VV A T E R C L \R K
-

. I 3

U nde r the upp e r l aye r o f c o mp a r at i ve l y wa rm wate r isa c o l d l a v e r

w i th a s p ec i c g r av i ty o f
O n acc o u nt o f h q u ant i ty o f w te r
t e h i ch o w sth r ou gh the
a w

K o r ean S t r a i t and r a i s s the sur face o f h S ea o f Ja p an and that

e t e

o f the G ul f o f T a r ta r y a b o v e that o f the s urr o u nd i ng seas the bul k

o f the wate r f r o m the A mur R i ve r i nstead o f t ur n i ng t o the ri ght
and o w i ng the s o u thwa r d sw o ul d nat ur a ll y b e e xp cted t ur ns
,

to a e

t o the n o r th th o u gh p a r t o f i t c o m es s o u thwa r d a l o n g the we ste r n

,

h o r e o f the G ul f o f T a r ta r y whe e i t ca u ses a c o ns i de r a bl e d imi

,

s r

n u i
t on o f the sa li n i ty I n th i s g ul f the wate r o f the l o we r l aye r s
.

nea r S akha li n b e l o w 4 m ete r s h sa h i ghe r s p ec i c g r av i t y than

,
0 ,
a

t at nea r the c o nt i nent I n the upp r laye r s th r e i s n o r eg ul a ri t y

h . e e

ln the va ri at i o ns s o that they a r e p r o b abl y h r es ul t o f the act i o n t e

o f w i nds l o ca l c urr ents t i des etc ,

.

A lm o st the ent ir e cent r a l p o r t i o n o f the S ea o f O kh o tsk h sa

, ,

Sp ec i c g r av i ty b etween and nea r h c a st s the t e o

wate r i s i n gene r a l less sa li ne I n the B y o f O ud sk and nea r S ak

. a :

ha li n the spec i c g r av i t y i s l ess than sh o w i ng the i nfl u ence

o f s m a l l ri ve r s wh i ch e mp ty i nt o the s o u thweste r n p a r t o f the S ea
o f O kh o tsk and es p ec i a ll y o f the A mur K s s h f o u nd ne r . ru e n te rn a

the n o r the r n end o f S akha li n wate r w i th a s p ec i c g r av i ty o f

,

T he dee p r wate r o f the S ea o f O kh sk i s m o r e dense than that

e ot

nea r e r the s ur face ; at a de p th o f 8 m ete r s i t has a Sp ec i c g r av i ty

00

of o r the sa m e as that o f the wate r wh i ch ente r s th o u gh the r

S t r a i t o f L a P e r o u se As i n the B ri ng S ea th i s l o we r st r at um o f
. e

wa rm wate r w i th h i gh sa li n i ty i s f o u nd at a g r eate r de p th i n the

west than i n the east f o r i n b th seas the r e i s a l ng the weste r n
,
o ,
o

c o ast a c o l d c urr ent o f l o w sa li n i ty wh i ch s ubm e r ges t o a g r eat

de p th the wa rm wate r w i th h i gh sa li n i ty M k ff b e li eved that the
,

. a a ro

wate r o f the S ea o f O kh o tsk en e r s that s b y way o f the S t r a i t

t ea

o f L P e r o u se and n o t f r o m the P ac i c
a .

T he m ean dens i ty o f the wate r o f the S ea o f O kh o tsk and o f a ll

i ts b ays i s
A m o ng the K uril I slands the s ur face wate r ismix ed w i th he v i e r a

and mu ch c o l de r wate r than that o cc urri ng o n the c o ast o f Ka m

c h kat the g r eatest deg r ees o f sa li n i ty and c l d b e i ng mi dway
a, o

b etween Ka m chatka and Ja p an and n o t at the n o r the r n end o f the

cha i n ; th i s heavy and c o l d wate r f o rm s a br o ade r b e l t o n the P ac i c
than o n the O kh o tsk S ea Si d o f the i slands ; i t was s u pp o sed b y
e

M k a a roff t o b e i n r ea li ty wate r f r o m the g r eat d p th so f the O kh o tsk e

I 4 SM I T H S N I A N
O M I SCE L L AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VOL . 60

S ea wh i ch i s he r e f o r ced t o the s ur face th r o u gh the pr ess ur e o f the

deep c urr e t o f wa rm heavy wate r wh i ch ente r s the O kh o tsk S ea
n

th r o u gh the S t r a i t o f L P e r o u se I t m ay b e h o weve r that th i s

a

.

e x p l anat i o n i s n o t q ui te c o rr ect and that the pr esence o f th i sa b yssa l

, ,

wate r a m o ng the K uri l I s l ands i s t o b e acc o u nted f o r r athe r b y the

,

a ppli cat i o n o f E km shy p o thes i s

an n

Re l at i ve l y wa rm wate r w i th a s p ec i c g r av i ty o f i s f o u nd
.

i n the depths o f the B e ri ng S ea r e ch i ng t o w i th i n m ete r s o f

a 200

the s ur face ; i t i s f o u nd mu ch nea r e r the s ur face at the C o mm ande r

,

I s l ands than al o ng the c o ast o f Ka m chatka a phen o m en o n Simil a r

t o that o b se r ved i n the S ea o f O kh o tsk I t i s t o b e r e m a r ked that
,

i n the B e ri ng S ea h i s o the rm s r i se t o wa r d the eastwa r d as o ne

t e

l eaves the Ka m chatkan c o ast s o that we a r e j u st i ed i n b e li ev i ng that

the wa rm wate r ppr o aches nea r e r the s ur face i n the easte r n p a r t
a

than i n the weste r n th ough the r e i s n o ev i dence that the Sp ec i c

,

g r av i ty i s h i ghe r i n the f o rm e r .

T he l aye r o f wa rm s ur face wate r a l o ng the c o ast o f Ka m chatka is

ve r y S ha ll o w d ob se r vat i o ns o n th i s c o ast pr o ve the x i stence
an e

o f an i nte rm ed i ate z ne o f c o l d wate r j u st as i n the weste r n pa r t

,

o ,

o f the S ea o f O kh o tsk ; dete r mi nat i o ns m ade i n l at i t u de 6 6 N 0

-

2

.

S h o w that the s p ec i c g r av i ty i s st il l l w at a de p th o f 5 m ete r s o 1 0

wh i ch i nd u ces u s t o s upp o se that he r e the wate r i s i n u enced b y the

wate r o f the A r ct i c O cean and i s n o t d ir ectly c o nnected w i th the
wa rm wate r o f the m o r e s o u the r n l at i t u des .

At Po r t C la r ence A l aska the s p ec i c g r av i ty o f the dee p e r wate r

,

i s fro m mu ch less than i n the mi dd l e f the B e ri ng

,

to o

S t r a i t o r i n the A r ct i c O cean T he V ega o n he r c u r se ac r o ss

.

,

o

the B e ri ng S t r a i t f r o m Po r t C la r ence t o S im i f o u nd that the av n e ,

s p ec i c g r av i ty r o se a l i ttle the val u e b e i g the sa m e f r o m the

, n

s ur face t o the b o tt o m ; b ey o nd l o ng i t u de 7 W the spec i c g r av i ty 1 1

.

o f the s ur face wate r b eca m e mu ch l ess t h an that o f the dee p e r laye r s

.

wh il e the te mp e r at ur e was a l s o l o we r at a l l depths .

I n the B e ri ng S t r a i t the m o r e sa li ne wat r o cc ur s o n the weste r n e

s i de ; the c o mp a r at i ve l y wa rm wate r wh i ch ente r s the A r ct i c

O cean o n h ea s
t e te r n s i de i s st r o ng l y mix ed w i th the wate r f r o m t h e

A l askan ri ve r s and S h o ws n o t r ace at any de p th o f the wate r o f the

K ur o S i w o wh i ch a pp a r ently d es n o t r each th i s p o i nt
-
o .

O b se r vat i o n sm ade the c o ast o f As i a i n l at i t u de 6 3 6 N

n e ar

1

.

sh o w d the pr esence o f an i nte rm ed i ate l aye r o f c o l d wate r s imil a r

e

t o that o b se r ved nea r the c o a st o f K m chatka a .

I O SM I T H SON I AN M ISCE LL AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

w i nte r H isex p lanat i o n f the c o l dness o f the c o ast st r i p as r es u lt

. o a

o f the upw e lli ng o f a b yssal wate r p r es um es that th i s c o l d w te r a

sh o ul d a l s o b e except i o na ll y sa li ne and the r efo r e th t the ish l i s ,

a o a ne

sh o ul d b end brup t l y t o the n o r thwa r d j u st as the i s o the rm s b end

a

a brup tly t o the s o u thwa r d wh il e i n the w i nte r b o th i s o the rm s and ,

i sh l i ssh o ul d f o l l o w c our ses m o r e nea rl y ag r ee i ng w i th the pa r al

o a ne

l l so f the lat i t u de
e M y o b se r vat i o ns o n the seas o nal va ri at i o ns i n
.

the sa li n i ty o f th i s c o ast ag r ee a b s o lu te l y w i th h i s o n the te m pe r at ur e .

T he cha r ts publi shed b y M k ff S h o w that i n the mi d P i a a ro -

ac c.

b etween 7 d 8 W l o ng the m ean i s o ha li ne o f

1 0

an 1 ru ns
0

. .

a p p r o x im ate l y al o ng the 46 t h pa r a l le l and the i s o ha li ne o f ,

i s a ppr o x im ate l y i n 4 5 N ; the i s hal i ne i s fa r up i n the

2

0

. o

G u lf o f A l aska whe r e i t r u ns p a r a l le l t o the c o ast c r o ss i ng the m e ri d ,

i an o f 4 W i n a b o u t 56 N F r o m these p o s i t i o ns the r e i s a
1 0

.

.

s li ght s o u the rl y m o ve m ent i n w i nte r and i n a c o rr esp nd i ng n o r th ,

o

e r l y m o v m ent i n s umm e r e .

I n the s umm e r the i s o ha li ne o f ru nn i ng i n a gene r a ll y s o u th

e r ly d ir ect i o n t ur ns n o r thwa r d at a b out 4 5 N l at 7 W l o n g
,
2

1

. .
,
12

.
,

j o i n i ng the c o ast o f C a p e M s i n 4 5 3 N lat T he i so ha li ne o a re ,

0

. .

of t u r ns n o r thwa r d at 3 7 N l at 7 W l o ng and ru ns
. .
,
12

. .
,

thence a lm o st d ir ectly n o r th b etween the m e ri d i ans o f 5 3 W 12

0
'
.

and 5 W ( pr ct i ca l ly c o i nc i d i ng w i th the l atte r n o r th o f

12

00

. a

4 1N lat ) f o r a c o ns i de r a bl e d i stance event u a ll y t ur n i ng eastwa r d

. .
,

and r each i ng the c o ast at C ape B lanc o T he i s o ha li ne o f .

ri ses i n a b d c u r ve f r o m 3 4 4 N lat 3 3 W l o ng t o 3 6 3
ro a -

0

. .
,
1

. .

0

N lat .
3 3 W l o n g and then t u r ns r athe r a brup t l y n o r thwa r d
.
,
12

0

.
,

and n o r thwes t wa r d r u nn i ng pa r allel t the c o st t o 3 9 N when i t ,

o a

.
,

g r ad u a ll y t ur ns n o r thwa r d aga i n r each i ng the c o a st at C a p e M end o ,

c i n o T he n o t i ceab l e feat ur e o f th i s i s o hal i ne i s the br o ad seawa r d

.

b end wh i ch c o ns i de r ed i n i ts r e l at i o n t o the c o ast l i ne r eaches i ts

, ,

m ax imum i n the lat i t u de o f S an F r anc i sc o and i ts act u al m ax imum ,

weste r l y e x tens i o n i n 3 9 N lat I n the S an F r nc i sc o r eg i o n the r e

. . a

i s a s m all a r ea w i th a sa li n i ty o f less than b o u nded b y a c u r ve

o f l a r ge r ad iu s e x tend i ng f r o m Po i nt A r ena ( j u st s o u th o f 39 N
.

l at ) o n the n o r th t o P escade r o P o i nt ( a b o u t 3 7 5 N lat ) o n the 0

1

. .

s o u th T h i s c u r ve c r s ses 3 8 N i n 3 3 W and 3 W i n
.

. o . 12 0 .
,
12 .

37 3 N

i s0c o ur se b
e i ng a lm o st
. pa
,
r a ll e l
t t o that o f the li ne
f ur the r ff sh o r e T he i so ha li ne o f
o t ur ns n o r thwa r d at 3 3
.

N 5. W,
12 and ru ns i n
a br o ad c ur ve .
,
t h t h st t o M o nte r e y nor nor ea

B ay .
NO . I 3 S AL IN I Y T OF PA I F IC C SUR FA CE \ VATER C LA R K 1 7

I n the w i nte r the ish l i sea st o f 3 3 \V ru n a ppr o xim ate l y o a ne 1

.

al o ng the p a r a ll e l s o f lat i t ude ri s i ng o n l y sli ght l y n a r h c o a st , e t e ;

the i s o ha li ne o f ri ses f r o m 3 3 5 N l at 4 W l o ng t o
0

. . 12

Po i nt S a l n o r th o f Po i nt C o nce p t i o n h i s o ha li ne o f ru ns
.
,

, ; t e

f r o m 3 3 N 3 W t o S anta B a rb a r a ; and the i s o ha li ne f

. 12

. o

ru n f r o m 3 N W t o E nc i n i ta sj u st n o r th o f S an D i eg o
2

20

. 12 1

.
,
.

H BE I G T E R N SE A

A p r e limi na r y e x a mi nat i o n o f the A m e ri can r c o r d sava il a bl e f o r e

the B e ri ng S ea S h o ws a r athe r i nte r est i ng c o nd i t i o n th o u gh one

wh i ch i s essent i a ll y what w o ul d b e pr ed i cated f r o m a s ur ve y o f h

,

t e

l and and s ubm a ri ne c o nt o ur s and o f the d r i nage syste m s a .

M k ff sh o wed the i s o ha li ne o f ru nn i ng f r o m 4 5 N
a a ro .

l at 5 E l o ng nea rl y i n a st r a i ght l i ne ( w i th a sl i ght r eg ul a r c o n

. 1 0

. .

vex i y t o wa r d the east ) t o B e ri ng I s l and then t ur n i ng m o r e t o h

t ,
t e

eastwa r d and ru nn i ng ( aga i n w i th a s li ght c o nv xi ty t o wa r d the e

s o u theast ) t o ab o u t lat 6 N l o ng 8 f r o m th i s p o i nt . 1

.
,
. 1 0

he was u na bl e t o t r ace i t f ur the r o w i ng t o an a bsence o f data I t .

a pp ea r s f r o m the r ec o r ds hand that he r e i t t ur ns a brup t l y t o the at

s o u thwa r d ru nn i ng as f slat 55 N wh i ch i t c r o sses i n l o ng ar a .

. .

1 79 W

then
20 m ak i
ng a br o d swee
.
p t o
,
wa r d the east c r o ss i ng -

a ,

la t .
54 N at l o ng

77 3 W r each i ng lat 5 3 3 5 N i n l o ng
. . 1

0

.
, .

. .

1 74 3 W and c o nt i n ui ng the sa m e c ur ve c r o ss i ng l

0

.
, 55 N
, ,
at .

.

aga i n i n l o ng 7 5 W he r e i t t ur ns a brup tly t o wa r d the N N \V

. 1 1

2

. .
,

c r o ss i ng l at 5 5 N i n l o ng 7 5 5 W and r each i ng l at 5 5 5
.

. . 1 1

.
, .

0
'

i n l o ng 7 5 5 W c ur v i ng S ha rpl y a b u t and c o mi ng s o u thwa r d

. 1 1

.
,
o

aga i n i n a c o ur se pa r a ll el t o that taken g o i ng n r th and a b o u t th ir ty o

mil es t o the e stwa r d ( f o rmi ng a l o ng na rr o w nge r t o wa r d the a

N N VV l y i ng ch i ey b etween l o ng
.
7 W and l o ng 7 W ) . 1 1

. . 1 2

.

as fa r as l at 54 5 N l o ng 7 3 W whe r e i t g r ad u a ll y t ur n s
,

. 2 . . 1 0 0 .

ea stwa r d afte r l o ng 69 W ru nn i ng b etween l at 5 4 5 N and . 1

. .

0

,

5 W whe r e i t t ur ns a b up t l y s o u th
,

l at 54 . N t o l o ng 6 7

10

. . 1

0

. r

and then we st ru nn i ng W S W nea rl y i n a st r a i ght li ne t o U l i g i n the

,
.
a a

I s l ands o f F o ur M o u nta i ns .

We th u s see that the wate r w i th a s p ec i c g r av i ty o f or

mo r e i s ent ir e l y c o nned t o that p t o f the B e ri ng S ea west o f l o ng ar .

6 7 W wh il exce p t f o r a a rr o w st rip j u s t n o r th o f the A d f

1 . e n n re a n o

I s l ands the I s l ands o f F o ur M o u nta i ns U n mak and we ste r n U

,

i n
, ,

a l aska i t li es t o the west o f l o ng

,
I t the r efo r e li es nt ir e l y i n h .
e t e
 18 SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE LL AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

dee p weste r n p a r t o f the sea i ts s o u the ste r n e x t r e mi ty sh w i ng a

, a o

c uri o u s a ppr o xim ate c o i nc i dence w i th the fath o m l i ne 100 0

T he weste r ly p o s i t i o n o f th i s wate r o f c o mp r at i ve l y h i gh sal i n i ty

.

wh i ch ente r s the B e ri ng S ea f r o m the s o u thwa r d i s ev i d ently g o v

r ned b y the br eadth and de p th o f the channe l s B etween Ka m chatka
e

and the C o mm ande r I s l ands i t li es b eneath the c o l de r and l ess sa li ne

.

w te r o w i ng s o u thwa r d a l o ng the Ka m chatkan c o ast th i s s up e r

a

i l laye r pr o g r ess i ve l y dec r eas i ng i n th i ckness t o wa r d h east and

,

c a t e

al l o w i ng the heav i e r and wa rm e r wate r t o r each the s ur face at B e ri ng

I s l and T he br o ad deep channe l b etween the C o mm n d e r and
. a

weste r n A l e u t i an I s l ands a ll o ws o f the p assage o f g r eat q u ant i t i es

o f P ac i c wate r bu t the la r ge A d ,
f I s l ands w i th the na rr o w
n re an o

channe l s b etween the m f o rm b a rri e r s o that l i tt l e i s a b le t o o w

a

b y the m B etween the A d. f I s l ands and Um nak h o weve r

n re an o

the r e a r e aga i n br o ad p en channels i l ud i g the A mu kta P ass

, ,

O n n

and these al l o w o f the p assage o f en o u gh wate r t o f o rm t o the n o r th

, ,

wa r d the l o ng nge r a b o ve desc ri b ed and the s o m ewhat s imil a r

nge r st r etch i ng t o wa r d the east nea r ly t o l o ng 6 7 W
,

. 1 .

T he gene r a l c o ng ur at i o n o f the r ea o f h i gh s li n i ty i n the a a

weste r n p a r t o f the B e ri ng S ea s u ggests that i t i s n o t a c o nstant ,

bu t r athe r an i nte rmi ttent o w fo r we r e i t c o nstant o ne w o ul d sca r ce l y

, ,

e xp ect t o nd i t extend i ng i tse l f b y s u ch l o ng and na rr o w p r o cesses s a

o cc ur n o r th and aga i n east o f the A mu kta P ass o r fa ili ng t o r each

, , ,

the sh o r es o f i slands u p o n wh i ch the pr ec i p i tat i o n isn o t b y an y

m eans s u fc i ent t o kee p i t away .

I t i s q ui te p o ss ib le that we have i n the B e ri ng S ea a c o nd i t i o n

c o mp a r a bl e t o that sh o wn b y C leve E km and P ette r ss o n t o ex i st ,
an n

i n the N o r weg i an S ea and that the r e i s a y a rl y pul sat i o n d u e t o

,
e

a va ri at i o n i n the he i ght o f the level o f the n o r th P ac i c r each i ng ,

the m ax imum i n N o ve mb e r and the mi n imum i n M a r ch b wh i ch , y

the o w i ng o f the s ur face wate r o f the P c i c th r o u gh the A l e u t i an a

chann l s i s i nc r eased d uri ng the late s pri ng s umm e r and ea rl y

e ,

a u t um n dec r eas i ng i n the w i nte r and ea rl y s pri ng Wh il e the o w

,
.

o f wate r f c o mp a r at i ve l y h i gh sa li n i ty f r o m the P ac i c i nt o the

o

3e r i ng S ea i su nd o ub ted l y c o nstant and t o wa r d the wes te r n p a r t o f

,

the sea a l ways st r o ng i seastwa r d extens i o n i s pr o b a b ly g o ve r ned

,
t

b y an ann u a l va ri at i o n e xp and i ng and c o nt r act i ng w i th m o r e o r l ess

,

r eg ul a ri ty
T o wa r d the easte r n p a r t o f the B e ri ng S ea the dens i ty dec r ease s
.

ve r y s l o wly ; the li ne c r o sses l o ng 64 W i n l at 5 7 3 N . 1

. .

0

.
,
 2 o SM I T H SON IAN M I S E LLA N E S
C OU CO LL E T I N S
C O VOL . 60

L o ca l i t y
Obs
t v
e r
io n N O
a
D st
e n i y

Ty B ( 6 6)
.

o am a ay (
1 02 1 ) 1 02 1 105 1 14

r W iji
-
-

N ea a ma ( 5) 1 1

K t su K i S i
oma to o ( g a ) ak -
1 16 124 -

( 5 6) 12 12

B tw O i I d H r t I ( L i u r t R k s)
-

e een k S (an ) o ne a n co oc 12 7
B tw O ki I d H r t I
. . .

e een S ( 8) an o n e 12

S uth f H r t I d M ssi I
.

o o o ne ( ) an at u h ma 129 131

t fKr K r S tr i ts T s S hi
i
-

C s
oa o d h o d
e a, an t e o e an a to u ma an

I kki S h i
-

ma ( ) 1 32 1 39
S uth f H i r d I d r N ski
- -

o o a o ( ) an nea ag a a 1 40 1 41 1 02 53
S uth f G t I s
-

. .

o o o o 1 02 52
S uth f G t I d W st f K sh iki I
.

o o o o ( S 8) an e o o 1 43 14

W st U j S h i d S uth f K sk k S h i
-
.

e o f i ( ma ) an o o u a a i ma 1 49 1 51 52
S uth f T Shi
- -

o o an e g ( 5
a 5 ) ma 1 2 1 3
W st f T Sh i
- -

e o an e g a ( 5 ) ma 1 4
O ff K hi G ul f
-

s ag o ma ( 5 ) 1 5 51
In K sh i G u l f
ag o ma ( 6) 1 5
V anDi S t r i t d st w r d I l d S
e m an ( a6 ) an ea a to l e n an ea 1 57 1 2

I l d S
,

n an ea ( 6 6 ) 1 3 1 4
S uth f h K ii C h l
-

o o t e ( 65 ) an n e 1 59
In Os hi K ma o ( 66 ) 1

O ff O s h i K d S uth f H t su
-

ma o ( 6 7 )
an o o am am a 1 7 1 2 57
r N Shi
- -

N ea o ma ( 7 ) 1 3 59
N r th s t f C h sh i
-

o ea o o( 7 ) 1 4
F r C h sh i T su r u S t r i t
o m o to ( 75 7 ) g a a 1 1 9
Fr I w i B t f S uth r
d w s
-

o m R b shi i I
an a ay to e un r an e o o e n

S kh l i
.
,

a a n ( 8 8 ) 1 0 1 3 58
E st r r t f h G u l f f T r t ry
-

a e n p a o ( 8 8 )
t e o a a 1 4 1 5 56
A iv B S k h l i I sl d
-

n a ay , a ( 86 )
a n an 1

N r C p Si
ea k
a e re to ( 87 ) o 1

S uth st r S k h l i C p P t i
o ea e n a( 88 ) a n to a e a e n ce 1 1
91 5
Sea f Okh ts
o k o ( ) 1 92

Sea f Okh ts
o k o ( ) 1 93

Sea f O kh t s
o k o ( ) 1 94

Sea f Okh ts
o k o ( 5) 19

Sea f Okh ts
o k o ( 6) 1 9 55
S uth f Ku sh i r d O t su S ki
o o na ( 7 8) an a 19 19 53
N r C p Y i Yz
-

ea a e er mo, ( ) e o 1 99 52
O ff U r k w a d w s t f Ur k w
a a an ( ) e o a a a 2 00 2 OI 58
r suth st f M S di
-

F o m o ea ( o ) o r o ra n to en a 2 02 2 04 54
O ff S di
-

en a

N r th s
o t f C h sh i
ea o o

V i i i ty f N S h i
c n o o ( 7 8) ma 20 20 55
G ul f
-

Sur ug a ( 5) 2 09 2 1 50
Gu l f
-

O S
ff ur ug a ( 6 8) 2 1 2 1 56
W st f N ii Ji
-

e o ma ( ) 2 19 54
S iB
a g am ay ( ) 220 22 1
-

53
 NO . I 3 SP A I F I S RF A E
AL IN I Y T OF LA R C C U C C K 2 1

T IV E NA R RA

O ur r st o b se r vat i o n m ade n o t l o ng afte r l ea v i ng S an F r anc i sc o

,

B y s
a h o wed ate r o f a c mp a r at i ve l y l o w den si t y
,
w o p s o

s ib l y i nd i cat i ng the i n u ence o f the b ay at r F r o m M i c o u nty w e . ar n

t o the m o u th o f the C o lum b i a R i v r p ssed th r o u gh wate r va r y e we a

i ng i n dens i ty f r o m to w i th an ave r ag o f th i s e

va ri at i n spr o b a bl y d u e t o o ur c r o ss i ng Cl o se l y a ppr o xim ated

o wa

i sh l i sru nn i ng m r e o r le s
o a ne s p a r a ll e l t o h S h o r e li n th o u gh
o t e e ,

p o ss ibl y p a r o f i t was d u e t o the e ff ct up o n the sur f c wate r o f

t e a e

the va ri o u s ri ve r s wh i ch ente r the o c an al o ng th i s c o ast O ff the e .

m o u th o f the C o lumbi a R i v e r the den si ty was as w o ul d nat ur a ll y ,

b e e xp ected v r y l ,
e i t r o se t oow f ur the r n o r th and
fel l t o i n h S t r a i ts o f F u ca t e .

At T ac o m a i n the S t r a i ts o f G e o r g i a and at U n i o n B y V an
, ,
a ,

c o u ve r I sland the dens i ty sl o w r ang i ng b tween

,
wa ( at T a ,
e

c o m ) and a ( at U n i o n B y ) o n acc o nt o f h d r a i nage f r o m a ,

u t e

the land ; bu t i n Qu een C ha rl o tte S o und we f o u nd i t t o b e aga i n

a b o u t the sa m e as i t was i n the S t r a i t so f F u ca .

F r o m the Qu een C ha rl tte S o u nd as fa r as l o ng 4 5 W the dens i ty

o . 1

.

was ve r y u n i f o rm at that p o i nt a Sli ght ri se was n o ted

wh i ch sm a i nta i ned t o l o ng 58 \V b y o nd wh i ch 1
wa . 1

.
,
e 0

ca l i y i n the v i c i n i ty o f h S h um g i I s l ands i t d r o p p ed t o
t ,
t e a n ,

ri si ng aga i n s o u th o f the easte r n end o f the A l e u t i an cha i n t o

N ea r B g s l ff the dens i ty was S l i ghtly g r eate r
o o o and o n
the c o ur se f r o m U n im ak t o S ig u m a f ur the r Sli ght i nc r ease s a wa

n o t i ced w h i ch was a u g m ent d b etween Atka a d S m isp l m i

,
e n e o oc o .

I n the s o u th cent r al p a r t o f the B e ri ng S ea the dens i ty sve r y wa

S l i ght l y l ess bu t o n r et ur n i ng t o h i i i o f S m isp h i we

,
t e v c n tv e o oc no

fo u nd the sa m e g ur e wh i ch we had pr v o u s l y o b se r ved b tween e 1 -

e

Atka and S m isp h i O ur o b se r vat i o n s o u th o f A m ch i tka is

e o oc no .

r athe r l o w and m ay p ssibl b e i nc o rr ect B etwe n Ky sk and

,
o v . e a

C o pp e r I sland the r ead i ngs w r e t h sa m e as th o se i n the s o u th e e

cent r al B e ri ng S ea and s li ght l y l ess than th o se b etween

Atka and S m isp h i F r o m C o pp e r I s l and t o and a b o u t B ri ng
e o oc no . e

I s l and a s li ght l y l essened dens i t y was n o ted d a f ur the r ,

an

de ease was o b se r ved b etween B e ri ng I s l and and K m chatka

cr a

N ea r I sland a c o m p a r at i e l y l o w den si ty sf o u nd
S t a r ich ko f v wa

wh i ch r o se ff C a p e A s h o and ga i n a b o u t h ac a a t e
2 2 SM I T H SON IA N M ISCE L L AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

s o u the r n e x t r e mi ty o f Ka m chatka whe r e b o th i n the P ac i c and i n

the O kh o tsk S ea i t saga i n the sa m e as b etween C o p pe r and
,

wa
B e ri ng I s l ands
,

I n the v i c i n i ty o f S im ush i the sa li n i ty was n o ta b l h i gh

r y

fa lli ng aga i n the c o ur se b etween U up p and C p Y im Ye z o

0 11 r a e
-

er o, ,

t o the sa m e g ur e we had o b se r ved i n t h su h cent r a l B e ri ng S ea e . o t

and b etween Ky sk and C o pp e r I s l ands a

I n the S t r a i t o f T s u ga ru the sa m e den si ty was o b se r ved as i n

the v i c i n i ty o f S im ush i bu t we f o u nd i t g r eat l y i nc r ea sed
r

i n the easte r n pa r t o f the S ea o f Ja p an

I n T o ya m a B y dete rmi ned sa li n i t i es r ang i ng f r o m
a We

( i n the s o u the r n pa r t ) t o the n o rm a l s a li n i ty f o r the easte r n p a r t o f

the S o f Ja p an e a ( i n the m o r e n o r the r n p a r t )
,
N ea r Wa i .

j im a we f o u nd the sa m e sa li n i ty as i n the sa m e gene r al r eg i o n f ur th r e

t o the n o r th b u b tween K o m ats u and the O k i I s l ands i t

t e

was c o ns i de r a bl y l ess and we n o ted a f ur the r d r p i n the o

v i c i n i ty o f the O k i I s l ands
B etween the O k i I slands and H r net I s l and ( L i anc o ur t R o cks ) o

we dete rmi ned tw o q ui te d i ffe r ent r ead i ngs h il e

,

and w

s o u th o f H r net I s l and and s o u th o f M ats u sh im we f o u nd the h i gh

,

o a

den si ty cha r acte ri st i c o f the east c o ast o f the S ea o f Ja p an

Al o ng the K o r an c o st and i n the K o r ean S t r a i t a b o u t T s u S h im a
e a -

and I kk i S h im a we f o u nd wate r o f a ve r y l o w dens i ty

-

wh i ch
was the sa m e as that pr ev i o u s l y o b se r ved ff C a p e A s h Ka m o ac a,

c h kat and i n gen r a l c o mp a r a bl e t o that a l o ng the east Ka m chatka

a, e

c o ast S o u th o f H i r ad o I s l and and nea r N agasak i the dens i ty was

.

g r eate r and was the sa m e sthat i n the s o u th cent al B e ri ng a r

S ea b etween K y s
,
k and C o pp e r I sl ands and a l o ng the s o u the r n
a

K uril s and al m o st the S a m e as that b etwe n t h O k i I slands and

,
e e

H o r net I s l and S o u th o f the G o t o I s l ands and west o f K o sh i k i

.

I s l and ( e x ce p t i n o ne s p o t i n the f o rm e r l o ca li ty whe r e we f o u nd

a dens i ty o f o r pr act i ca ll y the sa m e as that s o u th o f H ir ad o
I sland and nea r N agasak i ) the dens i ty was o r a ppr o xim ate l y
th e sa m e as tha a l o ng the K o r ean c o ast d a b o u t T su S h im a and
t an -

I kk i S h im a W st o f U j i S h im a and s o u th o f Kusk ki S h im a the

-

. e a a -

dens i t y sa b out the sa m e sthat s o u th o f H ir ad I s l and and nea r

wa a o

N agasak i and the sa m e as that a b o u t s o u th r n Ka m chatka e .

S o u th o f T anega S h im a the sa li n i ty b eca m e mu ch h i gh r

-
e

r each i ng a b o u t the sa m e g ur si n t h easte r n p o r t i o n o f the S ea o f

e a e

Japan \Vest o f T an ga S h im a i t was l ess

. e and ff Kago o
2 4 SM I T H S N I A N M I S E LLA N E S
O TI C 6 OU COL L E C ON S VO L . 0

A N O B S E RV TI ON O N H E I N T RM I G I NG O F R IV E R A
A T E N L ND
OC E W T ER AN A

I t has l o ng b een kn o wn that the wate r f r o m a sha l l o w ri v er up o n

ente ri ng the sea s p r eads o u t fan li ke o ve r the s ur face o f the salt
wate r f o r a ve r y c o ns i de r a b l e d i stance w i th li tt l e i nte rmi ng li ng
Wh il e d r edg i ng o ne day i n S u ug G u lf we had st ri k i ng o p t i cal
.

r a

ev i dence o f the t ru th f th i s T h o u gh the day was clea r the r e had

o .

b een d u r i ng the pr eced i ng n i ght heavy r a i ns o ve r the l and and the

ri ve r s we r e a l l sw o ll en and ve r y mu ddy I t ha p pened that o ne o f .

the l o ca li t i es i n wh i c h we w i shed t o w o r k was w i th i n the a r ea co v

e r d b y the ext r e m ely mu ddy w te r f r o m a s m a ll ri ve r T he wate r

e a

s mu ddy that s m a ll o b j ects d i sa pp ea r ed f r o m v i ew at a depth

.

o f a few i nches O n ha uli ng up the t r aw l a da r k h o l e o f clea r b lack

.

w te r w sm ade th r o u gh the mu ddy s ur face laye r wh i ch was then

a a

seen t o b bu t a few feet i n th i ckness

,

e .

C OM PA R I SON OF
F I GUR E S W I T H T H O S E P R E V I O U S L Y
OU R
PUBL I SH E D

As fa r as s o u the r n Ka m chatka u gur es ag r ee ve r y we l l w i th th o se

o r

o f V ega

V it i ,

V a ri ag azd

P dp i t i f o r the sa m e
an

re r a e

r eg i o n F r o m th i s p o i nt o ur c o ur se was th r o u gh te rri t o r y f o r wh i ch
,

the r e a r e n o p r ev i o u s r ec o r ds th o u gh the V it i esta bli shed a l i ne az

o f o b se r vat i o ns s o m ewhat f ur the r t o the eastwa r d We f o u nd the

,

S pec i c g r av i ty f the wate r i n the K uril cha i n h i ghe r than w o u ld b e

o

e xp ected r each i ng a m a ximum i n the mi ddle o f the g r o u p ; t hese c o m

,

p ti
a ra l y h i gh g ur es u nd o ub ted l y r e pr esent a pur e l y l o ca l c o nd i t i o n
ve ,

the r es ul t as e xpl a i ned b y M ka ff o f the up th ru st o f the a b yssa l

, a ro

wate r o f the O kh o tsk S ( o r o f the P ac i c o f b o th ) t o the

,

ea or

s u r face
,

A b o u t Ye z o u r g ur es aga i n ag r ee w i th th o se p r ev i ous l y pub

o

l ish d e .T he r e a r e n o r ec o r ds f o r the west c o ast o f N ip and he r e on

-

o ur o b se r vat i o ns see m t o i nd i cate a b e l t o f wate r o f c o mp a r at i ve l y

l o w sal i n i ty nea r the c o ast p r o b a bl y a ve y th i n and s up e r c i al laye r r

r es u lt i ng f r o m the d r a i nage fr o m the l and i nte r ven i ng b tween the

,

heavy wat r o f the easte r n p a r t o f the S ea o f Ja p an and the S h o r e

,

li en .

I n the r eg i o n o f the K o r ean S t r a i ts and ff the K o r ean c o ast o ur o

g ur es d o n o t q ui te ag r ee w i th th o se o f M k ff th o u gh gene r ally a aro , ,

s p eak i ng the r e i s bu t l i tt l e d i ffe r ence ; o ur g ur es f o r so u the r n and

ea ste r n Japan m o r e nea rl y c o i nc i de w i th h i s .
 No . I S T
AL I N I Y OF P A I F I S RF A E W A T
C C U C E R CL AR K
the west c o ast o f Ye z o whe r e n o p ev i o u s o bse r vat i o n s1
On

r
'

b e n taken we f o und w te r o f a s o m ewhat l es sr dens i ty than i s i

,

e ,
a e

tated f o r the r eg i o n f ur the r ff sh o r e ; th i s w o u l d nat ur a ll y b e

e o

p s t d and ag r ees w i th the c o nd i t i o ns f o u nd o n the w st c o as

e e ,
e

Al o ng the c o asts o f S akhal i n o ur o b se r vat i o ns ag r ee w i th th o s

R u s si an i nvest i gat o r s
6
'
.

F the s o u the r n and s o u theaste r n pa r t o f the S ea o f O kh

or

t he e a r e n o p r ev i o u s r ec o r ds ; we f ound c o nd i t i o ns p p
r im a ro x a

w h t w u ld b e e x p cted and ag r ee i ng w i th o u r o b se r vat i o ns f ur

ir area101

a o e
.

t t o the n o r thwa r d f o u nd a l o cal a r ea o f c o m pa r at i vely h i gh sa li

,

The waer
,

K u r i l cha i n
l l
.

i cearbach
th
ws a en

RE VIOUSLY

i the s
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2 6 SM I T H S N I A N O M I S CE L L AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

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SM I T HS O N IA IN A M SC E TI LL N E O US COL L E C O NS VO L . 6 0 , No . 14
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O SM I T H SON IAN M IS CE L L AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

ab o v e d a rke r th an gen e r al t o n e o f b ack ; bel o w b u ffy at r o o t t h en

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p l um age s o f o t h e r A m e r i c a n f o rm s w e n d o n l y a f e w O f t h e m o s t
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O f gr e en i s h y el l o w .

SM I T HS O N IAN MIS C E LL AN E O US COL L E C TI O NS , VO L . 6 0 , No . 15

2 SM I T H S ON IAN M IS CE L L ANE OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VOL . 60

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i
in T h e A m e r ca n A n h r o p o l o g s V o l 1 4 N O t it , .
, . 1, J
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M a r ch ,
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S MI T HS O N IAN MIS C E LL AN E O US COL L E C TI O NS , VO L 6 0 , No . 16

2 SM I T H S ON IAN M IS CE LL AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

o o
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1
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i den t i ty a n d o igin o f h A m e ri c an n di an r te I .

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o r o r k t s
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1
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I t i so n l y a o e e a a en on ll e d h e r e t o t h e B o g o r a z a n d
e ca

rk t iv s f N rt i i t
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oc el on wo amo ng th e na e o o h e rn S b e r a a sa p a r o f t h e
s E x diti ri t Hi t k
,

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pe on, fo r t h e A m e ca n u e um o f N a ur a l so ry N e w Y o r
C it r tt b l t i s r k d i d xt d t
,

R y . eg e a y h wo no t e en fa r e n o ug h t o t h e s ou h .
4 SM I T H SON IAN M I S CE L L AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

r
a e vi s ibl e m an y a n d u nm i st ak ab l e t ace s o f a dm ixtu e p e s i st e n ce r r or r
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t ese
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-

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,
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re sp o n di n g h e a d f o rm T h e s e m e n w o m en an d ch il d e n a r e b o w n .
,
r r
i n c o l o r h av e bl ack st r ai gh t h ai d a b r o w n ey es an d f ac i al as w ell
,
r ,
rk ,

r
a s b o d i ly f e at u e s w h i ch re m i n d o n e m o st f cibl y o f th e n at ive or
A m e ri c an s M an y o f h . t ese
i n d ivi du al s e sp e c i al ly t h e w o m e n an d ,

ch i l d re n w h o a re i n d iv i du al ly l e s s m o d i e d by t h e env i n me nt th an
,
ro
t h e men i f i n t r o du ce d am o ng t h e n d i an s an d d re s s e d t o co r re sp o n d
,
I ,

c o ul d by n o m ean s at h d i s p o s al f t h e anth r o p o l o gi s t b e di st i n t e o
g uis h e d ap a rt A n d t h e s i m l a r it i e s ext en d t o th e m ent al m ake u p o f
. i
teh pe o pl e a sw el l a s t o n u m e ro u s h ab it s an d cu st m s w h i ch n ew
,
o
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c nt act s an d rel i gi o n s h av e n o t a s ye t b ee n abl e t e ff ace o .

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f o r an d h,
te
p h ys i c al re s embl an ce s b et w ee n t h e s e n u m e r o u s o ut
i
c r o pp ngs o f t h e o l de r bl o o d an d typ e s o f n o r t h e a s te rn A s i a an d
I
t he A m e ri c an n d i a n c an n o t b e rega rd e d a s acci de nt al f t hey a re, ,
or
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w o rl d n o t p e o pl e d b y t h e yel l o w b r o w n ace ; n o r c an t h ey b e t aken -

r
as an i n di c at i o n o f A m e r ic a n m ig ra t i o n t o A s i a f o r em i g at i o n f ,
r o
m a n f o ll o w s th e l aw s o f l e ast r e s i st an c e g re ate st a dv an t age and ,
or ,

t h e se c o n d it i o n s s u rel y l ay m o re i n th e d i re cti o n f r o m A s i a t o A m e r
i c a th an th e re ve r se .

I
n c o ncl u s i o n i t m ay b e s ai d th at f o m w h at h e l e a n e d i n e a st e rn
, r r
,
t e
A s i a an d w e i gh i ng h ev i den ce w it h du e re sp ect t o o t h e p o s sibl e r
v i ew s th e w ri te r f e el s j u st i e d i n a dv an cin g th e o pi n i o n th at t he re
,

r r
ex i s t t o d ay o ve l a ge p a rt s o f e as te rn S ib e ri a an d i n M o ng o l i a , ,

Tib et an d o th e r e gi o n s i n t h at p a t o f h w o rl d n u m e r o u s em a in s
,
r r te ,
r ,

w h i ch n o w f o rm c o n s t itu en t p a rt s o f m o r m o de rn t r ib e s o r n at i o n s e ,

o f a m o re an c i en t p o p ul at i o n ( rel ate d i n o ri gi n p e rh ap s w it h t h e l at e st

p al e o l ith i c E u r o p e an ) w h i ch w a sp hy s i c all y i denti c al w it h an d in

,

a l l p r o b ab il ity g ave i se t o h A m e ri c an n d i an r te I .

1
T he Mong o l i an so f to d ay a re a mo s
a c i o r m ixt u re o fv ri s l l
a o u o ca

t ti t t i t h il C i s r s t
,

s
o u h e rn an d p ar cu a l rl y se r n e h n c e l e m e n s; w e t h e
we h ne e p e en

in t h e m a i n a p e op le t t
ha v
h a sun d e rg o n e t o a e ry p e r ce p b l e ti de g re e it so w n
d f i f r ti ti
e en a on , s
o a st o t it t v i t
co n s u e a t
e r ab l e g r e a sub y p e t o f t h e y e ll o w
b ro w n p e o p l e .
 R A CE T AT
H P E OPL E D A M E R I C A H RD L IC AK
T he r r
w r ite i s abl e t o m e e ly t o u ch o n t he g re at s ubj ec t
o
ap p r ache d . o i
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ifi t ur e
.
u

. I ii
n rel at i o n t o o pp o rtu n t e s fo r f u rth e r i nve st ig ati o n he ,

Sat i s e d h im s el f t h at th e el d f o r ant h r o p o l o gic al an d a r ch e o l o

Re s e a rc h i n e a ste rn A s i a i s v a st ri c h t o a l a rge ext en t st ill v i rg
, ,

o i
an d p r bably n o t e xce s s v el y c o mp l c ate d
( i I
t i s s u rel y a el d w
.

o
mall s fo r C l o s e at t e nt i o n n o t o nly o n th e p a rt f E u r o p e an stu den t
The F a r E ast b u t e s r
p e c ial l y o n t he p a t o f t he A m e i c an in v e s
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t ig r
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S S S
MIT H O NI A N M I C E L L A N E O U S C O L LE C T IO N S VO L . 60 , NO . 16 I
PL . 2

O RO C Z I , O N T H E S T RE AM K ON I E AS
. T E RN S BE R I IA

O R O C Z I, O N T H E R I V E R I MA N E AS T E RN S B E RI IA
K d d i l
,

( Bo t h p h o t o g sf r o m lns M us
ph
Tl
ra the A nt ro p O IO Q i c n y t y t ut ,
ra ko w ; o na te to the U . 8 . Na t o na e um

by Pro f . J . a ko -

H ry n c e w ic z )
 I H S O NI A N
SM T M ISC E LL A N E O U S CO LL E CTI O NS
V OLUM E 60 , N U M B E R 1 7

N O T ES O N A M E R I C A N S P E C I ES O F
P E R I P A T US W I T H A L I S T
,

KN O W N

BY

HO BA R T C L A R K

( PUBL IC A T I O N 2 1 63 )

I
C T Y OF W I
A S H NG T O N

I
PU B L S HE D B Y T HE I
S M T HS O N A N I I I I
NS T T UT O N

JA N U AR Y 25 , 1 9 13
5 8 E orb s
Qa fti m o r e (p re s
R
'

B A L TI MO E ,MD U sA
.
, . . .
2 SM I T H SON I AN I
M S CE L L AN E OU S C OL L E C T I ON S VO L . 60

Vi e q ue s n e a r P o r t o R i co ; F is
h H aw k
'

, P o r t o R i can E x p e di t io n
r r
.

T wo p ecim e n s b o th fem a le s a g e e in g w el l w ith B o u vi e s d e s

S , cr ip ,

o
t i n T h e l engt h f n e i s 3 5 m m an d t h e b e a dt h 4 m m T he e
. o o .
,r r .

r r
a e 3 1 p a i s o f a mb ul a t r y l egs T h e c o l ati n ( i n a l c h l ) i s a o . or o oo
d ee p al m o s t un i f o r m yel l o w i s h b w n ; th e p s te i o p t i o n f th e
, , ro o r r or o
b o dy i s s ligh tl y d a e t h an t h e ema i n d e rk r
a n d t h e e i s a la ge r r r r ,

r
l igh ti s h a e a j u s t b e h i n d th e an te i en d Th e p i ma ry pa p ill ae r or r .

a re or o
m e y e ll w i sh th a n th e gen e al s u f a c e o f th e b a c Th e r r k .

r r
v en t al su fa c e i s s o m e w h at l ighte an d m o e yell w i s h th an th e -

r r o
or
d sal .

T he o r
th e s p e cim en b e a u t i fu lly p es e ve d m e a s u e s 4 5 m m i n ,
r r r ,
.

l ength by 4 m m i n b ea dt h T h e e a e 3 1 p ai s f ambul at o y l egs

. r r r r o . r .

T hi s sp eci e s w a s h e ret f e n w n nl y f o m th e i sl an d o f P t o or k o o r or o
R ic o r
w h e e i t h a sb e en f u n d a t Utu ado an d A e c ib o A c o m pa ri
, o r .

o
s n b etw ee n t h e s e s p e c im en s a n d t h e s f m v a i o u s p a t s f th e o r ro r r o
o
m a i n i sl an d w u l d be o f i nt e r es t b ut n m a te r i al f s u ch a c m p a r i o or ,
o
o
s n i s ava i l abl e .

P E R I P A T US ( M A CR OP E R I P A T US ) G E A YI B o uv i e r
P e r i/Ja msg e a yi sR e n d usA c a d d e sS ci
1 89 9 B OU VI E R, Co m p t e vol 8, p
12

V F
. . .
, . .

I 3 4S 1 90 0 B OU I E R A n n S o c E n t d e r a n ce v o l 68 p p 3 89 ,
V
. . . . .
, .
, .

6 B OU I E R B ull d u M us d H is t N at

0
4 4 4 0 1 90 4 1 90 4 p 53 1 90 5

V
-

.
, . . . .
.
, , . .

B OU I E R A n n a l e sd e sS ci N a t
, vol 2 p 2 00 . . .
, . .

L a C h o w e r a, P o mo m o; f rom un d e r a p al m l e a ; A ug us
.
f
t B m ck,
M ( by 1 7 ,
I 9 I 2
s p ec im en a g eei n g w el l
. One ,
r w i th B uv i e s d e s

cr ip o r
ti o n an d gu e s r
T h e e a r e 3 2 pa i s o f a m b u l at y l eg s
. T he r r or .

l ength i s mm T h e c o l or
i s a p u pl i sh b o wn l ighte b en eath ;
. r r ,
r
r r r r
t h e p ri m a y p a pi ll ae a e d a k e t h a n th e e s t f th e b a c Ju st r o k .

b e h i nd th e ante i e xt e m i ty r or r o
f th e bo dy i s a b a d t a n s ve s e ro r r
r
o b s cu e y ell w b an d o
a b u t 1 3 mm o w i d e sl ightly c n st u ct e d in
,
. .
,
o r
th e c e n t e r .

T h i s sp e ci e s w a sp evi o u s ly nly n o w n f o m F en ch G u ia n a r o k r r .

I
L S T O F T HE I
A M E R CA N S P E C E S O F P E R P A T U S , I I WIT H THE
A S CE R T A N E D R A N G E I OF E A C H
o
T h e sp ec i e s bel n g i ng t o th e fam ily P e ri p ati d ae an d t th e s
ub o
f am ily P e r ip a t in ae a s n o w e s t i cte d al l b u t o n e f w h ic h a re r r ,
o
A me ri can a re as f o ll o w s : ,

G e n usOR OP E R I P A T U S Co ck e r e l l

O r o p e r ip a t use cua d o r i e n sis( B o u e r ) vi

i t t q
.

lH A B I T A T B ul m
,
n o r hw e s
. e rn E ua d o r .
 NO . I 7 SPE C E S I OF PE R P I A T US CL AR K

O r o p e r ip a t usl a n ke s
t e r i ( B o u ie r ) v
H TT it E q d r
.

AB I A P a r a m b a , n e a r Qu o ua o

s( B v i r )
. .
,

Or o p ip
er s b o tu l tu e r cu a t u o u e

H A I AT P bi
.

B T . C l o p ay a n , o o m a .

Oro p ip
er s i a tu is( S h d )
q u te m c m ar a

H A ITA Hi h i s f E q d r
.

B T .
g re g on o ua o .

Oro p ip
er s a tu i B i r)
ca m e r o n o o uv e

H A I AT C u d Si s i Eq d r
.

B T . e n ca a n g g , ua o .

Or o p ip
er s d i ( C
a tu r
co r r a) o am e an o

HA I A E q d r k fr Q i t B l r d qi
.

B T T ua o ; no wn o m u o, a za an G ua y a u l
s is i ( W h l r )
. .

Or o p ip
er a tu e en ee e

H A ITA T i M x i
.

B T e p c, e co

sb l l i ( B v i r )
. .

Or o p ip
er a ti i e o u e

H A ITAT E q d r D r s iv r
.

B h G ua u an , o n t e ua y a r e
-

. o ; .

Or o p ip
ei
'
s d i ( B vi r )
a tu g ou o t o u e

HA ITA M x i
.

B T e co

s( B v i r )
. .

Or o p ip
er ss a tu o r a ta n u o u e

H A I AT B l i v i S r t
B T . o a ; o a a .

Or o p ip
er sb l i ( C
a ti i r ) a z t m am e an o

H A ITA B l i v i st t s f C i d Ch l i
.

B T -
o a ; a e o o r o co an u um a n
vi r)
. .

Or o p ip
er si a tu d i s( B n te r m e u o u e

H A ITAT B l i v i S r t
.

B . o a ; o a a .

5a , vol [i ip
.

pp
G e n usP E R I P A T U S G ui l d i n g
.

9m
.9 5
3 1905
k
-

S ub g e n us M A CR OP E R I P A T U S A . H . Cl a r

P e r ip a tus( M a cr o p e r ip a tus
) t o r q uo t usv o n Ke n n e l
i g uua
TT ii
.

H AB I A T r n d a d
me an t vi
. .

Per ip
a tus( M p ip a cr o ei

a tu s) p ie ri o rt Bo u r
m
'

H A ITA M x i z
.

n i he
B T e co ; V e ra C r u
vi r
. .

lighterbeneath; Per ip
a tus( M p ip a cr o er a tu s ) i B g e ay ou e

H A ITAT C F r h B r zi l i b d r
.

B . ay e n n e , on h t e enc -

a an o un a y ; L a Ch o
vers
trans e P a n am a
vi r
.

m i P e r ip a tus( M a cr o p e r ip a tu s ) h s i Bo au ou e

tr lis r R i d J ir
"

H TT zi
.

AB I A B ra l ; P e 0 po nea o e an e o

isE v
. .
,

Per ip
a tus( M p ip a cr o er a tu s ) i s s
g u an e n an

H A ITAT D r r t b k f h D r r iv r
.

B . em e a a ; s
ea an o t e em e ar a e .

sE P I P E R I P A T US A H Cl a rk
S ub g enu . .

P e r ip a t us( E p ip e r ip a t us
) br a s il ie n sisB o u e r vi
H TT zi t
.

A B I A B r a l ; S a n a r e m p r o b a b ly a l s o S an P ab l o P an a m a
t
.
, ,
.

P e r ip a tus( E p ip e r ip a tus ) i m th ur m i S cl a e r
H TT v
.

AB I A D e m e r a r a ; M a cca s seema o n t h e P o m e r o o n ri e r H0 0 1
iv t iti i
.
, ,

o n t h e De m e r a r a r er a n d o h e r l o ca l e sn o t s p e c ca ll y r e co
qi i i H t v
,

E sse u b o ; S ur n a m P a r a m a r b o ; C ay e n n e au C a rse e nne

-

v
.
, ,

P e r ip a t us( E p ip e r ip a t us) e van s i B o u ie r

H T t k iv
.

AB I AT E a s b a n o f t h e D e m e r a ra r e r
.
-
.
4 SM I T H S ON IAN M I S CE LL AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

P e r ip a t us( E p ip e r ip a tus) e dw ar d s
ii B l a n ch a r d
H T k i v ls h i t ri r
.

AB I A T C ay e n n e ; b a n so f t h e A p p r o ua g ue r er a o t e n e o ;
i i ii z H t Srr Bs
.
,

S ur n am P a r am a r b o ; ? T r n d a d ; V ene ue l a au e a a e a

i bi vi i it f L k V l i
, , ,

S a ra re M r d a a n d C a r a ca s ? Co lo m
'

a e nc a ;
'

; a, c n y o a e

t ti i
,

P a n am a P an am a S a on ; Da r en

vi r
. .

P e r ip a t i i s( E p ip e i ip a tus
) s
i i o n i B o u
'

H T zi v i sl d t
.

AB I A T B r a l B r e e s o n t h e an o f M a r a jo , at th e m o u h o f th e
z z
.
, ,

A ma s; V e n e ue l a C a r a ca
on s
vi r
. .

P e r ip a tus( E p ip e r ip at us ) bi o l l e y i B o u e
H TT t i t i t i sh
.

AB I A C o sa R ca S a n Jo s a n d S ur ub r e sn e a r S a n Ma eo ;
? Br
H q i
.
, ,

o n d ur a s B e n ue V e jo

vi
.
,

P e r ip a tus( E p ip e r ip a tus ) ii iica r a g ii e n s isB o u e r

H T i t it
.

AB I T A N ca ra g ua M a a g a l p a a n d S a n B e n o
vi
. .
,

P e r ip a tus( E p ip e i ip a t i t s) is t h m i co l a B o u e r

H T t i i i t
.

AB IT A C o sa R ca S a n Jo s
. C a ch p l a n so f S a n a , , , Cl a ra .

P e r ip a tus( E p ip e r ip o t us isS t uhl m a n n

) t r i n i d a d e ii s
H TT
.

AB I A T r i ii id a d
. .

P e r ip a tus ( E p ip e r ip a t i i s) b a r b o m i B r ue s

H T t
.

A B I AT . G ra n d E a n g .

s P E R I P A T U S G uil di n g
S ub g enu

P e r ip a tus( P e i ip a t us ) m ai n s
'

o n w C o c e r e ll k
H TT i t v
.

AB I A Ja m a ca B a h a n d n e a r S a a n n a 10 M a r
vi
.
, , .

P e r ip a tus( P e r ip a t i i s ) jua n e m isB o u e r

H TT t i i t iq
.

AB I A P o r o R co A r e c b o a n d U ua d o V e ue s
vi
. .
,

P e r ip a tus( P e r i/Ja ms ) d a m o usB o u e r

H TT i I i
.

A B I A S t T h o m a s Da n s h lW e s t nd es

vi
. . .
,

P e r ip a tus( P e r ip a tus ) o n tig uo m isB o u e r

H T ti W t t iti
.

A B I T A A n g ua B a r l a r n e a r ( a rb ur o n ; a l s o o h e r l o ca l e sn o t
i
.
, ,

sp e c ca ll y r e c o r de d
vi
.

P e r ip a tus( P e r ip a t i i s ) ho wayi B o u e r
H TT F W tI i
.

AB I A G ua d e l o up e r e n ch
. es nd es , .

P e r ip a ti i s( P e r ip a ti i s) d o m i n i ca P o ll a r d
H T ii t i t
.

AB I AT Do m n ca L a ud a a n d P r n ce R up e r
.
,
.

P e r ip a t i i s( P e r i/Ja ms ) jul i fo r m isG uil d in g

H TT i t
.

AB I A S t V n ce n
vi
. . .

P e r ip a t us( P e r ip a tus ) b r ol e m a n n i B o u e r
H TT z v t
.

AB I A V e n e ue l a T o a r R a x t o C a s se l o a n d P ue r o C a b e ll o

vi
.
, , .

P e r ip a tus( P e r ip a t us ) s e d g w i cki B o u e r

H TT z t k i
.

AB I A V e n e ue l a C a ra ca s S a n E se b a n L a M o a L a sT r
.
, , , , n ch e ra s
a n d L a G ua y r a .

S ub g e n usP L I CA T OP E R I P A T U S A . H
. Cl ar k
P e i ip a tus( P l i ca t o p e r ip a tus
'

i sG r a b h a m a n d C o c
) ja m a i c e n s k r ll
e e

H t i v *
.

.

AB I T A T Ja m a ca , B a h , a n d n e a r S a a n n a 10 M a r .

Th i sspec i sh s v r i t i s
e a tw o a e e g o s
sei Co c k r ll
e e an d b o uo i e r i C o c k e re ll
t b i t t sh t fr
, , ,

wi h the s
am e ha a a t e yp e o m .
 I I I
S M T HS O N A N M S C E L L A N E O U S C O L L E C T O NS I
V O L UM E 60 , N U M B E R 1 8

S M I T HS O N I A N PYRHE LIOME I RY
R E VI S E D

BY

A BB O T , D I RE C T OR ,
AN D L . B . I
A L D R C H BO L O M E
,
I
TR C A SS I S T ANT ,

A t p hy sic l
sro a Obs
er vt
a or
y o f th e S m it hs
on i I sti t t i
an n u o n

( PU BL I C AT IO N

I
C T Y OF W I
A S H NG T O N

P U B L I S H E D BY T HE I I
S M IT HS O N A N NST IT UT O N I
FE B R U A R Y 1 , 1 9 13
l
T
e @a ftim o r e (p r e ss
B A L T I MO R E S .
 2 SM I T H S ON IAN M I S CE LL AN E OU S CO L L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

r
Th e w at e i n th e i n st um en t i s v i g o u sl y st i e d b y m ean s O f a r ro rr 1

rr
s t i i n g d ev i ce u n by an el ect i c m t o r A pl at i n u m e s i stan c e r r o . r
r
t he rm o m ete f ully b at h e d by t h e w at e o f t h e p y h el i m et e s e r v e s
, r r o r
o r r o
t d et e rm i n e it s ate o f i s e f t emp e atu r e du e t o t h e ab s p ti n f r or o o
o rr o r o
s l a ay s an d al s i t s ate s f ch ange f t em p e a t u e b e f o e an d
, o r r r
r o r o r
a ft e exp su e t t h e s e a ys d u e t t h e i n u e nce f th e s u u n d ings ,
o o rro .

r r
I n th i s m a nn e w e m ay det e m in e th e i nt en s i ty f t h e a di at i n o f o r o
th e s r o r o
un i n t e m s f t h e i s e f t em p e at u e p e m i nu t e o f a c al im e te r r r or r
o ko r
f n w n w ate e qu iv ale nt an d w e m a y b e a s su e d t h at t h e s l a , r o r
r r or
ays a e c o m pl et el y ab s b e d t p r d uc e h e at b ec au s e th e y a e o o r ,

or k r
ab s b e d by a bl ac en e d s u f ac e f o m ing th e i n s i d e f a deep c h amb e
-

r o r
ro o
cl o s e ly app x i mat ing t th e ab s lu tely b la c b dy
In this n ew o k o .

r r
i n st um ent a s i n t h e w at e o w py h e l i m et e s m ean s a r e p
,
-

r o r ro ,

ro o
v id e d f o r t h e i n t d u ct i n e l e c t i cally o f n o w n q ua n t iti es f h e at r k o
o r
t t es t th e accu acy o f t h e app a r atus A fu ll de s c ip t i n f t h e . r o o
n e w w at e r r r o r
st i p y h el i m et e an d o f t h e w at e o w py h el i m et e s r r o r -

r
N O S 2 an d 3 w i ll app e a in V 0 1 3 f t h e A nn al s f th e A st ph y s ic al
.
,
. o o ro
r o r r
O b s e v at r y n o w i n p ep a at i o n , .

o o
T h e f l l w in g t abl e i s a s u m m a y f t h e exp e im e nt s m a de w i t h r o r
o r
t e st qu a nti t i e s f e le ct i c al h eat i ng w i t h st an d a d p y h el i m et e s
.
r r o r
N o s2 3 an d 4 : .
,

Py rhe li to me er . D at e s .
He
co
at Av
v d d vi i
re
e re . e
e rag e
at o n .

WW t at e r -
A il
ow 2 J 1 91 0 M ay 12 1 6, 2 5, 2 6, 3 1 ; un e 7
Per ce n t . P e r ce n t .

WW tt si
,

o w 3 1 8, 2 2
a er -
1910 pr , 2 3
a e r o w 3 1 91 1
O ct 10, 1 1

-
.

a er -
t r 4 . 1912 O ct . 2 4, 2 5

F ro m t h e s e exp e r i m e nt s i t ap p e a r s t h at t h e t e s t qu an t iti e s f o

el e ct r i c al h e at ing w e r e r c o v e r e d by e ach i n st rum en t t o w i th i n o n e e

p cent o f t h e qu ant i ty i nt ro d uce d

er .

T h e r e s ult s o f c o m p a ri s o n s o f t h e st an d a r d p y r h el i o m ete r s w ith

s e c n da r y py r h el i m et e r s a r e su m m a r i z e d i t h e f o ll o w i ng t abl
o o .
n e :

Da ts e co
N um b e ?
m p a rl
S t sdd d
an
u
ar S e co n
u
d
sd
ary t
s d
S d d an ar P ro b bl
a e

s
o ns
e . e . e co n ary . e rro r.
.

1910 M a y
A p r
10, 1 7, 2 8; J un e 4 16 2 A . P O 8
. .

19 10
1 91 0
O c t .
. 2 2

3 1 ; No v . 1
6
8
3
3
A
A
.

.
P O 8
.

P O
.
.

. V
I
I 9
1 9I I
_

O c t
Jun e
.
2

1 4,
7

1 5, 16 22 2 5, 3 1
3
A
A
.

.
P O 8b is
.

P O
.
.

IV
No v 6, A P O 8b is
N 3
. 2 , 2 1 . . .

1 91 2 o v . 1 6, 1 9, 2 1 18 4 A P O 9
. . .

1
sul us
S ucc e s e f r e q u r e sr ap
i i d st i rr i ng .
 NO . I S SM I T H SON IAN P YRH E L IOM E T R Y A B B O T A ND A L DR I C H 3

I nt e r c r o
mp a i s n s betw e e n t h e s e c o n d a y py rh el i o m et e r s n am e d in
o r
t h e p re c ed in g t abl e a e a s f o ll o w s r

N um bi
er
S e co n d a n e sus
e d .
A
D at e s m p ar Ram P rOb ab l e
I?
. co
s
o ns
e rro r.
.

A . B .

1 91 0
1 91 1
J
un e 2 1
A p r 2 5
. 1 7
7
S
S i 5 AR
D e c
. 0

191 2 18 S r 5 AR

. 0

J O ct 2 3 ,
t Am0 AR
0
1 90 9 .
9 0 0

J l
un e 2 2 8; Se p Ay 0 8D S AR
.

1 91 1 , 2 . 14 19 0

JJ
0

1 91 0 u y 28 6 Ap 00 AR 0

1 91 1
un e 2 8 8 Ap 0 AR
9

. 0
0

9 1 1 un e 2 8 . 8 Ap 0 9 AR 0

1 91 2
Fe b 6 1 12 Ay 0 AR
, . 0
9 0

191 2 No v 10 Ar 0 9 AR

. 0 0

1 91 2 No v . 19 Ay 00 9 AE 0

o
C mb in i ng t h e r e su l t s
t h e t w o p e ce d ing t ab le s w e o bt a i n t he o f r
f o ll o w i n g c o n st ant s w h i c h w e n o w a d o p t f t h e s e c o n d a y p y r h e l io or . r
m ete rs n a m e d ab v e T h e s e c n st ant s an d o th e s w h i ch a e d e r iv e do . o r r
ro
f m t h e m i n t h e rem a in de f t h i sp ap e r w e de s ign ate a s S m ith s o n i an ro -

R ev i se d P y r h e l io m et y f 1 9 1 3 : -

r o .

Fr om
A P O 8 . . . A P O 813 13
. . .
A P O 8 . . .

Fr om an d w e n d
A P O 8' I '
361 1 I . 0 0 68

Fr o m
A P O 9 ' '

( 49 v a l ue s
) w e n d

Fr o m
A P O 8mg
'

A P O IV
.
'

.
( 19 v a l ue s
) w e n d
A P O IV'

A P O 8b i s
. .

Th es e r e s u lt s l e av e no ch o i c e a s t o t h e v al u es t b e a d pt e d f o o or

and b ut a r e l es s s at i s f act ry a s r ega r d s o

H o w ev e r i t w i ll b e s e en t h at t h e d i s c or d a nc e i n th is

r at i o al m o s t w h o ll y d e p en d s '

on t h e s i x c nup a i o r
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DE S C R P T O N O F A N E I W G A ZE L LE FR O M N O R TH
W E ST E R N M O N O L G IA
BY N . HOL I ST E L R

A m o ng i
sp e c m en s o f th e g e at ga me O f th e A l ta c o ll ect ed b y D r r i ,
.

T h e o d o re L yma n in 1 9 1 2 fo r t h e Un t ed S t ate s N at o nal M u s eum i i

an d t h e M u s eum o f C o mp a r at iv e Z o Ol o g y at a rv a rd i s a n ew H ,

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sk i n an d skul l o f a d ult m al e C o ll ect e d Ju ly 5 1 9 1 2 by T h e o d o re .

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c o l o r e d a r e a o f ba ck m o r e ext en s v e ; sku ll b r o a d e r ; mo la r t e et h i
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an d s i d e s o ch ra ce o us b u ff fa ce f r o m n o s
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SM I T HS O N IAN I
M SC E LL AN E O US COL LE C TI O NS , VO L . 6 0 , No . 19
2 SM I T H S ON IA N M I S CE LL ANE OU S COL L E C T I ON S VO L . 60

f o rm in g a c o l um n l o o p i n l in e w it h t h e u te s em i ci cula l b e s o f
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C c o r b @a l ti m o r e

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DE S C R P T O N O F A I I NE W A F R CA N RA S S W A R B L E I G -

R
OF THE G E N US CI S T I CO L A
BY E DG A R A
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ro
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s d es c ib ed b el o w Th e f o u s u b sp ec i e s o f C p r i n i o id e sa re r e p re
. r .

s ente d i n t h e c o l l e c t i o n b e f o re m e b y n o le s s t han 58 sp eci men s .

CI S T I COL A P R I NI OI DE S W A M B UG E NS I S , ne w s
ub s
p e ci e s

W a m b ug u G sVVa r b l e r
ra s -

Ty p e -

s
p e cim e n .

d u l t m a l e C a t N O 2 1 5 3 90 U S N at i o n al
A , . .
, . .

o
M u se u m ; c l le ct ed at W amb ugu al t t u d e fe et B rit i sh E a st ,
i ,

r
A f ica O ct o b e 2 4 1 90 9 by E dga r A M e a rn s
,
r ( O rigi n al n u m b e r
, ,
. .

1 730 3 )
C li a r ae t e r s S i m i la . r
ti co l a pr in i o i d e sp r in i o id e sa n d
i n s i z e t o C is :

C p ki l im e n s
. . is s l gh tly sm all e tha n C p n e urn a n n i
,
i C o l o r p al e r . . . r
o
t h r o u gh ut th an any o f th e ab v e na m ed su b sp eci es t a l s o d i ff ers o -

. I
o oo
f r m th em in th e f ll w in g pa t i cu la s : u pp e rp a rt s m o re ru f e sc en t r r
r o
an d pl ai n e in c o l rat i o n t h e sl ightly da rke c ent e r s t o th e f eath e s ,
r r
o f the c ro
w n an d ma ntl e n t f o m i ng appr ec iabl e st ri p e s ; t ai l pal e o r ,

r
r u st y dr a b ; u n derp a t s w h it i sh su ffu s ed w ith sm o ke gray o n th e ,

s id e s .

M e as ur e m e n tso f ty p e ( a d ult m al e ) L e n gth ( o f ski n ) 1 3 5 m ll i .

,
i
r
m ete s ; w in g 60 ; t a i l 6 9 ; exp o se d c u lm en 1 3 ; t a rsu s
, , , ,

M e as ur e m e n ts o f a d ul t f e m a l e L engt h ( o f ski n ) I 2 5 m i ll i

r
,

m e t e s ; w ing 5 5 ; ta i l 5 8 ; exp s ed cu lm en
, tarsus 2 4 ,
o , ,
.

SM IT HS O NIAN MIS C E LL AN E O US COLLE C TI O NS , VO L . 6 0 , No . 20

C c E @a l tim o r e (p r e s

o rb
R S
et
B A L T I MO E , MD . U . .
)
h SM I T H SON IAN M IS CE L L ANE OU S CO L L E C TI ON S VO L .

D is
tr i but i o n Kn o w n
n ly f r o m th e typ e l o cal ty
o i .

S ubs p e ci c c h a r a c t e r s I n gen e ra l r es em bl e s typ ca l p e l z e l n i but i ,

r
up pe rpa rt s b o w n e r l e s s gre en i sh ; c r est m o re bl ack sh ; o ut e r ,
i
e dge s o f w in g feath e rs i n cl u d in g c o v e t s an d e dge s o f ta il f eat he r s r
i
ru s t y ch estnu t n st ea d O f o l v e g e en i s h ; bi ll la ge an d en t rel y i r r r i
bla ck .

Des cr ip t i o n T o p o f h e a d i n cl u d ing th e w e l l d ev el o p e d c re st o f
.

r o
b o a d r u n d t ipp ed fe ath e s du sky slat e b u t f eh ea d pal e r m o re
-

r ,
or ,

i
o l vace o u s ; b a ck e nt el y d u ll o l iv ace u s b r o w n b ec o m in g m o r e ir o ,

r
g e en is h o l ivace o u s i n s o m e sp ec im e n s ; s i d e s o f h ea d an d n eck
i
s m i la r t o ba ck b ut pa l e r ; w in g an d t a l f e ath e r s d u sky s l ate c l o r i o
i
e dge d w th d a rk ru st y C h e stn u t ( l gh t e ru st y n w ing s ) w it h n o i r o ,

o
t rac e f o l iva ce o u s ; C h i n th a t an d a b d o men p ale g e en i sh y ell o w ,
ro r ,

s h a d in g l ate rally int o d ull o l iva c e o u s o r b r o w n i sh o l ivace u s b e co m o ,

in g b r o w n e r o n ank s ; a p o o l y de n e d b an d o f du ll o l ivac e u s r o
r r
exte n d s ac o s s b ea st s epa at in g y ell o w th o at a e a fr m t hat o f r r r o
r
abd o m en ; l o w e th igh s a n d u n d e r t a i l c o ve rt s dark u sty o r u sty r r
b r o w n i sh b i ll en t i rely bla ck ; f e et an d t a s u s d u ll h n c o l o r r or .

C o mp a at ive m ea s u rem en t s r f a C O t yp e o f P p e l z e l n i f o m o -

. r
M a rh ay E ast E cu ad o r i n c o l lect i n o f C o u nt v o n B e l ep sch an d f
, ,
o r ,
o
t h e t yp e o f P p b e r l e p s cli i . .
'

P p p e l z e l n i ( adu lt m al e ) w ing 5 6 m i ll m ete rs ; ta il

. . cu l ,
i ,

m en ,
ta r su s ,

P p be r l e p s
. cli i ( a d u lt m al e ) :
. w in g 5 7 m i ll m et e r s ; ta i l 4 5 ;
-

,
i ,

cul m en 1 2 ; t a r su s , ,

R e m a r ks I a m in d ebt e d t o C u n t an s v o n B e l ep s ch f r h i s o H r o
ki nd n e s s i n c o m p a r ng th e t yp e O f t h e p re s en t w el l m a k e d sub i r
sp ec i e s w i th a co typ e O f P p e l a e l n i i n h i s c o l l ect i o n an d fo r th e
-

.
,

a cc o m p any in g stat em ent o f th e d i ff e ren ce s a n d m ea s u r em en t s o f th e .

t w o f o rm s A sa sl i ght ec o gn it i n o f h i s w
. in t o p i ca l A m e r i can r o or k r
o rn i th o l o gy I
t ak e p lea su re i n n am i n g th i s b i d i n h n o r O f C o unt r o
o
v n B e l e p sch r .

G o l dm an c o ll ect e d f o u r sp eci m en s f t h i s b i rd n ea r th e s umm it f o o

rr
M o u n t P i i w h i ch ag e e in t h e ch a act ers s e t f rth a b o v e b ut r r o ,

o n e s pec m en i i
s m u ch m o e ru sty b r o w n b th ab o v e an d b e l w r o o
ko
, ,

th an th e o th e s p e rh ap s a ma r r
f imm atu i ty an d n e h a s t he ,
r o
k
, ,

i
ba ck d st in ctly m o re O l v e g re e n i s h bu t a l l ag e e in th e bla c b il l a n d-
i r
ru sty ch est nut m a rg n s t o w ng an d t a i l f eath er s i n clu d i ng th e w ing i i ,

o
c v e rt s .

I r
n gen e al app e a ran c e th i s spec i e s res em bl e s a M y io bius Th e .

i
c re st w h c h i s w ell ma rke d i s m ad e u p f rath e r l o n g a n d b r o ad
, ,
o
fe ath e rs r o un d e d a t t h e t i p
,
.
 I I
S M T HSO N A N M S C E I LL A NE O U S CO LL E CT I O NS
V O L UME 6 0, N U M B E R 2 2

DES C R I P T I O N S O F N E W M A M M A L S
F RO M P A N A M A M E XI C O

BY

A . G O L DMA N

T
( P U B L I C A IO N 2 1 68 )

I
C T Y OF W HI G O
AS N T N
I
P U B L S HE D BY T HE S MI H TI I SO N A N I I
NS T T UT O N

FE B R U A R Y 2 8, 1 9 1 3
C c o r b @ a l tim o r c ( p r e s
s

B A L TI MO R E , U . S . A .
2 SM I T H SON IAN M I S CE LL AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VOL . 60

o
al ng s i d e s o f ch e ek s b lac ; e s t O f f ac e cl th e d w i th sh o t w h it i sh k r o r
o r yel l o w sh h a i s ; f i r
ntal r ll o r u ff n a r w ly edge d w it h r us ro o tv ,
r ,
ro
br wn o .

S kul l S i m il a in gen e al f rm t th s e r
f B c as t a n e i ce p san d r o o o o .

B g r is
. e usb u t n a s al s sh t e r w ith an te r i
,
b o rde r c o n cav e o r e m a r or ,
or
r o
g in a t e th e ema gin at i n d eep e st at m e d i an s ut u e ; s quam o sa l a m f
,
r r o
o
zyg m a b r o a d e r m e r u n ded l e s s acut el y p inte d a n t er i l y ;
,
or o ,
o or
ro
palat e l e s s dee p ly g o ved p st e r i r ly ; sym ph ys i s o f m an d ibl e l e s so o
o
p r d u ce d ant er i ly b ey o n d p lan e f r s t m o l a s or o r .

M e as ur e m e n ts Typ e : T o tal l en gth 6 1 m i ll i met e s

4 .
; t a i l v e te ,
r r
r oo
b ae 4 7 ; h i n d f t 1 3 2 S kul l ( typ e ) : G eat est l engt h ( ccip it al
, ,
. r o
o o
c n dyl e t an te i o p o i n t o f n a s al s ) r r
zyg o m a t i c b re a dth , ,

i nt e r o rb it al b ea dt h r
p alat al b i dge m ax ll a y t o o t h
,
r ,
i r -

ro w, 2 55 . .

R e m ar ks Th i s f rm b a s e d n sp ec men s f r o m E a ste n P an am ao o i r
rk
,

an d th e a dj a cen t p a t o f C o l mb ia d i ffe s m a e dly f m B ca s r ta o ,

r ro .

n e i ce p san d B g r is e usan d i n c o l o pa tt e rn a s w ell a s c ran ial de ta i l s

.
,
r
or
i s m e l ik e s o m e f th e S o u th A m e ri can s p e ci e s o t app ea s t b e . I r o
u nl i ke th o s e d esc r ib e d b ut i t s exact el at i o n sh ip t s o m e O f t h e S uth
,

r o o
r
A m e i can m emb e rs o f t h i s u n ev is e d gen u s can n o t b e d e t erm in e d at r
r
p e s en t o o
w i ng t l ack o f k n o w l e dge o f th e i r r eal ch a racte s
,
r .

i r o
W h l e th e w i d e an g e f v a r i at i o n s een i n a s e i e s o f sp e cim e n s f o m r r
a giv en l o cal ity w o u ld i n clu d e many o f th e C h a a ct e r s u s e d a s spe r
cic by G r ay t h i s va r iat i n i s S h o w n b y exam in at i o n o f th e M i d dl e o

,

r r
A m e ican f o m s t o b e w ith in de ni t e l i m t s an d w h en am pl e mat e r ial i ,

i
i s ava lab l e th e d i st in ct ive cha a ct e s o f th e S p ec i e s w i l l b ec o m e r r
bette k n o w n r .

S p e cim e n se x a m in e d T tal n umb e 3 a s fo l l o w s : o r , ,

P an ama : M a r r a g a n t i : ( typ e ) 1 , .

C o l o mb i a : A t at o R iv e r 2 r ,
.

M A Z A M A T E M A R E P E R T I CI A , n ew s p e ci e s
ub s

Ty pef r o m G at un C an al Z o n e P an am a N o 1 7 1 6 7 3 m al e a du lt
, ,
. .
, ,

U S N at i o n a l M u s eu m ( B i l o gical S u rv ey C o ll ect o n ) c o lle cted

. . o i ,

by E A G o l dm an J un e 2 1 1 9 1 1 O i gin a l n u mb e r 2 1 1 78
. .
, ,
. r .

G
e n e r a l ch a r a c t e r s S im i la t o M a a m a t e m a t e rm o f M ex i c o r a

b ut s o m ew h a t l a rge ; c o l o r dul l e m u ch l e s s r u fe s r
cent S i m i la i n r , . r
iz o
s e t M p a n d o r a bu t c o l o d eci de dly d a rke an d sk u l l d i ff e r ing
.
,
r r ,

r i
i n va i o us det a i l s D ff e r in g fr o m M br ice n ii o f Ven ezu el a i n l a rge r
. .

r
si z e s h o rte pe lage ( ver y sh t o n n ec ) an d l e s s ich u fes c en t
,
or

k ,
r r
r io
gen e al c o l o rat n th e d a rk f ac i al a ea m o re re st i ct e d ,
r r .
NO . 2 2 M A M M AL S F RO M P AN AM A A ND M E XI C O G O L DM AN 3

Co l o r -
.
G en e ra l c
l r o f u pp e r pa rt sdu ll c nna m o n ru f o u s d a rk
o o i
i i
,

es t a l o n g th e b r o a d m ed ian l n e an d b ec o m n g p al e r o n th e s id e s ;
mi dd le o f fa ce t o p o f h e ad an d u pp er s d e O f n eck b la ck sh ; ch eek s
,
i ,
i
an d u n d e r s d e o f n eck d rab gray ; ch e s i t a n d a nt e r o r p a rt o f a b d o i
men n ea r c in nam o n o r f awn c o l o r ; ch n th r o a t an d p o s t e r o r p a rt o f i ,
i
ab d o m en w h it e th s c o l o r e xt end in g a sh o rt d stanc e d o w n i nn e r
, ,
i i
i
sid e o f t h gh s ; ea r s d u sky exc ep t a b u ffy s p o t n ea r edge o f an t e r o ,
i r
i
base ; s u p ra o r b ta l a r ea i n cl u d n g lat e ra l b o rd e r o f f r o nt al t u ft s ,
i
r i i i i
,

u sty re d d i sh ; a w h te sp o t o n u pp e r l p n ea r rh i n a r u m a s u s u al n
th e gr o up ; fee t d rab b r o wn i sh ; t a l C n nam o n ru f o u s ab o v e w h it e i ,
i ,

bel o w .

S k u l l z i
S i e s l gh t ly l a rge r t han that o f II ] t t e m a ; f r o nta l an d . .

r r r
pa i et al egi o n s b o a de r ; a ud it a l b ull ae smal l e r ; f o r a m en o val e m o r e
el o ngate d ; l ach ryma l d e p re ss o n s an d d ent it i o n a b o u t th e s am e A p i .

i
p r o ach in g i n s z e th at o f M p a n d o r a ; f r o ntal regi o n s m ila rl y b r o ad . i ,

b u t m o r e i na ted n e a r p st e r i o r b o rd e r o f n a sal s ; r o s o
t rum na r r o w e r ,

the m ax il l ae l e s s s w o ll en u twa r d ; l ach rymal s l e s s b r o a d ly d ep re s o se d ;

q z
s u a m o sa l arm o f yg o m a w i th s up e r i o r b o rd e r m o re ev e rt e d f o r a
o
men v al e m o re el o ngat e d ; a ud it a l b ul l ze d ec d edly s mall e r i .

M e as ur e m e n ts Typ e : T o t al l en gth m l l m ete r s ; tai l v ert e ,

i i
b r ae I 3 O S le n l l ( typ e ) G reat est l ength 1 85 ; co n d y l o ba s
,
. a l l ength , ,

zyg o m at c b read th n a sal s i i nt er o r b ital b rea dth , , .

4 1 ; pal ata l l en g t h m ax i lla ry t o o t h r o w ,

u p pe r p r e ,
~

mo la r s ,

R e m a r ks Th e typ e spe c i m e n i s a r ath e r y o un

g m a l e w th v e ry i
r
sh o t an tl e r s b u t w i th p e rm an ent d ent i t i o n n pl ac e an d sl i g htl y
,
i
w o rn A n o th e r sp ec i m en al s o a m al e s m u ch y o u nge r T h e v
.
, ,
i .

appe a t o rep re s r en t a r ath e r w e l l ma rke d f o rm r elate d t o M t e m a .

o
a s sh o w n by c mpa r i s o n w i th s even l\I e x ica n sp ec m en s O f th e latt e r /
i .

Fiv e o f t h e s e a re f r o m M i rad o r V e ra C ru t h e t yp e l o cal ty o f ,

z ,
i
C e r v uss a r t o r i i S au s s u e a n am e n o w r eg a rd ed a s syn o nym o u sw i thr ,

M ae a m a t e m a R a n e s q ue Upp e r can in e s a re p re sen t i n o n e o f the

.

i
M rad o r sp ec i me n s a y o un g m ale w it h th e th i rd u ppe r m o la r sn o t
-

yet i n plac e M p a n d o r a p o s se s s e s v e r y d i st in ct ve cha ra ct e r s b ut

. . i ,

i s a p pa rentl y a m embe r o f th e sam e gr o u p B es i d e s th e pall d c o l o r . i

i
ati o n an d c ran a l pecul ia r i t e s t h e t y p e an d a S p ec im en f r o m A p a z o t e i , ,

Camp ech e la ck o f th e u su al h ai r w h o rl n e a r th e m i ddl e O f th e f ace

, ,

i
and th e h ai r i s d r ect e d u pw a rd f r o m a n in d st in ct w h o rl v e ry n e a r i
th e u pp e r b o rd e r o f th e r h na r i um A s pe c m en O f M ae a m a br i e e n ii i . i
i
Th o ma s f r o m th e h gh m o u nta n s n e a r M e ri da Ven ez u e l a h a s m uc h i , ,

l o nge r pe lage a n d i s v e ry d i ffe rent i n c o l o r th e e nt i re f ace i ncl u d ng , , i

4 SM I T H S ON IAN M I S CE LL AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

o r
th e rb ital a eas b e in g v e y d a b w n o r b la c i sh I n t h e M i ddl e
,
r r k ro k .

r
A m e i ca n b c et s th e ro k
b ital a ea s an d m u ch o f th e fac e a e u st y or r r r
re d di sh .

S p e ci m e n se x a m in e d T o ta l n u mb e 3 f m l o cal it i e s a s f ll w s : r , ,
ro o o
C an al Z n e : G atu n ( typ e l o cal ity ) 2 o , .

P anam a : C an a I ,
.

S CI U R U S VA R I A B I L I S CHOCO,
1
n ew s p e ci e s
ub s

Ty p e ro
f m C an a ( al t itu d e f eet ) E a st e n P an am a No ,
r . .

1 7 9 56 1 m al e a d ul t U S N at i na l M u se um ( B i l g i ca l S u vey
, ,
. . o oo r
o o ,
o
C ll ect i n ) c ll e ct ed b y E A G l dm an M ay 2 8 1 9 1 2 O i gi n al . . o , ,
. r
n u mb e 2 1 7 5 2 r .

G e n e r a l ch a r a ct e r s C l o s ely al l i e d t o S v m o r ul us bu t gen e al
. . .
,
r
c l kr
o or d a r e ; a de e p b lack m ed i a n d sa l s t ip e u su a ll y c n ti n u us or r o o
ro r o r
f m n ea sh u l d e s p o st e i l y O ve u pp e b a s e o f t a i l ( t h i s st i pe r or -
r r r
or o
ab s en t nly fa in tl y i n d i cat ed i n S v m o r ul us ) u n d e pa t s o ch r a . . r r
r o
ce o us u f u s i n st e a d o
f t a w ny ch ac e o u s ; u n d e s i d e o f t a i l w ith o r r
ro r or
b a d e m e d i st in ct bl ac s ub ma ginal s t ip e
,
P e h apss i m i l a k r r . r r
o
t S g e r r a r a i b u t sh ul de s l e s s u f o u s b ac d a ke an d u n de
.

,
o r r ,
k r r ,
r
r o o
p a t sn t n rm al ly w h it e ; m am m ae 3 pa i s a s in S 72 m o r a l us r . . .

r
C o l o r Upp e p a r t s va y in g f o m p al e ch race o u s b u ff t t aw ny
. r r o o
o r
ch a ce o u s n ely l i n ed w it h b l ack b ec o m in g blac i s h n t p o f h ead
, ,
k o o
o o
an d a l n g a c n sp i cu o us m ed i an d s a l s t i p e u su all y c o n tin u us or r o
ro r
f m n e a s h o u ld e r s p o st e i o ly o v e u p p e r ba s e f t ai l ; sh ul d e s r r r o o r
u s u ally a sl igh tly i ch e r ro r o o
ch ace u s t n e than s i de s ; ut e s i d e s f o r o
or o r o r
f e a rm s ch a ce u s u f o us m ix e d w i th bl ac ; ut e s i de s o f h in d k o r
k o k r r
l egs l i e s i d e s f ba c ; u n d e p a t s in cl u d in g i nn e si d e s f l i mb s ,
r o ,

r r o r r
u su ally n e a ly u n i f o m c h ac e o u s u f o u s b u t va e d i n t w o sp ec im en s ,
ri
r r
by p u e w h it e a e a s i n a rm p i t s o n p ect o r al an d i ngu in al egi n s an d ,
r o ,

o o o
a l n g m e d i an l in e f ab d m en ; ch i n an d l i p s p al e b u ff ; s i d e s f o
k r
m u zzl e an d ch e e s b o w n i s h b u ffy ; e a s d a b r o w n i sh o r b lack r rk
o r
i s h ; f ee t cl th e d w it h sh o t m i xe d bl ack i sh an d b u ff y t aw n y h a i s ,
or r
r o o ro
upp e s i d e f t a il b l a cki sh n p x im al f u rth b ec o m in g p u e i ch o r r ,

r k
,

o r o r o
ch ace u s u f u s t o n ea bl ac t i p u n de S i d e c o a s ely m i x e d b u ff r r
k k
,

an d b lac w ith a d i st i nc t bl ac s ubm a g in al s t i pe an d ch a ce u s

,
r r o r o
r o o or o
u f u s ed gin g al n g m e d i an p t i n .

S Bul l A si n S 72 m o r ul us . . .

M e as ur e m e n ts Typ e : T t al l ength .
444 m il li m et e rs ; ta i l v e t e o ,
r
r oo
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Fr o m C h o co , t h e n am e o f the I din an s n h abi it i ng the re g i on o f th e t yp e
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SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE LL ANE OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VOL . 60

angu la r
w i th m o de r at ely deve l o p e d s up r a o rb ta l i dges an d s m al l
,
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a ud it a l b ul l ae .

C o l o r Upp e r p a rt s n e a r M a r s b r o w n o f R i dgw ay da r en ed
.
,
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al o ng th e b r o ad m ed ia n l in e f r o m t o p O f h ea d t o ba se o f t a il b e co m ,

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, ,
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g ray i sh re st o f u n d e r p a t s u su a lly o verla i d w i th da rk o ch ace o u s
,
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b u ff b ut va ryi ng t o du l l w h t e th e b a sal c o l o r o f th e fu r ev e ryw h e e
,
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rk
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d e ep p l um b e o u s ; n o s e an d e a rs b lack sh ; o ute r S i d e s o f l mb s da i i
r
b o wn i sh e xcept a l igh t b u ffy l in e e xt en d in g f r o m o ut e r s i d e s f
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r il v e r v h a i r s p r o j ect ing
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s o m ew h at p a le r b el o w .

. i
S kul l S m ila r i n S z e t o th at o f 0 ( t e a ms b u t m o re an gu l a i .
,
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th e zyg o m ata m o re w d el y s p rea d n g an d sup ra o rb i tal an d t em p o ra li i ,

r i dge s d i st i nct ; a ud it a l bu l l ae dec i d ed ly s m a ll e r ; d e n t it io n ab o u t th e . .

sa m e Di ffe r ing fr o m t h o s e o f O m e r id e n s zsan d O

'

. m o o n l it/e n t e r . .

in m u ch l a rge r S i e a n d g re at e r a n g ul a r it v z .

M e as ur e m e n t s Typ e : T o t al l en g th 3 40 m ll m e te r s ; t a i l v e te
.
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c o n d y l o b a sa l l ength yg o m at i c b rea dth 2 o ; n a sa l s I 4 ;

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in te r o rb it a l b rea dth 6 ; in t e rpa r e tal x 5 ; in c i s iv e f o ra m in a 6

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l ength o f pal atal b r dge m axi l la ry t o o t h r o w i ,

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R e rii a r ks4 L ike th e a l l i e d sp ec i e s O d e r/ i n s O m e r id e n s

. isan d .
, .

O m a cul iv e n t e r th i s la rge r i c e ra t i s an nh a b it ant o f th e m o un t ain s

. i .

I t w a s f o u n d o n ly i n th e h eavy f o r e s t a t ab o u t fe e t al t itu d e
w h e r e p r ec ip it o u s sl o pe s b o rde r th e n a r r o w c any o n o f t h e R io
L i mo n T h e an i m al s l iv e i n h o l e s un d e r l o gs an d o ck s a l o n g st eep
. r
o ve rh an ging b ank s o f th e st r ea m T h e sku l l o f O pi r r e n s isco m . .

b in e s t h e l a rg e gen e ra l s iz e o f th at o f O ( l e t/ in sw th th e s mall a ud it al . i
bu ll ae o f m e r id e n s isa n d m a cul iv e n t e r i t d i ffe s fr o m b o th i n t h e

,
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d ev el o p m en t O f t h e s u p ra o r b i tal a n d tem p o ra l r i dge s O m e r id e n . .

s isa n d O m a cul i zre n t e r a re ev d ently v e ry n e a r l v re lat ed b u t c m

. i ,
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p a r i s o n o f th re e sku ll so f t h e f o r m e r w i t h f o u r O f t h e l atte r s eem s -

t o S h o w t ha t O m a cul iv e n t e r d i ffe rs i n t h e sma ll e r s i e o f th e i n te r

. z
p a ri eta l an d h eav i e m ax lla y a r m o f zyg o m a r i r .

S p e cim e n se x a m in e rt E igh t al l f o m t h e ty pe l o ca l i ty ,
r .
NO . 2 2 M A M M AL S F ROM P AN AM A A ND M E XI C O G OL DM AN 7

N E C T OM YS A L F A R I E F F I C A X, new s
ub s
p e ci e s

Typ e f o m C an a ( al t i t ud er fe et ) E ast e rn P ana m a No ,

. .

1 7 86 2 7 mal e a du lt U S N at i o nal M u s e u m ( B o l o gi c al S u rve y C o l

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l ect o n ) c o ll ecte d b y E A G o l dman M a rch 1 2 1 9 1 2
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G e n e r a l cha r a c t e r s Clo s el y al li e d t o N e ct o m y sa l f ar i a l fa r i ( S ig
.
'

m o d o n t o m y sa l f a r i A l l en ) gen e r al c o l o r f up p e r p a rt s i ch e r m o e o r ,
r
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t aw n y o ch ace o u s ; sku ll w it h n a r r w b ra in ca s e an d m a s s iv e r o s o
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t um S o m ew h at s im i l a t
. N es r o
m e r a l a a r um , b u t l arge r ; c o l o .
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decid e dl y pal e r m o r e o ch ace o u s ; sk u l l m o re el o n gat e d
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r
C o l o r Uppe r p a ts rath e r p a l e t a w n y o c h ra c e o u sm ix e d w th
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bl ack t h e o ch ra ce o u s p r ed o m nati n g e sp ec i all y 0 11 ch eek s sh o uld e rs
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by m o r e ab u n da n t a d m i xt u r e o f black t ipp e d h a r s ; un d e r pa rt s d u ll -

i
w h i t e u sua lly m o r e o r l e s s d i st i nctl y w a s h e d w ith pal e b u ff ; fe et
,

o o
es h c l o re d th i nly cl t h e d w it h sh o rt g ay i sh h a i r s ; ta il b r o w n i sh
,
r
ab o ve an d b el o w .

S kul l S i m il a r i n gen e ral t o th at o f N a a l f a r i b u t b ra i n ca se . .

,

r r
n ar o w e r ; o st rum m o e m a s s iv e ; n a sal s sh o rte an d b r o ad e r p o s r r
'

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t e r io r l y ; f o n ta l regi o n n a r r o w e r b u t w it h S im i l a rly d evel o p e d ,

i r
su p ra o rb t al an d t e m p o al r idge s ; int e rpa r i et al s m al l e r ; in t e r p t e r y
g o id f o s sa n ar o we r ; m ax il la ry t o o th r o w s r h o rt e r C o nt ra st e d w i th -

tha t o f N e s m e r atl d wr rl rzi t h e sku l l i s r el at iv el y n a r r o w e r an d m o re

.

el o ngat ed th e r o str u m an d f r o nt al regi o n be ng d ec d e dly l o ng e r

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.
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( 30 4 1 78 ( 1 68 1 9 6 ) S kul l ( typ e ) :
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n as al s ,
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i nci s i ve f o r am na i
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ro w ,

R e m a r ks i
T h s f o rm s e em s
b e m o r e cl o sely all ed t o t h e sp e c e s to i i
d e sc i b ed a s S ig m o d o n t o m y sa l far i t ha n t o any o f t h e Sm a l l S o ut h
r
A m eri can m e m b e r s o f th e gen u s N e c t o m y s t ma y b e n o t v e r v . I
un l ike N r us s ul a sTh o m as f r o m Va ld iv i a C o l o mb a s pe c i m en s o f
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w h i ch I
h av e n o t s e en b ut j u dgin g fr o m th e d e sc r ipt i o n th e latt e r ,

r
i s da ke r in g en e ra l c o l o w ith l e s s c o n t ra st b et w e en u ppe r an d r ,

un de r p ar t s .

S p e cim e n se x a m i n e d T o tal n u m be 2 3 a ll f o m t h e type l o cal ity r , ,

r .
8 SM I T H S ON IAN M I S CE LL ANE OU S CO L L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

R HI P I DOM Y S S CA NDE N S , n ew s
p e ci e s

Typ efr o m n e a h ea d f R io im n ( alt itu de r o

f eet ) M o u nt L o ,

P i r r i E as ,
t e n P a n am a Nor 1 7 893 7 fe ma l e o l d a du l t U S
. .
, ,
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N at i o n al M u s eu m ( B i o l o g ic al S u rv e y C o ll ect i o n ) c o l lecte d by E A ,
. .

o
G l dm an A p il 2 5 1 9 1 2 ,
r
O igina l n u mb e 2 1 640 ,
. r r .

G e n e r a l ch a r a ct e r s S im i la r t o R v e n e z ue l ce b ut u pp e p a t s .
,
r r
r r r
da ke c o l o re d ; u n d e p a rt s p u re w h it e a s in v e n e z ue l ce ; S ul l w i th k
r r
b o a d b a i n ca s e an d n a r r o w f r o nt al regi n S o m ew h at l ike R co ca l o . .

ens is b u t c o l o
,
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l es s t awn y an d s u l l d i ff e ri n g e sp e c ially in n a ,
k r
r o w e r m o e d ep res se d fr n tal r eg io n o r .

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:
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r r ,

o o
c m in g pal e r n t h e ch e ek s s h o u l d e r s an d s i de s w h e r e t h e b la c ,
k
t i p pe d h a i rs a r e l e s s n um e r o u s ; p elag e o f u n de p a rt s i n cl u d n g r ,
i
l ip s an d inn e r s i d e s o f l imb s p u e w h i t e t o o t s ; fe et w h i t e exc ept ,
r ro
t h e u sua l cl o u d ed m e t a p o d ia l a rea s ; tai l b w n i sh ab o v e an d b el o w
-
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s c ant i ly cl o th e d w ith sh o rt h a i rs t n ea t i p w h c h i s sl igh tl y t u ft e d o r i .

r
S kul l I n gen e al f o m cl o s ely es emb l ing th at f R v e n e z ue l a
. r r o .
,

r
b u t b a in ca s e d ec i d e dly b r o a de ; i n n e r s i d e s f pa i etal s l o n ge ; r o r r
ro
f nt al egi n n a r o rro r
w e p o ste i ly a s i n R v e n e z ue l a C o mpa e d r or .
)
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w i t h t h e sk u ll o f R c o ca l e n s isth e b r a in ca s e i s S im il a rly b r o a d b ut
.
,

ro r
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r p e ci r or ro r ,

a lly p o s t e r io r l y th e m a x illa y a m o f th e z yg m a i s h e av i e
-

,
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an d t h e .
o r ,

r r
i n t e p a i etal i s l a ge r r .

M e as ur e m e n t s Typ e : T t al len th
g.
3 3 0 m il l imet e s ; ta i l ve t e o ,
r r
,
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b r ae 1 98 ; h i n d f o t 3 2 S kul l ( typ e ) : C o n d y l o b a s , a l l en g th
.
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o
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i nte r b ita l b ea dth ,
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x in c i s iv e f o am in a r
l en g t h f p al a tal b i dge 5 ; m ax i lla y
,
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t o o th ro w ,
'

R e m a r ks or
T h i s f m i s cl s ely a ll i ed t R v e n e z ue l ce an d t h e o o .
,

r r
t w o m ay i nte g a d e b ut u nt il th e v a i u s f m s o f t h i s u n r ev i s ed
,
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ro
g u p a e b ette r
n o w n it s r k
e e m sp e fe abl e t t ea t th e P anama r r o r
r o
ep re s en tat iv e f t h e gen u s as a d i s tin ct sp ec i e s .

S p e ci m e n se x a m in e d O n e t h e typ e ,
.

HE T E R OM YS A U S T R A L I S CONS CI U S , new s p e ci e s
ub s

Typ e
f m C an a ro ( al t it u d e feet ) E a st e r n P ana ma No , . .

1 7 8699 m al e a d u lt
, ,
U S N at i o n al M u s eu m ( B i o l o gica l S u r vey
. .

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C l l ect i n ) C l l ect ed o , o b y E A G ol dman M a r ch 8 1 9 1 2
. . O r igi nal , , .

n u mb e 2 1 468 r .

G e n e ral ch a r ac t e r s o s ely al l i e d t o H ust l is ust l isan d

Cl . a ra a ra

H . a . l o m ite n s
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r
IO SM I T H SON IA N M I S CE LL ANE OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

G e n e r a l ch ar a c t e r s S i mil a r t o A
b u t gen e ral c o l r p a ca v ir g a t a o
rk r
.
,

r
m o re u st y o r e d d i sh b r o w n ; da r s t ip e b el o w l o w e l at e ra l w h i t e r
r
st ri p e o b s o l e scen t ( b o a d an d d i st in ct i n v i rg a t a ) p elage l nge an d o r
r
d en s e ; m o l ar i f o m t o o t h r o w sn a r we D i ff er ing f m typ i cal
-
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A p a ca p a ca i n t h e o b l it e rat i o n o f t h e l o w e lat e al str ipe s
. r r .

Gr r
C o l o r o un d c o l o o f u pp e p a t s v a yi n g f r o m dark c inn am o n
. r r r
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u f u s t o d a k ch e s tn u t i nt e r u p ted al n g s i d e s b y w h i te a an ged
,
r o rr
ro o
i n n a r w s t rip e so r l i n e s f s p o t s ; t w o l at e al w h i te l in e s b egi n a s
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r
r o w s o f sp t s al n g s i d es o o
f n ec b e c m e st i pe sn ea s h u ld e so k ,
o r r o r ,

r o r o r r
cu v e d w n w a d al o ng l w e pa t o f s i d e s i s e aga i n t o w a d h ip s ,
r r ,

r k o o o r
an d b e a i nt sp t s v e s i d e s o f r um p ; ab o v e t h e upp e r lat e al r
r r r
w h it e st ip e an d s epa at ed f o m i t b y a b o a d da rk st ri p e a l i n e o f r
k r
sp o t s r ea ch e s f r o m n ec t o u mp a n d ab o v e th i s a s h o rte r p a ra ll el ,

r o w ext en d s al o n g p o st e i o r r r
p a t o f b ack ; l o w e r l at e ral w h i te st r i pe
rr r
b o u n de d b e l o w b y a n a o w an d ath e i n d i st i n ct da k l in e ; a th i rd r r
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,

r
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, r , ,

k r
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h i nd l imb s s i m il a t o b ack r .

S kul l C l o s el y r
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t eet h n a w e r rro .

M e as ur e m e n ts Typ e : T o t al len gth

.
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r
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. .

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c l o or o r o
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o r r
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b e ab sent en t i el y r .

S p e cim e n s e x a m i n e d T o tal n u mb e 16 f o m t h e f o ll o w in g r r
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l cal it i es :
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.

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.

G u atem a la : P u e rt o B a i o s 1 ex a ct l o cal i t i e s u n n o wn 4 rr ,
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n du a s : S a n P ed r o S ul a I ,
.
NO . 2 2 IVI A M M ALS F ROM P AN AM A A ND M E XI C O G OL DM AN I I

DA S Y P R OCT A P UNC T A T A D A R I E N S I S , ne w s
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i
P i rr E a st e rn P a n a m a N o 1 7 90 56 f e m al e a d u lt U S N at o n al . .
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man A p ri l 2 4 1 9 1 2 O r i g ina l n u m b e r 2 1 6 3 7
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r
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r
ha i s 0 11 rum p l ack in g b a s a l an n u lat i o n s u s u all y p re sen t i n D p . .

is t h m i ca th e t i p s v e ry p al e b u ff o r s ilve ry g ray i n c o nt ra st w i t h
r r k i i
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o ange b u ffy b a ck ( u m p an d b ac m o re n e arly u n f o r m n D p . .

is t li rI I i o o )
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,

m u ch m o re o ch rac e o u s l e s sgrayi sh ,
.

C o l o r T o p o f h e ad n ape an d sh o u ld e r s bl ack c o a r s el y m xe d
.
,
i
w ith v a ry ing sh ad e s o f p al e b u ff o r o ch ra ce o u s th e bl ack p r e d o m i ,

n ating o n t o p o f h ea d ; ba ck h ea v l y o v er la i d w i t h r ich o ran ge b u ff i ,

th e l o ng h a i r s h e re d a rk an d w th o u t r in gs b e l o w th e b r o a d o ran ge i
i
b u ff t p s ; l o n g h a r s o f ru mp d u s y b a s i
ally an d t i pp e d w ith pa l e k
b u ff o r s i lv e ry g ray th e ge n e ra l c o l o th u s c o nt ra st ing w i t h th e ,
r
r
rich e t in t s o f b ack ; u n de r p art s i n gen e al m i xed b l ack an d va ry ing r
sh a de s o f bu ff bec o m i ng gray i s h o n t h r o at an d w h te o r sl ve ry gray
,
i i
i
,

o n l ip s ch i n -
i n gu ina l reg i o n a n d al o n g m e d an l in e O f a b d o m en
, ,

i
wh e re th e h a r s a r e p u re w h ite t o r o o t s ; feet bl ack w it h a few b u ffy
ban d e d h a i rs o n p r o x i m a l p o rt i o n o f m et at ar su s .

S k ul l S im la r t o th at o f D p is
. i
t h m i ca b u t la rge r ; p alat e w i th a . .
,

Sh or o t p s te r i o r m ed ia n p r o j e ct i o n ab sent i n D p p un c t a t a an d th e , . .

o
m re n o rth e rn f o rm s o f th e g r o u p b ut s o m et im e s p r e sent i n D p , . .

is t li m i ca D i ffe rin g f r o m th at o f D c o l o m b ia n a i n m o r e slen d e r

. .

r o st ru m an d l e s s e r
ve rti ca l ext ent o f an t e ri o p a rt o f j ugal ( n D r i .

c o l o m bia n a th e j ugal m o r e d ev el o pe d u pwa r d al o n g t h e o rb t al

,
i
b o rd e r a pp r o ach es th e l ach rym al )
,
.

M e as n r e n zc n t s Typ e : T o t al length 6 1 0 m l l i m et e rs ; ta l v e rte

.
.
,
i i
b rm 2 5 ; h i n d fo o t 1 3 3
, A v e rag e o f t w o ad u lt sf r o m C an a ( n ea r
,
.

type l o cal ty ) : 5 7 9 ( 5 7 2 i (21 ( 1 2 7 1 30 ) -

S k ul l ( av e r age o f t h re e a d ult s fr o m typ e l o cal ity an d v c in ty ) : i i

r
G eate st l ength ( 1 1 3 1 1 7 8 ) co n d y l o b a s
, al len g th -

( 1 0 56 zyg o m at c b r ea dth n asal s i , ,

i nt e r o rbi tal b r eadth ( 2 9 3 4 ) pa l atal l en gth ,

-

60 ) m a x i llar y t o o t h r o w
-

R e m a r ks C o nt a st ed w it h D
p i st /i r
m ica o f th e C anal Z o n e t h e . .

r
D a ri en rep e s ent at iv e o f t h e D p un e t a t a g r o up d ffer si n ch a ra cte r s .
-
i
o
w h ich s ee m t s et i t O ff a s a fa i rly w el l m arke d ge o g ra p h ic rac e t . I
12 SM I T H S ON IAN M S CE L L I A NE OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

m ay b e n o t v e ry u nl i e D v ar i e g at a T s ch ud i k
fr m P e u b ut i s .
,
1
o r ,

i r
v e ry d ffe en t f r m T s ch ud i s gu re o
an d c mp are d w ith a n E cu a
,
o
d o r e a n sp ec i m e n i n t h e N at i n al M u s e um a s s u m e d t o b e n ea D o ,
r .

v ar i e g a t a i s d e ci d edly la rg e an d da e c o l o red D co l o m bia n a

,
r rk r . .

o f th e S ant a M a t a regi o n r
f n o th e n C l o mb i a i s d o ubtl e s s a f o m o r r o r
o f the D p un cta t a g r o up ch a act e r iz e d b y g ay i sh c l o at i n an d
. r r o r o
cr an ial d et a il s p o in te d o ut .

I r o
n th e D a r i e n eg i n th e ag o ut i ran ge s i n t h e u nb r o e n f o est k r
o
fr m s ea l eve l t o o v e r fe e t alt i t u d e n th e s u mm its o f t h e h ighe o r
o
m unt a n s i
A s e l s ew h e e t h e an i m al s a e sh y an d app ar entl y
. r ,
r
m a in ly n o ct u rn al i n h ab it s bu t i f ca e fu lly s e arch e d fo r may b e f o un d
,
r
ro
ab a d ea rl y i n t h e m o n in g o r l at e in t h e e ve n in g an d o cca s r io n a ll v ,

r o
d u i ng t h e m i d d le f th e d ay e sp e ci al ly in w e t w e at h e T h ey b e c o m e ,
r
r
al a m e d a t th e sl ight e s t n i s e an d s ca m p e a w ay f te n g iv ing th e o r ,
o
ch a r act e i st i c squ e akr sh o t b a r or
ap i dly ep eat e d S ev e al t im e s r k r ,
r r ,

a s t h ey g o
T h e u s ual m eth d f h u ntin g the m i s t o p o c ee d s l o w l y
. o o r
an d ca u t i o u s ly m ai n ly al o n g t a il s t h r ugh t h e f o re st
,
to wait in r o ,
or
o r o
t h e v i c in it y f th ei h l es u nt i l th ey c o m e o ut O n e day d u ing .
,
r
o I
th e dry s ea s n h ea rd a r u s tl i n g n i s e i n t h e d y l e av e s a n d e ma i n
,
o r ,
r
o
i n g m t i o nl e s s s n s oo
a w an ag o u t i w h i ch c am e ap i dl y n e a re a n d r r
o
w a s s h o t a s i t st pp ed su dd en l y ab o ut 2 0 ya d s aw a y T h e n d ian s r . I
o r o
a n d n at iv e c l o e d p p u l at i n h u nt t h e ag ut i f it s e sh an d i t i s o o or
i
,

o or
n e o f th e f a v it e gam e a n mal s f th e egi n o r o .

N at iv e n am e ne g ur .

S p e cim e n se x a m i n e d T tal n u mb e 8 f r m l cal i t i e s i n P an ama o r , ,

o o
o r
a s f l l o w s: A u z a I ; C a na 6 ; M u n t P i i I ( typ e ) , ,
o rr ,

DA S Y P R OCT A P U N CT A T A YU CA T A NI CA , new s p e ci e s
ub s

Ty pe f ro m A p az ot e ( ne ar Y o h altun ) , C a mp ech e ,
M ex i c o . No .

10 82 9 3 , m al e a d ul t U S N a t i o nal M u s eu m ( B i o l gical S u v ey
,
. . o r
C o ll ecti o n ) c o l l ecte d b y E W N e l s n an d E A G o l dman D e cem
,
. . o . .
,

b e r 2 2 1 90 0 O i gin al n u mb e 1 4 3 47 . r r .

t r i but i o n C am p e ch e a n d n rth e n Y uc at an
,

D is o r .

G
e n e r a l ch a r a ct e r s S im i la t o D
p u n ct a t ai p un c ta t a b ut c l r .
,
o or
d e c i d e d ly p al e r a n d gray e r l e s s y ell w i s h o r uf es c ent a n d p elage ,
o r ,

r r
ath e r m o re c o a s ely an nu l at ed ; a ud it a l b ul l ae la g e r .

r r
C o l o r Up pe pa t s i n gen e al v a y in g f m p al e bu ff t o p al e
. r r ro
o o
taw ny c h r a ce u s c a s ely m i x e d w ith b lac t h e b u ff or t aw n y ele k ,
or
r o
m en t p e d m in at in g ; an i n d i st i n ct ann ul at e d e ffect espe cially n ,
o
r o
ru mp e s u l ting f r m t h e a lte rn at in g l igh t an d d a k in gs f h a i s ;
,
r r o r
1
F a un a P e r ua n a ( M am m al s
) pp , . 1 90 1 9 2
-

,
T af . 1 6, 1 844 1 846 .
I 4 SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE LL AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

b e ing a t t h e e xpe n s e o f th e m ax ill ae w h i ch a re c o r e sp o n d ingly r

r ed uce d : sp h en o p al at i n e v a cu i ti e s la rge r ; v e rt ic a l a m o f m axil la r
be tw e en j ugal an d ant o rb t a l vacu ity b r o ade r ; a ud it a l b ul l ae smalle i r .

C o m pa re d w i th th a t o f D p y uca t a n i ca th e sk u ll h a s p o ste i o rly

-

. . r
r
b r o ad e p re m axi ll ae l a ge sp h en p alati n e va c u t i e s an d m u ch
,
r r o i
r
s m al l e a ud it a l bu ll ae .

M e as ur e m e n t s Ty pe : T o ta l l ength 492 m il l i met e s ; ta il v e t e

.
,
r r
b r ae 3 O ; h in d f o o t 1 2 0 A n a du l t f em al e t p typ e : 5 6 5 ; 2 7 ; 1 2 4
, ,
. oo .

S kul l ( typ e ) : G re at e st l ength co n d y l o b a s

al length , ,

z yg o mat c b rea dth i n a sal s i nt e o rb it al b e adth

, ,
r r ,

pa latal l ength 5 2 m ax lla ry t o o t h r o w

,
i ,

R e m a r ks A n a rm o f t h e gen e ra l ange o f th e D
p un c t a tt a gr o u p r .

e xt en d s n o rt h w a r d n e a r
t h e P a ci c c o a s t an d a l o n g th e w e st m p e ,

o f t h e h igh m o u n ta n s o f t h e i nt e i o i
t o s o ut h er n C h iapa s M ex ic o r r , , .

Th e sp e ci m en s f r o m t h e c o a stal sl o p e i n C h iapa s cl o s el y ap p o ach r

typ i cal D p p un cta t a i n c o l o r b u t depa rt fr o m it i n t h e w el l m a rk ed
. .
,

c ra n i al d et a i l s p o i nte d o ut n t h e r egi o n o f th e typ e l o c al t y th i s . I i

r
ag o u t i an g e s i n t h e f o re s t f r m n e a s ea l evel t o a t le a st feet o r
alt it u d e o n t h e w e ste rn sl o p e o f t h e m o un ta in s .

S p e ci m e n se x a m i n e d S ix a l l fr o m C h i apa s M e x i c o a s f o l l w s : , , ,
o
H u eh u et an ( t yp e l o cal ity ) 4 ; C h i ch a r ra s 2 , ,
.

P OT OS F L A V U S I S T HM I CU S , new ub sp e ci e s
s
Typ e r
f o m n e a h e ad o f R io L i m o n ( alt itu d er fe e t ) M un t ,
o
ir
P ri E a st e n P an am a
, rN o 1 7 90 4 2 f e m al e a d u lt U S N a t i o nal
. .
, ,
. .

M u se u m ( B i o l o gi c al S ur y e y C o l lecti o n ) c o ll ect ed b y E A G o ldman ,

. .
,

A p r il 2 1 1 9 1 2 O i gin al n u mb e 2 1 6 3 1
, . r r .

G
e n e r a l c h a r a ct e r s S i ze an d gen e al c l o r o f P cli i r iq ue n s
is r o .
,

b ut w i t h a d i st in ct b l ac d s al st r ip e ; S u l l w i th n a r o w in t e r o r k or k r
r o
bital egi n ; d ent it i o n h ea vy a s i n P f ch ir i q ue n s is m u ch h eav i e . .
,
r
tha n i n P f m e r id e n s . isa n d o th e r S o ut h A me ri can f o m s
. r -
.

C o l or G r
en e al c o l o o f upp e p ar t s va ry ing f m w o d b o w n t o
. r r ro o r
o
t awn y yel l o w o r yel l w i s h t a w ny sl igh tly d a rken e d b y b lac i s h t i pp ed k -

r rr
ha i s ; a n a o w bu t d st in ct bl ack m e d i an st r ip e ext e n d ing f r o m i
r
n e a S h o u l d e rs t o ba s e o f ta il ; u n d e r p a rt s va y n g f o m b u ff t ri r o
b r o w n i s h yel l o w b ec o m n g ab uptly u s ty b o w n o n t h e ab d m ina l
,
i r r r o
an d gula r sp o t s u su al i n th e g r u p ; m u zz l e ea r s an d t o e s mo e o r o ,
r
l es s bla ck i s h ; u pp e r S i d e o f t ai l s i m il a t o b ack i n c o l o r bu t u sually r
be c o m in g s o m ew hat d a e t w ar d t i p t h e u n d e r s i de pa l e an d rk r o ,
r
m o re l ike abd m en o .

i
S kri l l S i m la r t o th a t f P f c h ir i q ue n s isb u t i nt e o
b it al eg i o n . .
,
ror r
rr r
n a o w e r th e l at e a l b o rde s f f n ta l s m o e c ncave ; p st b it al
,
r o ro r o o or
NO . 2 2 I\I A I\I M A L S F RO M P AN AM A A ND M E XI C O G OL DM AN I S

pr o c e s s e s s t o ut e r b r o a de r an d m o re g rad ua ll y ta p e r ng t o w ar d b a s e
,
i ,

not s o p eg l ik e a s n P f c/i i r i q ue us
-

is i
; d ent t o n a b o ut t h e s am e
. . ii .

C o m p a red w i t h t h at o f P uz e r i d e usist h e s k ull h a s sm l a rly b r o ad

.
'

i i
p o st o rb i ta l p r o ce ss e san d n a rr o w nt e r o r b ta l s pace b ut th e m o la r s i i ,

i
are de c d e dly h e av i er .

ll [ e a s
/
ur e m e n t s Typ e : T o t al l en gt h 9 1 0 m i ll me te r s ; ta l ve rt e
.
,
i i
b r ae 4 5 5 ; h in d fo o t 93 A 1I ad u lt fem al e t o p o typ e : 885 ; 44 8 ; 9 1 . .

t
,

S kul l ( typ e ) reat est l ength G

co n d y l o b a sa l leng h 83 ; yg o , ,
z
m ati c b readt h 57 ; i nte r o rb ita l b re a dth ,
palat a l l en gth ,

r
,

u ppe r m o la i f o r m t o o t h r o w 1 9 ; alv e o la r l en gth O f rst up pe r ,

m o la r ,

R e m a r ks Th e sp ec i m en s f r o m M o u n t P r r an d C an a v a ry co n i i
s i
id e r a b l y in i n ten s ty o f c o l o r a s u su al in t h e g r o u p b u a r e ex e r t t
t
,

i i
nal ly d i st ngu s h abl e f r o m P f cl z ir iq ue n s isb y th e d i st in c b l ack . .

m e d ia n d o rs al st ri p e T h ey a pp a r e nt ly rep re se n t a race c o m b in n g
. i
th e gen e ra l c o l o r p at t e rn o f s o m e S o u th A m e r ca n f o r m s w h i it
th e h e av ie r dent it i o n o f M d d l e A m e r can f o r m s i i .

S p e c im e n se I a m iI z e d T o tal n u m b e r 8 all fr o m t h e m o u nta in s

.
'

.

, ,

o f E a st e rn P an a m a a s f o ll o w s : M o un t P rr ( t yp e l o c al ty ) 2 ; i i i ,

C an a 6 ,
.

E U P R OCY ON C A N C R I V OR US P A NA M E N S I S , n ew s
ub s
p e ci e s

Ty p e fr o m G at un C an a l Z o n e P an ama No ,
1 7 1 669 fe m al e , . .
,

,
. . i
a d ul t U S N at o na l M u s eu m ( B i o l o g i cal S u rvey C o ll ect i o n ) co l ,

l e ct e d b y E A G o ldman J un e 2 1 1 9 1 1
. . O rigin al n u m b e r 2 1 1 74
, ,
. .

G e n e r a l ch ar a c t e r s S i m i l a r n s e to E ca ucr iz ro r us p r o t e usb u t i iz .
'

gen e ra l c o l o r l e s s t awn y ; sku ll w t h v er y l o n g pa lat e an d a nt er o rl y i i

b r o a d n asa l s D i ffe r ing f r o m E ca I I c r iz o r I t sca uc r ir o r usi n d a rk e r
. .
' /

gen e ra l c o l o r th e u pp e r pa rts b e in g bl acke r an d u n d e r p a rt s a n d

, ,

s i d e s m o r e o ch r ace o u sb u ffy o r yel l o w sh ; bl ack fa c a l a r ea m o re i i

ext en d ed p o s t e r o rl y acr o s s c h eek s i .

C o lo n G r o u n d c o l o r o ve r d o i s um va r y i n g f r o m a sh y g ra y t o
o ch rac e o u s b u ffy or y e ll o w i s h o ch race o u s h eav i ly o v e rla i d w ith
iz i
,

bla ck ; t o p o f h e a d gr zl ed bla ck a n d gra y t h e black p re d o m in at n g ; ,

i
s d e s o f m uzzl e a n d r ath e r re st r ct e d s up ra o r b tal st reak s w h it e o r i i
g ray i sh w h it e ; fac i al a rea i n cl u d ng o r b t s nte r o r b it al s p ac e an d ,
i i ,
i
l o w e r pa rt o f ch eek s n ear ly cl ea r b l ack ; un d e r pa rts n cl u d in g b a s e ,
i
o f ta il r
v a y in g f r o m p al e o ch ra ce o u s b u ff t o yell o w s h o ch rac e o u s i ,

t
,

b ec o m ing m o r e o r l es s gray sh w h i e 0 11 t h r o at ch n an d l p s ; ea r s i ,
i i
w el l cl o th ed w it h w h t s ii
h o r yel l o w i sh h a rs da rk en n g grad ua ll y i ,
i
0 11 u pp e r b a se by en c r o ach m en t o f b o dy c o l o r ; o u te r s d e s o f h in d i
16 SM I T H SON IAN M IS CE LL AN E OU S CO L L E C TI ON S VOL . 60

k r
l eg s a n d an l es al l o u n d d e ep gl o s sy bla ck ; f o r e l egs b la c o r d a k ,
k r
r
b o wn i sh al l r o u n d f e et th in ly cl o t h e d w i th sh o t h ai s v a y in g f m r r r ro
o r
b r w n i s h t o g ay i sh ; t a i l w ith s ev en o r eigh t alte rn a t in g b l ack an d
o o
grayi s h r y el l w i sh in gs an d a bl ac t ip th e p x i mal ings m o e r k ,
ro r r
o r
r l e s s i nt e r u pt e d a l o n g m ed ian l in e b el w o .

S kul l I n gen e a l f o m cl s ely re s emb l in g t hat f Er r o

c can cr i o . .

v o r usbut pal at e m
,
or
e el o n ga t e d l o w e r s u fa c e f b a s i o cc ip ital m o e ,
r o r
o r
c nvex th e l at e al ma gin s t u n i n g d w n w a d an d p a tl y c ve r in g
,
r r o r r o
a ud it a l b ul l ae ; n a sal s b o a de ; a ud it a l b u ll ae b r r
a d e m e in at ed ro r ,
or
o r or o
p st e i ly d en tit i n ab o ut t h e s am e C nt a st e d w it h t h a t f E c . o r o . .

r
p r o t e us t h e S ku l l d i ff e s i n l n ger p a l a t e an d ant e i rl y b ad e
'

,
o ,
ro ro r ,

r r
po ste i o l y n a o w e n a s al s rr r .

M e as ur e m e n ts Typ e : T tal l en gt h .
9 5 0 m ill im et e so; ta i l v e t e ,
r r
r oo
b ae 3 50 ; h i n d f t 1 4 2 S kul l ( typ e ) : g eat est l ength 1 3 0 ; c n
, , . r ,
o
d y l o b as a l l ength zyg m at i c b eadth
,
o
l engt h f n a sal s r ,
o ,

3 2 ; g e r
at e r
s t b e a dth o f n a s al s a n t e i ly g e at e s t b e a dt h f r or ,
r r o
o r or rr
n asal s p st e i l y 1 3 i nt e o b ital b ea dth ,
p a l at al l en gt h r , ,

r o r or
u p pe m la i f m t o o t h ro w ,

o r o
R e m a r ks C m p a i s n o f t h e P an am a s e i e s a n d S o ut h A m e i can r r
r ro r o o
m ate ia l f m va i u s l cal iti e s in cl u d in g a s p ec i me n f r o m n th e rn ,
or
r r
B az i l a s s um e d t o b e n ea typ i ca l E c ca n cr iv o r uso f C ayenn e . .
,

o o
an d t h e t yp e an d t w o t o p ty p e s f E c p r o t e us f n t h e n C o l . .
'

o or r
o o r
mb i a s h w s th at t h e spec i e s i s e p re s en t ed i n P ana ma by an a p
,

p a re n tly rk
w ell r
ma e d ge o g aph i c rac e T h e cl o s e a gr eem en t i n .

o r r
d ent it i n an d th e m o e e s sen t ia l ch a acte r s h o w eve p in t t o a ,
r o ,

ro r o o o o
p bab l e int e grad a t i n f th e f rm s f th i s g r u p w h i ch may n o w o ,

o
st a n d a s f l l o w s :
vi
E up r o cy o n ca n cr iv o r usca n cr iv o r us( C u e r ) C a y e n n e
i
, .

E up r o cy o n ca n cr iv o r usp r o t e us( A ll e n ) B o n d a C o l o m b a
t zi
.
, ,

E up r o cy o n ca n cr iv o r usb r a si l ie n sis( V O 11 I h e r in g ) S o u h e r n B r a l
t Z
, .

E up r o cy o n ca n cr iv o r usp a n a m e n s isG o l d m a n G a un C a n a l one P an am a , , ,

.

o r
T h e S uth A m e i can a cc o o n cu en tly n wn a s P r o cy o n ca n r rr k o
cr iv o r usw a s pl ace d i n t h e s ub gen us E up r o cy o n b y G ay in 1 864 r
( typ e Ur s usca n cr iv o r usC u vi e ) an d t h i s d iv i s i o n o f th e gen u s h a s
-
r ,

b een acc epte d b y s o m e l at e auth o s Th e t w o s ect i n s f th e genu s r r . o o

r r
d i ff e h o w eve i n ch a ract e s s i mp o tan t t h a t E upr o cy o n s e em s
, ,
r o r
r
en t itl ed t o fu l l gen e ri c ec o gn iti n B e s i d e s t h e ch a acte s p o int ed o . r r
o r
u t by G a y E up r o cy o n i s d i st in gu i sh e d by th e sh rt e m o e u n de d o r ,
r ro
c o n di ti o n o f th e C u sp s i n th e m o l a r i f m t e eth a n d t h e gen e ral o b or
r
l i te ati o n o f t h e rug o s ty se en i n P r o cy o n i
Th i s i s w el l sh o w n in .

r i
t h e up pe r ca n a s s al w h e e th e t ren ch an t c o m m i s s u re f t h e m e d ianr o
o ut er cu sp an d t h e p o ste r int e n al cu sp p e sen t i n P r o cy o n i s o -
r r ,
18 SM I T H S ON IAN M IS CE LL ANE OU S CO L L E C TI ON S VOL . 60

G e n e r al ch a r a c t e r bu t gen er als S i m i la r to A .
p a l l ia t a p a l l ia t a ,

c o l o r p u r e r b l ack ; l e s s s u ff u s ed w it h b r o w n i sh o r r u f o u s e sp e ci ally ,

o n ank s rum p an d p o ste r i o r pa rt o f b ack ; p elage o f f o reh ead

, , ,

an t e r i o r p a rt o f ch e ek s an d ch in in cl n e d b ackw a d and th at o f upp e r i r ,

s i de o f n eck d i rect e d f o r w a d f o m in g a ru ff ab o u t face a s i n A p r ,

r . .

p a l l ia t a ; S k u ll w i th b r o a d b r ain c as e an d n a r r o w p re m o l a r s D i ffe r -
.

r
in g f o m A c o ib e n s is n d ec i d edly l a r g er s z e an d f r o m A p m e r i
.
-

i i . .

k
,

can a i n m u c h d a r e r b o dy c o l o r a s w e ll a s l a ge r s iz e r .

C o l o r Upp e r p a rt s va ry in g f r o m p u r e bl ack t o bl ack n el y an d

.
~

r i
u s ually at h e r n c o n sp i cu o u s ly m i xe d w i th bu ff o ve m o st o f d o r su m -

r ,

i
l eav ng h e a d an d r u mp p u e b lack ; u n d er p art s i n gen e a l th nl y r r i
ha i re d bl ack o r d a rk b r o w n sh b ec o m n g l gh t e r t h r o ugh va ying
,
i ,
i i r
r r
S h ade s f o m b u n t u mb e r o f R i dgw ay t o b r o w ni s h o c h a ce o u s o n r
r
th e l o n g h a i s o ve rh an gi ng l o w e r p a rt o f si des ; C h i n a m s l egs ,
r ,

an d ta i l p u r e gl o s sy bl ack .

S kul l S iz e a n d gen er al f o r m s im l a r t o t ha t o f A p p a l lia t a b u t i . .

,

r
b a in ca s e b r o a de r p o ste r i o rly ; fr o n tal p r o l e i n m ale i s ng m o e -

r i r
ab ru ptly fr o m ro
st ru m ; zyg o m at a u su ally m o r e s ua rely sp rea d n g q i
pos te r i o rly t h e s u pe r i o r b rd e r o f s qu a m o sal o o t m o r e st r o n gly
,
o r
c u rv ed i nw a rd o ve a u d it o ry me atu s ; s up r a o cc i p ital p r o t ub e ance r r
o r
st ut e r m o re p o j ect i ng ; int e rpt e ryg o i d f o s s a b r o a d e r ; a ud it a l b ul l ae
,

r
att e ; p re m o lar s na r o w e r S ku ll d i ffe in g fr o m t h o s e o f A co i r . r .

be n s isan d A p m e x i ca n a i n d ec i d edl y l a rge s i z e

. .
'

r .

M e as ur e m e n ts Typ e : T o ta l l en gt h m ll im et e s ; ta i l v e te
.
,
i r r
b r ae 7 1 5 ; h in d f o o t 1 43 A n a d u lt m al e t o p o typ e ;
,
68 5 ; 1 4
,
.
2 .

A v e rage o f 5 a d ul t f em al e t o p o t y pe s : 6 57
( 60 3 1 40 ( 1 35 S kul l ( typ e ) : G r eate st l en g t h ,

co n d y l o b a s a l l ength zyg o mat i c b e a dth l en g t h o f na sal s

,
r , ,

a nte ri o r w i d th o f na s a l s w dth o f n a s al s at m e d i an c n ,
i o
s t r ict io n 8 ; i nt e r o rb i t al b rea dth
-
pa lat a l l ength m ax lla r y , ,
i
r o
,

to o th ro w w i dt h o f c r o w n o f th i rd u pp e r p rem o la
,
a nt er ,

p o ste ri o r e xten t o f su p ra o cc ip ital p r o tub e r an ce ( m e a su e d f o m r r

l amb d o i d s ut u re )
R e m a r ks M ce t e s a l l ia t usG ay w a s d e s c r ib e d an d gu e d f o m
y p . r -

r r
S p eci m en s supp o s ed t o b e fr o ih C a raca s V en ez u el a a n d th at place h a s -

, ,

be e n rep ubl i sh e d a s th e typ e l o c ali ty f t h e sp ec e s i n s eve ral r e cent

2
o i
l i st s M r S clat e r an d M r A l st o n h o w e ve r h av e S h o w n th at th e 1
.
, ,

k
. .

sp ec im en s r ea lly c am e f o m th e sh o re s an d i sl an d s O f L a e N ic r
a ragua C o mp a ri s o n o f s e rie s o f s pec imen s f r o m va r i o u s l o c al it i es
.

P ro c
1
Z o Ol Soc L on d 1 87 2 p 7
i i tr li i i
. . . .
,
. .
,
2
B o o l g a Ce n a -
A me r ca n a ,
M am m al a, p .
5, 1 879 .
 NO . 2 2 M A M M ALS F R OM PA A A N M A ND M E X I C O GO L A DM N I Q

sh o w st h at A p a l l ia ta o f N ica rag u a ra n ge s s o u th w a rd th r o u gh
t a R i c a a s f ar a s Tal a ma n ca a n d i s r epl ace d in E a s
.

Co s te r n P a n a m a
rm r
,

by t h e fo
h e re d e s c ri ed U n aw ar e o f th e e a l typ e l o cal ity
new b .

o f A p p A a ll i a t a D r
. . l le n in p b l i sh i n g A l o ua t ta a l l ia ta m a t a g a l
.
,
1
u p
er

m
pa? fr o L avala N i ca r ag a re n a ed th e typ i cal f o r
u s in g P an m m u 2

p
, ,

m m um b
,

a a ex a pl es as s ed t o e A p a l l ia t a fo r c o m p ari s o n Fa rth e r . .
-

rh ru b p
.

no t t h i s g o p o f h o w l e r s i s r ep res e n te d y A a l l i a t a m e x i ccma
b
.

111d wh o s e ra n ge app e ar s t o e xte n d fr o T a a s c o M ex ic o s o th ea st w ard m u

r H u r
, ,

t o n o rth e r n a n d ea ste n o n d ra s A [7 m e x i ccm a i s ch a act e r i e d z

b m b
. . .

y s alle r ge n eral s i e a n d y hav i n g m o re z

ffy o ch race o s s f bu u u
r r p b
,

m
g u
f s u
i o n o f p p e pa t s th a n A p a l l ia ta Th e l o n g h a i red l ack - z -

r ur
. . .
,

on h o w l e c r e n tly rec o g n i e d a s A v il l o s a ( z
r ay ) i s a v e ry d i s ti n ct .
.
G
r
sp ec i es a n gi n g fr o m Gu m
a t e al a i n t o t e l o w la n d s o f a pe ch e h Cm
ur
,

h
,

T a a s c o a n d n o rth e r n C iap as M ex i c o w h er e i t o cc s a t th e s am e
b
It i s p
, ,

elev ati o n s a n d p e rh a p s th e s a e l o c al it i e s a s A m
m e x i cama . .

p
.

d i st i n g i sh e d f r o A u m ax im um y l o n g p r e m l ack el ag e a n d
. b u b ,

el o n g ate d atte n e d sk ll u .

I n E a ste n
,

m a n a a h o wl i n g r P m
o n ey s ar e ge n e r ally d i stri ted m k bu
m r
f r o m n ea t h e c o a st s w el l p t o w a r d th e s it s o f t h e h igh e r u umm
mu o n tai n s T h ey o cc r in s all n . u
e s n ea r at n in t h e n o th e r n m umb r G u r
e n d o f t h e Can a1 Z o n e S eve r al p a rt i es w e r e
-

et w i t o n th e o n
. m h mu
r
ta i n s n ea t h e h e adw a t er s o f t h e h ag re s ive r O n e r r o l a C R . C A zu
bu
tr o o p o f a o t tw elv e w a s f o n d in a g o p o f ve r y tal l t r ee s T h e u ru .

r
t o o p i n cl d e d s everal f l l g o w n u al es f e al e s a n d y o un g u r m m . A
r
, ,

u u
ve ry y o n g i n d iv i d a l w a s se e n cl i n gi n g t o t h e l o w e r p a t o f i t s
r b k
m o th e s ac a s s e cl i

ed i n t o t h e t o p o st h mb
a n ch e s al o n g w ith m br
o the r m fe al e s a n d t h e y o n ge a n i al s Th e o ld e r m ale s gave th e u r m .

uu r h
s al r o a w e n s o t s w e r e re d j h
p in g a o t l o o k in g do wn an d um bu ,

h r r
, ,

n
.
s o w i n g s i g n s o f a n ge r ath er t h a n fe a a s th e y ad e n o e ff o r t t o m
p r
,

e sca e T h e s o .call ed h o w l i n g o f t e s e o n k eys w a s h ea d s o o n h m

r r
a ft e d ayl igh t n ea l y eve ry o n in g n o t fa r f r o ca p o n t e mr m m h
C R r C
a sc aj al i ve n ea r e o B j o a n d a t i n terv al s d ri n g th e d ay rr r u u ,
.

r h umm
Nea t e s i t o f t h e i r r i a n ge s d d e n sh o w e rs o f r a i n o fte n P R u
b ur o gh t f o rth d eep t o n e d n o t es d i n g t h e n igh t Th e v o ic e o f t h i s
-
ur .

m m r rb r
a n i al a s i t ev e e at es t h o g t e f o r e st i s w o n der f ll y i p re s ru h h u m ,

bu m b r rb r
,

s ive t se e s ett e des c i e d a s a s e i e s o f de e p gr o w l s ec o i n g b m ,

pr r r
,

c
. a o l o n ge d o a r w h e n g iv e n y s eve al in n i s o n tha n a s h o w l i n g b u ,
.

A u lth o gh t h e h o wl e r ca n p a s s ap id ly t h o gh th e t re e t o p s i t s r ru ,

1
ll A r M s
Bu m e u Nat H i st l p 6 O vo 8 2 4, 70 , ct 1 3, 1 90

D r A ll d i r t s tt ti t h i s r r ( B ll A r M s N H i st
.
. . . .
. .
,
. .

2
en ec a en on to er o u me u at

8 p Apr
.
. . . . . ,

vol . 2 , . 1 1 4, .
30 ,
2 0 S ITH S
M ON I A N M I S E LLA
C N EO US CO LL E C T I S
ON VOL . 60

m m m u
v e e n t s s e e sl ggi s h w e n c o
o h mp
ar e d w it th o s e o f A t e l e so r h
eve n C e b us T h e esh i s e at e n y th e n at i v es
. b t i s l e s s p ri e d t anbu z h
r
,

t h at o f A t e l e sa n d C e bus I t i s c o m m o n ly c t in st r ip s a n d a f te u
b m b
.

mk
e i n g s o e d o ve r a r e ay e k e p t fo r s ev er al d ay s w i t o t s alt hu
in g . A m b
l l o f th e sp e ci e n s o t ai n e d c a i e d n rr um r u
e o s la rge l a v ae o f r
i es m r
a i n l y in t h e sk i n o n th e t h o at w h ich a d d e d ate i ally t o t h ei m r r
pp r r
, ,

h
r ep ug n a n t a ea ra n ce T e s e l a v ae w e r e n o t f o n d o n t h e sp i de
. u
m o n key s t aken in t h e s a m
e v i c i n ity P rh p
e a s th e g eate a ct iv ity
. r r
o f t h e lat te rm rm
ay n o t p e i t th e d ep o s i ti o n o f e g g s .

m
N at iv e n a e m o n o n e g r o
p
.

S e cim n e s e x a m i n e d N i n e a l l f r o m th e typ e l o c al ity

,
.
 SM IT H S O NIA N M S I C E LLAN E O U S C O LL E C T IO NS
V U OL ME 60 , N U M BE R 23

IHo bg
'

ktn sji n n b

THE I N F L UE N C E O F T H E A T M O S PH E R E
O N OUR H E A LT H A N D C O M F O R T I N
C O N F I N E D A N D C RO WD E D PL A C ES

BY

L E O NA R D H I LL MA TI N FLA CK JA M S M
R E c l NT O S H

O W LA N S H W A LK
, ,

R . A R D ,
. B . E R

( F
ro m th e P h y si l gi l L t y f h d H spi t l
o o ca a b o ra o r o t e Lo n on o a Me di l
ca C o IIe g e )
.

( PU BL I C TI
A ON 2 1 70 )

C IT Y OF WAS H I NG T O N
PU B LISH E D B Y T HE S M IT H S O N I A N I NS TIT UTI O N

19 13
 '

s
B or b Qa l ti m or e (Dr e s
B A L T I M OR E
, MD
. U sA
, . . .
 S ITH S
M ON I A N M I CES LLA N EO US CO LL EC T I S ON VO L . 60

E v e ry on h u
e t h i n k s t at h e s ffe rs in a n i l l v e n t i l at e d o o m o w i n g t o -

r
so me cha n ge in t h e ch e i c al m qu
ali t y o f th e ai r e i t w a n t o f o xyge n ,
b ,

o r exce s s o f c a rb
o n d io x i d e h
t e ad d it i o n o f s o e ex al e d o rga n i c
, m h
u
p o i s o n o r t h e d e st r ct i o n o f s o e s tl e p r o p e ty o f th e a i r y i t s
,
m ub r b
p a s s age o v e r ste a m
co i l s o r o t h e ,
rh
e at i n g o r co n d uct in g app a at s '

r u .

h r z
W e e a o f d evi t al i e d o r d e a d a i a n d t i n n e d o r p o t
r
r h b
te d a i o f t e at tl e s h i p T he go o d e ff e ct s o f o p e n ai r t e at e n t
.
-
r m ,

o f s e a an d mu o n t ai n ai r
are n o l e s s ge n e ral ly as c ri e d t o t e c e i
,
b h hm
ca l p ur i ty o f t h e aim r W e a i n ta i n t h at th e h e alt h giv i n g p o p e t i e s
.
-

r r
mr m r ur
a re p ri a i l y t h o s e o f t e pe at e l i gh tm m o ve ent , a n d r el a t iv e ,

r um mb
,

m u o i st re o f th e c i c m a i e n t at o s p h e r e a n d l e av i n g o n o n e s i de , ,

hm mpu
t h o se g r o s s c e i c al i
.
m
rit i e s w h i ch a ri s e in i n e s a n d in s o m e
m u u h h r hm
a n f act ri n g p r o c e s s e s t at t e alte at i o n s in c e i c al c o m p o s i
,

bu
t i o n o f t h e ai r in h r hr
i l d i n g s w e re p e o pl e c o w d t o get e a n d s ff e r u
m h
f r o t e e ffect s o f i l l v e n t il at i o n h av e n o th i n g t o d o w it h t h e ca s a ,
u
h
t i o n o f t e s e e ff e cts .

h m
S at i s e d w it t h e u
a i n t e n a n c e o f a s pec i o s st a n d a rd o f c e ic al hm
u h ub
p ri ty t e p
, qu h
l i c h as ac i e s ce d in t e el ev at i o n o f s ky s c rap e rs -

h r bu
a n d t e s i n ki n g o f c av e n o us p l ac e s o f s i n e s s M a n y h av e t s . hu
b m m r k
e c o e c av e dw e ll e r s c o n n e d f o r o st o f t h e i w a i n g a n d s l eep
-

in g hu o rs in w i n dl e s s pl ace s a rt i c i al l y l ighte d m o n o t o n o sly , ,

-

u
-

m
w ar ed h
. T e su b h h bu
un i s c t o ff y t e s ad o w o f tal l il d i n gs a n d y b
m
s o ke t h e s zr h r r
un t h e e n e rg i e o f t e w o l d t h e g iv e o f al l t h i n g s ,

br r
,

w h i ch b
i n g jo y t o th e h e a t o f m a n th e tt i n g O j ect o f w o r sh i p ,

r
o f o ur f o e f ath e rs .

h h r h
T e v e n t i lat i n g a n d e at i n g e n g i n e e h it h e r t o a s f o l l o w e d a
r u h m b b
g e at i l l s i o n in t h i n ki n g t at th e a i n o j ect s t o e att a i n e d in o ur
bu
dw el l i n gs a n d pl ace s o f m u h
s i n e s s a re c h e i c al p r i ty o f t e a i r a n d a
u n i fo r m ,
umm m
d r a ug h t l e s ss ur ,
e r t e p e r at e .

L i f e i s t h e re ac ti o n o f th e l iv i n g s st a n c e t o t e c e a s el e s s pl ay
ub h
m
o f th e e n v i r o n r rm r
e n t B i o t i c e n e rgy a i s e s f o t h e t a n s f o r at i o n
. m
h hr m
o f t o se o t e h
f o r s o f e n e rgy h e at l ig t s o un d et c w h ic h e at , , , . b
u p o n t h e mt r a n s fo r ub
e r t h e hul iv
,
i n g s st a n c e T s w h e n al l t e .
,
h
u r r u m
ave n e s o f s e n se a e cl o se d th e ce n t r a l n e v o ssy ste i s n o l o n ge r
m pr
a r o se d a n d c o n s c i o s n e s s l ap s e s L a r a B ri dge a n a aly e d in
,

u u u .
,
z
m u h r r
al o s t al l h e r av e n e s o f s e n s e f el l a sl e ep w e n ev e h e re ai n i n g ,
m
e ye w a s cl o se d Th e p at i e n t w h o l o s
. b r hb t o n e la y int y d i se a se an d ,

u ur b r
t o e s c ap e n en d h h h rrm b
a l e v e t i g o a d t e o t e e o v e d y o pe rati o n
, ,

qu u b
w as i t e u m m
n a l e to g i d e h i s z o ve e n t o r re al i e h i s p o s it i o n i n
h r R
t e da k . r mbi s in g f o h h e d o n e n ig t e c o l lap s e d o n th e o o a n d ,
r
m h u r r
re ai n e d t e re h el pl e s s t i ll s cc o a r i ve d .
 NO . 2 3 IN F LU E N CE OF AT SP H ERE M O ON HE A LT H 3

S he r ri n
g t o n p o i n t s o ut th at a s e n s e o ga n th e rec ept o r app a ra s r tu
i s n o t st i mu u
l ate d n l e s s t h e re i s a ch a n ge o f r at e in t h e t r a n s f e r
w
c
g
- e n c e o f e n e rgy ; a n d t at a c h a n ge o f r at e t o e e ffe ct al h st ,
b u ,
mu
b qu
w

o cc r in u m
o st c as e s w ith c o n s i d e ra l e

ick n e s s ; o the rw i s e t h e re
is a m u r
e r e n p e ce iv e d s h i f t in t h e s ta t i o n a ry e i l i ri which q u b um
fo rm r z
s th e e st i n g e r o o f t h e se n s al ap p a r at s u
B o t h f o r se n s a u .

u
t i o n a n d f o r re e x act i o n a f n ct i o n in t h e t h re s h o l d v al e o f st i
. u m
ies
uu m
l s i s t i e as w e ll a s i n t e n si ty a n d qu
a n t ity I f a w e ak age n t i s t o .

mu
st i l at e i t s app l i c ati o n st e a r p t mu b b u .

b
,

ive
u b m
T h s t h e sl o w ch a n ge s o f a r o et ri c p re s s r e o n t h e o dy s r f ac e u u
ide
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A
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,
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u
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qu
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Sil
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ti e a n at ral w o o l v e st f a d e s aw ay a n d isn o l o n ge r n o t ice d

cal
u
w ith c o n t i n e d w e a r T h o a s a B ec e t s o o n . m
s t h av e e c o e k mu b m
ers b
o l iv i o s t o h ish a i r s h i rt a n d i t s h a r i n ge rs I t i s n o t th e w i n d
u b .

w h ic h G o d t e p e r s t o th e s h o r n l a mm t t h e s ki n o f t h e l a to b bu,
mb
the i n d W .

hr m
T e e st re a s c o n st a n tly f r o t e o dy t h r o gh t e sk i n a c r m h b u h u
re n t o f t e al e n e rgy h rm mu
c h a o v e t h e t h r e s h o l d v al e o f st i b li u mu
m
fo r w a r t h s e n s ati o n s ; ye t t h i s c r re n t ev o k e s n de o d i n a ry u u r r
ci rc um st a n ce s mo s e n s at i o n I t i s t h e st at i o n a ry c o n d it i o n t h e
.
,

f act t h at t h e t ra n s fe re n c e o f e n e rgy c o n t i n e s at c o n st a n t s p ee d u ,

w h ich m
ake s i t n p e rce iv e d u
T h e i n o w o f se n s at i o n s ke ep s s
. u
act iv e a n d al ive a n d al l t h e o rga n sw o rki n g in t h e i r app o i n t e d
,

u
f n ct i o n s T h o s e f r o . m
t h e g re at c t a n e o s el d a re o f t h e h igh e s t u u
m
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. b
b
act o n t h e ski n a n d race p th e o dy T h e ch a n gi n g p l ay o f w i n d u b .
,

o f l i gh t o f co l d a n d w a r
,
t h st i m
l at e t h e a ct ivi t y a n d e alt h o f
, mu h
m b
i n d a n d o dy M o n o t o n y o f o cc p at i o n a n d e xte r n al c o n dit i o n s
. u
fo r l o n g h o ur
s de st r o y v i g o r a n d h app i n e s s a n d ri n g a o t t h e .
b bu
h u b
atr o p y o f d i s s e D a ily o s e rv at i o n s h o w s s t at a d ray a n n avv y u h m ,

a n ca n l i v e in L o n d o n o r a n y o th e r i g c i ty st r o n g a n d b
,
.

o r p o l i ce m
u
vigo r o s a n d n o l e s s s,
o th a n in t h e c o n t ry : t h e rai n w o rke t o o u b r , ,

ca n k hm p
ee p i se l f e r f ectl y t i f h i s h o rs o f s e d e n t a ry e p l o y e n t u m m
b
are n o t t o o l o n g a n d h e al a n ce s t h e s e y o pe n a i r ex e rci s e T h e b .

h o se s s t a l e d w o rke d a n d f e d in L o n d o n a re as n e a s a n y in t e
r b , ,
h
r r u r
w o l d : eg l a O p e n a i r ex e rc i se a n d p ro pe f e e d i n g a n d h o s i n g
-

r u
u
e n s re th e he al th a n d t n e s s o f a o r s e a n d n o l e s s O f a m a n h ,
.
4 S ITH
M SON I A N M I CES LL A N EO US CO LL EC T I S ON VO L . 60

Th e h a rdy m e n o f t h e n o rt h w e re ev o lv e d t o s t a n d t e v ag a i es h r
o f cl i m m
at e c o l d a n d w a r t h a s t a rve d o r f l l ell y h av e e e n th e i r u b b
u b
,

h
,

c a n gi n g l o t T h e f l l elly a n d t he w a r s
. un h av e exp a n d e d th e m m -

in l a y c o z m
f o rt ; t h e c o l d a n d th e st a rv at i o n h av e rac e d t h e t o b m
act i o n z
M o de r n c iv il i at i o n h a s w i t h d r aw n m a n y o f s f r o
. the u m
u
st r ggl e w i t h th e ri g o r s o f n at re ; w e s ee k f o r a n d o stly o t ai n u m b
m r u b
th e c o f o t o f a f ll elly a n d exp a n d al l t h e t i e in t h e w a m rm
m
at o s r u b
p h e re a ff o de d s y cl o t he s w i n d p ro t e cte d dw ell i n g s a n d ,
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a rt ic i a l h e at p a rti c l a rl y s u
o in t h e w i n t e r w h e n th e e alth o f t e ,
h h
bu s i n e s s m a n d ete ri o at e s r .

C
o l d i s n o t co m b
f o rt a l e n e i t e i s h n ge r ; t h e e f o re w e a re l ed,
hr u r
t o asc ri e b m
a n y o f o ur i ll s t o exp o s re t o c o l d a n d s e ek t o a e u ,
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b raci n g e ffe ct o f c o l d i s o f s p re e i p o rt a n c e t o eal t h a n d u m m h
b m
h app i n e s s ; w e e c o e s o f t a n d a y a n d l es s e s i st a n t t o t e bb r h
b
att ack s o f i n f ect i n g a ct e ri a in t e w i n t e n o t ec a s e o f t h e c o l d h r b u ,

bu u
t be ca s e o f o ur exc e s s i v e p re ca t i o n s t o p re s e rv e o rs el v e s f r o u u m
m u
c o l d ; th e p ri e c a se o f c o l d o r ch il l i s n o t re al ly ex o s re t o p u
co l d ,
bu u
t e xpo s re t o t h e o v e r h e at e d a n d c o n n e d a i r o f r o o s f ac m ,

t o ri e s a n d e et i n g pl a ce s
,
m -

hu
S ev e n n d re d a n d el eve n s v iv o rs w e e s av e d f o t e T i t a n ic ur r rm h
r u p u
a f te h o r s o f ex o s re t o c o l d M a n y w e e i n s f c i e n tl y cl a d a n d . r u
hr
o t e s w e r e w et t o t h e s ki n n ly o n e d i e d a ft e e ac i n g t e . O r r h h
p
C a r a t h ia a n d h e t re e h o u rs a ft e r e i n g p i cke d up h T o s e w ho b h .

act al c o o l i n g o f t e o d y E xp o s re t o c o l d
rm h b
,

d i e d pe ri sh e d f o u u .

u
d i d n o t c a s e in t h e s v iv o r s t h e d i s e a se s c o ur o n l y at t i te d t o mm r bu
co l d .

Co n d i ti o n s o f c it y a n d f act o ry l i f e d i i n i s h t h e p hy s ic al a n d m
n e r vo u
s e n e rgy a n d re d c e a n y f ro u
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r h
,

b
pe f e ct n e s s o f o d i ly f n ct i o n s w h i c a w il d a n i al p o s u sess es to a m
m o r e s e c re u bu
t p o o re r a n d f a l e s s ap py f o o f exi ste n c e T e r h ,
rm . h m
r r
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i ll ch o se n d i et t e o n o t o n y a n d s e de n t a y n at re o f d a i ly w o k
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,
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t h e w i n dl e s s n i f o u rm ity o f at o s ph e re a o v e al l th e n egle ct o f m b ,

u mu u r ur
,

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w i n d s a n d l i gh t o f h e av e n al l t e s e t o get e w i t th e d i f c lti es h ,
hr h u eil
in t h e w ay o f l i v i n g a n o rm a l s ex al l i f e g o t o m h
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g

u n d ev el o p e d ne u
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n n at ral .

u u
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u b m k mu
o l d s t h e c ri

m h
i n al a n d t e -

r h
w ast el Th e e n v i r o nm e n t o f ch il d o o d a n d y o t h i s at f a l t at e
. u u r hr
k
th a n th e st o ck ; th e ch i l d re n w h o a re t a e n aw ay a n d t r a i n e d t o e b
u u ur u
s ail o rs t h o s e s e n t t o ag ri c l t ral p s i t s in t e o l o n ie s th o se w h o
, h C ,
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6 S ITH S
M ON I A N M I CE S LLA N EO US CO LL EC T I S ON VO L . 60

aga i n s t 1 40 l it e rs a n d c c w il e d o i n g v e ry a d l a o r T he
. h hr b .

c al l o f t e h mu m r
scl e s i s f o r o e o xyge n a n d t h e i r w a ste p r o d ct s u
rm hr
,

sti mu l at e t h e f o m
at i o n o f h ae o gl o i n a n d in o t e n o t f l ly de n ed b ,
u
w ay s i n e n c e t e u h m b m
et a o l i s .

E xp o s e t o c o l d c o l d at s a n d c o l d w i n d s h as a l ik e e ff ect
ur b h , ,

r h h r u
,

h
accel e at i n g t h e ea rt a n d i n c rea s i n g t e e at p o d ct i o n th e act iv ity ,

o f the mu h um r
u u
s cl e s t h e o tp t o f e n e r gy t e p l o n a y v e n t il at i o n a n d
, , ,

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t e i n t ak e o f o xyge n a n d f o o d I n c o n t ast w it h t h e s o ft p o t el l i e d
.
,
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r h r r
o v e f e d c ity m a n t e h a d w i y sh e r,
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a n t a i n e d t o e n d ra n c e h as
,

no s u u H b
up e r uit y o f f at o r t i s s e i d um h
i s lo o d vo l h e a s a h ig .
.

u r h m b
rel at iv e v al e in p o p o rt i o n t o t e a s s o f h i s o d y H u i s s p e rc i al .

b
v e i n s a re c o n n e d u mu
et w e e n a t a t sk i n a n d r scl e s h a d a s in a
r h -

h u h qu u u
ace o rs e t r a i n e d t o p e r f ect i o n T s t e a de a cy o f th e c t a n e o s
.

ru b r r b
c i c l at i o n a n d l o s s o f h e at y adi at i o n at h e r t h a n y sw e at i n g
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expo s re t o c o l d I n h i l es s l o o d i s c o n t a i n e d in a d i p o s
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k
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is m o re H u u h
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e se s p t e o x yge n in t h e a rte i al l o o d
. la
m h
o re c o m pl et el y a n d w it h u u
g re at e r e f ci e n cy ; f o r t e o tp t o f e ach
u h
n i t o f e n e rg y r h u mu h
i s h e a t a s t o c i rc l at e b r h
c l e s s lo o d ( K o g )
b u um b
h i s l o o d i s s e n t in f l l v o l b h
e y t h e w ell al a n c e d a ct iv ity o f i s -

v a so m r -
o to m m O
sy ste t o th e o v i n g p a rt s w i n g t o t h e p e r f e ct c o .

r mu
O d i n at i o n o f h i s r
scl e s t ra i n e d t o t h e w o k a n d t h e e f c i e n t act i o n
, ,

u u
o f h i s ski n a n d c t a n e o u h r r b
s c i rc l at i o n t e ad i at o o f t h e o dy h e ill

rm
p e r fo rk
s t he wo m u
w it h f a r g re at e r ec o n o y a n d l e s s f atig e The .

u m b
n t ra i n e d m a n h u u r
ay o t a i n 1 2 p e r ce n t o f i s e n e rgy o t p t as w o k , Ell

r r b b
aga i n st 3 0 p e c e n t o r p e rh ap s ev e n 50 p e c e n t o t a i n e d y t h e .

H
t r ai n e d ath l ete h .ur u
e n c e t e f a il e a n d r i s k s ffe re d b y t h e c it y m a n
w ho ru r h mh
sh e s st ai g t f r o mb A
i s o f c e t o cl i h
t h e lp s O n th e o t e r -

h a n d t h e e n e rget i c m a n o f
,
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ai n w o rk e r i s k ep t y i s
r u
w o rk in a st at e o f n e v o s t e n s i o n r
H e c o n s i d e rs alt e n ativ e l i n e s
.

o f act i o nbu r H m
t s c a cel y m o ve s bu h
e ay b e i n t e n s el y exc it e d
. t t e ,

u r mu u
,

n at al H
sc l a r re sp o n s e d o e s n o t f o l l o w i s h ea rt i s acc el e rate d .

an d hi s b pr ulo o d es -

h mu u r m m
s re r ai s e d b ut n e i t e r ,
sc l a o ve en t s an d , C
l

m h
ac c o p a n y i n g c a n ge s o f p o s u h r um
t re n o r t e re sp i rat o y p p ,

m h u h b m
at e ri all y ai d t e c i rc l at i o n T h e ac t iv i ty o f i s ra i n d e a n d s a
.

b h h h u r
rap i d o w o f l o o d a n d i s e art a s t o d o t h e c i rc l at o y w o r k a s
, ,

h u
h e s i t s st il l o r s ta n ds at i s d e sk ag ai n st t h e i n e n c e o f g rav ity ,
.

H h hb u m m
e n c e a i g l o o d p re s s re i s a i n t ai n e d fo r l o n g p e ri o d s a t a t i e
-

b h r r h r b
y v a s o c o n st ri ct i o n o f t e a te i e s in t e l o w e p a rt s o f t h e o dy a n d
-

h H
i n c rea s e d act i o n o f th e e a rt . r
e n c e p e rh ap s a r i s e t h o s e dege n e a , ,
NO . 2 3 IN F LU E N CE OF A T SP H ER E
M O ON HE A LT H 7

t i v e ch a n ge s in t h e ci rc l at o r y sy ste u
w h ic h a ffe ct s o e m e n t i rel e s sm m
in the i r m
e n t al a ct iv ity W e k n o w t h a t t h e e n ch w o r k e r w h o
. b -

st a n d s o n o n e l e g f o r l o n g h o rs a d ay ay s ffe r f ro u dege n e ra ,
m u m
t i o n a n d v a ri c o s ity o f t h e v e i n s in t h a t l eg L o n g c o n i n e d h igh .
-

t u , ,

r r u
a t e r i al p e ss re w i th sy st o l i c a n d d i a st o l i c p re s s re s ap p r o x i at ely
,
u m
m
th e s a e e n t ai l s a st retch e d a rt e ri al w al l a n d t h i s
,
s t i p e d e th e ,
mu m
u
c i rc l ati o n in th e v as o v as o rum
th e o w o f t i s s e ly ph in a n d , u m
u
n t rit i o n o f t h e w al l S i n ce h i s s e d e n t a ry o c c p at i o n r ed c e sth e
, . u u -

m b m
et a o l i s a n d h e at p r o d ct i o n o f i s b o dy v e ry gre at ly th eu h si ,
bu
n e s s m a n re qu
i re s a w a r e at o s mr m
p h e re t o w o rk in I f t h e at o s . m
p h e re i s to o w a r m
it re d c e s h i s u m b
et a o l i s a n d p l o n a ry v e n t i l a m um
t i o n st il l f rt h e r ; t h s h e w o rk s in a v i c i o s c i rcl e E xh a st i n g w o rk
u u u . u
u
ca s e s th e c o n s um r
pt i o n o f c e t ai n a ct iv e p ri n ci pl e s f o r exa pl e ,
m ,

ad re n al i n a n d th e repa r at i o n o f t h e s e s t e f ro t h e fo o d T o mu b m -

qu r
,

ac i e c e rt ai n o f th e ra re r p ri n c ipl e s exp e n d e d in t h e a n i f es t at i o n -

m
o f n e rv o u m
s e n e rgy o r e f o o d a y h av e t o e e at e n y t h e s e d e n t a ry m b b
w o rke t h a n ca n r b
e d ige st e d a n d et a o l i e d m b z
i s d i ge st iv e o rga n s . H
m
l ack t h e k n e a d i n g a n d as s age t h e rap i d c i rc l at i o n a n d o x i dat i o n u
b mu u H
,

u
o f f o o d st ffs w h ic h a re giv e n y sc l a r ex e rc i se e n c e a ri s e .

m b m mm
th e d i ge st iv e a n d et a o l i c a il e n t s s b o co o n to ra i n w o rk e rs .

Mr Rb m u
o e rt M il n e i n f o r
. u
s s t h at o f t h e t h o s a n d s o f ch i l d re n
u Hm
w h o h ave p as s e d t h r o gh B a r n a r d o s o e s t h e r e a re

in
m m u
th e h o e s at a n y o n e t i e n o t o n e a f te r e n t e ri n g th e i n st it t i o n
an d passin g u m
n d e r it s regi e n a n d t h e c a re o f h i s f ath e r D r M i l n e ,
.
,

qu
ha s d evel o p e d a pp e n d i c it i s D a il y e xe rc i s e a n d pl ay a de at e re st
.
, ,

an d a r u r m u mmu
e g l a s i pl e d i et h av e e n s re d t h e i r i n ity t o t h i s in f e c

t i o n I t p ay s t o ke ep a h o rse h e alt h y a n d e f c i e n t ; i t n o l e s s p ay s
.

t o k e e p m e n h e alt h y One o f s ( L . u
) r ece n tly i n v e st i gat e d t h e . H .

m
ca s e o f cl e rk s e p l o ye d in a g re at pl ace o f s i n e ss w h o s e w o rk i n g bu ,

u m
h o rs a re f r o 9 t o 6 o n t h re e d ay s a n d 7 t o 9 o n th e o th e r t h re e ,
.

days o f e ac h w eek a n d w o rki n g s c h o v e rt i e th ey

, ,
u
ak e f r o m ,
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$ 5 t o $ 1 0 a w e ek T h e s e cl e.rk s w o rk e d i n a c o n n e d sp ac e f o rty

t o fty o f t h e in m ub
c i c f ee t l i ght e d y th i rt y el ect ri c l a p s ,
b m ,

m
c ra p e d f o r r o o m
a n d o v e rh ea t e d in w a r
,
s e r d ay s I t i s n o t m umm .

m u
w ith th e ch e i cal p rit y o f th e a i r o f s ch a n o f c e t h at f a lt i s t o u u
b u
e f o n d f o r f a n s a n d l a rge o p e n i n gs e n s e d th i s s fc i e n tl y
,
ur u .

Th e s e cl e rk s s ffe re d f r o u t h ei r l o n g h o r s o f m o n o to n o s an d u m u
u ,
m
se d e n t a ry o cc p at i o n a n d f r o t h e a r t iE ia l l i gh t a n d t h e w i n dle s s , ,

o ve rw a r m a n d o is m m
t at o sp h e re M a n y a gi rl c a sh i e r h a s w o rke d .

f ro 8 t o m a n d o n S at rd ay s f r o u
8 t o 1 0 a n d th e n h a sh a d t o m ,

b b
al a n c e h e r o o k s a n d l e av e pe rh ap s a ft e r i d n ight o n S un d a v m
8 S ITHS
M ON I A N M I CES LL A N EO US CO LL EC T I S ON VO L . 60

mr o n n . A
i g ( Th e S h o p ct h a s giv e n a l i ttl e rel i e f t o t h e s e o r s ) hu .

Her o f c e i s aw ay i n th e b
ackg r o n d co n n e d w i n dl e s s a rt i ci al ly u , ,

u
l i gh t e d W h at i s th e s e o f t h e S t ate sp e n d i n g a ill i o n a ye a r o n
. m
ub u
s a n at o ri a a n d t e rc l i n d i sp e n s a r i e s w h e n th o se v e ry c o n dit i o n s o f ,

u
w o rk c o n t i n e w h ic h l e s s e n th e i mmu
n i ty a n d i n c re a s e t h e i n f ect i o n

o f t h e w o rk e rs ?

I s o l at i o n h o sp it al s sp t p o t s a n d a n t i sp itt i n g e g l at i o n s w i ll
,
u um -

,
-

r u
n o t st a m ub u
p o ut t e rc l o s i s S ch e a n s a r e l i ke sh tt i n g t h e d o o r o f
. u m u
b
th e s ta l e w h e n t h e h o rs e as e sc a p e d h
F l ii g g e h as s h o w n t h at .

ub b
t e rcl e aci ll i a re sp re a d y t h e d r o pl et s o f s al iv a w h i c a r e sp re a d b h
u
y a r ds a r o n d a s a n i n v i s i l e sp ray w h e n w e sp e ak s i n g c o gh b , ,
u ,

sn e e e S p t z . u um
p o t s c a n n o t c o n t r o l t h i s Th e s al iv a o f i n ci p i e n t
-

m m
c as e s o f p ht h i s i s ay t ee w i th t h e ac il l i T h e t e rc l i n re act i o n b . ub u
t e st s c a r ri e d o ut y a b H mbu
rge r a n d M o n t i in V i e n n a s h o w t h at 94
r
p e r c e n t o f al l ch il d e n age d el eve n t o f o urt ee n h av e e e n i n f e ct e d b
ub m
w i t h t e rcl e I n o s t t h e i n f ect i o n i s a e re te p o ra ry i n d i sp o s i
. m m
b
t i o n W e el i ev e th at t h e c o n d it i o n s o f exh a st i n g w o rk a n d a
. se u mu
m e n t in c o n n e d a n d o v e rh e at e d at o s ph e re s t o g et e w it h i ll m ,
hr
u m
reg l ate d f e e di n g det e r i n e l a rgel y w h et h e r t h e i n f ect i o n w h i c h ,

b m
,

m
al o s t n o n e ca n e scap e ec o e s s e r i o s o r n o t K a rl e a rs o n s g
, u . P u
ge st s th at t h e d eat h st at i st i c s a ff o r d n o p r o o f o f t h e t i l ity o f s a n a u
ub u
t o ri a o r t e rc l i n di sp e n s a r i e s f o r d ri n g t h e v e ry ye a r s in w i c u h h
rm
,

u m b
s c h t re at e n t h a s ee n in v o g e t h e f al l in t h e o r t al ity f o u ,
m
ub u b m
t e rc l o s i s h a s ec o e l e s s r el at ivel y t o t h e f al l in ge n e ral m o r
t al i ty . H
e o p i n e s t h at t h e rac e i s g ra d al ly ec o i n g i n e to u b m mmu
ub
t e rcl e a n d h e n ce t h e d e cl i n at i o n in th e o rt al i ty c v e i s b e co m m ur
prmu
,

in g att e n e d o ut t at n at re i s h u
a a o n t a s t e d et e r i n a n t o f h m
ub u
t e rc l o s i s n o t n rt r e Fr o
,
u u m
a st a t i st i cal i n i ry i n t o t h e i n c i
. qu
ub u
d e n c e o f t e rc l o si s in h s a n d a n d w i f e a n d p a e n t a n d ch il d ub r ,

P u
e a rs o n c o n cl de s t h at ex p o s re t o i n f e ct i o n as in u
a r ri e d c o pl e s m u
m
i s o f l ittl e i p o rt a n ce w i l e i n o n i h b r mmu
n it y o r d i at h e s i s i s a c h i e f

A m r qu
,

m
d et e r i n a n t u
d itt i n g th e v al e o f h i s c it ic al e n i ri e s a n d th e
.

m h
i p o rta n c e o f d i at e s i s w e w o l d p o i n t o ut t h at in th e la st f ew
,
u
u
ye a rs th e r sh a n d ex ci te e n t o f o d e r n ci ty l i f e h a s i n c re a s e d m m ,

m
t o get h e r w ith t h e c o n n e e n t o f w o rke r s t o s e d e n t a ry o cc p at i o n s u
in a rt i ci all y l i ght e d w a rm m
w i n dl e s s at o sp h e re s Th e s a e c o n
, , . m
d it io n spe rta i n t o p l a c e s o f a mu m
se e n t e at i n g h o s e s t e r a i lw ay s ,
-

u ,
ub ,

et c . C
e n t ral h e at i n g ga s r ad iat o rs a n d o th e r c o n t r iva n ce sa re n o w
,
-

h
d i sp l ac i n g t e o l d o p e n re a n d ch i n ey T h i s c h a n ge g re atly im m .

p r o v e s th e ec o n o i c al c o n s m um
pt i o n O f c o al a n d th e l igh t a n d cl e a n l i
n e s s o f th e at o sp h e r e m
B t in s o f a r a s i t p ro
. o tes u
o n o to n o s m m u ,
IO S ITH S
M ON I A N M S LLA
I CE N EO US CO LL EC T I S ON VO L . 60

Dr . W akee l d a s sl ep t w i t f o h h ur
o th e r t av el e r s i n a s h a n ty w ith r
r m h
f at h e , o t e r an d te n c h i l d en I n s o e t h e re i s s c arc e o o r on . m r m
h r
t e o o t o l i e do w n h
T e s h a n t i e s a r e e at e d w i t h a st o v e o n
. h
b
w h i c h p o t s o il al l t h e t i e ; w at e r m
n s d o w n th e w i n d o w s ru The .

r r
pat i e n t s a e i g n o a n t a n d sp i t ev e yw e e o n e d o o r a n d w all s
,
r hr b , ,
.

h h
,

I n th e s c o o l s th e e at a n d s el l a r e o st m m m
a rk e d t o o n e c o i n g in m
rm
f o t h e o ut s i de a i I n o n e sc o o l 5 0 c r . h ub
i c f e et e c i l d i s t h e pr h
h r
al l o w a n ce o f sp ac e T h e c i l d e n a re e at i n g al l d ay l o n g a n d a re
.

rm
,

kept in cl o s e h o t c o n n e e n t T h e y s ffe r v e ry a dly f o

,
m u b
d ecay
.

h
o f t e t e et h h m
W o l e f a il i e s a re s w ep t o ff w it h t e rc l o s i s a n d
. ub u ,

h
th e c i l d w h o le av e s h o e e a l y m r m
ay e sc ap e w i l e th e e st o f a
. h ,
r
m
f a il y d i e . H
e re t h e n w e h av e p e o p l e l i vi n g in t h e w i l de st a n d
,

h u hr
,

u
l e a s t p o p l at e d o f l a n d s w it h t e p re st at m o sp e e s ff e ri n g f r o
, ,
u m
r u
al l th o s e i ll e s lt s w h ich a r e f o un d in t h e w o rst c ity sl
'

s t e r um ub
c ul o s , b b
is e r i e ri a n d dec ay e d t e et h
,
.

b bb
T h e a d d i e t p ro a ly i p el s t h e p e o pl e t o c o n s e rv e t h e i m o dy rb
h e at a n d l i v e in th e o ve rw a r c o n n e d at o sp h e e j s t a s o ur m m r ,
u
h r
,

h
pige o n s f e d o n w it e r ea d s it w it h t e i f eat he rs o ut b d dl ed , ,
hu
hr r m
t o get e t o k e e p e ac h o th e w a r .

h m b m u r u
T e e t a o l i s c i rc l ati o n e sp i r at i o n a n d ex p a n s i o n o f th e l n g
, , ,

r u h rm m
a re al l e d ce d T e w a m . o i st at o sp h e r e l e s s e n s t h e ev ap o ra
,

m h
t i o n f ro hr r u
t e re sp i rat o ry t ract a n d t e e f o r e t h e t a n s d at i o n o f ,

u m h h um
t i s s e ly p a n d act iv i ty o f t h e c i l i at e d ep it el i T h e un e x .

p a n dpe d art su o f th e l n g a re nbo t sw ep t w it h l o o d E ve ryt h i n g .

m b h h
f av o rs a l o dg e n t o f t h e a c i ll i a n d l es s e n s t h e de f e n ce s o n w i c ,

immu mu
n ity dep e n d s I n th e mmuo th t o o
. the i n e p r o p e rt i e s o f t h e , ,

u z b u
s al iv a a r e n e t ral i e d y th e c o n t i n al p re s e n c e o f f o o d a n d t h e ,

m u m uh r
t e pe r at re o f th e o t i s ke p t at a h igh e r l ev el w h i ch f av o s ,

act e i a l g o w t h L i e t e n a n t S e i n ( N o w egi a n n av y ) i n f o r s s
b r r u r . m u
r b m b
th at r ec e n tl y in n o t h e r n N o rw ay th e re h a s ee n t h e s a e n o t a le
r ub u
i n c e a s e in t e rc l o s i s Th e o l d c o tt age repl ace s w i th w i de
.

hm b h Am
c i n ey s h ave e e n r ep l ace d w it mre ri c a n st o v e s I n f o r e d ays .

m h
o st o f the u m r rm
e at w e n t p t h e ch i n ey a n d t h e p e o pl e w e e w a ed
b r h h r m mm h
,

y ad i a n t e at N o w t e o o . u i s h e at e d t o a n i f o r o i st e at .

u m u
Th e N o r w egi a n s n a il p t h e w i n d o w s a n d n ev e r o p e n t h e d ri n g
r A
th e w i n t e . t L o f o t e n th e g re at s i n g ce n t e r o il
h m rb ,
o to o ats ,
-

h b r b
h av e r epl ace d t e o l d o pe n s a il i n g o at s a n d o w o at s Th e .

b m b r r r
c a i n in th e o t o r o at i s v e y c o n n e d c o v e e d in w ith a w at e t ight
-

b r z
dec k h eat e d y th e e n g i n e c o w d e d w it h a d o e n w o rk e rs W h e n
, ,
.

rb
in h a o r th e s rm u u u
h e e n s e d t o o cc py i ll t t e d s h a n t i e s t h r o gh -

h h h b r
w i c t e w i n d l ew f re ely ; n o w t o s av e e n t t h ey sl e ep in th e , ,
NO . 2 3 IN F LU E N CE OF AT SP H ER EM O ON HE A LT H II

m o b
t o r o at c a i n s
-
b . H
e r e aga i n w e av e a s s iv e i n f ecti o n a n d t e
, ,
h m ,
h
u
re d ct i o n o f t h e d e f e n s ive e ch a n i s s y th e i n e n c e o f t h e w a r m m b u m ,

m o i s t at o sph e re m .

T h e N o rw egi a n sh e r e n f e e d o n ro w n re a d o i l e d sh s alt m b b b
r b
, ,

mu tt o n a n d m
arg a ri n e a n d d i n k w h e n in o n ey ee r a n d ,
m ,

sch n app s ; t h e re i s n o g r o s s d eci e n cy in d iet a s in L a ra d o r a n d b

, ,

b b r u
,

e ri e ri d o e s n o t att ack t h e T h ey et r n h o e t o th e i r v il l age s m . m

a n d l o n gsh o re sh i n g w e n t he s e a s o n i s o v e r h
Th e o n e n e w c o n d i .

t i o n w h i ch i s c o mm
o n t o t h e t w o di st ri ct s i s c o n n e e n t in st o v e m
m
h eat e d w i n dl e s s at o s ph e re s I n o l d d ay s th e m e n w e re c o w d e d . r
bu b
,

t o geth e r t in o p e n o at s o r in d ra ght y sh a n t i e s a n d h a d n o t h i n g
,
u
bu
,

t l ittle c o o k i n g s to v e s -

Th e c o n d it i o n s o f g re at c it i e s te n d t o c o n n e t h e w o rke in t h e r
o f c e a ll d ay a n d t o th e h e at e d at
,
o sp h e re o f cl c i n e a s ho w m ub , m ,

o r mus i c h all in t h e ev e n i n g T h e h e i gh t o f o se s p rev e n t s t he

-
. hu
t o w n dw el l e r f r o mb
e in g lo w n p o n y t h e w i n d a n d b issin g th e u b m
r
, ,

ex h il a ati n g st i l s o f t h e co o l mu u o v i n g a i r h e rep el s t h e d l l un i ,
m ,
u
b
f o r m i ty o f ex i ste n ce y t o acc o a n d y alc o h o l o r y i n d lge n ce in b b ,
b u
m
f o o d f o r ex a pl e sw e et s w h i ch a r e ev e ryw h e re t o h i s h a n d a n d y
, , ,
b
bu
,

t h e n e rv o s ex c it e e n t o f u s i n e s s an d a m se en t e w o rk s h e mu m . H ,

e at s a n d i s a s e d in w a r mu
w i n dl e s s at o s m
p h e e s a n d s ffe r s f r o m r ,
u m
r
, ,

b u
a f e e l e c i r c l ati o n a sh al l o w r e sp i at i o n a d i s o rd e re d d i ge st i o n
, , ,

a n d a sl o w r at e o f et a o l i s m b m .

M a n y o f t h e e pl o y e n t s o f m m m
o d e r n d ay s ar e d ete sta l e in t h e i r b
u m
l o n g h o rs o f c o n n e e n t a n d o n o t o n y M e n g o p a n d d o w n in m . u
a l i f t al l d ay a n d gi rl s in t h e l o o o f y o t h a r e s et d o w n in t o acc o
,
b m u b
u u
stal l s in n de rg r o n d st at i o n s a n d t h ei r h ealt h a n d e a ty t e re f ad e b u h
b
,

w h il e e ve n th e l o w ie sa re f re e t o b a sk in t h e s un I n f act o r i e s t h e .

o pe rativ e s f e e d m
a ch i n e s o r rep r o d c e t h e s a e s all p ie ce o f a n u m m
h
,

a rti cl e d ay a fte r d a y T e re i s n o a rt n o ch a n ge n o p l e a s re in
.
, , u
r
c o n t iv a n c e a n d acc o p l i sh e n t Th e m m
i n e r t h e sh e r a n e v e n . m ,
m ,

m u
th e s ew e r a n f ace di f c l t i e s ch a n gi n g ri sk s a n d a re d evel o p e d a s
, ,

r
,

m e n o f ch a act e r a n d st re n gt h o n t ra st th e s ai l o r w it h t h e s tew a rd
. C
o n a st e a mr m
e t h e d r ay a n o ut s i d e w i th t h e cl e rk i n si d e w h o ch eck s
,

th e g o o d s del iv e re d at s o e c ity o f ce t h e m
t ch e r a n d t e t a i l o r ,
bu h ,

m r
th e se a st e s s a n d t h e a rke t w o m a n a n d o n e s ee s t h e e n o m o s ,

rm u
d i ffe re n c e w h i ch a c o n n e d o c c p at i o n ake s M o n o t o n o s s e d e n u m . u
m m
t a r y e pl o y e n t ak e sf o r n h app i n e s s ec a s m u
e t h e i n e rit e d f n c b u h u
t io n a l n ee d s o f t h e h um b
a n o dy a re n egl ect e d a n d e d c at i o n w h e n ,
u
t he o t s i d e el d o f i n t e re st i s n a r r o w e din t e n s
u ie sth e s e n s it iv i ty
to t h e b
o d i ly c o n d iti o n s Th e s e n s at i o n s a r i s i n g w ith i n t h e o d y
. b
12 S ITH S
M ON A N I M S LL
I CE A N EO US CO LL E C T I S ON VO L . 60

p ro p ri o c ep t iv e s e n sat i o n s c o m e t o h av e t o o l arge a sh a r e in c o n
s c io us nes sin c o m p a r i s o n w i th exte r o c e pt iv e I n pl ac e o f c o n s i d e ri n g .

t h e l il i es h o w t h ey g ro w o r s i n g o n t h e e a ty a n d o t i o n s o f
,
mu b u m
b h
t h e h e ave n l y o di e s t e s e d e n t a y w o rk e r in th e s o ke e f o le d
,
r m b u
m h m
at o sp h e r e w it t h e l i it e d act i vity a n d o r i o n o f a n o f c e a n d a h z
ub
d i st r e d d i ge st i o n t e n d s t o ec o e c o n n e d t o t h e i n w a rd co n
, b m
s i d e rati o n o f h iso w n v i s c e r a a n d t h e i r o t i o n s m .

u
M a n y o f t h e e d c ate d d a ght e s o f t h e w e ll t o d o a re n o l es s c o n u r - -

hm
n e d a t o e ; t h e y a r e t h e o t s a a n d j et s a c ast p f ro t h e t i de m m u m
h u
i n w h ic h a l l o t e rs st r ggl e fo r ex i st e n c e t h e i r l iv e s a re n o le s s
m o n o to n o u
s t h a n t h o s e o f t h e s w e ate d se a s t re ss o r cl e rk T h ey e m . b
m
c o e ll e d w it h v ap o rs a n d s o e s e ek exc it e e n t n o t in t h e c a n m m
non s

br mu
o t h but in e ak i n g w i n d o w s p l ay i n g w it h re a n d h n ge r
, , ,
u
h u m
st ri ke s T e d l l o n o t o n y o f i dl e s o ci al f n ct i o n s sh o pp i n g a n d
. u ,

r
,

a mu m qu
se e n t e all y w it h th at o f s e d e n t a y w o r k a n d a n a s ex al
, u
m hm mu
l i f e i pe l s t e t o a s i
,
l ate d s t r ggl e a t h e at r ic al p e r f o r a n c e u m ,

h u
th e p arts o f w i c h a re st d i e d f r o t h e h i st o r i c al r o a n c e s o f rev o m m
l ut io n .

E ac h m an , Wo m a n
ch i l d in th e w o l d ,
s t n d th e w h e re
an d r mu
w it h al f o r l iv i n g f o o d ra i e n t w a r th a n d h o s i n g o r
, ,
m st d i e
,
m ,
u mu ,

o r get s o m e o t h e r t o n d i t f o r h i I t s e e s to s a s i f t h e w o r l d m . m u
u
i s c o n d ct e d a s i f t e n m e n w e r e o n a n i sl a n d a ic r o c o s a n d ve m m
u h
s o g t fo r t h e n ece s s a ri e s o f l i f e h n t e d fo r f o o d ilt s h elt e s a n d ,
u bu r ,

m h
re s a n d ad e cl o t e s o f sk i n s w h i l e th e o t h e r v e s t r n g n eckl ac es
, ,
u
o f s el l s h m
ad e l o i n cl o t h s o f ut te y w i n g s ga
,
b
l e d w it h k n ckl e
.
r mb
,
u
b o n es m
d rew c o i c p i ct re s in t h e s a n d o r c a rv e d o ut o f cl a V
,
u ,

f r ight e n i n g d e o n s a n d s o m
eg i l e d f r o , b u
t h e s t v e th e l a rge r m r
r
sh a e o f th e i r w e al t h I n t h i s l a n d o f f act o r i e s w i l e t h e a n y a e
.
,
h m r
co n n e d t o m
e a n st reet s a n d w ret ch e d h o s e s p o s s e s s i n g n o s uf u ,

c ie n cy o f b ath s a n d cl e a n cl o t h i n g a n d a re ill f e d t h ey w o rk all d ay ,

-

l o n g n o t t o f a s h i o n f o r th e s el ve s ett e r h o s e s a n d cl o t i n g
, m t to b u h ,
bu
m u
ak e t h o s e n n ec e s s a ri e s s ch a s t h e ff o f w o e n s app a r el u u m
,

an d a t ho u h
s a n d t r i e sw i c h el i ev e t h e o n o t o n y o f t h e i dl e a n d r m
b mu
e se thei r o w n in ds m
r um ur
.

T h e d i s c o v e ry o f a d i a n d i t s d i s i n teg rat i o n a s a s o ce o f
e n e r g y h as e n a l e d t e p y s i c i s t t o ext e n d L o r d Ke lvi n s e st i ate
b h h
m
o f t h e w o rl d s age f r o m
s o m e t h i rty t o a t h o s a n d i ll i o n y e a rs A r

u m .

u h
th r Ke i t h d o e s n o t e s i t ate t o gi v e a i ll i o n o f t h e s e y e a rs t o a n s m m

u
ev o l t i o n Ka rl e a s o n s pe ak s o f
. P r n d re d s o f t h o s a n d s o f ye a rs hu u .

Th e f o r o f t h e h m um u
a n sk ll t h e ra i n c ap ac ity o f m a n i s sk ill a s ,
b ,
h
b m m
ev i d e n c e d y st o n e i pl e e n t s a n d c av e d raw i n gs o f a n i al s in m
 I 4 S ITH S
M ON I A N M S LLA
I CE N EO US CO LL EC T I S ON VO L . 00

r m u
g e ate r d i i n t i o n S o l o n g a s t h e re i s p e s e n t a a t i al p re s
. s re r pr u
u
o f o xyge n s f c i e n t t o c a n ge o st o f t e h ae h
o gl o b i n o f t e v e n o s m h m h u
b m
l o o d i n t o o xy h ae o gl o i n d ri n g it s p a s s age t h o g t h e l n gs b u ru h u ,

h
t e re ca n a ri s e n o l ac o f o xyge n k .

r u
A t s e a l ev el t h e p e s s r e o f o xyge n in t h e l o n a ry alv e o l a r a i r
-

pu m
bu
is a o t 100 mm H g E xp o s e d t o o n l y al f t i s p r e s s re t h e
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,

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h hr r
I n no ted h
eal t es o t s o f t e S w i s s -

o n t a i n s t e b a ro et e r mu h m
uh h h h
st a n d s at s c a e i gh t t at t e c o n c e n t rat i o n o f o xyge n i s f a r le s s
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t a n in t e o s t il l ve n t il at e d o o O n t e h i gh pl at e a o f t h e n d e s
-

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t e re a e g e a t c it i e s ; o t o s i w i t a h n d e d t h o us an d i n a i t a n t s ,
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i s at m h r
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1 3 p e r ce n t o f a n at os p h e r e in pl ac e o f 2 1 p e ce n t a t se a l ev el r .

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a i lw ay s a n d i n e s av e ee n w o r k e d p t o alt i t d e s o f to u u
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f e et A t o t o s i g i l s da n c e h al f t h e n igh t a n d t o e a d o s
.
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m r
m a n i s d i i n i s h e d p o w e r f o r s ev e e ex e rt i o n t a g e at e r ri s ,
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a ises f o w a n t o f o xyge n t o c as e s o f h ea rt d i s e a s e p n e on ia ,
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m h um
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ve n t i l at i o n i n c re a s e s t e r o n c i al t e s di l at e t e ci rc l at i o n b e
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a t i al p e s s re o f c a r o n d i o xi d e in t e l o o d a n d p l o n a y a i rb h b ,

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a n d t i s co n t r i qu r r m
te s t o th e ai n t e n a n c e o f a n a de at e p a t i al p e s
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al da n e a n d D o gl as
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r b h u h b h h umb r
act i vely s ec et e d y t e l n g i n t o t e l o o d a n d n d t at t e n e ,

o fr r pu
e d co qu
scl e s a n d t o t al h m b r bu
a n t ity o f t h e ae o gl o i n i n c e a s e t ,

h m h b h h m b m h
t e et o d y w i c t h e i r d et e r i n at i o n s h av e e e n a d e a s n o t
m h u qu
et w it n O
al i e d a ccepta n ce m w i n g to t h e co b i n i n g p o w e r o f .
2

m b r r r h m b m m
h ae o gl o i n t h e e sp i at o y exc a n g e a n d et a o l i s o f a n a n i al
m h pr u
w it h i n w i d e l i it s i s i n dep e n d e n t o f t e p a rt i al e s s r e o f o xyge n .

r p mbu
O n t h e o th e h a n d t h e r o ce s s o f c o st i o n i s d epe n d e n t o n t h e

P h il T r sR S B V l p 85 9
1
an d F i tz g r l d d i tt
oy p 35
oc o 2 03, 1 1 12 ; an e o 1

s Dr y r R
a

W lk r S k d A h fii P h y s
i l gi B d 8 p
. . . . . .
, .
, , ,
. .

. e e , ay a e , an . rc . r o o e , . 2 ,
. 2 99 ,
1913 .
NO . IN F LU E N CE OF AT SP H ER E
M O ON H EA L H T I S

pe rc e n t age o f o x yge n T h s th e a e r o p l a n i s t ay ec o e s e i e d w it h
. u m b m z
u
altit d e s ick n e s s f r o m o xyge n w a n t w h il e h i s ga s e n gi n e c o n t i n e s t o
-

, u
ca rry h i t o l o f t ie r h e ig t s m h .

u
T h e p a rt i al p re s s r e o f o xyge n in a i n e at a d ep t o f fe et m h
b h
i s c s i d e ra l y igh e r t a at s e a l evel a n d i f t e p e rc e n t age i s
o n n h ,
h
u
red ce d t o 1 7 w h i l e th e r i n g o f r e d a , p a n d c o al d st i s im p o s -

m u
b b
s i le th e re n e e d e in th e alv e o l a r a i r o f th e l n gs n o l o w e r p re ss re
, u u
o f o xyge n th a n at s e a l eve l T s t h e s i ple st et o d o f p rev e n ti n g
-

. mhu m h
expl o s i o n s in c o a l i n e s i s t h at p r o p o s e d y m a rge v i t o ve n t i b J H . r 1
z
h r
.
, ,

m
lat e th e w it a i r c o n t ai n i n g 1 7 p e c e n t o f o xyge n T h e re i s l ittl e .

ub
d o t t ha t a l l t h e gre at i n e exp l o s i o n s av e e e n c a se d y t h e m h b u b
m h
e n f o rc e e n t o f a igh d eg re e o f c h e i cal m pur
i ty o f t h e a i r I n O l d .

h
d ay s w e n ve n t il at i o n w a s ad t h e e w e r e n o g e at d st expl o s i o n s b r r u .

Mr W H C h mb r
. a e s ge n e r al a n ag e r o f t e ade y i n e w h e re
. .
,
m h C b m ,

ru
a re ce n t d i s ast o s exp l o s i o n o cc re d w it t e a t h o r ity o f h i s ur h h , u
pr
gre at a n d l o n g a cti cal ex e i e n c e o f e y pr
i n es t o l d s t h at t h er m ,
u
u mb
sp o n t a n e o s c o ust i o n o f c o al a n d th e d a n ge o f expl o s i o n c a n e r b
m b
w h o lly qu
e t y a de at e di i n t i o n in v e n t il at i o n m u
Th e g o b r e s .
-

b h
ca n e c o k e d o ut w h i l e t h e i n e r s ca n st il l re at h e a n d w o rk T h e m b
R u
.

C o al M i n e s eg l at i o n A ct e n f o c e s t a t a p l ac e s h al l n o t e in a r h b
r
t stat e f o r w o k i n g o r p a s s i n g t h e r e i n i f t h e a i r c o n t a i n s e i th e r ,

les s t h a n 1 9 pe r c e n t o f o xyge n o r o re than p e r ce n t o f ,

m
b
ca r o n d i o x i de Am
i n e l i a l e t o s p o n ta n e o s c o b st i o n o f c o al
. b u mu
m b ay e exe mp m
te d f r o t h i s r eg l at i o n y o rd e o f th e S ec ret a ry o f u b r
S tat e I t i s al s o p ro v i d e d t h at a n y i n t ak e ai rw ay sh all n o t b e
.

m b
dee e d t o e t f o r p e rs o n s t r ave ll i n g t h e r e o n i f t h e av e rage pe r ,

ce n t age o f i n a mm b
a l e ga s f o n d in s i x s a pl e s o f ai r t ake n at u m ,

i n te rv al s o f n o t l e s s t a n a f o t n igh t exc ee d s h r
p e r c e n t W o rk .

rm p
,

men mu b
st e w it h d raw n f o a n y w o rk i n g l ac e i f w o rke d w it h ,

m
sa f ety l a p s i f t e p e rc e n t age o f i n a
-

,
h a l e g as isf o n d t o e mm b u b
u
pe r c e n t o r p w a rd o r i f w o rke d w i t h n ake d l i g t s , p e r c en t h
r
,

or upw a d .

r u m
T h e s e eg l at i o n s i pe l t h e p o v i si o n o f s ch a v e n t i l at i o n c r r u u
h
re n t t at t h e p e rc e n t age o f o xyge n i s s fci e n t fo r t h e sp re a d o f d s t u u
ex p l o s i o n s al o n g t h e i n take a i rw ays w i th t e d i s ast r o us re s l t s s o h u
r qu r
,

f e e n tly rec o r de d I f t h e i n e w e e v e n t il at e d w it a i r c o n t a i n
. m h
in g p
e r ce n t o f o xyge n in s fc ie n t v o l e t o ke e p th e i n e r s u um m
c o o l a n d f re s n o t o n ly w o l d expl o s h , i o n s e p rev e n t e d u
t th e i n e s b bu m
u b
c o l d e s a f el y i ll um
i n at e d w i th el e ct ri c o r ac etyl e n e l a ps a n d m ,

1
C l oa , an d th e Pr v ti
e en on o f E x p l si
o on s . L o ng m an s
,
Gr een Co .
, Lo n d o n ,

1 91 3 .
 16 S ITH S
M ON I A N M S LLA
I CE N EO US CO LL EC T I S ON VO L . 60

mi n e rs n y st ag

mu b
s e p rev e n te d f o r t h i s i s d e t o t h e di l igh t o f ,
u m
m m
th e s a f e ty l a p T h e c o f o rt a n d th e w o rk i n g p o w e r o f t h e i n e rs
-

. m
u b r u
w o l d e g e atly a g m e n t e d in a w e ll l ight e d i n e T o s h o w h o w m
r
.

m u
l i ttl e t h e p o p o s e d d i i n t i o n in t h e o xyge n p e rce n t age a ff ect s t h e
men , H
a rge r ci t e s a r e p o r t o f a d a n a n d W h all ey c o n ce n i n g a
e C m r
pl ac e w h e re th e r e w a sa qu
a n t it y o f l ack da p g iv e n o ff a n d w e re b m ,
h
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r n 1 f o o t 6 i n ch e s f r o t e o o r o r in t h e m h
h m hr h
,

w a st e , bu
t t h e m e n a d n o f a lt t o n d w ith t h e at o sp e e
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rm
.

f o e a n s a i d i t w a s ette r t h a n s al
b uu .

A n aly s e s o f s a m
pl e s t ake n ( I ) at t h e o o r a n d ( 2 ) at th e c o al ,

f a c e s ho w e d :
Pe r ce nt Pe r ce nt Per ce nt
( 1) C0 2 0 2 N2
(2) C0 2 02 N:

b m m b
T he p r o l e p e rh ap s ay e s o lv e d y p r i fy i n g a n d c o o l i n g f r b u u
n ace ai r a n d m u
ix i n g a n d c i rc l at i n g t h i sw it h a s f c i e n cy o f f e s a i r
, u r h .

A m
l l t h e exp e ri e n t al ev i d e n c e w i ch w e d et a i l l at e g o e s t o h o w h r S
h
t h at i t i s o n l y w e n th e p a rt i al p re ss re o f o xyge n i s l o w e re d v e ry u
b
c o n s i d e ra ly t h at s ig n s o f o xy ge n w a n t a i se T e at l et e s ffe r s r . h h u
f r o m o xyge n w a n t in th e p e r f o r a n c e o f a n y ap i dly e xec t e d a n d
-
m r u
u b u
st re n o us e ffo rt ec a s e h e s e s p o xyge n in h i s u
scl e s o re u mu m
b u
rap i dly t h a n i t ca n e s p pl i e d y t h e re s p i rat i o n a n d c i rc l at i o n b u .

Th e rap i d c o n t act i o n o f t h e r mu
s cl e s i p e de s t e ci rc l at i o n o f l o o d m h u b
u
t h r o gh t h e mu b
scl es Th e l o o d ca n o w th ro g t h e o n l y d r i n g
. u h m u
u
t h e rel ax at i o n s n o t d ri n g t e c o n t ract i o n s D o gl a sa n d al d a n e
,
h . u H
u
h av e f o n d t h at a m a n d o i n g t h e h a r d ex e rci s e o f p s i n g a o t o r uh m
cycl e up a st eep il l ay us e p h m u
cc o f o xyge n p e r i n t e aga i n st . m u
3 0 0 cc w h e n re s t i n g
. T h e h e a rt call e d p o n t o c i rc l at e l o o d t e n
. u u b
m
t i e s a s f a st a st re n o s e ff o r t uu
ay s ffe r f r o w a n t o f o xyge n m u m ,

b uec a s u b
e t h e c i rc l at i o n o f l o o d t h r o ugh t h e c o r o n a ry v e s s el s i s
m b
i p e d e d y t h e c o n t a ct i o n o f t e e a t r h h r mu
scl e d i n g t e h e igh t o f ur h
h
sy st o l e a n d t e t o tal p e ri o d s e n t in sy st o l e i s i n c re a se d w h e n t h e
,
p
h e a rt e at s b qu k
i c ly T o st ar t w it t h e l n gs f l l o f p e o xyge n
. h u u ur
b e n et s t h e a t h e l e t e ; s o t o o th e r e ath i n g o f o xyge n
,
b
el p s i w h e n h hm
h r b r
,

u
cy c l i n g a n d exh a st e d o r in t e i n t e v al s o f o x i n g T h e s t e n gth
,
.

u
o f t h e p l s e a n d th e f l n e s u
s o f th e a rt e y a re i n c re a se d a n d t h e f r e r
qu m
e n ey o f t h e h e a rt di i n i sh e d t he re y T h e ath l et e in t h e s e co n b .

d it io n si s l i ke t h e o mu
n t a i n s ic k p e r s o n S o to o t h e p n e
-
o n ic um .
,

b b A r m
,

p at i e n t i s e n et e d y o xyge n i n h al at i o n p a t f r o t h e i n e n ce
-

u
.

o f h igh c o n ce n t rati o n s o f o xyge n in c o n d it i o n s o f e xt ra o rd i n a y r

ex e rt i o n o r in d i s e a s e t h e ev i d e n ce sh o w s th a t a d i i n t i o n o f
,
m u
18 S ITH S
M ON I A N M I CE S LLA N EO US CO LL E C T I S ON VO L . 60

ce n t r at i o n o f , CO
w h i ch r l e s t e re sp i at o y c e n te r a n d t o s ch u h r r ,
u
ur
p p o s e a s t o ke ep t h e c o n ce n t rat i o n o t h in t e l n g s a n d in t h e b h u
b loo d n i fo r m ( u S J
al da n e ) T h e o n l y re s l t f r o
. . . H
re at h i n g . u mb
u
s c h a sl igh t exce s s o f , as p e r ce n t ( sl ight t o t h e p h y s CO
io l o
gi sts bu
t r ega r d e d a s e n o r o s y t h e h ygi e n i st ) i s a n n n o t i ce a l e
,
mu b u b
r
i n c e a s e in th e ve n t i l at i o n o f t h e l n gs T h e i n c e a s e d v e n t il at i o n u . r
i s e x actl y a dj st e d s u
o a s t o ke ep t h e c o n c e n t rat i o n o f C O , in t h e

u
l n g s al w ay s at t h e n o r al 5 t o 6 p e c e n t o f a n at o sp h e re T h e m r m .

m
v e ry s a e th i n g h app e n s w h e n w e t ake ge n tl e ex e rci s e a n d p r o d ce u
m r CO
o e ,
in o ur o dies ; the p l b
o n a ry v e n t il at i o n i s s l ightly i n um
c rea s e d a n d t h s t e c o n ce n t r at i o n o f
,
u h in t e l o o d a n d l n gs i s CO ,
h b u
kep t t h e s a e m .

W e t r n t o t h e ev i d e n c e o f f o r e r re s e a rch e r s L e l a n c f o n d
u m b u
1
-

h m u
t at a n a n i al c o l d s rv iv e exp o s re t o a n at o sp h e r e c o n t a i n i n g u u m
3 0 pe r c e n t o f c a r o n di o x i d e p r o v i de d t h e p e rce b
n t a ge o f o xyge n ,

w a s7 0 p e r ce n t a n d rec o ve r i ckl y f r o t h e d ep re s s i o n p r o d ce d qu m u
R u R
,

by t h i s m ur
ixt e S o t o o eg n a l t a n d e i s et f o n d t h at a n a n i al
.
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-
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c o n ce n t rat i o n o f ,
so lo n g a s CO
s f c i e n t o xyge n w a s s pp l ie d u u .

3
m
P e t t e n ko f e r de o n st rat e d cl e a rly t h at t h e sy pt o s p r o d c e d in m m u
c r o w d e d v e n t i l at e d p l ace s w e re d e n e i th e r t o e xce s s o f ,
nor u CO
d eci e n cy o f H
e f o n d th a t I p e r ce n t o f C O , c o l d e re at h e d u u b b
u
f o r h o rs w it h n o d i sc o f o t P e t t e n ko f e r d i d n o t rega r d t h e m r .

m u
i p re a i r o f dw e ll i n g s a s d i rectly c ap a l e o f o r i gi n at i n g sp ec i c -

b
di s e a s e o r a s a p o i s o n in t h e o rd i n a ry s e n s e o f t h e t e r
,
b ut co n m ,

u b
cl d e d t h at t h e ca p a il i ty o f w i th st a n d i n g t h e i n e n c e o f d i s e a s e u
u
p r o d c i n g age n c i e s w a s d i i n i sh e d in t h o s e w h o c o n t i n al ly re ath e d m u b
u
s ch ai r . H
e l a i d d o w n th e d o ct r i n e accept e d b y s a n it a ri a n s t h at ,

th e p e rce n t ag e o f , is a g CO
i de t o t h e o th e r d el et e ri o s o e ti e s u u pr p r
o f t h e at o sp e e m hr .

m h
I t i s a n i f e st o w ev e r in rega r d t o t h e h e at o i st re a n d o v e
, , ,
m u ,
m
m e n t o f a c o n n e d at o sp h e r e t h at t he m
pe rce n t a ge ay g iv e , CO , m
n o i n di c at i o n a n d f a i l s w o l ly as a n a d e
,
at e t e st h qu .

R A m h
S it . e n cl o s
. e d m e n in a ch a e r a n d f o n d t h at th e lse mb u pu
qu m
f re e n tl y f el l f r o 7 3 t o 5 7 w il e t h e f r e e n cy o f re sp i r at i o n o s e ,
h qu r
f ro m
1 5 to 2 4 in a n at o sph e e in w h ich t e ,
m ,r i n c re a s e d h CO
d Chi P hys P ri s 8 v
1
A nn e m e t a 1 42 , 22 3
d Chi P hy s P ri s 8 xxv p
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2
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Ch Ph r i p z i g H i d l b rg ppl p
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8
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3, 2 . Su . Bd . .

1 5 2

Air i L d
-
.

an d Ra n . on 8 on ,
1 72 .
NO . 2 3 IN F LU E N CE OF AT SP H ER E MO ON HEA LT H 19

in u
fo r ho r s t i e f o to u
m rm
e f o n d t h e c i rc l at i o n H u u
w a s w ea k a n d t h e re sp i rat i o n di f c l t w h e n t h e C O r o se t o u ,

3 p e r ce n t bu bu
t att ri t e d t h e s e e s lt s t o o th e r c o n d it i o n s t h a n t h e r u
m b mu
,

exce s s o f CO T h e air in h i s c h a er st h av e ec o e o v e r
, . b m
m
w a r a n d o i st m .
1

J T F . e r a n s e p l o ye d a t in ch a
. . H m er et e r s h i gh
2
m mb m
Ob
,

m ete r s r o a d a n d b et e rs de ep s e rvat i o n s w e re a de o n t h e
,
m .
.
m
b o dy t e m u
p e rat re f re e n cy o f p l s e a n d re sp i rat i o n I n s o e ex ,
qu u . m
b b
,

p e r im e n t st h e , CO
w a s a s o r e d in o th e rs n o t T h e a i r o f t he , .

ch a mb r
e w a sal s o a n aly e d f o r c o st i l e gas e s b y pa s s i n g o v e z mbu b r
gl o w i n g c o p p e r o x i d e t n o n e c o ul d b e detect e d ev e n w i t h t w o ,
bu
p e o p l e in t h e ch a b e r N o o rga n i c p r o d ct s c o ul d e t ra ce d y m . u b b
d raw i n g t h e a i r o f t h e c h a e r th r o g H S O mb u h , ,
.

Th e f o ll o w i n g g re s h o w t h e e ffect o f a s o rpt i o n o r n o n a b s u
o rp S b
t i o n o f C0 , .

C O2 0 2 Pu s
e l R e s p ir t i n
a o

Pe t Pe t

p
r ce n r ce n

rs in 2
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0 2 4
er s
on c am e r in 75

72 1 61 8

2 p ons
e rs In c am er h b .

I ( b)
( a ) 80 84 -

34
30

W h e n w it t w o p e o pl e in th e c h a
, e r th e h ,
pe rce n t ag e mb CO
r
,

e ach e d t h e y s ffe re d f r o dy sp n oea a n d e ad ach e u m h .

al d a n e a n d L o r rai n e S it h c o n r e d t h e re s l t s o f
H e r an s m m u H m .

W it h r
p e ce n t th e re w e re hyp e rp n oe a a n d sl igh t h e a dac h e w h i c ,
h
d i sapp e a re d o n l e av i n g t h e c h a e r O n re at h i n g t o 6 p e r ce n t mb . b
th e re w a s g re at h yp e rp n oe a w h ic h w a s v e ry exh a s t i n g B y re ath ,
u . b
in g i n a n d o ut o f a ag th ey f o n d th at d i st re s s eca e v e ry s ev e re b u b m
w h en , r e ac CO h
e d 1 0 p e ce n t a n d th e o xyge n w a s c o r re sp o n d i n gly r
dec rea s e d I f t e ag w a s ll e d w it h o xyge n t o st a t w it
. h b t h ey r h ,

u u h
s
e n d re d t h e i n h al at i o n n t i l t h e p e rc e n t age o f C O r eac e d ,

th e o xyge n e i n g pe r c e n t b
i l l a n d Fl ack h av e c o n r e d t h i . H m .

b
B y re ath i n g o x yge n f o r t w o o r t h re e i n te s a n d t h e n h o l d i n g m u
h br h b
,

t e e at h w it h t he l n gs f l l o f o xyge n t h e re at ca n e h el d f o r u u b
h
,

ast o n i s i n gly l o n g p e ri o d s o f t i e fo r ex a pl e f o r 5 t o 6 i n t e s m ,
m ,
m u
m u
a n d ev e n f o r 8 t o 9 in t e s .
3

Ab
l
th r i t i s i t d f t r B illi g s W i r M i t h ll
o ve au o e c e a e n e c e an d Be r gy e Sm i th
s i C t ib ti s K l dg V l 8
.
, ,

o n an on r u on to no w e e o 3 9, 1 95
A r h f H yg i M h i p z i g 88 V I p
. .
,

2
c ene ii n c en u Le 1 3 o l 1

C V r J r P h y si l P r V I I I V l 8
. . . . . .
, , , .

3
f . e non , o u n . o . oc .
,
X ,
o .
3 ,
1 90 9 .
2 0 S ITHS
M ON I A N M I CES LLA N EO US CO LL EC T I S ON VO L . 60

S w e at i n g d
sl igh t h e a d ac e a r e th e o n ly a n o
an al e s lt s o f th e h b rm r u
s h o rt exp o s re t o su uc h pe rc e n t age s o f CO , .

CO b r m
I f th e , e e o v e d f o t h e l o o d a n d t i s s e s b y a p rel i i n a y rm b u m r
p e ri o d o f i n c rea s e d v e n ti l at i o n o f t h e l n gs a n aly se s o f t h e p l u ,
u
m o n a r y al ve o l a r a i r t ak e n at t h e re ak i n g p o i n t s h o w t h at w h e n t h e b ,

p a rt i a l p r e s s re o f u CO
i s l o w e r a l o w e r p art i al p re s s r e o f o xyge n
, ,
u
ca n b b e o rn e a n d v i c e v e r s
,
a ; fo r ex a ple t h e re ak i n g p o i n t m b
p
,

ur h
o cc r e d w i t to p e r c en t C O an d to e r c en t ,

r
,

w i th to p e cen t an d to p e r c en t CO w i th 8 t o
,

10 pe rce n t C O a n d 3 0 t o 50 p e r c e n t
,

O xyge n i n h al at i o n n o t a ly i n c re ase d th e p o w e r t o d o w o r k w itb h

h
t e b re ath h el d a n d t h e p a rt i al p re s s r e o f
,
in s o e c a s e s o s e u CO ,
m r
t o 1 1 p e r c e n t o f a n at o s m
p h e re e f o r e t h e re ak i n g p o i n t o ccur r e d b b .
l

u b
O n e s b j e ct w i th th e re at h h el d r a n 1 1 3 y a r ds in 7 9 % s e c o n d s
,

b br
,

a ft e r o rd i n a ry re at h i n g 1 50 ya rd s in 3 5 % s ec o n d s a f t e r d e ep e at h
,

in g a n d 2 5 6 y a d sin
,
r
s e c o n d s a ft e deepl y r e ath i n g o xyge n r b .

m
A S s o e re s e rv e o f e n e rgy st e ke pt f o r c o l l ecti n g t h e s am pl e mu b
o f p ul m
o n a ry a i r i t i s cl e a r t h at t h e p e rce n t age o f C ,
, st ise O mu r
r
h igh e t h a n 1 1 p e r c e n t in t h o s e w h o r un t o t h e t o s t li it O f um m
u
e n d ra n c e w i t h t h e b re ath h el d .

Th e s e exp e ri e n t s ake i t m m
i t e cl e a r th at w h il e th e l n gs qu u
no r m
al l y c o n t a i n 5 t o 6 p e r ce n t o f C O at s e a l ev el p e s s r e i t i s , , r u ,

n o l e s s c e rt ai n t h at t h ey m
ay c o n tai n o re t h a n t h i s a o n t w h e n m mu
h b h u
t e re at i s h el d d ri n g a n y e ff o rt a n d s c h t e p o ra y exp o s e s ,
u m r ur -

h av e n o ill e ffe ct .

u
S pe ck f o n d th at t h e i n h al at i o n o f 7 p e c e n t ,
p r o d ce d g e at r CO u r
hyp e rp n oea bu
t h e a n age d t o e n d r e i t f o r
,
m i n t e s O n re at u m u . b h
m
in g a n at o sp h e re c o n ta i n i n g p e r c e n t e f o n d t h at t h e rst h u
br u b r
e at h w as n c o m f o rt a l e t h e e re s lt e d h e a dach e s w e at i n g d i u , ,
m
n es s o f v i s io n an d t r e o r s
,
m H
e c o l d h a rdly e n d re t e i n al at i o n
. u u h h
f o r a p e ri o d o f o n e in te O n i n h al i n g m u per cen t , .he CO
h m
ex ale d 6 p e r ce n t a n d st i ll a i n t a i n e d a re s i rat o ry exch a n ge y t e p b h
b
i n t e n s i t y o f h i s re ath i n g ; w i t h 7 t o 8 p e r c e n t C O i n sp i e d 7 t o , r ,

8 p e r c e n t w a s exp i re d a n d t h e o tp t o f , ,
f o t h e o dy w a s u u CO r m b
m m
ch e cke d T h e sy pt o s o f p o i s o n i n g egi n w h e n t h i s app e n s ; t h e
. b h
l o w e r p e rc e n t age s w h i ch ca s e n o r et e n t i o n o f ,
in th e u
o dy CO b ,

r
,

h av e n o e ffect o t h e th a n t h e p r o d ct i o n o f h ype rp n oea L Ow y u .

u
f o n d w it h 6 p e r ce n t CO
c o n s i de ra l e dy sp n oea a n d w ith 8 p e r c e n t
,
b
v e ry gr e at dy s p n oea E mm
e ri c h re c o rd e d th at th e i n h al at i o n o f
.

u
p e r c e n t C O c a s e d dy sp n oea a s
,
h e d f ac e a n d h e ad ach e in 1 0 ,
u
H ill an d Fl k J ac , o rn
u . Phy s V ,
o l 40
.
,
19 10 ,
p .
3 47 .
2 2 S ITH S
M ON I A N M I CES LLA N EO US CO LL EC T I S ON VO L . 60

ub m
s j ect s w e re c o p ell e d t o g o o ut T h e w o ke rs s t o o d 8 t o 1 4 p e r . r
b
c e n t n o ett e r th a n t h e exp e i e n te r s rm .

I n th e Ab
l i o n B re w e y VVh it e c h a p e l ( M a n n r o ss,
an ,
Cr m
z
w e a n aly e d o n t h re e d i ffe r e n t d ays t h e a i r o f t h e r o o w h e r e t h e m
CO , ge n e rate d in t he v at s i s c o p re s
,
se d a n d b o ttl e d a s l i i d
,
m qu
b k
c ar o n i c ac i d W o r g o e s o n n igh t a n d day ; 1 8 t o n s o f l i i d
. q u CO ,

r
a e s o l d p e r w e ek ; th re e m e n w o rk p e sh i ft W e f o n d f o r . u rm
to p e cen t o f r ,
CO
in t e at o sp e re o f t at o o h m h
The m e n h r m .

w h o w e re ll i n g th e cyl i n d e rs a n d t n i n g t h e t ap s o n a n d o ff t our
al l o w e s c ap e o f a i r mu
st o f t e n r e at h e o re th a n t i s T h e m e n b m h .

h u
e n gage d in t i s o cc p at i o n w o rk e d t w elv e o r s h i f t s av i n g t he i r -

hu h ,

m e a l s in t e o o h r m
S o e a d f o ll o w e d t e s a e e
. m h l o y e n t fo r h m mp m
e ight ee n y e a r s a n d w it o t d et i e n t t o t h e i r h e alt
,
h u rm I t i s o n ly h .

w h e n t h e h igh e r c o n ce n t at i o n s o f r CO
a r e e at e d s c a s 3 t o 4 , br h u h
r r r h
,

p e r c e n t o f a n at o s m
p h e e t h at th e e sp i rat i o n i s i n c e a s e d s
, o t at

b u hm
i t i s n o t ic ea l e t o t h e i n d iv i d al i s el f s c p e rce n t age s d i i n i s uh m h
h
t e p o w e t o do r mu u
s c l a r w o rk f o r t h e exce s s o f ,
p o d ced y , CO r u b
h
t e w o rk a d d s i t s e ffect t o t h at o f t h e exc e s s in t h e a i r a n d t h e ,

m
l i i t o f p a n t i n g i s s o o n re ac h e d .

A I ON B R
LB E WER Y
R CO: C OM P RE S S I O N OO M

S pl t k n nt am Pe C0
r i g A t b r th i g l v l
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Jan 10 1912 mo n n ea n e e

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.
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s f
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n ce n e o oo m a o u 20 m n u e a e

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d rs e

Jan 12 I h i dd l f h r t ps p f n t e m e o t e oo m, no a o en or

ti
.

s o me me
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o ce

i dd l f r ft r bl i g ff y li d rs
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b r th i g l l
,

at ea n e ve

H al da e d P r i e stl ey f u d t h at w i t h a p re s s u r e f p e r c e t f
n an o n o 2 n o

an at m sph e re f CO i t h e i s p i r e d a i r t h e p u l m a r y v e t il at i
o o ,
n n on n on

w a s i c re a s e d 5 p e r c e t ; w i t h 3 p e r ce t a b u t
n 0 pe r ce t ;
n n o 100 n

w i th 4 p e r c e t a b u t
,

p e r c e t ; w it h 5 p e r c e t a b u t 3
n , o 2 00 per n n ,
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NO . 2 3 IN F LU E N CE OF AT SP H ER E
M O ON H EA LT H 2 3

c e n t ; a n d w it h 6 pe r ce n t a o t 5 0 0 p e r c e n t W it h th e l ast p a n t ,
bu .

h
,

in g i s s ev e re ; w h i le w i t 3 p e r c e n t i t i s n n o t ic e d n t il sc lar u u mu u
w o rk i s d o n e w h e n th e p a n t i n g i s i n c re a s e d 1 0 0 p e r ce n t o re th a n
,
m
uu m
s al W i t h o re t h a n 6 p e ce n t t h e d i s
. t re s s isv e ry g re at a n d r ,

u
he a da ch e s h i n g a n d s w e at i n g o c c r W i t h o r e t h a n 1 0 pe r
, ,
.

u . m
u
ce n t t h e re o cc r s l o s s o f c o n s c i o s n e s s a f t e r a t i e t no i u
e d i at e m bu mm
d a n ge r t o l i f e E v e n exp o s re t o 2 5 p e c e n t ay n o t ki l l a n a n i al r
,

. u m m
w ith in an ou o r tw o h r .

u
S ch h igh c o n ce n t rat i o n s w h e n s fc i e n t i s s ppl i e d p o i s o n
,
u O ,
u
H
,

t h e h e a rt a n d l o w e r t h e l o o d p r e s s re ( il l a n d Fl ack ) b -

u .

h
I t i s o n l y w h e n t h e h i g e r c o n ce n t rat io n s o f C O , a re re at h e d b .

u
s c h a s 3 t o 4 p e r c e n t o f a n at o sp h e re th at t h e re sp i rat i o n i s m ,

i n c re a s e d s o t h at i t i s n o t i ce a l e t o t h e re st i n g i n d iv i d al ; t perb u bu
r
ce n t age s o v e 1 p e r ce n t di i n i sh t h e p o w e r t o d o m
s c l a r w o rk mu u
b
,

fo r t h e ex ce s s o f , pr
o d ced CO u
y th e w o r k a d d s it s e ffect t o t h at
h
o f t h e exc e s s i n t e a i r a n d t h e di f c lty o f C O Or di n at i n g th e
,
re ath u -

b
in g t o t h e w o r k in h a n d i s i n c r e as e d N eve rth el e s s d iv e rs w h o .
,

w o rk in d iv i n g d re s s a n d m e n at w o rk in c o p r e s se d a i r c a i s s o n s m
c o n st a n tly d o h e avy a n d c o n t i n o s l a o r in c o n ce n t rat i o n s o f uu b CO ,

h i gh e r t h a n 1 p e r c e n t o f a n a t o sp e re a n d s o l o n g as t h e m h ,
CO ,

b
i s k ep t el o w 2 t o 3 p e r ce n t t h ey a r e cap a l e o f c a r ry i n g o ut e fci e n t b
w o rk T h e exce s s o f o xyge n h elp s t h e
. I n t h e c as e o f w o rke r s in m .

m r m
c o p re s s e d a i i t i s i p o rt a n t t o e a r in i n d t h at t h e e ff e ct o f t h e b m
CO o n th e
,
b
re at h i n g d ep e n d s o n t h e p a rt i al p r e s s re an d n o t o n t he u
p e rce n t age o f t h i s ga s in t h e a i r b re ath e d Th s th e vo l e o f air .
1
u um
b re ath e d w as i n c rea s e d 2 t o t i e s y i n h al i n g 5 p e r c e n t C O , m b
a t I at m
o sp h e re a n d t o t h e s a m
e ext e n t y i n h al i n g b p e r ce n t at
r r u
,

m
at o sp h e e s T h e p a rt i al p e s s re in t h e t w o c a s e s w a s a p p ro x i
.

m at ely t h e s a e I t f o l l o w s f r o t h i s th at w h at eve r th e p re s s re a
m . m u
u r
d ive r i s n d e h e re i re s th e s a e v o l qu m um
e o f a i r fo r v e n t l at o n i i ,

m u h u u
e a s re d at t at p r e s s r e T h s at 2 at o sp h e re s ( 3 3 f e et de p t hm .

o f w ate r
) t h e a i r s pp l y e a s re d at uat m u m
o sp h e ri c p res s r e w e e u hr
b
,

th e p p is um mu
st e d o l e d ; at 3 at o s b ub m
p h e re s t re l ed ; a n d s o o n , .

br b r
,

I n t h e o i n g o f th e S t G u
o th a r d t n n el th e l a o re rs c a r i e d o ut
.

th e w o rk in a n at o s p h e r e c o n t ai n i n gm to pe r ce n t C O , A t .

u u u
th e alt i t d e o f t h e t n n e l t h e p a rt i al p re s s r e w as c o n s i de r a ly l e s s b ,

bu b m
t ye t f a r a o ve t h a t s et as th e l i i t in f act o r ie s I n t h e co m .

-
r
p re s s e d a i ca i s s o n at N us s do r f t h e , p e rc e CO
n tage va r i e d f r o -

04 m .

to a n d t h e p a t i al p re s s r e w a s a o t t r u b u hr
ee ti es this a o n t m mu
qu
,

th at i s e iv al e n t t o
,
to p e r ce n t at s e a l ev el -

1
H ld a d P ri s t l y J r f P h y si l V
an e an e e o u n o o o l 32 1 90 5, p 22 5 an d R p rt
e o

f Ad i r l t y C i tt D p s i vi g
. .
,
.
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,

o m a o mm ee on ee -

ea D n , 1 90 5 .
2 4 S ITH S
M ON I A N M I S CE LLA N EO US CO LL EC T I S ON VO L . 60

u m
th e s e t n n el s th e t e p e rat re i s o f t e n v e ry h igh ( 2 1 t o 3 0 2
In u

C in t he S t
. o t h a rd ) a n d al
. Go st s at r at e d w i th o i st r e The m u m u .

d i sc o m f o rt w e a ri n e s s exce s s
,
iv e s w e at i n g l o s s o f ap p et it e a n d al l o r
, , p ,

r r
,

m u
w h i ch ay a ffect t n n el w o ke s a re w e el i ev e d e t o t h e e x ce s , , b ,
u
m
s iv e he at a n d o i st n e s s o f t h e at o sp h e r e T h at t h i s i s s o i s s ho w n m .

b y t h e exp e r i e n t s o f L m
a l a n d E r ckl e n t z Pu
( S e e l at e r
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,
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t h i s ap e ) p r .

RA T S A ND C0 2 .

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o on on on n n

w it h s m all il l v e t il at e d S l e ep i g ch a mb e rs w e ( M F
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n d L n , . . an .

XP R I M NTS O N RATS E E E

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co wen n .

am
t v i si d st ill
2 1 n e ee n c e .

P ut o ns e , al l
Do
tr t si d
2 o n e
4 .

La e , 3 u
t v l i si d 4
o r o e .

s
0 0 0 0 0

O ff e, al
i tt l l t r l i si d
2 2 o n e .

L l
A ll i si d
e a e a n e
3 - 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 , .

n e
2 3 .

D
Ch b r ld d
23 O .

i p ut ut n t h e c o
p i g i t d s ll r l l
2 3 am e o an
in ma e ma e
i si d
o en n , a

t v l i si d N i st
n e .

P ut s e , al mo
3 4%
b d i si d
on o n e . O

h i st b r d i si d sl p
re a n e .

M uc m p ut
h br
o ea n e ee
2 5
i am
N ss h l
ng c e .

I o e at o e
3 .

32 2 ut o .

1 6 2 8 3 o ut .

4 o ut
ld g i
.

P ut ut in t h e a n, 1 o ut
AD llry l p i g p l l l i
co a

R ts
o
2 7
.

8 in
R ts
1 a 30 .

s
M is t b d sl p i g p l
ee n ace , a n
7 a 35 .

in all
31%
g d ll y
o re a ee n ace ,

ra ua ca m e o ut .

h ave f o un d th at t h e t e p e rat re a n d h m
i d i ty o f th e no t the u um ai r

b
pe rc e n t age o f c a r o n d i o x i d e o r o xyge n dete r i n e w eth e t h e m h r
m
a n i al s st ay i n s i d e t h e s l e ep i n g r o o o r c o e o t s i de W e n t h e m m u . h .

a i r i s c o l d t h ey l ik e t o st ay i n s i de ev e n w h e n th e c a o n d i o x i de , rb
m h
,

r i se s o 4
t t o 5 p e r c e n t o f a n at o s ph e re W e n th e sle ep i ng .

ch a mb m
e r i s ad e t o o h o t a n d o i st t h ey c o e o t s i d e m , m u .
2 6 S ITH S
M ON I A N M I CES LLA N EO US CO LL EC T I S ON VO L . 60

THE SU PP O S D E EX S I T NC E E OF A CH E M I C AL O R GA I C P O N I SON
I N EX HA D AI R LE

In a p ap e p b l i s h e d r u on n b y t h e S m it h s i a I
n st it ti o n F u , . A R . .

Ru s s el l s ay s :
1

O m
rga n i c atte r i s give n o ff f r o th e l n gs a n d sk i n o f w h ich m u ,

n e it h e r th e e xact a mu
o n t n o r t h e co po s i t i o n h a s e e n h it e t o m b hr
a sc e rt a i n e d T e h qu
a n t ity i s ce rta i n ly v e ry s al l
. t o f i t s i po r
.
m ,
bu m
t a n c e t h e r e c a n b e n o d o t I t d a rk e n s s l p h i c a c i d d ec o l o r i e s
ub . u ur ,
z
m
p e r a n ga n at e o f p o t a sh a n d ak e s p re w at e r o ffe n s iv e w h e n
,
m u
d raw n t h r o g i t u h
S i n ce t h i s o ga n i c
. att e r h a s e e n p r o v e d r m b
to b u
e h ighly p o i s o n o s ev e n ap a rt f o c a r b o n d i o x i de a n d v ap o r
,
rm ,

we m ay s a f ely i n fe r t h at mu
c h o f t h e i sch i e f re s lt i n g f r o th e m u m
i n sp i rat i o n o f r e b r e a t h e d a i r i s d e t o t e sp ec i al p o i s o n s exh al e d u h
rm b h
f o t h e o dy t e i r f at al e ffect e i n g accel e rat e d y t h e d ep e s s i o n
,
b b r
o f v it al i t y c a se d u b
y th e ga s e o sp r o d ct s o f r e sp i rat i o n a n d y t h e u u b
w a n t o f o xyge n A s t o t h e fr e q ue n t em is
. s i o n o f a d e a dl y
p a r t icul a t e o ison p
n o d o ub t w h a t e v e r c a n e x is t I t i s a d a n ge o s . ru
h
,

a n d p e rn i c i o u m
s e le e n t in a l l aggr egat i o n s a n d c o i n e d w it , ,
mb
b
ca r o n d i o x i d e p r o d ce s w h e n in ,
o de rat eu a n t i ty d ep re s si o n
,
m qu , ,

h e ad ach e s i ck n e s s a n d o t h e r a i l e n t s; w h e n in l a g e
, ,
a n t ity a sm r qu ,

h
in t e B l ack o le o f H
al c tt a C u
ap i d de at in t e aj o r ity
,
r h h m .

M ch o f t h eu m
o rt al ity o f i n f a n t a n d a d l t l i f e ay e d e t o u m b u
b h
t h e r e re at i n g o f p o i s o n e xc rete d y re at a n d sk i n
b b h .

Th i s p as s age e xp re s s e s t e p o p l a v i e w h u r .

h
W e s h all s o w t h at t h e r e i s n o ev i de n c e t o j st i f y t e s e stat e u h
m h
e n t s T e de at s in t e B l ack
. ho le o f h
al c tt a t h e dep r e s s i o n H C u , ,

he a d ach e et c in cl o s e r o o s a r e a l i k e d e t o h ea t s t ag n at i o n ; t h e
,
.
,
m , u
m
v i ct i s o f t h e B l a ck o l e d i e d f r o m eat st r o k e H -
h -

m h h b
Fr o w at a s g o n e e f o re i t i s ev i de n t t h at n e i th e r t e d im in u ,
h
h
t i o n o f o x yge n n o r t e i n c r ea s e in c a r o n d i o x i de a s a n y i n e n c e b h u
in c r o w d e d r o o s a n d w e s h al l n o w m , o w t h at th e r e i s n o ev i d e n ce Sh
o f t h e ex i ste n c e o f a n y o rga n i c ch e i c al p o i s o n in ex al e d ai m h r .

r
T h e s a n i t a i a n s ay s it i s n ec e s s a ry t o k eep th e CO , el o w b
pe r cen t s o th at t h e o rga n i c p o i s o n s
,
ay n o t c o l l ect t o a h a r f l m mu
m
exte n t T h e ev il s el l o f c o w de d r o o s i s acce p te d a s n e iv o c al
. r m u qu
ev i d e n c e o f t h e ex i st e n c e o f s ch e p ay s u
c h att e n t i o n t o t i s . H mu h
a n d l ittl e o r n o n e t o th e h e at a n d oist e o f th e a i r T h e s ell m ur . m
m
a ri se s f r o t h e s ec ret i o n s o f th e sk i n sw e at sp ray f r o t h e o t h ; ,
m mu
1
F A R R ssll u e : T he At phmo s e r e in e R l ti a on H
to um a n L f e i an d H l th
ea

i th s i M i s ll sC ll t i 8 6 p
. . . .

Sm o n an ce an e o u o e c o n sV o l , .
39 ,
1 9 , .
44 . P ub N o . . 1 0 72 .
NO . 2 3 IN F LU E N CE OF AT SP H ER E
MO ON HE ALT H 2 7

f ro m f d eat e u
s c h a s o n i o n s ga rl i c ; f r o
oo n ,
c a r i o s t e et ; f r o m u h m
b a d b re at h r u
,

th e o f dy sp ep s i a d e t o eg rgitat i o n o f f o o d p arti cl e s ,
u
u
a n d t h e i r dec ay o n t h e b b mu u m m b
n h e alth y a y co s e r an e o f t h e ,

u m h m m m
t o n g e ; f r o t e p a s s age o f w i n d f r o th e al i e n t a ry c a n al ; f r o
b m u
d i rty cl o t h e s s o il e d w i t h o dy s ec ret i o n s s w e at e n st r al d i s ,

,
b b m u b
ch a rge etc T h e cl o th e s t o o a s o r s el l s s ch as th o se o f t h e sta le
.
, , ,

,
m
.
,
b m
t o b acc o etc a n d g iv e t h e s e o ut T h e a i r ay al s o e c o n t a i n ate d .

b m m mu
y s ell s o f c o o k i n g o r s el l s a ri s i n g f r o ri n al s l a t ri n e s st a b l e s
,

b r
, , ,

m m
et c o r y t a de s ell s
.
,
m
a n y o f w h i c h a re o s t o ffe n s iv e t o t h e
b
,

m
n ew c o m u
e r T h e s ell i s o n ly s e n s e d y a n d exci te s d i sg s t in o n e
.
,

H
,

w ho co m m u
e s t o i t f ro t h e o t s i d e a i r e w h o i s i n s i d e a n d hel p s . .

b
,

to m ak e th e f ug g b u u
i s o t h w h o l l y n aw a re o f a n d n a ffecte d y
,

u 1
h ur
i t F l ii g g e p o i n t s o ut w it h j s t ic e t h at w i l e w e n at ally av o i d
.
, ,

an y sm u u u
el l t h at ex cit e s d i sg st a n d p t s s o ff o ur ap p et i t e yet th e ,

qu
o ffe n s i v e h m u u
al ity o f t e s el l d o e s n o t p r o v e i t s p o i s o n o s n at re .

m r m b
F o r th e s ell o f t h e t a d e o r f o o d o f o n e m a n b ay e h o r ri l e a n d
m
l o at h s o e t o a n o t h e r .

S u m m m
T h e ight o f a sl a ght e re r a n d t h e s ell o f de a d e at ay b e
m bu
l o at h s o e t o t h e s e n s i t iv e p o et u t t h e sl a gh t e r e r i s n o n e t h e l e s s ,

he althy . r m b
T h e cl a n g a n d j a r o f a n e n gi n e e s w o rk sh o p ay e

u un e n d ra b l e t o u u bu
a h ighl y st r n g a rt i st o r a t h o r t t h e a r t ic e r s ,

m u
i s s t h e st o pp age o f th e n o i sy cl atte r T h e s t e n c h o f gl e w o rk s .
-

f ri e d s -

b m u
h s ho p s so a p a n d o n e m a n r e w o rk s
,
i d de n s s ew e r s b e -

, , ,

m u
c o e s a s n o t h i n g t o th o s e e n gage d in s c h ; a n d t h e l i ve s o f t h e
b ur h
w o rke r s a r e in n o w i s e sh o rt e n e d y t h e st e n ch t h e y e n d e T e .

u
n o s e c e a se s t o r e sp o n d t o th e m m u
n i fo r t
i ty o f t h e i p l s e a n d h e ,

b
st e n c h cl ea rl y d o e s n o t e t o ke n in a n y o f t he s e ca s e s th e ex i st e n c e
hm
o f a c e i c al o rga n i c p o i s o n O n de sc e n di n g i n t o a s ew e r a f te r .
,

m u
t h e r st t e n m
i n te s t h e n o s e c ea se s t o s el l t h e s te n ch ; t h e a i r
h r
,

uu u b mb
th e re i n i s s al ly f o n d t o e f a r f re e r f r o act e ri a t h a n t e a i
m
in a sch o o l r o o m H
o r ten e e n t ( al da n e ) .

I f w e t r n t o f o o d st ff s w e rec o g n i e t h at t h e s e ll o f alc o h o l
u u z m ,

m mb
a n d o f st i l t o n o r ca e b
e rt ch e e s e i s h o r r i l e t o a C h i l d w h i l e t h e ,

m u
s ell o f p t r i d s m h t h e b e al o f th e S i e ri a n n at ive exci te s n o l e s s
u m Am
d i s gust in a n ep i c re w h o w el c o e s t h e c h e e s e o n g th e h a rd i e s t .

and h h h m
e alt h i est o f m e n a re t e N o rt S e a sh e r e n w h o sl eep in t h e ,

b
c a i n s o f t raw l e r s ree ki n g w it h s h a n d o il a n d fo r t h e s ake o f
rm
,

m h Shu m
war t u m m
t t h e s elv e s up n t i l t h e l a p ay g o o ut f o w a n t o f
o xyge n u u u
. m u u
T h e st e n c h o f s ch s r r o n d i n gs ay e ffect al ly p t t h e
u
s e n s i t iv e bn t ra i n e d,
bu bu
r a i n w o rke r o ff h isap pe tit e t th e r o st
-

s f H yg i
1
Zt V l ch r p. . ene , o .
49 , 1 90 5 ,
.
43 3 .
2 8 S ITH S
M ON A N I M S LLA
I CE N EO US CO LL EC T I S ON VO L . 60

h ealt h f m
t h e s he r a n p r o v e s t h at t h i s e ff ect i s n e rv o s in o r igi n
o u
r
,

a n d n o t d e t o a ch e u m
ic al o r ga n i c p o i s o n in t h e ai .

u
S t dy i n g th e v e n t il at i o n o f l eep i n g c a r s T S
r o w de r n ds -

R C 1

ur
. .
,

u
m
th at in t h o s e c a r s c al l e d cl o se o r st ff y t h e t e pe rat e in
b h h h m m b
va ri a l y i s igh T e re as s o et i e s e e n a n n pl e a s
. u a nt o d o r .

h m r u h m r b h m m rk
A igh t e p e at re re n de r s t i s o e n o t ice a le T e o s t a ed .

h
o ff e n s i v e n es s n o t ic e d w as i n a d ay c o ach r
w e re

th e ai w as o f
uh r
,

m u
s c a de g ee o f c he ic al p ri ty as t o i n d icat e i de al v e n t il at i o n by
rb p
a n y st a n da r d t h at h a s ev e r
e e n r o p o s e d T h e c a w a sh o t a n d .

m
h a d a n y lt h y p e o pl e in i t P m b
e r f e ct c o f o r t h a s e e n f o un d a s s o
.

h h
c ia t e d w i t h t h e m m u hr r
ig e s t c h e ic al i p r it y in o t e c a s .

r ur m h m
V e n t i lati o n ca n n o t get i d o f th e s o c e o f a s ell w il e i t ay
r bu r
,

m hu
e as il y d i st i t e t h e ev il s el l t h o ug h a o se .

A s P e t t e n ko f e r s a i d u r m mu b
i f t h e re i s a d n gh e ap in a o o
,
it st e ,

re o v e d I t i s n o g o o d t ry i n g t o l o w aw ay t h e s el l
m . b m H o us es .

h mu b m
a n d p e o pl e a n d t e i r cl o th e s a n d b o d i e s s t e a d e c le a n a n d ,

r h mu b
l at i n e s a n d k itc e n s u u
st e p l ace d o n t h e t o p o f h o s e s o r o t s i de ,

th e m a n d o n t h e l ea st w i n dy s i d e
, .

h m rm
T e righ t w ay o f d e al i n g w i t h a n o ffe n s iv e s e l l i s t o e o ve i t s
u h
c a s e B y o p e n i n g t h e w i n d o w a n d l ett i n g t e w i n d b l o w in w e
.

m m hr h u
ay o n l y d r iv e t h e s ell el s ew e e I n s ch o o l s o sp it al s o r h o se s .
, ,

a n o p e n w i n d o w i n a l at ri n em u m u m
ay c a s e t h e i p l s i o n o f th e s ell
u r b m b m
i n t o t h e h o s e A sp i at i o n y f a n s ay e e p l o ye d o r d e o d o r iz a
.

b z h m m h
t i o n y o o n e ; t e l att e r i s o n e o f t h e si pl e st et o d s o f d e al i n g
r
w i t h a n o ffe n s iv e t ra d e o d o m m b
S c h o o l ro o s ay e cl e a re d at s h o rt
.

r r m u
i n t e rval s a n d al l t h e w i n d o w s a n d d o o s t h o w n o p e n f o r v e i n t e s
, ,

h r r
w h il e t e ch i l d e n t ak e a b e at h e r m in t h e f o r o f act iv e exe rci s e

h
in t e o p e n ai r .

Fl ugge a n d h u
i s s ch o o l B e hm J L e a n n e s se n P a l a n d
u , , , ,

r
,

u h
E r c kl e n t z c o n t r o v e t th e s p p o s it i o n t h at t e re i s a n o rga n i c p o i s o n ,

u m
a n d b ri n g c o n v i n c i n g ev i d e n c e t o s h o w t h at a st ffy at os phere is
u m h
st ffy o w i n g t o h e at st a g n at i o n a n d t h at th e s el l h a s n o t i n g t o d o
,

m r b u
w it h th e o r igi n o f t h e d i sc o f o t f e lt y t h o s e w h o e n d re i t .

b h
F l ii g g e p o i n t s o ut th at th e i n h a i t a n t s o f re ek i n g o vel s in th e
u r u r m hr h u u
c o n t y d o n o t s ffe r f o c o n i c il l e alth n l e s s w a n t o f n o r i s h ,

m ,
-

m , r r
e n t o p e n a i r ex e rc i se o r sl e e p c o e i n t o p l ay T o w n w o ke s a re .

m
p al e a n ae ic l i stl e s s w h o t ak e n o exe rc i s e in t h e f res h a i r S h el
, , ,
.

b hu r
t e r e d y o se s t h ey a re f a l e s s exp o s e d t o w i n d s a n d l iv e d ay a n d ,

n ight in a w a r m m
c o n n e d at o s ph e r e
, .

1
A r ch . o f It n e rn a l M di i
e c ne ,
1 91 1 , Vo l 7 .
,
pp . 85 -
1 33 .
3O S ITH S
M ON I A N M I CES LLA N EO US L T
C O L EC I O N S VO L . 60

bu
T h ey att ri t e d t e e s lts t o a v o l at i l e o rga n ic p o i s o n o f th e h r u
u
n at re o f a n alkal o i d o r p t o a i n e T h e p o i s o n th ey s a i d i s r e m .
, ,

d uce d y a b mm o n i ac al n i t rat e o f s ilve r o r ch l o r i d e o f go l d s o l t i o n u .

m
B o i l i n g a d e n o d i ffe re n ce t o t h e t o x i c act i o n o f t h e t ach e a w a s h r
i n gs .T h e c o n de n s e d l i i d t r n e d c o n c e n t rat e d s lp h i c ac i d qu u u ur
yel l o w .

b
T h e o ile d t ra ch e a w a s h i n gs igh t k i l l ev e n w h e n i n j ect e d i n t o m
t h e ectr um o r s to ach I n t rap e r it o n e al i n j ect i o n k ill e d a g i n e a p ig
m . u
u
in 1 2 h o r s I n j ect i o n o f th e li i d i n t o t h e l n gs p r o d ce d in am
. qu u u
m m
ati o n S o e o f t h e s e e s lt s ay e att r i t e d t o act e i a l in f e c
. r u m b bu b r
h
t i o n o t h e r s t o t e t o xi c e ffe ct w h ic h i s k n o w n t o f o ll o w i n j e ct i o n o f
,

f o r e ig n pr
o t e i n o r w at e r c o n t a i n i n g b act e ri a a n d o th e r s t o t h e l a rge ,

d o s e s o f w at e r i n j ect e d at r o o t e p e r at r e m m u .

rm
A n e xp e i e n t w i t h t w o d o gs w as s o a r a n ge d t h at o n e e ath e d r br
h
th e a i r ex ale d f r o t h e l n gs o f t h e o th e r T h e e xp e ri e n t co n m u . m
t in ue d f o r n ea ly s ev e n o r
r s a n d n o n t o w a r d e s lt s f o l l o w e d hu u r u .

Da s tre an d Lo y e r
t w it h n o e s lt rm bu r u
1
ep e at e d t h e s e exp e i e n t s .

h r
,

u
Th ey i n o c l at e d a n i al s w i t t h e c o n de n s ati o n w at e o f t h e reath m b
b
a n d o t a i n e d n o e ff ec t w e n 3 3 t o 75 cc o f th e i d w a s i n j ecte d h . u
h
i n t o e ac o f v e ra it s a n d t w o d o g s a n d bb
cc i n t o e ac h o f t w o .

r bb r
,

u
g i n e a p i gs T w o a it s w e e k i lle d y th e i n j ect i o n o f 50 t o 1 90
. b
c c ( 60 cc p e r k i l o ) a n d o n e p p p y y t h e i n j ect i o n o f 3 0 cc o f
. . u b .

d i st ill e d w ate ( 2 5 c c p e r k i l o ) r
T e a rv e l i s t at al l t e a n i al s
. h m
. . h h m
r r
w e re n o t e n d e e d s ev e el y i l l y t e i n j e ct i o n o f s c l a ge a o n ts r b h uh r mu
o f w at e r An e . qu
iv al e n t i n j ect i o n fo r a m a n w o l d b e 2 t o 4 l i te s u r .

Ru G b
s s o i l e rt i a n d A l e s s i c o n r e d t h e n egat iv e n d i n gs o f D a s
-
t re
2
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m e n t T h ey c o n n e d a ra it in e ac h o f a se ri e s o f f o r et al l i c
. bb u m
cage s c o n n e ct e d y e a n s o f r b m
e r t i n g th r o gh w h i ch a co n u bb ub u
u
t in uo usc r re n t o f a i r w a s a sp i rate d Th e a n i al in t h e l a st cage . m
b re ath e st h e a i r w h i ch h as p a s se d th r o gh all th e p r ev i o s c age s u u
a n d w h i ch i s c o n t a m
i n at e d w it h t he o t h e r ra i t s re ath This b bb
.

m m
a n i al a f te r a t i e d i e s t h e n a f t e r a t i e th e r a i t in c age 3 ,
m bb
s ccu umb bb
s w h il e ra it s in c age s I a n d 2 s all y s rv iv e Th ey
,
uu u .

u r bu
c o l d n o t att i t e t h e d eath s t o C O p o i s o n i n g ec a se th ey r a rely , b u ,

u m
f o n d in t h e l a s t c age o re th a n 3 p e r c e n t w ith s al l a n i al s a n d m m ,

to
6 p e r ce n t w i t l a rge r a n i al s h m
O n i n te rp o s i n g etw ee n t h e l a st t w o . b
b
cage s ( 3 a n d 4 ) a s o rpt i o n t e s c o n t a i n i n g c o n c e n t rat e d H S O ub , , ,

1
C pt R d A d
o m . en . ca . de S c . P ri s a ,
1 889 , Vo l . 10 8 ,
2 67 -
2 72 .
36 S ITH S
M ON I A N M S LLA
I CE NE O US CO LL EC T I S ON VO L . 60

m m
t h e a n i al in c ag e 4 re a i n e d al ive w h il e t h e o n e in c age 3 w a sth e ,

u
rst t o di e T h ey c o n cl de d t h at th e de ath s w e r e d e t o a v o l at il e
. u
h
po i so n w h i c w a s a so r e d y H S O , b b b , .

uh m
S c w e re th e i r st ate e n t s de n it e a n d p e c i s e a n d app a e n tly r r
b u b rm
,

ack e d p y w el l c o n t riv e d exp e i e n t s -

u
A S i t t r n s o ut n o o n e e xcep t M e rk el h a s cl a i e d t o h av e o t a i n e d
, m b
s m r u
i i l a re s lt s .

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r m u
ch a mb e r c o n t a i n i n g 70 c f t u
ea s i n g 6 f t 2 in b y 2 f t 1 1 in
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b
.
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. .

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e w it h n o r e n ew al o f t h e a i r n t i l t he u
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l ight e ad ach e B o th d i s ap p ea e d a s s o o n a s h e l e ft th e c h a
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m
t ray o f s o d a l i e in t h e r o o f o f t h e c a e The e were ve y h mb r . r r
mu ch l e s s hyp e r p n oea a n d n o h e a dach e o n t h i s o cc a s i o n S l ig t . h
r u h
hy p e p n oe a o cc r re d w e n th e d ec i e n cy o f o xyge n in t e ch a h m
br m
e a i r b e c a e g e at e t a n r r h
p e r ce n t I n ye t a n o t e ex . hr
mb
p e r im e n t t h e y ch arge d t h e a i r o f t h e ch a e r w it h p e r ce n t
CO h b
,
m m
at t e e gi n n i n g a n d a t t h e s a e t i e kep t t h e o x yge n p e
, r
u
c e n t age p t o r r p e r c e n t Th e e w as g e at hyp e p n oea w it
. r , h
r m bu r h h
g re at e l ie f o n c o i n g o ut t f o n t al e a d ac e f o l l o w e d th e e x p e r i
,

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e n t I n o t e r e xp e ri e n t s t ey re at e d t e s a e a i r o v e r a n d
. m
r
o ve b h u h
agai n in a n d o ut o f a ag ; t e y f o n d t e d i s t re s s e ca e um b m
b b h CO r h
,

e a ra l e w e n th e ,
eac e d 1 0 p e r c e n t O n r e ath i ng
5 per . b
h
ce n t o f C O , ,
h u
yp e rp n oea a n d h e ad ac e o cc r re d e all y w h et h e qu r
th e r e w a s 1 4 p e r c e n t o r 70 p e r c e n t o f o xyge n in t h e b a g s o t ey ,
h
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c o n cl de d t h at w it a i r v i t i ate d y e sp i rat i o n p t o t h e e xt re e m
m h h m u
l i it w h ic w e ca n t o l e rat e t e di i n t i o n in t h e p e rce n tage o f , O
h eq u r
,

u
i s p ract ic ally w it h o t e ffec t o n th e yp e rp n oea B ro w n S a d .
-

an d D A rs

b h
o n v a l st ate d t h at t h ey h a d r e at e d a i r c o n t a i n i n g 2 0 p e r
p ur u u
c e n t o f ur e C O fo r 2 h o s w ith o t h rt a n d w it h n o a rke d d i s

,
m
b m
t re s s a n d d re w a d i st i n ct i o n etw e e n t h e ch e i cally p e ,
an d u r CO
m ur h h
,

i p e e xh al ed C O T i s i s a w o ll y e r r o n e o s st ate e n t
, . u m .

H al d a n e a n d L o r a i n S it h re ath e d a i r c o n t a i n i n g
r m b p e c en t r
u hr
p re C 0 , A f t e r 1 5 s ec o n d s t e e w a s hyp e rp n oea ; in 6 0 s ec o n d s
.

ub
t h i s w a s s ev e re ; at t h e e n d o f 90 s e c o n d s t h e s j ect t r n e d l e a n d u bu
h
h a d t o st o p ; in t h e I 3 4 th s ec o n d t h e ype rp n oea ce as e d Th ey n ext .

b h b u
re at h e d in a n d o ut o f t e ag o f ai r t h r o gh a W o l f e o ttl e co n u b
m ub h
t ai n i n g s o d a l i e T h e s j e ct s t o pp e d a ft e r 2 o s e c a s e h e
. ur b u
bu b m
w as get ti n g l e in t h e f ac e a n d f el t a n o r al T e re w a s n o . h
 38 S ITH S
M ON I A N M I CES LLA N EO US CO LL EC T I S ON VO L . 60

u m
ge n e ral r l e t h a t th e a n i al s d i e d w h e n th e C O , i n c ea s e d t o 1 2 t r o
1 3 pe r
c e n t a n d t h e o xyge n d i i n i s e d t o 5 t o 6 p e r c e n t m h
mb r
.

m
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d ec i e n cy o f o xyge n w h i ch h as it s e ffect e f o re th e C O , r i s e s t o a
, b
u
p o i s o n o s l ev el u
T h e d rat i o n o f l i f e in s c c o n d it i o n s i s ve ry
. uh
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p e rc ept i ly s h o rt e n e d t ro gh t e i n e n ce o f a h ighe r a s w ell a s a h u
m u
l o w e r t e p e rat re th a n 1 8 t o 2 0
I f th e o xy ge n be k ept a o v e

C
. b
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, m m ay l iv e f o r o r s ev e n w e n t e hu i se s t o h h CO r ,

2 0 p e r c en t o r o e m r A n at o s . m ph r
e e c o n s i st i n g o f 90 p e ce n t o x y r
g e n a n d 1 0 p e r c e n t n it r o
g e n d o e s n o t s pp o t l i f e it e a s l o n g a s u r qu
m r
d o e s o rd i n a ry at o sp h e r i c a i w h e n t h e t e p e rat r e i s 0 C w h i l e m u
.
,

m u
at a t e p e rat r e o f 50 C t h e at o sp e e i c in o xyge n spp o rt s
'

. m hr r h u
li f emu h c l o n ge r th a n t h e o d i n a ry at o s p h e re r m .

r
W e ca n s ca c ely exp l ai n t h es e i n t e e st i n g re s lt s o n t h e gr o n d th at r u u
r
t h e h i gh c o n c e n t at i o n o f o xyge n l e s s e n e d t h e re sp i rat i o n et a o l i s ,
m b m ,

an d fo rm b
at i o n o f o dy h e at a n e ffe ct a dv a n t age o s in th e h ig t e u h m
p e r a t ur e but n o t in t h e l o w I t i s o e l i kely t h at o xyge n a i n t a i n e d
. m r m
b h b
t h e e at o f t e h e a r t y l e s s e n i n g t e p r o d ct i o n o f l act i c ac i d a n d h u ,

hu h m u
t s a d t h e s a e s st a i n i n g e ffect a sw e h av e f o n d in m e n ca r y i n g u r
o ut st re n o uu s w o rk T he e xp e ri e n t s a re f e w n ee d f th e r co n
. m ,
ur
r m a t io n a n d s gge st e n
,
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I n t h e c a s e o f o th e r a n i al s e n cl o s e d in a ch a m e r t h e ai r co n mb ,

n e d w a s d r iv e n t o a n d f r o in t e ch a e t ro g po t a s h t e s h mb r h u h ub ,

s h h CO
o t at t e b b , w as a s o r e d N o del et e i o s e ffe ct d evel o p e d f r o
. r u m
u br
t h e c o n t i n al re e at h i n g o f t i s a i r W e h
st c o n cl d e f r o al l . mu u m
m
th e s e ex p e ri e n t s th at s o l o n g a s t h e o xyge n i s s f ci e n t a n d t he u CO ,

u
d o e s n o t r i s e t o a p o i s o n o s l e v el a n d t h e t e p e rat r e i s k ept n o r al
,
m u m ,

m u r
th e a n i al s d o n o t s ff e a n d t h e e i s n o ev i d e n c e o f t h e pr e s e n c e
,
r
o f a n y exh al e d o rga n i c p o i s o n .

r
T h i ty t h re e expe r i e n t s o f t h e B r o w n S m a r d t yp e w e e p e r -

equ r
m b u
f o r e d y t h e a t h o rs Th e a n i al s w e r e c o n n e d o n e in e a c o f a
. m h
s e r ie s
'

o f b u
el l gl a s s e s t h r o g h w h i ch a i r w a s a sp i rat e d
,
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l e w a s e xp e ri e n c e d o w i n g t o t h e d i fc lty
,
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o f m aki n g t h e c o n n e ct i o n s a i r tigh t Fa i l r e t o d o s o l e d t o f a il re
-

. u u
o f v e n t il at i o n a n d t o d e ath f o rm
asp h yx i a w i t h t e o d i n a ry p o st ,
h r
m r mo te app e a ra n ce s N o n e o f th e f o c al n ec r o s e s o r p ec l i a r dege n
. u
e r a t iv e ch a n ge s r ec o rde d y B ro w n S b
a r d an d D A rs o n v al w e r e -

equ

n o t ic e d . m
F r o t h e d at a acc umu
l ate d w i t h re f e re n c e t o t h e c o p o s i m
t i o n o f th e at o s m
ph e re in t h e s e el l j a rs y rep e at e d a n a ly s e s at b b
m
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,
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NO . 2 3 IN F LU E N CE OF A T SP H EREM O ON H EA LT H 39

S e q u a rd an d D A
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s
r o n v al,
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m
t h e l a st a n i a l in th e s e ri e s s rv iv e d s o e o f th e o t h e rs a n d a l o w u m
b
pe rc e n t age o f c a r o n ic ac i d w a s f o n d in t h e j a r s h o l d e att r i t e d u ,
u b bu
m
e n t i r e ly t o d e f ect s e i th e r in et h o d s o f a i r a n aly s i s o r in th e app a ra -

u , b
t s o r in o t h I f h o w ev e r th e l i f e o f t h e l a st a n i al w a s a p
.
, ,
m
p a r e n t l y save d y H S O b i t w a s d e t o l eakage in t he c o n n ec i o n s
, , , u t
f ro m t h e i n c re a s e d re s i st a n c e c a s e d y th e i n t e rp o s it i o n o f t he u b
b ub h
a s o r p t i o n t e T i s i s a n i p o rt a n t f act w h ic h i s in d i rect o pp o
. m ,

s it io n t o th e t h e o ry o f B r o w n S a r d an d D A rs equ
o n v a l w it h re ga rd
-

u
t o th e i n e n c e o f H S O i n th e a s o rp t i o n t , ,
es b ub .

m
I n exp e ri e n t N O 3 3 w i t a s e ri e s o f s i x r a .
,
h
i t s c o n n e d fo r bb
t w o d ay s t h e p r o p o rt i o n o f c a r b o n i c a c i d in t h e l ast t w o j a r s
, ,

f o r th e g re at e r p a rt o f th e t i e w as etw ee n 4 a n d 7 p e r c e n t a n d m ,
b .
,

b
t h a t o f t h e o x yge n etw e e n 1 2 a n d 1 6 p e r ce n t N o n e o f t h e a n i al s . m
u
d i e d o r w e re s e ri o sly i ll T h o s e in t h e r st th re e a n d in t h e f h
. t
j a r s g a i n e d in w e ight th o s e in t h e f o urt h a n d s ixth l o s t l i ghtl y in
,
S

w ei gh t .

m u
A n exp e ri e n t o f t h i s n at re a n d re s l t o n c e a n d f o r all n egat ive s ,
u ,

th e o rga n ic p o i s o n th e o ry .

m
Th e e xp e ri e n t s h ave s h o w n th at a n i a l s s ch a s i ce ay l iv e m u m m
m
in a n at o sp h e re in w h i c h b
y g rad al c h a n ge t h e p o p o r t i o n o f
,
u ,
r
o xyge n h a s ec o e s b m o l o w a n d t h at o f th e ca r o n i c ac i d s o h i gh t h at b
m m b u
a si il a r a n i al r o gh t f r o f re sh a i r i n t o it d i e s al o st im m e d i
,
m ,
m
at el y Th i s i
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n i ty ay c o n t i n e w h e n t he exp e r i e n t i s i n t e r u m
r up t e d f o r a d ay o r t w o The i n ity i s e xcept i o n al
. mmu
i s l i it e d t o ,
m
u
c e rt ai n i n d i vi d al s a n d re i re s f rth e r e n i ry
,
qu u qu .

We ( M F an d L r ep e at e d t h e B r o w n S e a rd expe r i e n qu m t

. . .

a n d pl ac e d t w o ch a mb
e rs ( ca p aci ty 6 l i te rs ) in se ri e s t h e o n e co n ,

t ai n i n g t h re e rat s a n d t h e s ec o n d a g i n e a p i g ; in a n o t h e s e r ie s w e u r .

pl ac e d t h re e r at s in t h e r st a n d t h ree r at s in t h e s ec o n d ch a er mb .

A i r w a s a sp i rate d t h r o ugh e ac h s e ri e s at s ch a rate a s t o giv e u

to 4 p e r c e n t CO
in e ach o f t h e se c o n d ch a
,
e r s We cl e a n e d o ut mb .

m
th e a n i al s c h a
mb
e rs e ac h day a n d l l e d t h e w it h d ry h ay s ,
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t o av o i d t h e c o o l i n g a n d w ett i n g e ffe ct o f th e a i r wh ich w as ,

ur m u
s at at e d w it h o i st re T h e exp e ri e n t c o n t i n ed fo r t h ree w e ek s
. m u
an d b o t h th e g i n e aup i g a n d t h e rat sin t h e s ec o n d ch a e r in mb
c re as e d in w e ight .

F i n all y t h e r st o f t h e s e t w o exp e ri e n t s t e r i n ate d y a n

,
m m b
u
acc i d e n t al f a il re in th e a sp i rat i n g c rre n t w h ich l e d t o t h e a sph yx i a u
m
t i o n o f t h e a n i al sin o th c h a ers b mb .
4O S ITH S
M ON I A N M S LLA
I CE N EO US CO LL EC T I S ON VO L . 60

E nr st w k SE n d n d
d o t o t E n
f w r tk d o t
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( 1)
C h m b r II g i
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P e rce n tg a e o f CO,

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2 81
3 78

P e rce n tg a e o f COQ

W e ( M F an d L ) al s o c a r r i e d o ut e x e r i e n t s o f a s o e
. . . H . p m m
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equ r
,

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m .

m
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hr p
h
b o x t e l i d o f w h ic w a s s
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p e r f ect ve n t i l a u m
h
t i o n T e a n i al s l i ve d fo r 2 % w e ek s in a n at o s
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.

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T h e f act t at t e a n i al s p t o n s o h h
c w eig t s h o w s co n m u mu h h
c l usiv e l y t h at t h e re w a s n o act iv e t o x i c s st a n c e in t e exh al e d a i ; ub h r
m
t h e exp e r i e n t n e gati v e s th e c o n cl s i o n s n o t o n ly o f B r o w n S a rd u -
-

eq u
42 S ITH S
M ON I A N M I CES LLA NE O US g OL L E CT I O N s VO L . 60

n i t i l I n r n ts w i h t w k r
c e m e o f e g p e r e e in g am s
w i ht
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7 8 9 10 1 1 12 13

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g r o w t h t h e dep re s s iv e e ffect o f d a rk n e s s I n o ur c it i e s t e d ll n e s s . h u
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o f s n l e s s d ay s a n d f o gs o f w i n t e a r e i n t e n si e d y th e s o ky ai r r b m .

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.
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ak e p a k al e i d o s c o p i c , .
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l at e s f a n cy a n d d i sp el s t h e o n o t o n y a n d gl o o m m
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T e w a r t a n d ri g t n e s s o f o ur h o s e s i p el s
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l o s s o f Op e n u m
r
a i r ex e ci s e H o w ch s
. un t h e L o n d o n e
mu h a s lo s t i s s o w n y r h b
ur r
g e s e c o rd e d y s s el l : I n f o b Ru ye a s t e r e w e e o rs ur r h r hu
o f s n s h i n e in L o n d o n
u at Ke w a n d ,at S t L e o n a d s B e . r .

t w e en N o v e mb
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s n s h i n e in L o n d o n 2 2 2 at Ke w a n d 3 0 0 at E a st o n e F o r t e
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, ,

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s w i l l e e rge i n t o o n e o f g a d e n c it i e s a n d cl e a n l iv i n g .

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s t s e e t o i t t at t e et o d o f o s e w a i n g i s c o n t iv e d
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e l i n e s a s t e o p e n e o th e rw i s e w e ay l o s e in e alt h ,

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t e w an t o f co o l m h o vin g rm
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a s re s t t e d a s o p e n e s w it n e s o r s o rc e s o f a d i a n t ,

h e at c omb h mpu
i n e d w it i r h m h
l s i o n o f c o o l ai a re t e k i n d o f et o ds ,

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w i ch e i re d ev el o p e n t T e h m m et h o d s o w i dely e . pl o y e d o f
r m b h h h u
h e at i n g o o s y e at i n g t e a i r i s t h e o n e w h ic p a rt i c l a rl y l e n d s ,

h u
i t sel f t o t e p r o d ct i o n o f i ll e ffect s .
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,

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g r t f r h S i C i tt f h B i t i sh M d i l A ss i t i
an o m t e c e n ce o mm ee o t e r e ca oc a on .
 S ITH S
M ON I A N M S LLA
I CE NE O U S CO LL EC T I S
ON VO L . 60

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M IN W KS
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A

Bo x I GU I E
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P I G NO 6
. .
 S ITH
M SON I A N M S LL
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ON VO L . 60

B o x 11 . GU I EN A -

PIG NO . 1 .

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50 S ITH S
M I
ON A N M S LLA
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ON VO L . 60

Bo x 11 . GU I EN A -
P I G NO 5. .
NO . 2 3 IN F LU E N CE OF A T SP H ER E
M O ON HE A LT H 5 1

Bo x I . R A T NO . 2 .

Box I . R A T NO 4 . .
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Box 1 . R A T NO .
5 .

B o x 11 . R A T No .
3 .

Bo x 11 . R A T NO 6 . .
54 S ITH S
M ON I A N M S LLA
I CE N EO US CO LL EC T I S ON VO L . 60

u m
t re a n d o i st re Th s t h o s e s ffe r i n g f r o u . u
h ea rt d i s ea s e a n d u m
b Su
r o n c h it i s w h e n h t in t h e c a i n et w e re c o f o rta l e s o l o n g as b m b
m u
t h e te pe r at re re a di n gs l ay b etw e e n 8 a n d 2 0 C in sp it e o f t he
.
,

CO , ri s i n g t o p e r c e n t T h ey w e re v e r y s e n s it i ve t o h igh ea d
. r
, u
i n gs a n d e n d r e d l e s s h e at ( fo r e xa pl e 2 0 t o 2 7 a n d fo r m ,

mu m
ch l e s s t i e ( f o r exa pl e o n ly 40 t o 50 m
i n t e s ) th a n h e althy ,
m u ,

men . m
T h ey c o pl a i n e d o f d i i n e s s a n d w e e ge n e rally n ea sy zz r u .

m
N o r al m e n b u
e c am e n c o f o rta l e w h e n t e t e pe rat re o s e t o m b h m u r
m
f r o 2 7 t o 3 1 C w it h a rel at iv e h
i d ity o f 5 1 t o 60 T e s i n
.
,
um . h k
m u
t e p e rat re o f t h e f o re h e a d o s e 2 t o 3 C a n d t h e r el at iv e o i s r
.
,
m
u r
t re o f t h e a i in c o n t act w i t h t h e sk i n a s t ake n w ith a h yg r o ete r m
u n de r t h e cl o t he s r o s e 2 0 t o
3 0 pe r c e n t .

1
B e n e d i ct h a s s h o w n t h at a m a n c a n l iv e a n y d ays in a cl o s e d m
m r
cal o r i et e c h a mb
e r in c o f o rt w i t h o t d a age t o h i s h e al th a n dm ,
u m ,

h av i n g n o t t h e s l ight e s t c o g n i a n c e o f a n y de f ect in v e n t i l at i o n w e n z h
th i s i s s o r u
e d c e d t at t h e C O , acc h
l at e s t o f r o m 1 t o 2 p e r c e n t umu -

t hat i s s o lo n g a s t h e a i
, o f t h e ch a r
e i s kep t c o o l a n d d ry mb r .

Z un t z
3
u
s gge st e d th a t t h i s re s l t ig t e d e t o t e ci rc l at i o n o f u m h b u h u
h ru h h
t e ai r t h o g t e H , S O 4 d ri e r s a n d t h e d e st ct i o n t h e re y o f ru b
o rga n i c c he m
i c al p o i s o n ,
bu
t n o H , S O d ri e r s w e re s e d in t h e e x 4
u
p e r im e n t so f al d a n e a n d L o a i n S it h
H a l E r ckl e n t z a n d in rr m ,
Pu ,

o ur o w n m
e xp e ri e n t s in w h i ch al l di s c o f o r t w a sp rev e n t e d y
,
m b
c o o l i n g t h e ai r .

Ou r exp e r i e n t al ch a m mb
e r w a s c o n st r ct e d o f w o o d w it h l a rge u ,

gl as s o se rv at i o n w i n d o w s I t w a s re n de re d a i r t igh t y ll i n g all
b .
-

b
r u
c ack s w it h p tty a n d y p ast i n g l aye rs o f r o w n pape o v e r t h e b b r
wo o d . T h e ch a e r w a s e n te re d mb
t h r o gh a m a n h o l e w h ich w a s u
b
cl o s e d y a s h tt e r u .

O n o n e s i d e o f t h e ch a mb r
e w e re x e d t w o s all el ect r i c h e at e rs m ,

a n d a t in c o n t ai n i n g w at e r w a s pl ac e d o n t h e s e i n o rd e r t o s at rate u
th e a i r w ith w at e r v ap o r O n a n o t h e r s i d e o f t h e c h a . e r w as mb
r
pl ac e d a l a rg e a d i at o r th r o gh w h i c h c o l d w at e r c o l d e c i rc lated u u b u
w h e n re i re d s qu o a s t o c o o l t h e ch a
,
e r I n th e r o o f w e re xed mb .

r
t h ree el ect i c f a n s o n e i g a n d t w o s all y e a n s o f w h ic h the
,
b m , b m
a i r o f t h e ch a mb r u b
e c o l d e e ff e ct al ly st i r re d A w et a n d a d ry u .

bu b mm
l t h e r o et e r w e re pl ac e d w it h i n a n d re adi n gs w e re t ake n ,

p e ri o d ic al l y a f t e r w h i rl i n g t he s e r o n d in t he a i r o f t h e ch a er u mb .

1
Bu ll 1 7 5, U S De p t Ag r i p c 2 35
R p r t B r i t A ss Adv p
. . . .
. . .
,

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3
e o . o . . .
,
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5 43 .
NO . 2 3 IN F LU E N CE OF AT SP H ER EM O ON HE A LT H
Th e re a d i n gs w e re t ake n at a o t ch e st h e ight Th e c h a e r h el d bu mb
ub m x m
.

m
ap p r o x i at ely 3 c i c ete r s o f a i r I n o n e cl a s s o f e p e ri e n t s .

u
w e s h t w i t h i n t h e ch a mb
e r s ev e n o r e i gh t s t d e n t s f o r a o t h al f u bu
an ho u b
r a n d o s e rve d th e e ffec t o f t he c o n n e d at o s phe r e p o n m u
th e m W e kep t t h e t h e rei n n t i l th e
.
,
m
re ach e d 3 t o 4 p e r c e n t u CO
bu b
,

a n d t h e o xyge n h a d f al l e n t o f r o 1 7 t o 1 6 p e r ce n t T h e w et l m -

bu
.

m u
te p e rat re r o s e e a n w h il e t o a o t 80 t o 85 F a n d t h e d ry m l
.
-

bu b
a d egre e o r t w o h i gh e r T h e st d e n t s w e n t in ch atti n g a n d l a gh . u u
in g bu b
t b y a n d y a s t h e t e p e rat re r o s e t h ey c e a s e d t o t alk a n d
,
m u
b m u
th e i r f ace s ec a e s h e d a n d o i s t W e h av e w at ch e d t h e t ry m . m
in g t o l ight a c i ga rett e ( t o rel i ev e t h e o n o t o n y o f t h e exp e ri en t ) m -

m
an d p uzz b m
l e d y t h e i r atch e s g o i n g o ut o r r o w i n g o th e r s o n l y in ,
b ,

vain T h ey h a d n o t s e n s e d th e p e rce n t age o f t h e d i i n t i o n o f

. m u
o xyge n b
w h ic h f el l el o w 1 7 T h e i r re at h i n g w a s sl i ghtl y d e ep e n ed
, . b
b y t h e h igh p e rc e n t age o f C O t n o h e a d ac h e o c c r re d in a n y o f , ,
bu u
t m m
h e f r o t h e s h o rt exp o s re t o f ro 3 t o 4 p e r ce n t C O Th e i r u m , .

m
d i sc o f o rt w a s rel i ev e d t o a n a st o n i s h i n g e xt e n t b y p tt i n g o n u
t h e el ect ri c f a n s pl a ce d in th e r o o f W h il st t h e a i r w a s kept .

u
st i r re d th e st de n t s w e re n o t a ffecte d y t h e o p p re s s iv e at o s p h e re b m .

b h
T h e y egge d f o r t e f a n s t o e p t o n w h e n t h ey w e re c t o ff T h e b u u .

m
sa e o l d s tal e ai c o n t ai n i n g 3 t o 4 p e r c e n t r an d 1 6 to 1 7 pe r CO ,

O
c en t , w a s w h i le d r bu
t th e o v e e n t o f t h e ai r g ave c o pl et e
,
m m m
b u
rel ie f ec a se th e a i r w a s 80 t o 85 F ( w et
,
l ) w h il e t h e ai r
. bu b
m
e n e s h e d in t h e i r cl o t h e s in c o n t act w i th t h e i r sk i n w a s 98 t o 9 9

F ( w et
. bu b
l ) T h e w h i rl i n g aw ay o f t h i s st at i o n a ry a i r c o o le d t h e
.

b o dy e ffect all y u
f o r a i r at 80 t o 85 F h o l d sc o n s i d e ra l y o re
,

. b m
w ate r v ap o r w h e n h e at e d up t o f r o 9 8 t o 9 9 F m
.

Ja n ua r y 2 9 ,
1 91 2 . Se v en t d ts
su en an d M . F sh t i h b
. u n c am e r .

Ti m F ns
D ry b l b
a

b lb
e

u Wet u

P . M . D r sF
e g ee . D r6 sF
e g ee .

O ff 74 3
O ff 76 67
O ff 83
O ff 83
77
M F

sp u s
e 108 l
77
sp u s l
. . .

M F

3 . 12 O ff 83 78 . . e 96 .

A
a ly s i s o f ai r t ak e n a t
n p . CO , p e r cen t ; O ,

p e r ce n t M atch e s w o l d . u no t bu r n in the ai r Th e st d e n t s. u
56 S ITH S M ON I A N M I CES LL A N EO US CO LL EC T I S ON VO L . 60

ack n o w le dge d t h e g re at e n et d e ri ve d f r o b
t h e f a n s p a rt ic l a rly m ,
u
b
th o s e pl ace d e n e at h th e ig f a n O n e st d e n t b r eat h e d t h e ai f r o b . u r m
o u mb
t s i d e t h e ch a e r t h r o gh a t e a n d f elt l ittl e r el i e f u ub .

L H st a n d i n g o t s i de re at h e d t h e ai r in t h e ch a e r t h r o gh
. .
,
u ,
b mb u
ub
a t e a n d f el t n o d i sc o f o rt ; t h e o n l y r e s l t t h e r e f ro
,
w as a m u m
d e ep e n i n g o f t h e re sp i rat i o n f t e r t h e st d e n t s h a d l e f t th e . A u
cha mber L H
e n t e r e d it ; th e a i r w a sw a r a n d o i st
, . . t th e re m m bu
w as n o o ff e n s iv e s m
ell o r a n y s e n s e o f cl o s e n e s s w h e n t e f a n s w e r e
,
.
h
u
p t o n Th e a i r t h e n f elt l ik e a p l e as a n t s
. er ee e umm b r z .

Jun e 3 ,
1 91 0 t d ts d R A R t r d
. Se v en su en an . . . en e e th e ch br am e .

T prtr h br T prtr h br
Ti F ns Ti
e m e a u e o f c am e e m e a u e o f c am e

m e a me

b lb W b l b D ry u e t u Dry b lb W b lb u e t u

O ff
D r
6
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sF eg ee . eg ee . A . 211 . D r8 sF D r sF
e g e e . eg e e .

5 2 1 77
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I I .
47 On 80 76

u
Th e s r f ac e sk i n t e p e rat r e o f a s t de n t st a n d i n g cl o se n d e r m u u u
b
t h e igge st f a n r o s e f r o at a t o 3 4 C at a m . m .

'

. . m .

a n d f el l t o 3 1 5 o n p tt i n g o n t h e f a n s

C
s a pl e o f ai r t ake n
. u . A m
at a gav e , m
p e r ce n t
.
,
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p e r c en t ; an d an o t h e r , O
t ak e n at a gav e , pe r c e n t ,
. m
p e r ce n t
. CO ,
O .

Jun e I O, I OI O . i g ht st d t s d R A R i C h b r
E u en an . . . n am e .

T prtr h br T prtr h br
Ti Ti F ns
e m e a u e o f c am e e m e a u e o f c am e

m m

b lb W b lb D ry b l b W b l b
e e a

Dry u e t u u e t u

A . M . D r sF D r sF
eg ee

O
. D r sF D r sF
eg ee . A . M . eg ee

84
. eg

80
ee .

77 75 n

79 78 O ff 85 81
82 75 On 85 81

u m
T h e s r f ace t e p e r at re o f t w o o f t h e st d e n t s w as sl i ghtly u u
l o w e red 0 5 t o 1 0 C w h e n th e f a n s w e e o n ; t h ey w e re n o t
,

.
,
r
st a n di n g d i rectl y n d e r t h e i g f a n u b .
5 8 S ITH S
M ON I A N M I CES LLA NLL EC T I S
EO US CO ON VO L . 60

R sp ir t i n
S bj t
u ec fr n y f r n y
sP ul
e q ue
e
c
e
e q ue
a o
c

C 72 2 4
92 2 4
86
I 20
L 96 20

f 84 20

l 12 8 2 4
r
74 I 6

- 20
r 94

A . R H
J
100 30
-
r
106 30

8
1

H

57 1

r 72 2 2

86
5
20
R 5
4r
.

92 2 2

h u qu m
T e p l s e f re e n cy w a s d i i n i sh e d in e ac c as e y p tt i n g o n h b u
m r r
t h e f a n s a n d t h e d i s c o f o t el i eve d N O e a d ach e f o ll o w e d t h e . h
m
exp e ri e n t .

A rm
f te h
aki n g t e se p r el i i n a y exp e r i e n t s t w o O f s ( m r m .
u R A. .

R o w l an d s an d H E rr
W al ke r ) c a i e d o ut a s e ri e s O f o s e rv at i o n s
. . b ,

h
e ac act i n g a ss j e ct in t n ub .
ur .

h ub br
T e s j e ct e at h e d t h ro gh a Z un t z u
et e r tt e d w it h a o th m mu
p i ece a n i n l et a n d a n o tle t v alv e
,
u
s o d a l i e t in t o a s o r C0 . A -
m ,
b b 2 ,

m b
w a s at t i e s i n t e rp o s e d etw e e n t h e i n l et a n d t h e o t T h e e ffect m uh .

o n the r e sp i r at o ry v e n t i l at i o n a n d o n t h e p l s e at e w as rec o d e d o t h u r r b
h r
w e n e st i n g a n d w h e n w o rki n g T e w o rk c o n s i st e d in p ll i n g p . h u u
k m
a 2 0 i l o g ra w e igh t a bo t I u m
et e r h ig h y e a n s o f a p l l ey a n d b m .
u
ro p e .

In m m
a n y o f t h e exp e ri e n t s CO Z w a s p t i n t o t h e ch a m e r f r o u b m
b u
a ag f ll O f th e ga s T h e s j ect s i n s i d e c o l d n o t t el l w h e n th e
. ub u
u
ga s w a s i n t ro d ce d n o t ev e n i f t e p e ce n t age w a s s d d e n ly rai s e d
,
h r u
to 2 .

u
Th e i n t r o d ct i o n O f t i s a o un t o f t h e ga s
.
h
ad e n o s e n s i l e m m b
d i ffe re n ce t o t he m . h ub
T e s j e ct s w o r e o n l y a v e st p a n t s a n d sh o e s ,

in m h
o s t O f t e s e expe r i en t s m
W h e n th ey w o re t h e i r o rd i n a ry .

u
cl o th i n g th e e ffect o n t h e f re e n cy O f t h e p l s e w a s o re a rke d qu m m
a n d t h e d i s co m r rm m u mu
f o t f o h e at a n d o i st re ch g reate r .

h rm h u
I n ev e ry o n e o f t e expe i e n t s t e p tt i n g o n o f t h e f a n s gav e
r m
g re at rel ie f T h e e f re sh i n g e ffect o f t h e o v i n g a i r act i n g o n th e
.

sk i n i s v e ry gre at bu h b m u
t t i s c an n o t e,
e as re d a n d re c o rd e d in
u
g re s .
NO . IN F L U E N CE OF A T SP H ER E
M O ON A LT H HE 59

O ct o b e r 4 H B W an d R A R in c h b r S bj t H
am e u ec B W
F bs b d
. . . . . . . . . .
, ,

a n so ff a n d C 0 2 a o r e .

b r T t l v l T p r t r Ch b r
r s s b r ihn dt id l P lsr t
f
N um e o f
'

o a o um e
e m e a u e 0 am e

e p i r at i o n e at T air u
' '

e a a e

D ry b l b W b l b
E - - -
e

p e r m m ut c 13 6 r m u e
'

u e t u

rs L ite
\

8
D r 8
sF D r sF eg e e . e g e e .

C
\
2 50 9 2 7 78
C 3 16
V 3 68 V
'

79 79
I l
N U 3 75 Q)
,

46 9 8 8o 80
l

U
32 6
l

V U
O
O

H0
50 0 86 83
3 86
0 I
0 U

Av r g v l
e a e o um e b r th ea e d 65 ,
. li t er sp e r m i t
nu e .

3 50 2 3 O 39 1
3 51 - 2 7 HO
O 40 4 3;
Ir

\
3 54
2 4 3 12
371
3 57 - 2 3 413
24 20 1
2 5 3 80 1 00 86
24 3 96

Av g v l e ra e o um e
'

b th d
re a e ,
li t er sp e r m i t n u e .

At f a n sp ut o n
.

( Ret . 2 2 )
78 86
4 .

:
4 1 1 .
5 50 0
2 4
2 2 8 3 64
8 5 .
3 70
20 1 1 86 83
2 4 I I .
5
10 47 6
2 3 5 65

Av g v l e ra e o um e b th d
re a e ,
li t er sp e r m i n ut e .

At C0 let o ut o f bag an d f a n s p ut
'

on to th o ro u ghly m ix the
t p h b At pl t k A l y si s t
2

a m o sh e r e in c am e r s
am e a en na : CO: per ce n :

t
. .

per ce n .
DO SM I T H SON IAN M I SCE L L AN E OU S CO L L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

F an sO ff an d CO2 on .

b r T t nl T Chp r tb rr
dy rt i snpsir
e m e a u e Of
N um f vo l

P rt
e o o a

b r tihn dt
Bo am e
te m e a ur e

in
Tm e T 1 daI
.

'

r a t ur e
a 15 3 a e
p

D ry b l b w
e o p e r ea e
m ut e p e r m u e
u e t b um
)

P . M . D r
e g e e sF . L ite rs c. 0 .
l
( A cc e
D r sF D r
. 13 )
e g ee . eg ee sF
4 50.
98 24 2 8 1 1 66 8 9 8 8 7 4
24 2 7 1 12 5
4 52. 2 7 28 1 0 39

4 53o 2 4 26 1 0 83
2 5 2 7 1 0 80 87 86
4 55 2 5 30 1 2 00
2 7 31 1 1 46
4 57. 26 31 1 1 92
26 32 1 230

4 50. 2 7 31 1 1 48 86 89 87

Av g v l e ra e o um e b th d
re a e ,
2 9 li t e r sp e r m i t
nu e .

F an sa n d C0 2 o n .

2 5 2 6 1 0 40
R( 5)
2 6 33 12 69 89 85
30 37 12 33 84
5 - 13 2 7 35 122 2
26 32 12 30
2 7 30 1 1 1 1
2 7 35 1 2 96

5 - 1 7 2 7 32 1 1 81
26 37 I 4Z S 82 89 86
2 8 35 1 2 50

Av r g v l b th d li t r s i t
e a e o um e re a e e per m n u e .

At s pl t k A l y si s C O
am t 0 e t a en . na : 2 per ce n ; 2 per ce n .

O b ct o S r i sI
er R A R d H W i h b r S bj t
12 I 9I 0 e e an B n c am e u ec

R F s d CO b s b d
. . . . . . . . . .
,

R . A . . an O ff an 2 a or e .

b r T t l v l T prtr h br
Ti r sp ir itni tn s b r tihn dt T i d l sr t
N um o f o um e e m e a u e o f c am e
e o a
m a e a a air P ul e a e

b lb W b lb
e e o e

p e r m u e p e r m u e
D ry u e t u

P . M . rs 6
D r sF D r s L ite c. c . eg ee . eg e e F .

17 12 7 91 90
19 1 3
18 12
18 16 V

2 0 19 9 50 o
18 15 8
20 15 7 50
I9 1 1
19 12
20 1 5 75 0 80 89 87

Av r g v l
e a e o um e b r th d ea e ,
14 li t e r sp e r m i t
nu e .
( 52 SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE L L ANE OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

Se r i sVe . C0 2 di t h b
wa s as
se p n o c am er fro m o u t si d F e . an so n .

b r v l h br
Ti r sp ir i tni tn s b r tihn dt T i d l P ls r t
'

N um e o f T o t al o um e
1 e mp e r a t ur e o f c am e

m e e a o ea e a a ir u a e

b lb W b lb
e

p er m u e p er m u e
Dry u e t u

W AL . D r sF D 8r sF eg ee . eg ee .

A 23 . 2 5 74 90 7
A 24 . 2 5

A 25 . 2 3
A 26 . 2 3 .
s
t
"

A 27 . 22 73
A 28 .
2 1 8
A 29 .
2 1 <
4
b 30 . 20

A 31 .
2 1

A 32 . 2 2 78 95 92

Av r g v l b r th d li t s i t
e a e o um e ea e ,
20 er per m n u e .

S r i sV I
e F s ff d s t sp h r b r th d
e . an O an am e a mo e e ea e .

- .
38 24 H 01 :4 V 76 95 92
0 0
b 39
-
. 24 N 00 0

b 40
-
. 24 H0 0@

0
0 O
A 41 . 2 5 H0
0 O N
0

HO 0
-
2
)
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.
-
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A 43 2 6 H0 U 0 I 0
A 8
.

A 44 2 4 H UI
O0
.

4
<

A 45 2 1 H V0
I

. r

A 46 . 2 1 H0 O( A N

A
96
O
A 47 . 2 1 Hs
o O09 .
95 93

Av r g v l b r th d li t rs i t I r s
e a e o um t
e ea e , e per m nu e . nc ea e , 91 p e r ce n .

S p l t k A l y si s CO
am e a t 0 en t na : per ce n ; per ce n

t p r t r sh i g h d h li g t f sl r d h
. 2 2 .

T he e m e a u e wa an t e co o n e ff e c o fan o we e t e

p l ry v t il t i g r t l y s ll sh p l s t
u mona en a on ea , a we a t e u e ra e .

O b ct o S i s S bj t H
er I 9, W F s ff d C 0 b sr b d
I OI O . er e 1 . u ec , . B . . an O an 2 a o e .

b r T t l T Chp r tb rr
r i r t l
N um f o l e m e a u e o f

Ti P ls r t
e O a vo
p
t i ni nst b r tihn dt
s R am e
e a um e ec a te m
m e
o T l dal a ir u e a e
r a t ur e

b lb W b lb
p e r ea e p e
m u e pe r m u e
Dry u e t u

rs D r sF D r sF D r sF L ite C . C. e g ee . eg ee .
eg ee

2 4 12 50 0 84 81 78
2 7 IO
2 6 7
\O
24
1
(
1 23 9 Q)
Q
2 7 0

2 S 9 3 60 <2
2 3
2 1 9
22 9 90 88 86

Av r g v l
e a e o um e br t h d ea e ,
li t e r sp e r m i t nu e .
NO . 2 3 IN F L U E N CE OF A T M OS P H E RE ON HE AL T H

Se r i e s1 1 . C0 2 a b srb d b y sd li
o e o a m e an d f a n so n .

bs r T Chp r tb rr
tl
N um e o f To tal l e m e a u e o f

t
vo -

t i ni ns b r tihn d R am e
{ e p l f a um e e c a te m
T 1daI P 1s
.

Tl m e
o

a e ra e
o p e r e a e p e r a t ur e

m ut e p e r m ut 6
Dryb lb b lb
u Wet
v

P . L it e r s c . c D r e g e e sF . D r s D r sF
eg ee F . e g ee

2 5 IO 40 0 82 99 90 85
24 10 41 6
24 9 3 75
3
8
2 3 0

20 8 40 0 8
2 1
5
5
2 1
2 1
2 88 99 1 93 88

g v l b r th d
A v e ra -

e o um e ea e , li t r s i te per m nu e .

G r t r li b y s i th
ea e e f fa n , w m uc h l ssp r sp i r t i
e e a on .

At CO s i t wa le t n o the h br d
c am e an f a n sw e r e p ut o n f o r a m e to ti
th r g h l y t sp h h br d li vd
g

o o u m ix t h e a mo e re o f the c am e S o a m e t in w a sr e m o e
.

an d f a n sp ut O ff .

i sIII
'

Ser e . C Oz o n an d f a n sO ff .

2 1 I 4 100 95 92
2 6 16

4 2

62 0 ?
0
2 5

g
23 I4
4 54 - 24 13 o

24 4 79 7 -
<
C
25 46 0
4 57 - 24 13
2 6 I 7 108 99 8 97 95

Av r g v l b r th d li t r s i t B l dd r p t i d
e a e o um e ea e ,
e per m nu e . a e e m e .

S pl f i t k
am 5 l k A l y si s C0
e O a r t 0 a en at

O c oc na : per ce n ;
t
. 2 2

per ce n .

S i sI V
er e F s d s t sp h r si l st sr i sb r th d
. an p ut on an am e a mo e e a n a e e ea e .

2 4 2 9 92 99 5 -
97 93
2 4 20
2 5 2 3 92 0 00
2 7 2O 7 40 7 -

E
'

2 7 1 8
2 7 1 7 8
.

5 2 1 2 4 1 7
8
2 5 18 72 0
2 5 17 6 80
15 84 99 5 99 95

Av r g e a e vo l um e br t h dea e , li t e r sp e r m i t I
n u e . nc e a r s
e 108 per ce n t .
64 SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE LL AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

At s
am pl t k e a en A l y si s
na : C0 2 per t 0
ce n ; per ce n t
Sp i i gl s d sf i t d F h li g s
. 2 .

f ur

ec m en o ne : NO uco e f o un o r no t u c en to re uce e n

sl t i
,

o u on .

O ct o b e r 2 6 i sI I F
J OI O Ser e an d R A R in c h b
am e r Su bj t I ec F
F b srb d
. . . . . . . . . .
, ,

an sO ff an d CO : a o e .

b r T t l T Chp r tb rr
rt i snpsir b r t h d tl
N um f l e m e a u e o f

Ti lsr t
e o o a vo
e a um e R ec a te m am e

in t in t
T 1dal
.

m e ai r Pu e a e

b lb b lb
o p er e a e
m u e p er m u e
Dry u Wet u

P . M . L ite rs c c D r eg ee sF . D r sF D r sF
eg ee e g e e

22 10 76 85 80
2 4 8
4 . 1 7 2 3
20
8
8 40 0
H
H

4 I 9 24 9 3 75 q,
24 8 333 3 -
g
2 2 8 4 :
2 1 8 3 81
4 . 2 3 2 1 8 3 81
20 7 3 50 87 99 89 85

Av g v l b r t h d
e ra e o um e ea e ,
li t e r sp e r m i t nu e .

S ri s
e C0 b srb de 11 . 2 a o e an d f a n so n .

2 1 12 88 99 89 85
2 4 10

4 37 - I9 9 47 3 7 -

20 9 4 50 o

I 9 8 42 1 5
2 2 10
8
2 1 1 1 <1
2 1 9
2 2 8
2 2 Io 4 54 5 88 99 4 95 89

Av r g v l b th d li t r s i t
e a e o um e re a e , e per m nu e .

At C0 l r b F s th et in f o m ag an p ut on to o ro u gh ly m ix a t mo ph
s e re
i th C0 S p l t k A l y si s C 0 t O t
2 .

w am e a en na : per ce n ; : per ce n

F
2 . . 2 .

an sp ut O ff .

Se r i e s11 1 . F an sO ff an d CO; on .

2 1 1 1 100 97 93
17 12 70 5
19 1 5 V
_

19 14 m
2 1 15 714 3 -
v
2 2 15
g
19 14
20 14 70 0
2 3 17 73 9 - I
22 16 12 4 100 96

Av r g v l e a e o um e b th d
re a e , li t e r sp e r m i t nu e .
OO SM I T H SO N IAN M I S CE LL ANE OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

C0 wa sl e t n it h b o c am e r f ro m t he bag o u t si d F e an sp ut on to th o ro u g h ly
t ph pl tk A l y si s t
2 .

m ix a m o s e re S am e ( NO 2 ) a e n na : C O2 per ce n ; O
t
. . . _

per ce n .

Ser i e s1 1 1 . C0 2 o n an d f a n so ff .

bs r Ttl l T prtr h br
i d l P lsr t
f
T
N um e o f o a vo l e m e a u e o c am e
f e p ir a
b r tihn d
um e
a ir
R e n a tem

in t
a a e

b lb b lb
e
tl o n sp e r e a e p e r a t ur e

m u e p e r m ut e Dry u Wet u

L it e rs c . c. D r sF eg ee . D 8r sF D r sF
e g ee . e g e e .

2 1 1 I 92 99 0 77
I 9 I I 5 79
2 1 14
00
I9 15 78 e

I9 15 7 89 4 0
2o 16 80 0
8
2O 12 60 0
19 1 4
2 1 12 571
1 9 1 3 1 10 80 77

Av r g v l b th d
e a e o um e re a e , li t e r sp e r m i t
nu e .

S r i sI V : C O
e de 2 on an f a n so n .

1 9 5 2 63 1 5 96 81 77
1 8 7
1 9 10
2 2 10 00

2 2 1 1 50 0 8
2 1 12 8
20 12 60 0 <
C
2 5 1 6 6 40
2 1 14
22 14 1 04 99 84 80

Av r g v le a e o um e b th d li t r s i t
re a e , e per m nu e .

N o v e m be r 9 S r i sI
1 91 0 R R dI e e A an F in h b r S bj t
c am e u ec

R rk d b y li f t i g i g ht t i s i t C O b srb d
. . . . . . .
, .
,

R A
. o
. . W one n we 12 me per m nu e . : a o e

and f a n sO ff .

20 5 85 80 80
20 3 65
2 2 1 1 50 0
2 4 12 50 0 8
2 6 9
2 8 22 8
3O 2 4 80 0 LE
30 26

30 26 866 7
31 28 100 83 81

Av r g v le a e o um e b r th d ea e ,
li t e r sp e r m i tnu e .
1N O . 23 IN F L UE N CE
-

0F . e O S F H E RE mv
< HE AL T H 6,

N umb e r T l
o f

T i d l o ta vo l
P ls r t
T prtr h br
e m e a u e O f c a m e

f e s
ii s r b r tihn dt
ip i r a m e a ir u
R cm l t e m '

a e a e
tl o r p e
-
-

m n ut e
-

pe r
e a
m
e
u e
p e rat ur e
Dry b lb bl u Wet u b

rs L ite
80
D r sF
e g ee . Degr8 sF D r sF
-
e c

8
. e g e e .

22 1 3
18
1 1 440
2 4 g .

70 0 g
'

2 1
2 1 70 0
23 .2

23
2 9 2 1 100 1 00 86

NO m r r t i n p l s sp i t h i h r t
le a o f u in e o f m pe rtr u

b t h d li t r s i t
e a

l
e

g
o e a cc e o -

g e e .

A v e ra e vo um e rea e e per m nu e
-
-
.
,

C0 2 l e Tt i n t O
'

ch a m b r f b A l y si s C O
e ro m
-
'

ag
-
. na : ; per ce n t ; 0 2 per

2 6 18 90 90
20
2 3 ,
5
25
2 5
28
O
2 6 < 4
2 7 93 1
32 4
32 1 32

Av r g v l e a e o um e b r th d
ea e ,
2 65 li t e r sp e r m i t nu e .

2 1 70 0 1 18 100 6 90
3O 2 4 80 0
2 8 9 33 3 a;
33 2 5 75 7 5 - N

28
28
U
30 e
g
29

2 7 79 1 2 I 46 91

A ve ra g e vo l um e b t d
rea he ,
li t e r sp e r m i t nu e . I nc re a s
e , a b t
o u 60 p e r

Sam pl t k e a en . A l y si s
na : CO :

per ce n t ; 0 2 p er ce n t .
68 SM I T H SO N I AN NH S C E L L A N E O U S C O L L E C F KH MS VOL . OO

N o v e m be r 1 6 1 91 0 Ser i e sI R A R p e r fo rm e d wo r k b y p lli g u n on

kil g r i g h t v r p ll y sr i s i t b s b d by
. . . . .
,

20 o am we o e a u e fo r e e o f 10 m nu e s C 0 a or e

sd li
,
. 2

o a d m s e an fa n O ff .

b r T t l
rt i snpsir b r t h d T i d l T prtr h br
lsr t R t l
N um e o f o a vo l e m e a u e o f c am e
e a urme -

a ir p u ec a te m

in t in t D ry b l b W b l b
a e a e
o p er e a e p e r a t ur e
m u e p e r m u e u e t u

r6 s D r sF
L it e c . c. e g ee . D 8r sF D r 8 sF
e g ee . eg e e .

20 300 94 1 00 0 7
18 1 1
2 1 1 4 666 6
2 1
24
16
2 1 87 5
\o
H
24 16
3
23 3 U

2 1 18

8
2 1 16
20 16 80 0
2 4 20 1 10 86 84

Av r g v l e a e o um e b r th d ea e ,
li t e r sp e r m i t nu e .

Ser i sII
e . C0 2 a b srb d o e an d f a n so n .

2 2 12 98 89 85
22 10
2 1 1 4
2

2 2 16
2 2 16
2 5 17 680 8
25 18 72 0 LE
2 7 2 1 777 7
23 2 2
2 1 3O 1 14 90 85

Av r g v l e a e o um e b r th d
ea li t r s i te e per m nu e

P l s li tt l l r t d i sp i t h i g h r t p r t
.
,

u e e m o r e a cc e e a e n e Of e e m e a ure .

N o v e m be r i sI H W p r r d r k b y p lli g
2 3, 1 91 0 Ser e B e fo m e wo u n on a

i ght kil gr s v r p ll y T h i s sli t d t i s i t

. . . . . .

we o f 20 o am o e a u e wa f e 12 m e per m nu e

i t s CO b s b d ls
.

fo r 5 m nu e . ; a or e an d fa l O ff .

2 0 24 96 87 83
2 1
2 2
37
42 I , 90 9 ( A l cc e .
32 )
22 41
2 4 42 I 750 12 8 99 9o 85

Av r g v l e a e o um e b r th d
ea e , 37 li t e r sp e r m i t Av r g t i d l
nu e . e a e a a ir , cc .
7O SM I T H SON IAN M I S CE LL ANE OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

Se r i s C O b srb d b y sd li
e 11 . ; a o e o a me an d f a n so n .

b r T t l
rt i nspsir b r t h d T i d l tl T prtr h br
ls r t
N um e o f o a vo l e m e a u e o f c am e
e a um e a ir p u R ec a te m

in t in t D ry b l b W b l b
a e a e
o p e r e a e p e r a t ur e
m u e p e r m u e u e t u

rs L ite c . e . D r sF eg ee . D 8r sF D 8r sF
eg e e . eg e e .

17 9 52 9 4 96 7 5
18
19 A l 2 3

32 I 3 ( cc e . 2 0 )
1 7 34
1 8 34 1 16 100 88 . 85

Av r g v l
e a e o um e b r th d
ea e ,
2 6 li t e r sp e r m i t Av r g t i d l
nu e . e a e a a ir , cc .

P lsu e r e co r s:d At the en d o f I s

t m i t
n u e 1 10 per m i t nu e ; 4t h m i t nu e 1 06 :

i t
, ,

6t h m nu e ,
1 00 .

CO2 l e t it h br r b F
n o c am e f o m ag an sp ut on to th r gh l y
o o u m ix t h e a t mo s
p l t k A l y si s CO t 0 t
.

p he re . S am e a en . na : : per ce n ; 2 per ce n .

Ser i e s1 11 . C0 2 an d f a n sO ff .

1 7 3O 92 1 00 87 83
2o

19
60
32 I 684 3 .
( A l cc e .
42 )
2 1 46
2 5 60 1 34 87

Av r g v l
e a e o um e b r th d
ea e , 46 li t r s e per m i t
nu e .

P ls r rds At
u e e co : en d o f I s
t m i t
nu e 1 30 per m i t
nu e ; 2 d m i t
nu e 1 14 ; 4t h
i t 8 6 i t
, ,

m nu e , 9 ; th m nu e , 94 .

Se r i e sI V . C0 2 an d f a n so n .

2 8 50 99 1 00 87 85
I
2 7

3 1
58
I , 87 I ( A l cc e . 2 1 )
31 66 2 , 12 9
30 63 12 0 100 87 85

Av e r ag e vl o um e b r th d
ea e , 57 li t er sp e r m i t
nu e . I n cre a s
e d ,
1 18 pe r ce n t .

Pu ls e r e co d
r s: At the en d o f I s
t m i t
nu e, 12 0 per m i t
nu e ; 2d m i t nu e 1 10 ;
i t i t
,

4t h m n u e ,
100 : 6th m nu e ,
1 00 .

S am pl t k e a en . A l y si s
na : C0 2 per ce n t ; 0 2 p er ce n t .
 NO 3 . 2 T IN F L UE N CE OF A M OS P H E R E OX 71

D b e ce S r i sI
m H er I 4 I QI O e e B \V li t d i h t
f e w e g 12 ti m e sp e r m i tnu e

i t s CO bs b d
. . . . .
,

f sr s
o r e ie o f 5 m nu e . : a o r e an d f a n sO ff .

b r T t l T Chp r tb rr
rt i snpsir b r t h d a N um f l e m e a u e 0 t

ls
e o o a v o
am e
e a um e Re ctal tcm

in t
T 1d 1 Pu
.

T m e a e l a te e rat ur e

b lb w
o p e r e a e p
m l n ut e p e r m u e
Dry u e t b un)

L it e rs c. c. D r sF D r s D r sF
e g e e . e g ee F . e g e e .

1 3 12 86 87 82
13 1 8
13 2 2 ( A c m s)
z

1 7 28
20 28 1 18 89 85

A ve ra
-

g vl
e o um e br t h dea e ,
2 2 li t e r sp e r m i t Av r g t i d l
nu e . e a e a a ir , cc .

Puls r e e co r s:d D ur ig
n 3d m i t
n u e 1 12 per m i t s i t
nu e ; th m nu e 108 ; 7t h
i t 8
, ,

m nu e , 9 .

Se r i sII
e . C O: a bs b d or e an d f a n so n .

14 16 108 91 85
15 1 8
14 2 5 7 ( A cce L 7)
15 33
1 6 2 7 1 1 5 90 85

Av r g v l e a e o um e br t h dea e ,
24 li t e r sp e r m i t Av r g t i d l
n u e . e a e a a ir , cc .

P ls r u e e co r s: d D i g 3d i t
ur n m nu e . 97 p e r m i t
nu e ; 5t h m i t
nu e , 99 ; 7 t h m il l

ut e , 91 .

C0 le t it h b
n o c am e r an d f a n s p ut on to th oro u g h ly m ix a t mo ph
s e re
pl t k A l y si s t
2 .

Sam e a en an d f a n sp ut O ff na : CO: per ce n ; 0 per

t
. 2

ce n .

Se r i sIII
e . CO2 o u an d f a n sO ff .

14 2 5 7 1 08 9o 87

3 47 -
14
16
31
37 ( A l
cc e 32 )
I 3 48
2 1 47 1 40 89 86

Av g v l e ra e o um e br t h dea e , 36 li t e r sp e r m i t Av r g t i d l
nu e . e a e a a ir , cc .

Puls e r e co r s: d D ur ig n 3d m i t
nu e 12 0 per m i t
nu e ; 5th m i t
n u e 1 18 ; 7th
i t
, ,

m n u e . 1 06 .
72 SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE L L AN E OU S CO L L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

Ser i e sI V . C0 2 an d f a n so n .

b r Ttl T Chp r bt rr
rt i snpsir
N um f l e m e a u e 0

P rt
e o o a vo

br th d
am e
e a um e R e ctal te m

in t
T 1d3 1
.

Tl me o e r e a e
a 15 6 a e
e ra t ur e
p p
m u e p e r m l n ut e
b lb W b lb Dry u e t u

P . M . L ite rs c . c . D r sF D r sF D r sF e g e e . e g e e e g e e .

16 31 1 10 91 87

l
2o 39
4 7 . 2 0 45 ( A cc e 2 0 )
22 52
22 52 1 30 90 86

Av r g v l b r th d li t r s i t Av r g t i d l
e a e o um e ea e , 44 e per m nu e . e a e a a ir , cc .

P l s r rds D ri g
u e i t
e co i t h i t : u n 3d m nu e 1 1 5 per m nu e ; 5t m nu e 1 10 ; 7th
i t
, ,

m n u e 107

p l t k A l y si s C 0 t 0 t
.
,

S am e a en . na : 2 per ce n ; 2 per ce n .

D e ce m b S r i sIerR A R li f t d i g ht t i s
2 I 1910 i t e e e we 12 me per m nu e

sr i s f i t s CO bs b d d s
. . . . .
,

fo r e e o 5 m n u e . 2 a or e an fa n o ff .

b r T t l
rt i sn sir b r t h d T i d l T p r t r h b r
ls r t R t l
N um e o f o a v o l e m e a u e o f c a m e
e p a um e
p u ec a te m
a ir e

in t in t D ry b l b W b l b
a e a
o p e r e a e p e r a t ur e
m u e pe r m u e u e t u

6
r s D r sF
L it e D r sF D r sF c . 0. eg e e . eg ee . e g ee .

1 13 8 78 7 82
18 18
2 2 2 2 ( A cce L I S)
2 3 2 3
2 5 2 5 96 100 88 85

Av r g v l b r th d li t r s i t Av r g t i d l
e a e o um e ea e ,
20 e per m nu e . e a e a a ir , cc .

P ls t d ri g d i t
u e i tra i t 8 e u n 3 m nu e , 97 p e r m nu e ; 5t h m nu e ,
2 ; 7th m i t
n u e , 78 .

S ri s e CO b sr b d d s
e 11 . 2 a o e an fa n on .

13 18 90 90 83
I
I
3
8 2 1
19
( A l cce 6)
19 4
19 2 6 96 100 90 85

Av r g v l b r th d li t rs i t Av r g t i d l
e a e o um e ea e ,
2 2 e per m nu e . e a e a a ir , cc .

P l s r t d ri g i t 6
u e i t a e i t u n 3d m nu e , 9 per m nu e ; 5th m nu e , 92 ; 7 t h m i t nu e , 90 .

C0 l it h br d s et t h r g h lyn o c am e an fa n p ut on to o o u m ix t h e a t mos ph e re
h b r S p l t k A l y si s C O t 0 t
2

O f c am e . am e a en . na : : per cen ; 2 per ce n .

74 SM I T H SON IAN M I S CE L L ANE OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

CO: le t it h br F n o c am e an sp ut on to th o ro u gh ly m ix a t mos ph e re S am pl e

tk A l y si s CO t t
. .

a en . na : : p er ce n ; 0 : per ce n .

i s CO
Se r e 111 . : on an d f a n sO ff .

br Ttl tl T prtr h br
i l ls r t
N um
T d
e o f o a vo l e m e a u e o f c am e

t i inns b r tihn dt
re S

m
o
p ir a
per
ut e p er m
um
e a
e
e
u e
a a ir p u e a e
R ec a

p e
te m
r a t ur e
D ry b l b W b l b u e t u

rs L it e
8
c. c .

8
D r sF eg e e . D r sF D 8r 6 sF
eg ee . eg e e .

1 7 2 1 1 99 90
38
22
2 1 40
1

76 ( A cce l .
46 )
2 3 44 I . 913
2 5 53 1 64 91 88

Av r g v l e a e o um e b th d
re a e ,
li t er sp e r m i t Av g t i d l
nu e . e ra e a a ir ,

cc .

P ls t d i g
u e ra e ur n 3d m i t nu e, 1 38 per m i t s
nu e ; th m i nu e t , 12 0 ; 7t h m i n ut e

120 .

Ser i e sI V . C O: an d f a n so n .

15 32 1 00 99 88 82
16
I 7
24
2 000 ( A l cc e .
30 )
2 1 35
2O 45 1 30 99 90

Av r g v l b r th d li t r s i t Av r g t i d l
e a e o um e ea e , 34 e per m n u e . e a e a a ir , cc .

P l s t d ri g d i t 8
u e i t h i t 8
ra e u n 3 m nu e ,
1 1 per m nu e ; 5t m nu e ,
10 ; 7th m i nu e,t
100

p l t k A l y si s C O t O t
.

S am e a en . na : : per ce n ; : per ce n .

s
A ug u t S r i sI R R li t d i g ht t i s
2 1 91 1 e e A f e we 12 me per m i t
nu e fo r
sr i s i t s C O b srb d
. . . . .
,

e e o s
f 5 m nu e . : a o e an d fan o ff .

1 3 19 80 94 90
I4
I3
2
26
3
( A l cc e .
32 )
I S 35
16 37 1 12 100 100 96

Av g v l b t h d 8 li t r s i t Av r g t i d l
e ra e o um e re a e , 2 e p e r m nu e . e a e a a ir , cc .

Pu l s r t d ri g d i t
e s i t a e u n 3 m nu e ,
100 ; th m nu e, 1 00 .

CO: le t i t h b r r b t si d F s th r g h l y
n o c am e f o m ag o u e an p ut on to o o u m ix t h e
i th t sp h r h b r S p l t k A l y si s C O
.

C O w a mo e e Of c am e am e a en na : per
t 0 t
: . . :

ce n ; : per ce n .
 NO . 2 3 IN F L U E N CE OF A T M OS P H E R E ON H E A LT H 75

Ser i e s1 1 . C O: on an d f a n sO ff .

bs r Ttl l T prtr h br
N um
T i d l P sr t
e o f o a vo l e m e a u e o f c am e

t i inn
I e

m
o
p ir a
sp e r
ut e

p
b r tihn dt
e r
"m
e a
m
e
e
u e
a a ir ul e a e
R e ct a

p e
tem
r a t ur e
D ry b l b W b l b u e t u

rs
L ite c . c . D r sF eg e e . D r sF D r sF
e g e e . e g e e .

14 33 I 92 100 97 95
16
16
4O
51
2 50 0
,

3 1 87 5
, .
( A cc e l 48)
18 39
1 8 45 2 . 50 0 1 40 1 00 5 100 97

Av r g v l e a e o um e br e a th d e li t e r sp e r m i t Av r g t i d l
nu e e a e a a ir ,

CC
.
,

Pul s t d ri g s i t e d i t ra e u n I t m nu e ,
1 40 ; 3 m nu e ,
12 0 ; 5t h m i t
nu e ,
1 10 .

Air h b l d F ( b lb ) by
c am e r co o e 14

. wet u m e a n so f w a t e r co o l e r .

S r i sIII CO s f
e d e . : o n an fan Of .

17 38 84 * 83
I8
1 9
42 -
3
( A cc e l . 2 6)

2O 50
50 1 10 87 85

r t rd ti n No t e e a a o

Av r g v l b r th d 8 li t r s i t Av g t i d l
.

e a e o um e ea e , 4 e per m nu e . e ra e a a ir , cc .

Pu l s r t d ri g d i t
e a e u n 2 m nu e ,
1 00 ; 3d m i t
nu e , 94 .

Sam p l t k A l y si s C O
e a en . na : : per ce n t ; 0 : per ce n t .

Jul y QI I Se 2 8 I r es i I H B li t d i g ht t i s i t
W f e we 12 me per m nu e fo r
i i t F s O rdi ry h b r b r th d
. . . . .
,

s
er e so f 5 m n u e s . an O ff . na a ir in c am e ea e .

1 5 I I 4 87 86
1 5 2 1
20 2 8 ( A cc e L 2 8)
23 7
1 5 33 1 42 1 00 103 97

Av r g v l b r t h d li t r s i
e a e o um e ea e ,
2 5 e per m n u t Av r g t i d l
e . e a e a a ir , cc .

P l s t d ri g s i t
u e rai e u n I t m nu e ,
1 42 ; 2d m n u e,t 1 18 .

CO it h br t si d
let n o c am e fr o m ba g o u e F s an p ut on to th o ro u g h ly m ix
t m sp h r h b r i th C O A l y si sC O
: .

t h e a o e e Of c am e w na per ce n t ; O:
t
: . :

per ce n .
76 S M I T H SON I A N M I CES LLA N EO US CO LL EC T I S ON VO L . 60

Ser i sII C 0 ed . 2 o n an f a n so ff .

b r T t l
rt i nspsir b r t h d T i d l tl T prtr h br
P ls r t
N um e o f o a v o l e m e a u e o f c am e
e a um e
a a ir u R ec a te m

in t in t
e

lb
a e

m
o
u
p er
e pe r
e a
m
e
u e
p e r a t ur e
Dryb lb u Wet bu

1
rs L ite c . c. D r sF
e g e e . D r sF D 8r sF
e g e e . e g ee .

9 39 120 95 7
20
2 2
43
48 ( A l cc e 2 8)
2 4 57
2 3 52 1 48 10 4 10 1

Av r g v l e a e o um e b r th d
ea e li t e r sp e r m i t Av r g t i d l
nu e e a e a a ir ,

CC
, .

P l s r t d ri g s i t
u e a e u n I t m nu e 1 48 ; 2 i t
d m nu e ,
1 44 ; 3d m i t
n u e , 1 36 .

A i r i si d h h b r l d n e t e c am e co o e 22

F by t . wa e r co o e r l w i th f a n so n .

Se r i sIII
e . C0 2 o n an d f a n so ff .

20 40 2 , 000 1 00 * 99 6 . 82 79
2
2 7
6 50
53 I , 9 63 ( A l cce .
3 4)
25 55 2 ,
200
2 5 54 1 34

No t r t r d ti n
e e a a o

b r th d li t rs i t A v r g t i d l
.

Av r g v e a e ol um e ea e , e per m nu e . e a e a a ir , cc .

P l s t d ri g s i t
u e ra e u n I t m nu e ,
1 34 ; 2 d m i t
nu e , 1 10 ; 3d m i t
nue ,
104 .

S p l t k A l y si s C O
am e a en . na : 2 per t 0
ce n ; 2 per ce n t .

A ug us
t 9 1 01 1 Ser i sI H
e W li f t d i ght t i s i t
B e we 12 m e per m nu e fo r
i i tsF Ordi r y i f h b r b r th d
. . . . .
,

s
e r e so f 5 m n u e . an so ff . na a r o c am e ea e .

85

12 2 5 3 90 94
13
1 5 2
19

4 1 60 0 ( A cc e l . 2 6)

I 4 36 4
1 5 1 16 I00 95

Av r g v l e a e o um e b r th d
ea e ,
2 6 li t e r sp e r m i t Av r g t i d l
nu e . e a e a a ir , cc .

Puls r t d ri g e a e u n I s
t m i t nu e 1 16 ; 2 d m i t nu e 1 12 ; 3d m i t n u e 1 06 ; 4th
i t s i t
, , ,

m n u e , 95 ; th m n u e , 1 00 .
78 S ITH S M ON IA N M I S CE L L AN E OU S CO LL EC T I S ON VO L . 60

Pu d ig sls e ra e t ur n I t m i t n u e , 98 ; 2 d m i t nu e , 90 ; 4 t h m i t
nu e ,
84 ; 5 t h m i t nu e ,

80

it h br r t si d F th gh l y
.

C0 let n o c am e f o m b ag o u e an sp ut on to o ro u m ix
t sp h h b r th pl t k A l y si s
2 .

a mo e re o f c am e ; en th e fan sw e r e p ut O ff S am e a en na :

t 0 t
. .

C0 2 per ce n ; 2 per ce n .

Se r i e sI I . C0 2 on an d f a n so ff .

b
r sp irr Ttl tl T prtr f h br
T i d l lsr t
N um e o f o a v o l e m e a u e 0 c am e

t i innst
m
e
o pe
u e
a
r b r tihn dt
pe r
um
e a
m
e
e
u e
a a ir Pu e a e
R
p
ec
e
a te m
r a t ur e
D ry b l b b lb u W et u

rs
L ite c . e .

82
D r sF e g e e . D r sF D 8r sF
eg ee . e g e e .

1 5 37 93 7
15
I 7
38
40 2 , 3 52 .
3
9 ( A l cc e .
3 6)
18 45 2 , 50 0

2 6 53 1 18 99 95

Av r g v l b r th d li t rs i t Av r g t i d l
e a e o um e ea e e per m nu e e a e a a ir , cc

P l s r t d ri g s i t 8 d i t i t
.
, .

u e da e u n I t m nu e 11 ; 2 m nu e 3 m nu e 104 ; 4t h m i n
i t 6
, , ,

ut e , 96 6 ; th m nu e , 9 .

Wa e r t co o e l r p ut on fo r h lf a an h o u r .

Se r i sIII e . C0 2 on . Air o f c h b am e r co o e ld 1 1

to 1 3

F .
( wet b lb )
u .

20 30 I 50 0 86 99 8 87 84
I
20
9 45
35 I 75 0 ( A l cce . 2 2 )
20 60
2 3 50 108 85 82

Av r g v l b t h d li t rs i t Av r g t i d l
e a e o um e re a e , 44 e p er m nu e . e a e a a ir , cc .

P l s r t d ri g s i t 8 d i t 6 d i t
u e a e u n I t m nu e 10 ; 2 m nu e 9 ; 3 m nu e, 92 ; 4t h m i t nu e,

sh i t 88
, ,

92 ; t m nu e , .

S p l t k A l y si s C 0
am t 0
e a t en . na : 2 per ce n ; 2 per ce n .

A ug us
t 1 9, 1 91 1 Ser i sI H
e B W li t d f e we i g ht 12 ti me sp e r m i t
nu e

i i t
. . . . .

fo r s
e r e so f 5 m n u e s . C0 2 O ff a n d f a n so n .

12 14 87 95 85
13
I S
18
2 5
6
( A l cce . 1 5)
I 7 30
18 2 8 102 89
90

Av g v l e ra e o um e b r th d ea e ,
2 3 li t e r sp e r m i t nu e .
 F T SP H ERE IN L U E N CE OF A M O ON I I ISA L T I I

Pu l s t d ri g s i t
e ra e d i t i t u i t n I t m n u e 102 ; 2 m n u e 104 ; 3d m n u e 98 ; 4t h m nu e

s i t
, , , ,

90 ; th m nu e 95
i t Ch b r t si d p l t k A l y si s 0
.
,

C0 le t n o am e fr o m a bag o u e Sa m e a e n na : C
t t
2 . . 2

per ce n ; per ce n .

S ri se F s e II . an o ff .

N um
e
b r T te l
rt i snpsir b r t h d T i d l P l s r t R t l
a
o f o T pa
um
r t r he
b r
vo I ~

e c te m
a
e m e a u e o f c am e

a ir u

in t in t
a e a e

m
o
u
p e r
e p e r b lb
ea
m b lb
e
u e
p e r a t ur e
D ry u Wet u

rs D r sF D r sF D r sF
L it e e . 0 .

106
e g e e . e g e e . e g e e .

31 97 93
6
6
1
1 l 47
39 5 (A cc e . 2 6)

2 48
30 52 I 9 73 3 3 - 1 32 99 4 -
97 93

Av r g v l b r th d
e a e o um e ea e ,
l it e r sp e r i t m nu e .

Pul s r t d ri g s i t
e a e u n I t m nu e 1 32 ; 2d m i t
n u e 122 ; 3d m i t n u e 1 12 ; 4 t h m in
s i t
, , ,

ut e ,
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bu u m
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86 SM I T H S ON IAN M ISCE LL AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

In usi g t h e app a ra t s t o p t o ut re s in th e i n e t e m e n ay
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e exp o s e d t o igh t e p e at e s o f t h e a i r a n d t o ra d i a n t h eat f r o m -

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e c o e s h o t a n d t h i s c o n t r i te s g re atly t o t e ig
, bu
m u
t e p e r at r e o f t e i n s p i e d a i h
T h e h igh t e p e at e o f t h e in r r . m r ur
u h
sp i r ed a i r d r i e s p t e t h r o at a n d c o n t ri t e s t o eat st ag n at i o n a n d bu h
f at i g eu .

h
T e f o l l o w i n g expe ri e n t s w e re c o n d ct e d o n w o m
e n w e ar i n g u rk m
t h e F l e us r u
sapp a at s at M e s s r s S i e e o a n '
C O S w o rk s in a . b G rm .

mb r b u
,

cha e a o t 8 f t l o n g 8 f t igh a n d 5 f t w i d e I n t i s c a
. er,
. h ,
h h mb . .

w e r e pl ace d t w o c o k e r e p a i l s a n d t e w al l s w e e s l as e d w it h r p h h
b o il i n g w at e r
kep t o n t h e t o p o f t h e st o v e T e m e n w o e t e d re s s h r h .

w e i gh i n g a o t 3 4 l s a n d bu b br
e at e d o xyge n T e t e p e at e o f . h h m r ur .

b m u m
t h e i n sp i r e d a i r e c o e s n c o f o t a ly h o t o w i n g t o t e eat p r o r b h h ,

d uc e d in t h e b b r
re at h i n g ag f o m t e ca s t i c s o d a c o i n i n g w it h u mb h
C O Z a n d w at e r v ap o r
I n o r d e r t o ed ce th i s a c o o l e w a s t i e d
. r u r r
h k b
c o n s i st i n g o f a t ic f el t ag ll e d w it c a r o n i c ac i d s n o w a n d h b
pl a ce d s o a s to s u rr u h
o n d t e in s p i r at o r y t e C a r e a d t o e take n ub h -

b .

h
t o p rev e n t t e i n sp i at o ry v alv e f o r f ee i n g T e e ffec t o f t h i s rm r z h .

r h u
c o o l e in k eep i n g d o w n t e p l s e rat e w a se xc ell e n t a n d ch ett e r mu b
h hr
t a n t h at o f o t e ev ap o rat i o n c o o l e sw h ic w e re t ri e d ll e d w i t r h h ,

m ethyl at e d s p i ri t a n d w ate r T e c o o l i n s p i re d a i r a d d ed v e ry . h
h m r
g re atl y t o t e c o f o t a n d e n d r a n c e o f t he m e n B y act i n g d i e ct ly u r .

o n the b
l o o d go i n g t o t e e a rt i t ch eck s a n y gre at acc el e at i o n o rh h ,
r
u
f a il r e o f t h e h e a rt a n d s o r eve n t s e at st ro ke p h -

Ch b am e r w arm e d by k r s i th p il
tw o t r b ili g
co e e w a o f wa e o n o n one r e .

A il n S * D d *
d F un

B

Ja w m e a

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. e ce an . e

w it h Fl e u T e m l 'e a m 0 E
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wtr lr
,
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,

ca o c ac o co o e m e ) a e it

Ti me
an d a e co o e

u
T pe a e
T p
P l s r t sp ir bd l b P l s r t sp ir bd l b
i
b lb
e
b lb
m
e
. o f in
a ir u e a e
e m .

e
o f
air
n

D ry u Wel
'

u
( w e t u ) ( Wat u )

D r sF D r s D sF D r sF e g e e . e g e e F . e g re e . e g e e .

94 100 102 80
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1 16 48 1 42 84 108 84
12 4 60 1 52 1 13 92

1 70 1 52 1 06 91

T h ir n i k n s e c -
am e .

A Le an an d d i si z d b l t h d
me um e ut c o e

t r g st r i p p d h i st
-
. .

B A fa t
.
, s on m an e to t e wa .
NO . 2 3 IN F L UE N CE OF A T M OS P H E R E ON HE AL T H 87

T he m e n di d s o me wo k hi ti g b i k
r s f n r c st o an d fro an d p ili g t h n e m up , b ut
t he w o r k wa sn o t o f a s v h t
e e re c a ra c e r .

Si n le ce anD d T Chp r bt rr
d F un

Ja w m e e a

m u f

nw lr t h y l t d sp iri t l r
e e a e o
am
s C O: Me
e

Ti
o co o e a e co o e

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e

p
P l s r t pi r bd l b P l s r t S p ir bd l b D ry b l b
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a e
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S
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-
.

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u
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air
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n

)
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(
e

wet
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a ir

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D r sF D r sF D r sF D r sF
e g ee . e g e e . e g ee . e g e e .

108 108 1 12
1 08 39 108 66 1 1 5 95

Br i ks v d
c mo

e to an d fro an d sa ct kd e .

h m
Th i s an d t e f o r e r exp e ri e n t sh o w t h e a dv a n t age give n m by the
C O 2 s n o w c o o l e r a s s ee n i n t h e p l s e rat e u .

Sil n e ce an d F un

s
F l e us d r ssw i t h sn w l r
e ,
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Ti me
T p irp d T p r t r h b r m u f m

rt
e e a e o c a e
'

e m . o f in _

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D ry b l b W b l b
e a e S e

( m
w e t bu ) u e t u

P . 111 . D r s D r s
e g ee F s . e g ee F . D e g r
e e F .

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60
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v d b r i k st 5
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1 32 77 87

12 4 1 1 1 89

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-

99 89

A t the en d o f th e ti m e the s
no w wa sn e a r ly all e vp td
a o ra e .
88 S ITH S M ON I A N M I S CE LL AN E OU S CO L L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

J D aw d S i l n m
T

p r t r e ce an d F un O K .

n w l r L n t wbi t h l r hwy l t rd p iril rt h br

e e a
.

e m e a u e o f
CO s O o co o e
o g u e co o e co v M et a e S c a m e

Ti
cr e d wet r ag an d ate co o e

p r p r
e

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I mpT
lr ts tsprir d r lts tS prir d m m

b lb w b lb
e e ra e e a e e a
u1 e u e o f in Pu e u e o f in Pu e u e o f in
D ry u u

b lb b lb
t

b lb
e
a e e air a e e a ir a e e air
( we t u ) ( wet u ) ( we t u )

P . M . D r sF D r sF e g D r sF D r sF D r sF
e e . eg ee . e g e e . e g e e . e g e e .

102 83
120 1 34 1 12 120 92

3 45 12 8 68 1 48 79 1 40 86 I 1 9 92
O
1 32 74 1 56 87 I 44 95 120 98

( C am e oli g ut f e e
ik dfit
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S c an a n )

Do o r o p d bi t
ene a to co o l h b li tt l
o ff c am er a e .

T he l g t b p r b bly i
on u e o a nc ea r s
e d th e re it ssa n ce br t h i g to the ea n in th e
ca s
e of S F O K
wa sS l d
en e r an d h y g r th J
m uc o un e an

m e D "

bri ks r v d sv r rk sd
. . . . . .

The c we e m o e to an d f r o b ut no e e e wo wa one .

H s
F l e us d r ssw i t h
e nw lr
,
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e

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P ls r t
m e
e m . o f in ,
e m e at u e o f c am e

u e a e

( b lb
W et
b lb
e

b lb u
a ir

)
Dry u W e t u

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eg e e . e g e e . eg e e .

92 32 1 00 82
99 47 97 86
52

O K
p ut on the s
am e d r ss e an d wor k d i ly h d
e fa r ar mo v i g b ri k s
n c al l

ti
. .

the m e .

90
124
1 30

T he s
now wa sm o s tly v p t d e a o ra e at the e n d o f th e

ti me .

T he
f o l l o w i n g exp e ri e n t k i n dly c o n ic at e d t o s w a s ca r ri ed m mmu u
o ut y Dr b G
re e n a t o w e B i dge e sc e S t at i o n in a gall e ry 1 5 ft
. H r R u .

l o n g 8 f t w i de a n d 7 f t h i gh eat e d y a s
, . t o v e w i t h w all s a n d
, .
,
h b ,
90 S ITHS M ON I A N M I CES LLA N EO US CO LL EC T I S ON VO L . 60

o f u u u
t he s t r ct re p rev e n t s th e di ff s i o n o f a i r w h i ch t ake s p l ac e s o

h u h b
f re ely t r o g t h e ri ck w al l s o f a h o s e T e m e n in t h e i r sl e ep u . h
in g qu r r
a rt e s a re v e y cl o s el y c o n n e d a n d a s th e o p e n i n gs o f t e h
r
,

u
a i r c o n d it s a re pl ac e d in t he o o f etw e e n t h e h a b
o ck s t h e m e n mm ,

n e xt t o s c uh o p e n i n g s rec e iv e a c o l d d ra g t a n d a re l ikely t o s h t u h u
t h e o p e n i n gs T o sl eep in a w a
. o i st f ug g rm m
w o l d n o t att e r u m
r
i f t h e m e n w e e act i v el y e n g age d f o r a n y h o r s o f t e d ay o n m u h
h
d eck a n d w e re t e r e exp o s e d t o th e o p e n a i r a n d th e igo rs o f s e a r
a n d w e ath e r In the
. o de r n w a r m
hip o s S
t o f t h e c rew w o rk fo r
-
m
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a n y h o rs n de r d eck a n d a n y o f t h e m e n n l e s s d i sc ipl i n e d t o
,
u
r
,

do s o , m m
ay s c a c ely c o e o n deck fo r w eek s o r eve n o n t h s C o n m .

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t h e c o n di t i o n s w h i c O t a i n it s ee s t o e o f t h e t o st m b um
b
,

m h
i p o rt a n c e t at a l l th e m e n in a attl e s i p s h o l d e i n spect e d a t -

h u b
S b h m
h o rt i n t e rv al s y t e e d i c al o f ce rs s o t h at c a s e s o f t e c lo s i s
,
ub r u
m b ay e w e e d e d o ut in t h e i r i n c i p i e n cy T h e m e n o f ev e ry rat i n g .

S u b m m pr
h o l d e c o p el le d t o d ec k d i ll f o r s o e a t o f ev e ry d ay r
r
.

b u
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co n t a in in g a o t bu ub r
c i c f e et o f ai Th e re w a sa n o pe n st o v e .

m m um
w it h i r o n p ip e fo r a ch i n ey f ro w h ic h f e s o f co
,
st i o n st mbu mu
u u
l eak wh e n in s e a n d a f a n w h i ch w o l d n o t w o r k W h e n th e m e n
,
.

r u m u uh b
a e s h t d o w n t h e o i st re i s s c t h at o o t s et c ec o e o l dy , .
, b m mu
h
,

a n d t e w at e r d ri p s o ff t h e w al l s a n d c e il i n gs Th e co o l i n g e ffect .
-

o f t h e s e a w at e r w as h i n g o v e r t h e ste el s h ell o f t h e
-

o a t i s v e ry b
b e n ec i al in k e ep i n g d o w n t h e t e p e r at re in th e s e c o n n e d a n d m u
i ll v e n ti l at e d
-
qu
a rt e rs .

h m u
On t e a n oe v ri n g pl at f o r in th e e n gi n e r o o m t e w et l m h -

bu b
m u
t e p e rat re re ac h e s a v e ry h igh deg re e o w i n g t o t e l i ght e sc ap e ,
h S
m u
o f st e a ub r o n d th e t r i n e s .

C apt ai n Do m v il e w a s ki n d e n o g t o t ak e t e w et a n d d ry u h l h -

bu b
m u u h
te pe rat re s fo r s w il e in c o m a n d o f t h e de st r o ye L y r a m r .

ub u
T h e w et b l w a s f o n d t o e n ev e el o w 80 F a n d s o et i es b rb
.
,
m m

re ach e d 9 5 a n d ev e n 98 F .

I t i s i p o s s i l e fo r m e n t o w o rk at t h e s e t e p e r at re s w i th o t
m b m u u
h u m
s t ra i n i n g t h e e at reg l at i n g ech a n i s o f th e o dy a n d d i i n i s h i n g
-
m b m
t h e w o rk i n g c ap ac ity o f t h e m e n I f s ch w e t l t e p e rat re s a re
. u -

bu b m u
u n av o i d a l e b m ,
S u b r uh
e a n s h o l d e p o v i d e d s c a s f a n s w h i ch w o l d , ,
u .

h m u u b
al l evi ate t e d i s c o f o rt a n d f at ig e c a s e d th e r e y cyl i n de r o f . A
m r zz m
c o p re s s e d a i tte d w it h a n o l eb igh t e a r ra n ge d a n d s e d u
uh
o cc a s i o n all y t o d o bc e t h e o dy w it h c o o l a i r W e h a v e t ri e d t h i s .
e

u u mm
pl a n a n d f o n d i t v e ry e ffect al W e rec o e n d th e c o p re s s ed ai
. m -

r
b at h a s a s s ub u b
t it t e f o r a ra c i n g c o l d w i n d .
NO . 2 3 IN F L U E N CE OF AT SP H EREM O ON H E LT H A

T prt e m e a u re F hr h it
a en e wet and d ry b l b u on H M S L y ra Se pt b e m e r
tb
, , . . . .
,

an d Oc o e r ,
19 1 1 .

Ti me

Dt a e Wh r k n e e ta e 4 A . M . 8 A . M . No o n 4 P . M . 8 P . M .

Wet D ry Wet D ry Wet D ry Wet Wet

2 0 9 1 1 g
En i n e ro o m 87 85
D k 58 58
55
by
ec .

NW N

E gi 8 96 85 82 78 96
D k
2 1 9 n ne ro o m .
97 95
6o 56 6o 60 62
5 55 55
by
ec .

W N W N

2 2 9 Engi ro o m
D k 90
1 1 ne 1 10
-

ec . 61 67

2
5 9
-

11 E n gi ne ro o m 95 o8 90 105 8 97 80 10 5
57 61 62 67 6 65 60 62
N N il

6 9 1 Engi ro o m 80 8 8 08
D k
2 1 ne 95 00
ec . 60 63 6 66 6 66 60 61

1 1 En gi m 85
k
n e ro o 102
Dec . 60 63
W
2 89
1 1 En gi ne ro o m 86 10 5 85 105 80 100 98 10 5
56 59 56 58 56 62 58 60
W NW

1 1 Engi ro o m 80 84
D k
2 9 9 n e 2 9
ec .
53 51 9 5
NW

1 0 1 En g i ro o m 85 1 0 0 86
D k 5
3 1 ne .
1 2

ec .
50 50 50 0 6
N il N il

1 0 1 1 gi En ro o m 96
D k
4 ne

ec .
53

CO N C L U S I O N S
h u
T e c o n cl s i o n s t o e d raw n f r o m o ur exp e r i e n t s a n d t h o se o f b m
o t h e rs a re w e t r st d e n it e a n d w el l p r o v e n
,
u
Th ey a re the se ,
.
:

m m
N o sy pt o s O f di sc o f o rt f a t ig e o r il l n e s s re s l t s o lo n g a s m u u ,

r
, ,

m u
th e te pe rat re a n d o i st re a re ke pt l o w f r o a i r re n d e e d in m u ,
m ,

m S
t h e ch e i cal e n s e h ig hly i p re y t h e p res e n c e O f a n e i n gs
,
m u b h um b .
92 S ITH S
M ON I A N M I S CE LL ANE OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

S u c h ai r b e b r e f h u r s w it h u t y ev i de ce f b d i ly
can o n o r o o an n o o o r

m e t al dep re s s i
n A t 8 F w i th m de r at e h um i d ity O 7 t
on . 0

. o ,
r 0

o

7 5 F w it h h igh h um i di ty al m st all p e r s s b eg i t s h w d p s

.
,
o on n o o e re

si on, h e a d ach e di zz i e s s d a te d e c y t
,
a u s e a S ch l c h i l d re
n an n n o n oo n

d c a s e s f e m p h y s e m a r e act l e a s t d t h s e w it h h e r t t r u b l es
, .

an o an o a o

m s t Th e s ub j e ct iv e S y m pt m s app e a r w he th e s u r f ac e t e m p e r a
o . o n

t u r e r e ach e s a ce rt a i h e ig h t f ex m pl e 93 t 9 5 F n the ,
or a ,

o

. o n

f re h e a d ( 89 5 t 9 5 F i c as e s f h e a rt d i s e a s e )
o

o 1 d t h e rel a

. n o ,
an

t i v e m i st u r e f t h e l aye r f a i r i c t act w i th th e S ki i c r e as es
o o o n on n n

20 t 3 per ce t ( E
o 0 kl t ) U de r t h e s e c d it i s t h e
n rc m al
en z . n on on nor

l s s f b dy h e at i s i t e r f e r e d w it h
o o o d sy m p t m s app e a r w h i c h a re
n an o

S i m i l a r i ev e ry w y t t h s e p r d u ce d i st u ffy c r w d e d r m s
n a o o o n , o oo .

W h e t h s e w i t h i t h e ch a mb e r a r e all w e d t b re at h e f r m ut
n o n o o o o

s i d e f re s h a i r r a i s e d t t h e s a m e t e m p e rat u re d d eg re e f h um i d ity
o an o ,

t h e y exp e r i e c e rel i e f W h e t h s e u t s i d e t h e c h a mb e r b re at h e
n no . n o o

t h e i m p u r e a i r f r m w it h i t h ey ex p e ri e c e o d i s c m f rt T h e n n no o o .

s u ffe r i g f t h s e i s i d e t h e c h a mb e r
n o o b e i mm ed i at ely r el i ev e d
n ca n

b y r ap i dly m v i g c l i g d r yi g t h e a i r m e c h a i c al m ea s
o n ,
oo n ,
o r n n n

w h i ch e a b l e t h e b dy t t h r w ff it s h eat
n O s u d de ly ra i s i g t h e
o o o o . n n n

p e rc e t ag e f CO w i th i t h e ch a mb e r t h e sy m p t m s a r e
n o 2 t made
n o no

w rs e w h i l e
o ,
c l i g t h e a i r rel i e f i s i mm e d i at ely f el t
on oo n .

H e at st ag at i i s t h e r e f r e th e n ond ly c au se f t h e di s o one an on o

c m f rt
o o d a ll th e sy m p t m s a r i si g i t h e s c all e d v iti at e d at m s
,
an o n n o -

p h e re f c r w d e d r m s a re d ep e d e t
o -
o h eat s t ag at i
oo T he n n on n on .

m i s t u r e s t ill e s s d w a r m t h f th e at m s p h e re a r e r e sp s i b l e
o n an o o on

d all th e e ff r t s f t h e h e at i g
, ,

fo r al l t h e e ffect s ,
an d v e t il at i g o o n an n n

e gi e e r sh u l d t h e r e f re b e d i re ct e d t w a r d c l i g t h e a i r i
n n o o o oo n n

c r w de d pl ace s
o d c l i g th e b d i e s f t h e p e pl e b y s ett i g t h e
an oo n o o o n

ai r i m ti n b y m e a s f f a s Th s t r ai
o on t h e h e at r eg u l at i g
n o n . e n on -

m ech a i s m t el l s t h e h e a r t T h e p u l s e i s acce le r at e d t h e b l d
n on .
, oo

i s s e t i i c r e as e d v l um e t t h e s k i
n n n d c i rc u l at e s th e re i f a r
o o n an n

gre at e r v l um e w hi l e w e mu st a s s um e t h a t l e s s g e s t h r u gh th e
o o o

v i sc e r a A s th e s u r f ac e t e m p e rat u r e r s e s t h e c u t a e u s
,

d b ra i an n . i ,
n o

ve s s el s d il ate t h e v e i s b ec m e ll e d th e a rt e ri e s m ay b ec m e s m al l
,
n o ,
o

i v l um e
n o d th e b l d p re s s u r e l w
an d t h e h e a rt i s f at ig u e d b y
oo -

o ,
an

t h e ext r a w rk t h r w u p o i t T h e i fl u e c e f t h e h e a t st ag a
o n on . n n o n

ti o n i s sh w b y t h e gr ea t ac cel e r at i
o n f t h e p u l s e w h e w rk i s o n o n o

d e on d t h e sl w e r rat e at w h i c h t h e p u l s e ret u r s t i t s f r m e r
an o n o o

rat e o n re st i n g .

T h e i n c re a s e d pe rc e n t age o f c ar o n i c ac i d a n d t h e d i i n t i o n o f b m u
o xyge n w h i ch h av e b
ee n f o n d t o ex i st in adl y v e n til at e d ch ch e s u b ur ,
94 S ITH S
M ON I A N M S LL
I CE A N EO US CO LL EC T I S ON VO L . 60

u re t c l d p s a s i s Sh
o o erw n y t h e exp e r i e n c e o f a rct i c e xpl o re rs
e, o b
s a i l r s s h ip w r ec ke d p a s s e r
,

o ,
n ge s etc .

p ur
,

W e h av e v e ry g re at i n e re n t p o w e rs o f w i th sta n d i n g ex o s e h
to c o l d . h b m h
T e o dil y ec a n i s s e c o e t a i n e d a n d s et t o ai n t a i n m b m r m
b h b b u
th e o dy e at y h a it al exp o s r e t o o p e n a i l i f e Th e r i s l i e s in u -
r k -

o v e rc r o w d i n g s o th at i n f ect i o n
,
ec o es a s s iv e a n d in o v e e at i n g b m m rh ,

o ur dw e ll i n gs a n d o v e r cl o t h in
g o ur o di e s s o t at t h e b
ec a n i s s h m h m
r
,

e n gage d in e s i st i n g c o l d ec o e e n f e e l e d a n d n o l o n g e r a l e t o b m b b
m u
e et th e s d d e n t ra n s it i o n f r o t e w a r at o sph e r e o f o ur r o o s m h m m m
t o t h e ch il l o t s i d e a i u
o f w i n te r
T h e d a rk a n d gl o o y day s o f r m
.

r u
w i n t e c o n n e s w it h i n d o o rs a n d y r e d c i n g o ur act iv i ty a n d b u ,

ur
exp o s e t o O p e n a i r h elp t o de p e s s t h e eta o l i s ; th e i n fl e n ce
,
r m b m u
o f s m o k e a n d fo g di et gl o o o f h o s e an d st r eet s c ave r n o s p l ace s
, ,
m u u ,

o f bu r
s i n e s s a n d d a k d w ell i n gs i n t e n s i e s t h e d ep r e s s i o n
, Th e ,
.

immu n ity t o a c o l d a ft e r a n i n f e ct i o n l a st s t a s ho t t i e W en .
bu r m . h ,

r
a ft e t h e s umm r h e o l i d ay s c i l d e n e t r n t o h eat e d s ch o o l o o m s a n d
,
h r r u r
m
t o d a p c h il l a t
,
u um n day s i n f ect i o n r n s ar o nd ,
u u .

u m
T h e n pl e a s a n t s el l o f c o w d e d o o s i s s e n se d o n ly y n e w r r m b
mr b m
c o e s , a n d y t h e f o r o n l y a o t t i e a f te r e n t e r i n g s c h o o s Sh r m u r m .

m
M o st m e n fo r ex a pl e s a i l o r s a re
,
it e i n d i ffe re n t t o t i s s ell
,
qu,
h m
r
a n d rega d i t n o m o re t h a n t h ey r ega r d t o a cc o s o ke ffe n s iv e b m . O
r m r u
t a d e s ell s a e n n o t ic e d y t e w o r e r s in s c h t a de s T h e s el l b h k u r . m
u

u
n a s e at e s s e n s it iv e e d cat e d p e o l e l a rgel y ec a se t h ey av e e e n p b u h b
u b h
t a gh t t o el i e v e t at th e s el l i n d i cat e s th e ex i st e n c e o f a n o ga n i cm r
m
c h e i c al p o i s o n A c e n t ry o r s. o ag o u
s i ck p e o pl e w e n t t o e at e ,
br h
r
th e a i in c r o w de d s c h o o l r o o s o n th e f a n c i f l s pp o s i t i o n t h at th e
-
m u u
b u
re at h o f th e y o n g a n d v ig o r o s w o l d e al t h e i s i ck n e s s P o s u u h r .

uh
s e s se d o f s c a f a n c y t h e c o n s pt iv e f el t n o n a s e a o r l o at i n g
, um u h
of the s m bu b el l t r e ath e d in t e cl o s e ai w i t f a it h a n d o p e T e h r h h . h
r r
ev i d e n c e o f o t h e w o k e rs a n d t e ex e ri e n t s det a il e d in t i s p a e h p m h pr
m r
ak e i t c e t a i n t h at t h e re i s n o c e i cal v o l at il e p o i s o n in t e e x hm h
h al e d a i r .

h r h
T e h i st o y o f o sp it al ga n g re n e a n d it sa o l it i o n b y t h e a s e p t ic b
m h et o d s o f L i ste r as l i kew i s e t e i st o r y o f i n s ect o n e d i s e as e
,
h h b r -

S h r m r
h o w t e g e a t i p o t a n ce o f cl e a n l i n e s s in c r o w d e d a n d c o ccu mu h
r m
p i e d o o s Th e e s s e n t i al s e i e d o f a n y go o d syst e o f ve n t il a
. r qu r m
t i o n a re t h e n : ( I )
, m o ve m
e n t c o o l n e s s p o e degre e o f el at iv e , ,
rpr r
m u o i st re o f th e ai r an d ( 2 ) e d ct i o n o f t h e
,
r u
as s i n e n c e o f m u
p h b r
at o ge n ic act e i a T h e c h e i ca l p rity o f t h e a i r i s o f v e ry i n o r
. m u m
m b
i p o r t a n ce a n d w ill e a d e at ely i n s re d y att e n d a n c e t o t h e qu u b
e sse n t i al s .
NO . 2 3 IN F L UE N CE OF A T M OS P H E R E ON HE AL T H 95

u S
Th e re d cti o n o f p r ay ( s al iv a ) i n f ect i o n y v e n t il at i o n i s im p o s b
r
s i l e in c o w de d p l ac e s I t t h e r e f o r e e h o o v e s ust o
b . a i n t ai n o ur b m
immu n ity at a h
igh l ev el a n d i f p o s s i l e t o di i n i s h t h e s p ray o ut
, ,
b ,
m
u
p t O f t h o se i n f ect e d w it h c o l d s y t e a ch i n g t he t o c o gh s n ee e b m u ,
z ,

a n d tal k w i t h a h a n dke rc h i e f h el d i n f r o n t o f th e o th o r t o st ay mu ,

m u
at h o e n t i l th e ac t e stage i s p a st u .
.

I n all t h e s e m u ur
att e r s n rt e i s o f t h e gre at e st i p o rt a n c e a sw el l
,
m ,

a s n at re u .

Am an i s b
o r n w ith p hys i cal a n d e n t al c ap ac it i e s s al l o r g re at m m ,

b
w i th i n h e rit e d o d ily ch a ract e ri st i cs w i th o re o r l e s s i n i ty t o , m mmu
ce rt ai n d i s e a s e s w i t h a t e n d e n cy t o l o n gev ity o f l i f e o r t h e o pp o s i t e ;
,

bu m
t h i s c o f o rt a n d h ap p i n e s s in l i f e t h e s al l o r f l l d ev el o p e n t ,
m u m
-

o f h i s p hy s i c al a n d m
e n t al c ap a c i t i e s h i s i n ity a n d h i s l o n gev ity ,
mmu
o f li fe u ub
a r e n d o te d ly d et e r i n e d t o a v a st e xt e n t y n rt re m b u u .

u ur
,

u
B y n rt e ( w e se th e w o rl d in i t s w i de st s e n s e t o i n cl de al l t h e ,
u
m h
d e f e n siv e et o d s o f s a n it a ry sc i e n c e ) p l ag e y el l o w f e ve r al a r i a ,
u ,
m , ,

S
sl eep i n g ick n e s s c h o le ra h o sp i t al g a n g re n e a n d l ik e d i s e a s e s c a n
, , ,

b b m
e p rev e n t e d y e l i i n at i n g t h e i n f e ct i n g c a s e ; s al l p o x a n d u m -

typ h o i d y t h i s b m
ea n s a n d al s o y v ac c i n at i o n ; a n d o st o f t h e
, b m
o th e r il l s w h i c h e sh i s s pp o se d t o u
e h ei t o c a n e k ep t f r o b r b m
ub b
t r o l i n g m a n y app r o x i at i n g t o t h e r l e s o f l i f e w h i c h a w il d m u
m
a n i al h a s t o f o ll o w in t h e att e r o f a i p l e a n d O ft e n s p a re d i et m Sm ,

h a r d e xe rc i s e a n d exp o s re t o th e o p e n a i r
,
u
F o r w h o s o eve r w il l .

s av e h i s li f e h al l l o s e it
S .

m
T h e re i s n o t h i n g o re f all ac i o s th a n th e s pp o s i t io n co o n ly u u mm
h el d th at o v e r f e e d i n g a n d o v e r co d d l in g i n d o o r s p r o o te s h ealth m .

h
T e t w o t o get h e r d e ra n ge t h e n at ral f n ct i o n s o f t h e o dy u u b
bb
.

b b
T h e o dy o f a n e w o r n a e i s a gl o ri o s a n d p e r f e ct ach i n e u m ,

m
t h e h e ri t a g e o f i ll i o n s o f ye a rs o f ev o l t i o n u .

N o t ine n t i e f o rget f l n e s s r u ,

A n d n o t in tt e n ake d n e s s u r ,

u r me
B t t a il i n g cl o d s o f gl o ry u do w e co .

A race h rs e a d g kep t i p e r f ect p h y s ic al h e alt h d t ra i i g

-

o o r o n an n n

i s a s cl e a s w e et d b e a u t i f u l a s a w i l d a i m al
n , ,
an A p a m p e re d n .
,

i ll f e d u de r ex e rc i s e d d g b ec m e s f at
-

,
n d g r s s v m it s the
o o an o ,
o o n

m a t d p a s s e s ffe s iv e m t i s
, an o n o on .

S h a d e s f t h e p ri s h u s e b egi t cl s e
o on o n o o

Up the gr wi g b y on o n o .

Th e il l c di t i e d b dy a e m i c c m pl e x i
-
on on d u d e rs i z e d
o na o o n, an n

mu scl e s t h e f at d g r s s h a b it t he d e c ay f t h e t e eth t h e m re
,

, o r an o ,
o ,
o
96 SM I T H SON IAN M I SCE LL AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

o ffe n s iv e q u al it i e s f h um a o n ev a cuat i o n t h e n e r v o s i n c ap a c i ty u ,

i rr i t a b il ity r r u
,

d u h ap p i e s s an n n ,
m
a re al o st e n t i ely t h e e s l t o f
n u rt u r e at u r e no t n .

I s ch l ch i l d r e m ay b e
n oo d i s cip l i n e d t o v i go r o s h e al th
, n fter u . A
m r
l e av i n g s ch o o l th ey a re s et a d r i f t t o al l t h e t e pt at i o n s o f t h e w o l d ,

A d cust m l i es up t h e m w i t h a w e igh t
n o on

H e avy a s f r st d d e ep al m st a s l i f e o an o .

M t ono u s w rk i c e d p l a c e s a mu s e m e t i mu s i c h all s
ono o n on n n n

d S h w s i p l ac e f p e ai r
,

an o d m a l y exe rc i s
n e i j u di c i u s d iet
o o n an n ,
n o ,

al c h lo d t b acc ev e ryt h i g w h i ch th e t ra i e r
o ,
an o o f at hl et e n n o an

w u l d rep el t h e s e w e S h ul d av i d
o o o .

We d t p r p s e t h at al l m
o no sh u l d b e at hl et e s bu t w e d s e e
o o en o ,
o

t h at p e r f e ct p hy s i c al h e alt h g iv e s h app i e s s d e f c i e cy f l i f e n an n o ,

an d t h at u p r e s e t m et h d s f rga i z i g t h e l i f e f t h e m as s e s
o r n o o o n n o

i n u i d u st ri al c mmu i ti e s a r e s u c h a s t
o r n s e r i u sl y d i m i i s h
o n o o n

p hys i c al h e al th d h pp i e s s d sh r te l i f e
1
an a n an o n .

C al m i e s d c h e m ic al f a ct r i e s h av e a l w r at e p r b a b ly b eca u s e
o n an o o o

o f t h e ece s s ity f n g d v e t il at i T h e g u re s s h w t h at t h e r at e
or oo n on . o

f orh t el s e r v a t s i s t t i m es t h at f e gi e d r iv e r s M s
o n sw i f
en o n n . a e n ec

ti on i t e m p e r a ce w a m c e d at m sp h e r e s
,
n n d c d it i s f
r ,
on n o , an on on o

e m p l y m e t a r e t h e f act r s S u c h g u r e s ca
,

o n t b e expl a i e d b y o . nno n

d i ffe r e ce s f st ck n d i b r p w e r s f re s i sta c e
o o an n o n o o n .

H d h ed s ay s t h at ut f
en e de at h s i l at e r l i f e die i
o o n n

C p h age b etw e e t h e age s f 4 d 6 w h w u l d d i e i t h e

,

o e n n n o 0 an 0 o o n

c u t ry b e tw e e 6
o n d 9 n 0 an 0 .

T he co m p a r a tiv e m or a t li t y g u r e sf o r p hth i si si B r i t i n a n are :

O PE N A IR W K OR E RS

F r L b r rs
.

R il y g i
a wa En ne D riv e rs an d a m a o e

S t k rs o e 63 G r d rs d N
a ene an ur s
er y men 83
G k p rs F i sh er
.

am e ee e 73 m en 96
Agr i l t r i st s
cu u 79

W K T OW N A ND FA C T OR Y OR E RS .

Ch i l M m t r rs
ca 96 M s s g r s d P r t r s( th r
a n uf a c u e e en e an o e o e

Pri t s i s th R il y )
e

n er 2 90 w e an a wa 3 68
F r i s d S ki r s
ur er C st r g rs d H k r s
an nne 3 14 o e mon e an aw e 516
h M k rs d H t l S rv ts
.

Br s u 4aI e 31 nn an o e e an 53 3
T l S i ssr s M k r s d
.

oo , c D o D i, e tc .
, a e 3 53 o . o . n Lo n on 6 67

S p pl V l fr R g i st r G r l s6sh A l R p r t P b l
-

u . o . o m e ra ene a

t n n ua e o , u . 1 90 8 .
C Be E or b

s
@a tti m o re (p re s
B A L TI MO R E MD .
, U . sA
. .
 TW O NE A M M AL S F R O M TH E S I B E R I A N A L TA I
W M
HO L S T BY N . L I E R .

Th e f ll w i g t S pec i es f S i b e ri a m a mm al sc m p let e th e l i st
o o n wo o n o

Of v el ti e s b t a i e d b t h e exp ed i t i
no O rga i z e d i t h e i t e re st s f
n y on o n n n o

the N at i al M u se um d th e M u se um f C m p a r a iv e Z ol gy i
on an O o t o o n

b y P r f T h e d re L y m a f H a rv a r d U ive rs ity
,

9
1 12 , o . o o n, o n .

A M s i s P OD E US NI G R I T A L US , new p ec e

Ty p f r m T p u he A l t a i M u ta i s S i b e r i a ( 5 m i l e ss u t h
o a c a, o n n ,
12 o

ea st i B i i sk
o d 5 m il e s rth w e st f O g ud i ) U i t e d S tat e s
,
an 0 no o n a . n

N at i al M u s e um N
on 7 5 64 s ki d Sku l l f 3 a d u l t ( t e eth
o 1 1 n an o (

c s i de ra b l y w r ) C lle cte d A u gu s t 6 9 b y N H ll i s t e r ;
,
.

on o n . o ,
1 12 ,
. o

o ri gi n al N o 44 3 8 .

m emb e r
.

G e n e r al c h a r a c t e r s A th e s p ci o s
e usp e uius
P
ul ce g r o p o f - -

u
L a rge r a n d d a rke r c o l o r e d th a n A o d e m usp e uiusul w ; t a i l rel a t iv el y p
.

mu S ch h o rt e r c o n s i de r a l y l e s s th a n h e a d a n d o dy b b
b
,
.

C o l o r Upp e rpa rt s d a rk r o w n n el y l i n e d w i th l acki sh r o w n ;

. b b
b b
,

d a rk e r o n h e a d ; n o se l ack i sh S o e spe c i e n s h o w c o n s i de ra l e m m S
r b
.

u
ch e st n t c o l o r o n r um
p S i d e s l ight e t h a n a ck w it h l e s s i xt re
. m u
b
,

o f l acki sh b r o w n sh a rpl y -

a rk ed f r o t h e g ray i sh w h it e el ly m m -

b
H h Sh k
.

m
,

a n d s a n d f e et g ray i s w h it e a a rpl y a rke d b l ac i sh r i n g ,

u
a r o n d a n kl e s e pa rat i n g t h e c o l o rs o f l eg a n d f o o t T a il sh a rply .

bi co lo r .

S kul l a ucl t e e t li S k ll l ik e th at o f A p o cl e m us e n i n s
. u
ul a t p
,
bu
av e ra gi n g h e av i e r a n d l a rge r th e i n te rpt e rygo i d s p ac e c o n st a n tly ,

w i de r Teet h e s se n t ially a s in p e uius ul ce

H b
. .

M e as ur e m e n t s Typ e z ea d a n d o dy 1 2 2 ill i e te rs ; t ai l m m
A
,

b
ve rte r ae 1 0 2 ; h i n d f o o t w it h o t cl aw s 2 5
,
ve r age O f v e a d lt s
,
u ,
. u
f ro m typ e l o cal i ty c o p are d w it h av e rage o f v e a d lt s o f A m u
p
.

H b
,

e n in s ul a f r o )
m
S h a n s i t h e l att e r in p a re n the s e s : e a d a n d o dy ,

b u
,

1 1 0 ( 87 ) t a il v e rt e r ae 94 ( 9 1 ) h i n d f o o t Sk ll o f ,

z m i
,

typ e : G
reate st l e n gth 2 9 ; co n d y l o b a s a l l e n gth yg o at c
m b
,

b
,

rea dt h p al at al l e n gth
,
n a s al s l e n gt h o f a n d i l e , , ,

17 ; u
pp e r t o o t h r o w lo w e r to o t h ro w
p A
,

u
,

R e m a r ks T w o sp ec ie s o f A o d e m uso cc r t o geth e r in t h e
. ltai .

SM I TH I
S ON A N MIS C E LL AN E O U S COL LE C TI O NS , VO L . 6 0 , No . 24
2 S ITH S
M ON I A N M IS CE L L AN E OU S CO L L E C TI ON S VOL . 60

Ka s
tsch e n ko

r el at e s w h ll y t
so ri gi n al de sc r ip t i o n o f M ust s
ch e r g a
1
o o

t h e s m al le r sp e c i e s a f r m f A p d m uss l i us ; bu t i h i s s e c d
sp ec i e s
y , o o o e vat c n on

ac c u t f th e a i m al t h e t are ev i de tly c f u s e d
2
o n o n d wo n on ,
an

t h e l a rge r sp ec ie s p a s s e s a s t h e a d u l t f th e s m all e r T h i s i s p l ai o . n

f r m a umb e r f st at e m e t s a m g t h e m t h e m e a s u re m e t s g ive
o n o n on n n

t h e h i d f eet
,

f o r I th e ri gi al d esc r ip t i
n . f tsh g n the o n on o c er a

m e as u re m e t f h i d f t giv e i s m ill i m ete r s T h e y u g f

n
-

o n oo n 20 o n o

t h e l a rge r s p e ci e s eve th s e s m al l e r t h a a d u l t s f t h e l e s s e r h av e
.

,
n o n o ,

th e h i d f t 3 n m r e d i a d u lt s it ra ge s fr m 3
oo 2 or o 5 an n n o 2 to 2

A s i d e f r m t h e gre at e r ext e r al m ea s u re m e t s A p d m usuig it l us

.
,

o n n ,
o e r a

i s re ad ily d i st i g u i sh a b l e f r m A sh g b y t h e m r e b r w i s h
n o t c er a o o n

c l r th e c sp i c u u s b l ac k a kl et t h e l a rge r s k u l l w it h p r
.

o o , on o u ce d n ono n

s u p r a r b it al b ea d s d t h e p r e s e c e f eig h t m a mm e i st e ad f i
,

o , an n o a n O S x

I t a p p e a r s t b e e a rl y r el at e d l y A p d m usp uiusul f r m
.

o n o n to o e e ce , o

w h i c h sp e ci e s it i s r e a d il y s ep a r a b l e b y it s l a rge r s i z e d by the an

r el at iv e l e gt h f h ea d d b dy d t ail v e r t e b r e I p uiusul
n o an o an a . n e ce

t h e t i l i s a b u t e q u al t
a sl igh tly l ge r th a h ea d
o d b dy I
o o r on n an o . n

s i de r a b l y l es s T h e t
, ,

uig i l usi t i s al w ay s c
r ta sp ec i m e s f A on . en n o .

uig i t l us al l c ll ecte d i
r a A u g u st h ave o t r ace s f s p i e s i t h e n ,
no o n n

p el age w h ic h i s f u l l d s f t
,

,
an o .

S OR E X R OB OR A T U S , n ew p e ci e s
s
Ty p
m T p u h A l t a i M u t a i s S i b e r i a U it e d S t at e s
e f ro a c a, o n n . n

754 3 6 S k i d S k u l l f 3 d u l t ( t eeth u
,

N ati al M u s e um N
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a n

w r ) C l le ct e d A u g u st 7 9
o n . o b y N H ll i st e r ; r igi al N 445 1 12 . o o n o . 1 .

f th e usg r u p l a rge r t h a
,

A m e mb e r
,

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e n e ra t s c ar ac e r o ar a n e o n

l is w i t h mu c h l a rge r h i d f d r el at iv el y
,

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s m a lle r t e eth ( m l a r s a ct u al l y s m all e r t h a i S

,

o t t g u us ) n n . a . e ra on r

r st t w u ppe r u i us o p id sl ge r c r w th a h ig h a t c e th e rst
n c on on o n n on

e a r ly h al f t i m e s a s l g a s h igh l i e f p st e r i r b r de r
,

n d o n e an one -

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s h a rply s q u a re d w i t h l g sh el v i g h e el e q u al t p st e r i r h ei g h t
, on n o o o

o f c u sp ; d h i gh e st p i t f c u sp v e r a t e r i r t h i r d f c r w
an o n o o n o o o n ;
u pp e r ch e ek t e et h w ith h y p sv e ry mu c h r e d u ce d d w it h u t o co n e an o

p ig m e t n .

C l f ty p
o or B ack v e ry d a rk h ai r b r w ; S i d e s l ig h t e r m re
o e o n o

d r a b ; u d er pa rt s a te r i rly b u ffy g r ay p st e r i rly pal e s m k e g r av

,

n n o -
o o o .

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,

o o t c spi c u u s d th e c l r
n n no on o an o o

S h a rp ly m a rke d F ee t d ra b b r w ; t a il s h a rpl y b i c l r
,

ar e as a re no t o n o o

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.
,

o o n, o .

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D IA G N O S I S O F A N E W B EA KE D V H A L E O F T H E GE NUS V

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t o y a t n o o n th e sa e day W h e n exa i n e d s o o n a ft e rwa rd t h e . m
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m
spe ci e n h a d ee n a dly ti lat ed a n d in th e e n d o n ly th e h ea d mu , ,

t a il a n d o n e o f th e p ect o ra l n sw e re p re se rve d Th e se pa r s w e re
, . t
ur r
t n ed o ve t o t h e U S N at i o n a l M se y t h e B rea o f F i sh
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t o sc i e n ce a d i ag n o s i si s h e re gi ve n .

M E S OP L ODON M I R U M , new p i
se c e s

Ty p sp im e C at N 7 5 9 U S N t i al M se um A
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r .
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b y th e i t eg um e t s ( i h ad u lt fe m al e ) m a d i b u la r s y m phys i s
, ,

n n n t e n one

f u rt h t h e l e gth f t he m a d i b l e ;
o n b a s i r st r al g r ve E xt e r al
o n no o oo . n

fr e e b rd er f th e la ch ry m a l b e
o o h a l f th e l e gth f th e r b i t on one n o o ;
i t s a t e ri r d c u rve d u pw a rd
n o en d app ea ri g th e s u p e r i r s u r face an n on o

o f h S k u ll w h e r it j i s th e a te r e xt e r a l a gl e f th e fr
t e e o n tal n o n n O on

p late f th e m ax i lla m a x il l a ry p r m i e c e s S h rt
o d d i re ct e d
; o n n o an

o b l i q u el y u tw a rd a te r i rly th e e x t re m ity cl s e t h e m a x il la ry
o n o o to
t ch M ax il la ry f r a m i a b e h i d h
,

no p re m ax i l la ry f ra m i a
o n n t e o n ;
f r tal plate s f t h e m ax ill e app r x i m atel y h al f a s b r ad a s l g
.

on o a o one o on .

T h e f l l w i g m ea s u re m e t s
o o d data rel at iv e
n c l rati were n an to o o on

f u r i sh e d b y D R a dcl i ffe
n r . :

ITH I I SM A TI SO N A N M SC E L L N E O US COLL E C O NS ,
VO L 6 0 , N O 2 5
. .
 S ITH S
M ON I A N M I CES LLA N EO US CO LL EC T I S ON VO L . 60

F t In h s
T t l l gth
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o a en 6 1 O

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o no u to en 1 1 o

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re a e e o o 3 (
1
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, , ,

n n o o n on O

v e t ; sth e c l r f t h e b a ck
n n o o o .

A m l d f t h e h e a d w a s m a de at th e U S N at i al M u se um
o o . . on .

a f t e r w h i c h th e S k u ll w a s ext r act ed d cl ea e d The dime si s an n . n on

o f r
th e l att e a re a s f o ll o w s :
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a xilla ry f o ra e n t o e n d o f ax i l la ry p o t e a n c e 6 3 ; le n gth O f m
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l e n gth o f sy ph ys i s 1 93 ; great e st h e igh t o f ,
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c o r o n o i d p r o ce s s 1 1 7 ,
.

b
Th i s sp ec i e s el o n g s t o th e s e ct i o n o f t h e g e n s in w h i ch t h e u
b a s i ro s t ral g r o o ve i s l ack i n g I t d i ffe r s f r o al l k n o w n sp e c i es . m ,

e xce pt l z e ct o r i in t hat th e a n d i la r te eth a re at t he ext re i y o f m bu mt

t rm b
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n i um Sz
t h e i e a n d s ha p e o f th e a x il la ry r idge s o r p r o i n e n ce s m m ,

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C
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h a ra cter s .
 52
s
@a l tim o r c (p r e s
B A L TI MO R E , U . sA
. .
NOT ICE H E O CC U RR E N C E O F A P LE I S T O C E N E
OF T '

C A M EL N O R TH O F T H E AR C T I C C I R C LE
JA M S W I I A M S G I D YBY E LL LE
A I A T S S ST AT N F I CU R OR 0 FATI A OS S L M A M M A L S, U . S . N ON L M U SE U M

W h il e c l le ct i g r e ce t m a mm al s f t h e U S N at i al M u se um
o n n or . . on

d u r i g th e s umm e r f 9
n a l g th e Y u k o A la sk a b u da ry M
1 12 on on n o n r .

C ll a b r at r i Z Ol g y U S N at i al
, ,

C p l y A m ry J
o e e o ,
r .
,
o o o n o o , . . on

M u s e um b ta i e d a s m all l t f P l ei st c e e m a mm al b e s fr m a l
o n o o o n on o o

l it y a b u t 5 m il e s f r m th e m u t h f O l d C r w R i ve r i th e
,

ca o 0 o o o o ,
n

Yu k onTe r r i t r y Th i s l itt l e c ll e ct i
o pr ves b e f m r e t ha o on o to o o n

r d i a ry i t e re s t d i m p r ta ce s i c e i t c ta i s
.

o n n an f th e ph a
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la ge s f a ca m el T h e a s s c i at i
n o .f t h i s sp e ci m e w i th i s l at e d o on o n o

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d e it ely dete r m i es i t a s P l e i st ce e i age

,

n n o n n .

T h e s p e ci m e i i t s el f i s i s ig i c a t ye t i t s p re se ce i t h e l
n n n n n ,
n n co

l ect i p r ve s b ey d q u e st i
on o t h e f r m e r ex i ste c e f c a m el s i t h i s
on on o n o n

far rt h c u t r y H it h e r t t h e rth e r l i m it f the i r r a ge i

no o n . o no n o n n

A m e r ic a w a s t k w t ext e d b ey d t he S i lv e r L ak e ( C h r i st
no no n o n on

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, on ,
o ,
no o

4 3 d p a r all el al th ug h ca m el s f s eve r al l a rge S pe c i e s w e re v e ry

o o

th i s c t i e t d u r i g b t h th e P l i c e e d P l ei s t c e e
,

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p ri ds
e o

Th e d i g f ca m el r e m a i s i t h e P l e i s t c e e d e p s it s f the
.

n n o n n o n o o

A l ask a p e i s u l a i s
n n n alt geth e r u l k e d f bu t t h e i r cc u r
no t o n oo o r, o

re ce n f a r w it h i t h e A r ct i c C i r cl e w a s sc a rce ly
SO n b e e xp e cte d to .

T h i s v e r i cat i f t h ei r f r m e r p r e s e c e i t h at r egi
on o t h e re f re
o n n o n, o

i s f e sp e c i al i te r e s t i t h at i t v astly exte d s t h e k w g e g rap h ic

,

o n n n no n o

d i st r i bu t i f t h i s i m p r t a t gr u p f m a mm als i A m e r i ca d u ri g
on o o n o o n n

th e P l e i s t ce e w h i l e i c i d e t al ly it a d d s p r f i s u p p rt f th e
o n ,
n n oo n o o

s u pp s i ti o t h at m i l d e r cl i m at i c c d i t i s p rev ai l e d i A l a sk a d u r
on on on n

i g p r b a b l y t h e g r e at e r p a r t f t h e P le i st ce e pe ri d
n o I t i s al s o o n o . o

o ne m r e b it f ev i d e c e c r m i g t h e th e ry f t h e e x i st e c e f a
o o n on n o o n o

w i d e A s i at ic A l a s k a l a d c -

e ct i f c m p a r at ive ly r ece t d ate

n n onn on o o n

w h ich f a v e r y c s i d e ra b l e l e g th f t i m e se rv e d a s a g r e at h i gh
,

or on n o

w ay f t h e f re e t r a s m ig r at i
or f m am m al s b etw ee A m e ri c a
n d on o n an

t h e O l d W rl d o .

IT IA
SM I C HS O NEU TIN M S E L LA N O S COLL E C O NS , VO L . 6 0 , NO 2 6 .
2 S ITHS
M ON A N I M S LLA
I CE N EO US CO LL E C T I S
ON VO L . 60

h h r m r
W h il e t i s p h al a n x a l e f t o f t e p o x i al p ai r i s ch a act e r i st ically
r u r
, ,

b u
t y l o p o id a n d a s o l t el y n u m b
i staka l e a s rega d s it sgr o p e f er e n ce ,

m b
i t i s n o t sp ecical ly d ete r i n a l e I t agr e e s a pp r o x i at ely in i e
. m Sz
a n d p r o p o rt i o n s w it h t e c o h rr p m
e s o n d i n g el e e n t in C a m e l o p ska n
s as usL ei dy a s t a t sp ec i e s i s at
,
h pr u
e s e n t n d e r s to o d bu
t i s at t e r ,

a n d in t h i s r m
e sp ect o re n e a l y re se r mb h
l e st h e p al a n ge s se e n in th e
u
l iv i n g ge n s C a rn e l us
r
'

.
Qi e B ar b Q

s
a l t i m o r c ( p re s
I
B A L T MOR E . MD .
, U . S . A .
 AN E X T I N C T A M E R I C A N EL A N D
B JA M S W I I A M S G I D L Y
Y E LL E

A I T T CU T
SS S A N RA OR OF F O S S L I M A M M A L S, U . S . NA TI ONA L M U EU S M

W IT O ( H NE P L A TE )

W hi l e ak i n g a m n n ve st ga t i o n p rel i m i a ry i
in ct o e r 1 9 1 2 o f i O b
m r
, ,

s o e ec e n tly d i sc o v e re d P l e i st o ce n e c ave d ep o s i t s n e a r e rl a n d Cumb ,

u
M a ryl a n d th e w rit e r s ec re d a o n g o th e r n e w a n d i n t e re st i n g a
, ,
m mm
m m 1
al re a i n s a s e ri es O f ve ppe r ch eek t eeth r ep re s e n t i n g a n
,
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S
ext i n ct p ec i e s o f a n t el o pe app a re n tly v e ry cl o s ely al l i e d t o t h e el a n d
A b
,

n o w l i vi n g i n f r ica Th i s i p o rta n t sp ec i e n f r n i sh e s t h e a s i s
. m m u
o f th e p re s e n t c o mmu
n i cat i o n a n d c o n st it te s th e typ e o f a n e w u
s p ec i e s w h i ch i s d e sc ri ed el o w b b .

T OT G A M
A UR RA US E RI C A NU S , new p i
se c e s
P lt a e 1

Ty p u r
T h e p p e c he ek t e et h o f th e r ight i d e e xcept
e -

( NO S .

7 6 2 2 U S N at i o nal M se
. .
) u um .

Des p
cr i t i o n Te et h p r o g re s s iv el y hyp s o d o n t
. a p i dl y n a o w i n g r rr
mb
,

f ro a se t o s umm
i t t ra n sv e r se ly a n d s h a rply c o n str i cte d a n t e r o p o s
b
,

t e r io r l y at a s e a s in th e l ivi n g sp ec i e so f th i s ge n s ;
,
eta a n d u m
p a r a st y l e s l e s s d ev el o p ed t h a n in T a ur o t r a g uso r y s ; et a styl e o f

m
las t m
olar S u
l i gh tly re c rv i n g o t w a rd n o t exte n d i n g ackw a rd u b
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,

ey o n d t h e p o ste ri o r o rd e r O f t h e t o o th c r o w n ; In e s ost y l e so f t h e
2

m o l ars s o m m
e w h at o re st r o n gl y p r o d ce d th a n in th e l ivi n g sp ec i e s: u
m
p re o l a r s i pl e Sm bu
t w it h a t e n de n cy t o a n g l at i o n o f th e i n n e r u
b
,

p o ste ri o r w al l o f t h e i n n e r c re s ce n t a s in th e o n g o ,
.

u
Th e s e t e et h a re o f a y o n g a d lt spec i e n in w h i ch t he l a st o l a r u m m
u
h a d j st c o e i n t o us m e h e n c e t h ey a re at th e st age in g r o w th w h e n
b b
,

h b u
th e i r c a ract e rs c a n e s t d ie d t o th e e st a dv a n ta ge Th ey ea r a .

m mb
o st st ri ki n g r es e l a n ce t o th e c o r re sp o n d i n g t e eth o f t h e l iv i n g

A

p t re d i s v y i t h b i d sri p t i
or o f the h th r t i l
co e r w r e f e c on o f t e o e ma e r a

s d is
e c ur e d r pr p r ti
no w unp b li t i e dt e a a o n fo r u ca o n at an e a rl y a e

T h i s h r t r is p i s f t h i sg p d i st i g i sh s
.

2
c a ac es co mmon to t he ec e o ro u an d n u e

t h h rp l y r
e m S a O ib s f h i h l st pp
o m the lr s v o v in e in w c th e a u er mo a ha a co n

si
p sp s
c uo t i p ill r f r d b y b k r d x t si f
u o e r o r a t st y l
o me the ac wa e en on o th e m e a e .

IT IA I
SM A HS O N TI N M SCE LL N E O US COLLE C O NS , VO L . 6 0 , NO . 27
 S ITHS
M ON I A N M S
I CE L LA N EO US L T
C O L EC I O N S VO L . 60

e l a n d T o r y x d i ffe i n g f o
,
. r t he rm
o n ly i n m
i n o r d et ail s w h i c m h ,

m Sz m m
,

ex cept fo r th e i r s o e w h at la rge r i e a rk t h e a s sl igh tly l e s s

h A r
,

h
p r o gr e s s iv e t h a n t o se o f t e f ri c a n s pe c i e s T h e s e d i ffe e n ce s .
,

u b
h o w ev e r d o n o t s e e m s fc ie n t t o e reg a rd e d a s o f ge n e ri c i p o r
,
m
u
t a n ce S i n c e t h e re f o re j dge d f r o th e m a t e r ia l in h a n d t e r e is m h
Am
.

r rm
, , ,

b u
n o O vio s re a s o n fo r ep a at i n g t h eS e r ica n f o s s il sp ec i e sf o
h u
t e l iv i n g ge n s T a ur o t r a g us exce pt p e rh ap s t h e i n s fci e n t o n e o f u
b ur
m bb
,

m
th e s ee i n g a s d i ty a n d i p r o a il ity o f t h e c a s e I h ave h e re
r h
,

u
u m m m m
re f e r e d i t t o t at ge n s alth o gh o re c o pl et e at e ri al ay l at e r
b u r r r b
,

S h o w t h i s re f e re n ce t o e n w a r a n te d W h eth e p r o p e ly el o n g .

u u ub
in g t o th e A f ri ca n ge n s o r n o t i t i s n d o t edly n o t o n ly s t r e p cis
r bu m h
,

s e in e in it sa f n i t ie s t s ee s e sp eci al ly cl o s ely al l ie d t o t e l iv i n g
ur hr r h P
,

S u
p ec ie s o f t h i sg r o p I t so cc r e n c e t e e f o e in t e l e i st o ce n e
.
, ,

m u
o f t h e e as te r n U n it e d S t ate s i s o st m n exp ecte d a n d s ee s t o h av e a ,

S h rbb m
p ec i al s ig n i ca n c e in r e f e re n c e t o t e p o a l e i gr at i o n s a n d w o rl d
r bu u P pr
d i st i t i o n o f th e se l a rge a n t el o pe s d ri n g th e l e i st o ce n e e i o d .

ru p
I t s gge st s t h at t h e st r e p c isse r in e g o p o f t h e a n t el o e s w e r e co m
u
m
p a ra t iv e l y r e ce n t u
ig ra n t s t o th at p o rt i o n o f A fri ca s o th o f t h e

Gr r r u mm
e at S ah a a D e s e t w h e re al o n e t h ey n o w s rvi v e t h e c o on

r
,

P m h
,

m b
c e n t e o f d i sp e rs i o n in l e i st o ce n e t i e s ei n g s o ew e re in c e n t ral
o r so u m b b
t h e r n A s i a as i t c e rt ai n l y se e s t o h ave ee n a t th e egi n n i n g
P h ru
,

o f the l io c e n e w h e n s ev e ra l n o w e xt i n c t spe c i e so f t e g o p
A ur f ri c a a n d E o p e
,

hb
i n a i te d I n di a a n d o t he r s i n v a d e d n o rthe r n .

u m mb
M ch l ate r app are n tl y st i ll o th e r
,
u e e r s o f th e g r o p c r o s s ed
bb b
,

m h
d i re ctl y i n t o l o w e r A f r ic a p r o a l y y w ay o f s o e t e n exi st i n g
R
,

u
l a n d c o n n ect i o n s o th o f th e e d S e a w h il e o n e s p ec i e s a t l e a s t
Sm A
,

m m
i grat i n g n o rt h ea st w a rd f r o th i s a e s i ati c c e n te r ev i de n t l y ,

u P A
f o n d th ei r w ay ac r o s s t h e l ei st o ce n e b l a sk a n l a n d ri dge i n t o
Am u
e ri c a a n d t h e n c e s o th e a st w a rd t o th e e as te r n U n it e d S t ate s .

rm m b u
Th e f a ct t h at n o e ai n s o f th i s a n i al h av e ee n f o n d in a n y o f
th e P b r
le i st o ce n e dep o s i t s o f th e w e st w h i ch dep o s it s are ette ,

h b
exp o se d a n d av e ee n s mu m o u ch o re th o r o ghl y expl o re d t h a n

h u h m m m
t o se o f t h e ea s t s gge st s t at t h e t i e o f t h i s i gr at i o n t o A e ri c a
,

b u
w a s p o s s i l e d ri n g o n e o f th e i n te rgl ac i al ep o ch s w h e n t h e r e w as a
ru b re a t L ak es y w h i c h t h ey
,

o G
t e o p e n t o th e n o rt h o f th e m ay
h r u
h ave reach e d t e e a st e r n c o a st egi o n w i th o t t r av e r s i n g t h e pl a i n s
u . b m p
c o n t ry I t i s p o s si l e th at th e o o s e c a r a b o u c e r v a l ce s a n d e r
P
, , ,

m m mm
h ap s s o e o f th e o th e r l e i st o ce n e a n d p re s e n t day a al s co m
r
m o n t o t h e e ast e r n c o as t m h
eg i o n u r
a y al s o av e f o n d t h e i w ay
,

m O b m u u H
f r o th e l d W o rl d y s o e s ch d i re ct r o te r m o w e ve far o re
b u b b
.
,

u
d ata t h a n a re n o w a va i l a l e w o l d e n ec e s s a r y t o e s t a li sh th e t r th
u
o f s ch a n h y p o th e s i s .
S M I T H S O N IA N S
M I C E L LA NE O U S C O L L E C T IO N S VO L . 60 ,
NO . 2 7, PL .

F IG . I n

U PP E R CHE E K -

TE E TH 0F OR YX
F ig Cro w n Vi e w F ig Ia Ou t r Vi
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.

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FIG . 2

FIG . 2 3

U PPE R CH E E K -

TE E TH OF T A U R O T RAG U S A M E R I CA N U S T YP E

2 C ro wn Vi ew F ig 2 3 Ou t r Vi
e ew No 7 62 2 U S N M
iz
. . . .
. .
. . .
.

A
3 n at . s e
 A NE W V O L E FR O M E A S TE R N M O NG OL IA
BY G E R R T S I . M I LL ER , JR .

( WI TH ONE P L AT E )

On h i s ret u rn t o T i ent s n fr o m a r ecen t expe d t i o n t o th e i i

o
r eg i n i n ea ster n M o n g o li a n o rth o f Kal gan M r A thu r ( l e C , , . r .

S o w e rby w h o h a s fo r s eve ra l ye a r s b een m akin g o o l o gi cal expl o r a

,
z
ti o n s i n th e i nte re st s o f th e S m it h s o n ian n stitu t i o n w r o t e m e a s fo l I ,

l o w s c o n cer n in g a p ecu l a r yel l o w is h s p e c e s o f M i cr o t us: i i

In add iti on to M i cr o t usa n g sT h o m a s o b a
us
tu ti db ne y A n de rs
on in th e
i i ti v v t tk
,

s am e re g o n I o b a ned s
e e ra l s
p e c m e n so f w h a
I a e to b e a n e w o le

i i If i it t i t iv tr
, .

T h sa n m a l o un d t o b e a n n h ab a n o f t h e o p e n c o un y w he re l es
t t it
,

i n h o l e si n t h e w a ll so f t h e ca m p sa n d h u s ; at e a w a so n l y a r o un d l s
i i t tI t i
,

bu ld n g s ha c o ul d c a ch a n y T h si sp r o b a b l y t h e r e a s
o n w hy A n de rs on

t x t it I
.

d id n o t s e c ur e a n y a sh e c o ll e c e d in e a c ly t h e sa m e l o ca l y a s d id
If it i i i i t ft it t
.
,

y o u n d to be a n e w s p e c e sw o ul d y o u m n d n a m n g a e r m y as ssa n
W i ta rr n g o n w ho tt i t t
sp o e d

i tt i
r s ? t t
H e w a ss n g in o ur e n a n d h e a r d a

i ki i tt i
,

no s e O n l o o n g up h e s aw t h e l l e a n m a l r un o ut un d e r t h e a p W e
t t i i i
. .

p r o m p l y g o t r a p so ut a n d n sd e a n h o ur h a d t w o o r t h r e e s p e c m e n s T h is
v i i t
, .

o l e i sd ur n a l w h l e M a n g us t usi sn o c ur n a l . .

Th e an i m al p r v e s t b e a h ith e rt u n d e s c r i be d m emb e r f th e
o o o o

s ubgen u s P h i m y s f rm i n g w i th M b md i i ( R ad d e ) a g r up i n

a o ,
o . ra -
o

s o m e re sp ect s i nt e rm e d i at e b e tw e en typ i c al P /z a io m y s an d t ru e -

M i cr o n . I
n c o mpl an ce w th M r S o w e r b y s e qu e s t i t m ay be i i .
-

r
kn o w n a s :
M I C R O T US W A R R I N G T ONI , new s
p e ci e s

T y p en A du lt m a l e ( ski n an d s ku l l ) N o 1 7 5 86 1 U S N at o nal . . . i
M u s eum C o l l ecte d at T a b o o l M o ng o l a ( alti t ud e
. f eet ) 1 0 0 ,
i ,

i
m l e s n o rth o f Kalgan A ugu st 1 3 1 9 1 2 b y A rthu r d e C S o w e r b y , , ,
.

i
O ri g n al n u mb e 5 0 8 r , .

D ia g n o s is L i k e M i cr o t us P h at o m s br a n d i i
.
( y ) ( R a dd e ) in c o lo r

o
an d i n i t s c mbi n at i o n o f th e e xte rn al an d d en tal p ecul a r t i e s o f i i
Ph a do m ys w ith an u nm o d i ed t ru e M i c r o t usl ik e sku l l ; s iz e c n ,
-

o
s r
id e ra b l y gr ea te th a n i n M br a n d i i t h e d i ffe r en c e be t w e en th e t w o .
,

s pec i e s ab o u t l i k e th at exi s tin g b etw ee n M ( l io m ys ) m a n d a r i n us .

-

an d M ( P ) jo h a n m s
'

'
. . .

C 0 l o r Upp e rp a t s c ream b u ff fa ntl y bu t evi dently

-

. r
l n ed w it h -

i i
bl ack i s h a n d irr
egul a rly da k en e d b y app earanc e a t s u r fac e f th e r o
bl ack i sh s l a t e h ai r ba s e s
-
mm ) th e gen e al e ffect n o t fa f o m ,
r r r
SM IT HS O N IA N M I C LLA U
S E NE O S CO LL C TI E O NS , VO L . 6 0 , NO . 28
2 SM I T H SO N IAN M ISCE LL AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

s l ate c o l o r ; ch e eks i nn e r s u r face o f ea r s an d l o w e p o rti o n o f s d e s , ,

r i
cl ea re r a n d m o r e b u ffy ; u nd e rp a rt s n o t st r o ngly c o ntr a st ed p al e ,

c r eam bu ff m u ch cl o u de d b y th e s l at e g ray ba sa l c o l o r ; f eet an d t a l -

i
i
w h it sh c r eam b u ff th e t a l j u s t p e rc ept ibl y m o e yel l o w i s h a b o v e
-

,
i r
t han b el w o .

S kul l a n d t e e t h I n gen e ral f o rm th e s ku l l ( pl ate 1 g I ) d ffe r s

x , . i
n o ta b ly fr o m t h at o f M i cr o l m b l y t h i ( p late 1 g M m d de i M ,
. .
,
.

m a n d a r im rs( p lat e I g 3 ) an d M jo h a n m si n i t s n a o w e m e , . .
i
'

rr r or,

r
angu la b ra in ca s e l e s s sp ead n g zyg o m a t a re lat i v ely g reat e de p th ,
r i ,
r
a t regi o n o f ant e i o r yg o m at i c r o o t d eep e r s h rte r r o st rum an d r z -

, ,
o ,

e s s enti ally p e rp en d ic ula r u ppe r n c s o r s n l at e ral v i e w th e p r o l e i i .

1
I
d o es n o t d i ffe r app rec i ably f r o m t hat o f M i cr o t usazg r e s t is th o u gh ,

t h e s ku l l i s o bv o u sly b r o ad e r t h an n th e E u r o p e an spe c e s A s i i i .

i
c o m par ed w th a s kul l o f M icr o t usI zza md a/r i n usw i th s am e co n d y l o
basal l en gt h th at o f th e typ e o f M w a r r i n g t o mi h as th e zyg o m ati c .
-

b readth 2 mm l e s s th e nt e r o b ital b r eadt h 6 m m l e s s an d th e dep th

.
,
i r . .

a t f r o n t o f m 6 m m g re ate r A u d t o ry b ul l ae l arge an d i n at ed
l
. . . i ,

w i th w i d e m eatu s th e i r f o r m m u ch m o re a s i n M wg v e s t ist h an a s
, .

i n 111 m a n d a r in us n te r o b ta l regi o n n a r o w b ut n o t ab ru pt ly co n
. . I ri r
s t r ict e d w t h t w o l o w i
d ge s i n th e ty p e th e s e j o i n e d t o f o rm a l o w
,
ri ,

i
m e d an c r e s t i n a n o l d e r in d i vi d u a l P alate n o rm al a s n M 1 74 0 41 .
,
i .

d a r i m zs Te et h w th t h e u su al P h a i o m y sp att e rn ; 11 1 w t h 5 cl o s e d
a
. i '

1
i
t ri an gl e s an d a v e ry sh o t o un d ed a nte r o r l o o p r r , ,
i .

M e as ur e m e n t s T yp e an d a d u l t fe m al e ( N o . t h e l att er .

i n pa r enth e s i s : h e ad an d b o d y 1 1 7 ( 1 2 3 ) m i ll im et e s ; t a l 2 8 ( 2 9 ) ,
r i ,

i
h n d f o o t ( 8 u ) 1 9 ( 1 9 ) ea r ,
. co n d y l o b a s
. a l l engt h o f ,

S ku ll ,
yg o ma ti c b re a dt h z
i nt e r o r b tal c o n ,
i
s t ri ct o n i o cci p i tal b readth
,
o cci p i ta l d ep th , ,

n a sal d a stem a depth a t a nter i o r

,
i ,

edge o f alve o l u s o f m m a n d ibl e m ax il la y i

, ,
r
t o o t h r o w ( alve o l ) i
m an d i bu la r t o o t h r o w ( al ve o l i ) ,
-

S p e ci m e n s all fr o m th e typ e l o ca l ty S ix ,
i .

R 6 7l l afl kS T ll c o l o r sku ll a n d teet h o f th i s v o l e a re e xactl y a s

'
'
.
, ,

i n M i m o t usb r a n d i i a s d e s cr ib e d an d gu re d b y B ii ch n e r fr m
'
2
o
i
m at e r al c o l l ect e d i n th e s am e egi o n o f n o t h e a st e rn M o ng o l a a s r r i
R a d d e so rigi n al sp ec im en s Th e l a rge s i z e o f M w wr r ing t o n i i s

.
,
.

r
h o w eve i m m ed at el y d agn o st i c ,
i i .

1
Th is ch a t
ra c e r i sa p p r o a ch e d i n M j o h a n n is .

tt t
.

2
W is
sens
ch Res ul a e P r z e w a l s ki C e n A se n R e s
. en . i i , Vo l . 1 , pp . 1 1 7
120 , pl . 1 9, g s4
.
-

6 .
 I HS ONI A N MI S C E L L A NE O U S
SM T CO LL E CT I O NS
V U
OL UM E 60 N , M BE R 2 9

VO L C AN O ES C L I M AT E

G . A BB O T an d F . FO W LE

( U I TI
P BL C A ON 2 1 76 )

CI TY OF WA I G T
SH N ON

I E
P UBL S H D BY T HE S MI H TI I SON AN I TI
NS T T U ON

A
M R C H 2 8, 1 9 1 3
C e E orb @ a l ti m o r e ( p r e s

s
B A L T I MO R E , MD .
, 0 . 8 . A.
2 SM I T H SO N IAN M I S CE LL A N E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

S OM E G R E A T V O L C A N C O U T B R E A KS I
C ap tai n K W Pe y U S R S . o . rr
th a t n Jun e 6 1 9 1 2 , . . . .
,
r ep r t ed o , ,

th e R ev en u e S t eam e r
M an n in g b e ing m o o ed a t th e w h a f a t S t r r .

P aul K d i a , o kI o r o
s lan d h e b se v ed ab u t 4 o cl ck a p e cu l i a l ki n g
, r oo
o
o r o o r
cl u d i s i n g t t h e s u th wa d an d w es twa d A sh e s b e ga n t o f al l r .

r
ab o u t 5 p m an d afte th i s th u n de an d l gh tn in g b e cam e v er y
. .
, r i
r
i n t en s e an d th e w i e le s s a pp a atu s e fu s ed t o w o r r r k Vo
lc an i c m at .

o o r
t e r c nt in u e d t fal l ap i dly u nt i l 9 a m Ju n e 7 w h e n v e i n ch e s o f . .
, ,

o o r
as h e s ha d fall en A b u t n o n p ec ip itat i n b e ga n a gain an d by 2
. o ,

o cl o c k r o
i t w as p i t ch da k A lth ugh a ll a sh e s f th e p evi u s day o . r o
r k
h a d b e en em o v e d ye t th e d ec s m a st s an d ya ds w e e aga i n h e a v ily
,
r r , ,

o o
l a de n an d t h e m en s tumbl e d ab u t c l l i d in g w ith o n e an o th e i n
,
r ,

r or r k
th ei e ff t s t o f e e t h e d ec s w i th s h v el s a n d st eam s f w at e o r o r .

I o
t w a sn t u nt i l 2 p m Jun e 8 t hat th e fall f a s o
h e s d e c e a s ed t h e
. .
,
r , ,

k
s y a s s u m e d a e dd i sh c o l o an d r r o
n al l y b j ect s b ecam e d i ml y ,

r o k
v i s ibl e Th e av e age d e p t h o f t h e a sh e s a t K d i a I s la n d 1 0 0 m i l e s
.
,

r o
f o m M u n t Katma i w a sn ea l y qu it e I f o t r or o I
t s e e m s d ubt ful
,
o .
,

o r r r o
h w ev e i f t h e fal l o f a sh e s i n o th e d i ect i n s fr o m t h e v o l c an o
,

r
w a s a s g eat a s in t h e d i e cti n o f Ko d i a r o
s l an d kI .

I r o r r o
t i s natu al t o c mp a e t h i s e up ti n o f M o u n t Katma i w ith th e
ro
e xt a r d in a r y exp l o s i n o o r
f K a kat o a i n t h e S t a it o f S un d a i n t h e r
r or
y ea 1 883 w h i c h f m ed th e s u b j ect o f th e exh au s t iv e ep o t f th e
,
r r o
k o o o
K ra at a C m m i tt e e o f t h e R yal S o c i ety o f G ea t B i ta in A fte r r r .

r o o or
a qui e s cent p e i d f m e th an 2 0 0 y e a s a sh a p e upt i n n th e r r r o o
I o rk o
sl an d f K a at a b ega n i n M a y 1 883 an d a sl igh t quanti ty o f , ,

as h f e ll a s fa a w ay a s B at av ia Java r r
P a ti e s l an d ed s eve al t im e s r ,
.

o n t h e i s l an d du in g th e s u mm e r ro
f 1 883 a n d f o u n d m u c h a ct ivi ty ,

r r
t h e e an d d e st u ct i o n f t h e v e get at i o n
,
o
S t i ll n th i n g v e y ext a o r r .

or r o rr
d in a y h a d ccu e d u nt i l o n A u gu st 2 6 w h en a s u cces s i o n f o ,

r o
f ight fu l e xp l o s i n s b egan l a stin g u n ti l th e m o n ing f th e 2 8t h r ,
o .

o rr r
T h e m s t v i o l e n t o c cu e d o n t h e m o n ing o f t h e 2 7 t h w h en t h e ,

r r o r or o o
n o th e n an d l w e p t i n f t h e s l an d f K a kat a w a sbl w n I o r o o
a w ay l e av in g a ve t i cal cl i ff
,
r
n st e ad f a m o un ta in I o f e et h i gh .
,

r o r
w h i c h p evi u sl y e xi s te d th e e w a s n o w l e ft a s ubm a ri n e cav i ty ,

rea chi n g fee t be l o w s e a l ev el .

T h e w av e ca u s e d b y th i s expl s i n w a sup w a d s f 5 0 f e e t d eep o o r o

wh en i t r each e d th e s h e s f J ava a n d S u m a t a an d a D ut ch w a r or o r ,

rr
s h i p w a s ca i e d ab o u t 2 m i le s i nlan d an d l e ft 3 0 fe e t a b v e s e a , o
l evel N ea l y . r
p e pl e p e i s h e d b y th e ve w h elm in g f th e i o r o r o r
i
v llage s Th e w av e w a s st il l sev e ral fe et h igh w h en i t ea ch e d th e
,
r
C ape o f G o o d H o pe an d w a sth o u gh t t o b e n o t e d by t h e t i d e g au ge s
,
NO . 2 9 V OL C A N OE S A ND CL IM A T E AB BO T A ND FW O LE 3

of th e E ngl i sh C h ann e l Th e n o i s e o f th e expl o s i o n w as h e a rd a s

.

r
fa a sth e sla nd f R o d gu ez I o ri
m il e s away and i t i s be li ev ed , ,

t hat th e n o is e w a s h e a rd o ve a n a ea o f n e th i rt e enth t h e enti e r r o -

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s u fa ce o f th e gl b e Th e a i r w av e s c au s ed w e r e n o t e d b y m et e o r
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gl b e f u g ing u t f o m th e v l ca n o t th e ant i p o d e s an d th re e
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in et u n Th e cl u d o f du s t s en t u p f m th e v o l can w as m ea su re d
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n th e da y b e f e t h e g eat es t expl o s i n t o b e 1 7 m i le s h i gh F o r r o .

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m an y m n th s th e e aft e r a cl u d f d u st w h i ch at th e b e g i nn i n g w a s o o ,

o
belie ve d t h av e a n e l eva t i n f ab u t 2 0 m il es an d w h i ch a fte r a o o o ,

r o
y e a h a d d es c e n d e d t 1 0 m il es s u u n d e d t h e w h l e w o l d Th i s rro , o r .

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d u s t cau s e d e xt a d in a y s un s et gl o w s an d th e i n c e a se d l ength r ,
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f th e tw i li gh t O t h e e ffe ct s f m i t w ill b e n te d l at e
. ro o r .

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t i s bv i o u s th at t h e v i l en c e f th e expl s i o n o f K a at a fa o o o rk o r
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exce ed ed t h at f M o u n t Katm a i f n s u ch ep rt s o f th e n o i s e f ,
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th e ex p l s i o n h av e ea ch e d u s i n 1 9 1 2 O n t h e t h e r h an d th e . o
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qu an tity f a s h w h i ch f el l a t K o d i ak s lan d 1 0 0 m i l e s f o m th e I ,
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v l c an o f M o un t Katm a i exce ed ed b y m an y f o l d th e qu ant ity w h ch ,
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fell at s i mi la d i stan ce s f o m K akat o a A cc rd ing t o r
e rbe c th e r . o V k
d e p th o f th e a sh e s at 1 0 0 m ile s f m K r akat a av e aged l e s s th a n ro -

o r
I cent im ete r .

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n c nn e ct i o n w ith th ei e p o t f th e ext ra rd i na ry atm o s p h e ri crr r o o
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c n d i ti o n s w h i ch f o l l o w ed th e K akat a e upti o n th e K aka t o a r o r ,
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a s s c i at e d w it h g e at v l can i c act i n r o
F r o m th e s e w e gl ean th e o .

o o
f ll w i ng .

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n t h e yea 1 7 83 ccu r e d th e e u pti o n o f A s o
am a y am a Japan r r , ,

o
s tate d t be th e m o s t fr igh t ful e up ti n n ec rd mm en s e cks r o o r o . I ro
r ir
w e r e h u l e d i n a ll d e ct i o n s an d t o w n s a n d v i llage s b u i ed O n e ,
r .

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st n e sa i d t b e 2 64 fe e t by 1 2 0 fee t fell i nt o a r i ve an d l ked l ike r oo
an i sl an d Th e ( i f p s . o
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8 a n d 1 8 A ag o e c o rd s th at th e d y f g f 1 7 83 c o m m en ce d ab ut
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, ,
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r
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, ,
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c o a s t f A f i c a t o S w e d en an d l as t e d mo e t han a m o nth Th e ,
r .

o r r o
l w e ai d i d n t s eem t o be i ts v eh i cl e fo r a t s o m e p l ac e s th e f g o
cam e o n w it h a s o uth at th e s w ith a n o th w i n d A bu n dan t ra in s
,
o r r .

an d th e st r o n ges t w in d s d i d n o t d i ss ip ate i t n a ngu ed o c i ts . I L

d en s it y w a s s u ch th at th e sun w a s n o t v i s i b l e i n th e m o rn in g u p t o
4 SM I T H SON IAN M I S CE LL AN E OU S CO L L E C TI ON S VOL . 60

7 al t itu d e ab ve t h h ri z n o e
o o
T h e r est o f th e d ay th e s u n wa s .

o r
re d an d c o ul d b e b s e v e d w ith th e u n p r t e ct e d ey e A t th e t im e f o . o
o
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that f ful l m o n ev en a t m i dn i gh t o , .

r
I n 1 81 4 o ccu red th e g eat e u pt i o n o f t h e v l c an r
f M ay o n i n r o oo
i I
th e P h l ipp i n e sl an d s a n d o n A p i l 7 t o 1 2 1 8 1 5 th e e xt a d in a y
,
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f w h i ch i t i s s a i d t h i s e u p t i n
-

, o r o
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w a s th e g e a t e s t s in ce t h at o f S ka p t a r JOkul l i n 1 7 83 F o r t h ee . r
day s th e r e w a s da rkn e s s f a d i stan c e o f 3 0 0 m i l e s A fte th e s e or . r
r or r
ext a di n a y v o lcan i c o utb e ak s th e e w e e n Ot e d i n E u p e st e aky r r r ro r
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sk ie s h az i n es s l ng t w il ight s an d e d s u n s et s s th at th e yea r 1 8 1 5
, ,
r ,
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r
i s th e m o s t ema rk abl e a s rega rd s su n s et li ght s e c o rd e d u p t o tha t r
date .

o o r
P a s s in g n t t h e y ea 1 83 1 t he e o c cu ed th e e m de at e e up r rr r o r r
o r o o
ti n s an d th e e m r e f t h e ve y s t ma gn i tu d e Th u s G rah am s
,
r r .

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slan d w a s t h o w n up an d e up t i o n s t o p la c e i n th e B abu j an
,
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I s l an d s an d at P i ch i nch a A ag s ay s th e e xt ra d in a y d y fo g

. r o or r r
o f 1 83 1 w a s o b s e ve d i n th e f u r
q u a te s o f th e w o l d t wa s o r r r r . I
r
rema k e d o n t h e c o a s t o f A f i c a o n A u gu s t 3 at O d e s s a o n A u gu st r ,

9 ,
i
n th e s o uth o f Fran ce an d a t P a i s o n A u gu st 1 0 i n t h e Un it e d r ,

S tate s o n A u gu s t 1 5 T h e l ight f t h e s u n w a s s o m u ch d i m n
. o i
is o
h e d th at i t w as p s s ibl e t o b s e v e i t s d i s a l l d ay w i th t h e un p ro o r k
t e ct e d ey e O n t h e c o a st o f A f i ca t h e s u n b ecam e v is i b l e nly a ft e
. r o r
p a s si n g an alt itu d e f 1 5 o
M R o z e t in A lge r i a an d th e s

or .

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o r
in A n n ap o li s Un i te d S tat es an d i n th e s o ut h f F an ce s
,
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r
s o la d i s k f an a u e g e en i s h o e m e al d c lz r r
T h e s ky w a s
, , or r o or .

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n ev e d a k at n i g ht a n d e ven at m i dn i gh t i n A u gu st s mal l p ri n t
,

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co u l d b e e a d i n S ib e ri a B e l in G en o a et c O n A u gu st 3 a t ,
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.

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o or o
r
p i n t w as l egi b l e a t m i dn ight
.

I A ND T H E S OL A R R A DIA T I ON
M O U N T KA T M A

I n th e f l l w i ng t abl e w e g i v e th e t ran s m i s s i n f th e atm sp h e r e

o o o o o

f or th s l a r r ad i at i o n a s d ete rm i n e d b y th e py rh el i m ete r an d f or
e o o

I n th e r st
,

th e s e p a rat e w av e l ength s by t h e s p t b l m ete r

-

e c ro
-

o o -
.

c lu mn w e h av e t h rat i
o f th e m ea n v l u e s o f th e t o ta l in ten s i ty o f
e o o a

th e s la r r ad i at i n ( a s d e te rm in ed b y th e py r h eli m ete r ) c mp a r ed
o o o o

w it h th e i nten s i ty f th e rad i t i o n w h i ch w u l d b o bta i n e d u ts i d e a o e o o

th e atm sph e re o th e m n f i n st ance Th e r e s u l t s a r e g ro up ed

,
on o o ,
or .

w i th r ega rd t t i m e a s i n d i c ate d i n th s i de h ea d in gs
o Py h l i e . r e

o m e m ea s u rem en ts f th e d i ffe rent d ays h ave b e en r e d u ce d t th e

te r o o
O SM I T H SON IAN M I S CE LL AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

fra ct i o na l dec re a s e i n t h e int en s it i e s o f d i ff e ent w ave l e ngth s f o un d r -

b y c o m p a ri n g th em w i th th e va lu e s w h i ch w e e f u n d f t h em d u r o or r
in g M a y an d ea ly Jun e r .

r
S o m e e su l t s o f th e h a z in e s s a e p la in ly sh o wn b y th e a cc o mpan y r
i ng il lu st r a ti o n s F i g 1 an d F i g 2 F ig 1 giv es t h e ma r c h o f th e
,
. . . .

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p y h el i o m et ry an d o
f t h e t an sm i s s i o n f gre e n l i ght ( at w av e r o
l e n gt h p ) f o m J un e u nt i l S eptem b e r
. r t i s c o m p u te d fo r th e . I
TA L B E 2 . I LL U S T RA T I N G O PAC IT Y D U E TO VO L CA C M ANI TT E R .

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I I I l I
a. M OU N T WI L SON , C AL I F OR N IA .

m s
S OU R , AL G A E RI .

1Tss s v l s lsl di st li t
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a ue s sl z i d i s
re at e t to p y rhe o m e er m e a ur e m e n t at a o ar en th a n ce o f 48

( a ir

T sd v l d s ls t b l s t ii ss i ssi s sl z vi t l d i s s d
ma an d m e an o ar a n ce .

2 he e a ue re at e to atm o p he r c t ran m o n fo r o ar en h t a n c e o f 48 ( a i r m a

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val u e s a r e g iven fo r b o th M o u n t W il s n a n d B a s s o u r n F ig 2 o . I .

r r
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va i o u s t im e s an d w ave length s C u rve s rep r e s en t in g th s a e s h o w n -

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c o e s p o n d in g t o th e latte r p a t o f J un e t Ju ly t o A u g u st an d t o r ,
o , ,

s o m e d ay s w h en th e t a ns p a e ncy w a se spe ci ally l o w Th e s e d at a r r .

a r e al s o giv en fo r b th M o un t W i l s o n an d B a s s u r o o .

r r
F o m th e s e e su l t s w e m ay d ra w th e f o ll o w in g c nc l u si o n s : o
( I ) Th e h az e p d u ce d b y th e v o l can o o f M o unt K atma i beganro
t o a ffect m eas u emen ts i n A lge ia o n r
r abo u t J u n e 1 9 an d th o s e o f r o ,

o
M un t W i l s n n o r ab o u t J un e 2 1 o o .
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8 SM I T H SON IAN M I S CE L L AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

( 2 ) Th e e ff ect in c r ea s e d du r in g J uly an d h a d r e a ch e d i t s m a x i ,

m um f or B as s o u r by th e m i dd l e o f A u g us t b ut s e eme d st i ll in cr e a s ,

i n g a t M o un t W il s o n t o t h e e n d o f A u gust .

3 ) T h e m axi m um de c r e a s e o f th e t o t al s o la r r a d ia t i o n a tt r ib ut
a b l e t o t h e h az e s eem s t o hav e r each e d n e a r l y or qu it e 2 0 p e r ce n t at
e ach s tat i on .

( 4 ) I t w o u l d a p p e a r f ro m i ns p e ct i o n o f th e t r an sm i s s i o n co
e f ci en ts f or d i ff e r en t w av e l en g th s th at th e p ecul i a r it i e s o f th e sky
.

i n t h e l atte r p ar t o f J u n e p r o d uce d n o m a rk e d d ec r e a s e o f t h e
t ran sp a r en cy o f th e a i r .

5 ) A sr eg a r ds th e d i ffe r e n t wa v e l en g t h s o f t h e sp e c t r um t h e
-

e ffect o f th e h az in e s s i s gr eate r fo r v i si b l e r ay s t h an f or i n f r a r e d -

o n e s bu t t h e d i ff e r enc e o f t r an s m i s s i o n d o e s n o t in c r ea s e s o g r eatly
,

t o w a r d s th e v i ol et a s o n e w o u l d ex p e ct I n d e e d fo r th e B as s o u r .

r e s ul t s th e re w a s n ea r ly u n i f or m e ff ect th r o u gh o ut th e w h o l e v i s i b le
a n d u lt r a vi o le t sp ect r um
-

T h e M o u n t W il s o n r e s ul t s h o w eve r
.
, ,

sh o w s om e w h at i n crea s in g e ff ects t o w a r d s th e s h or te s t w av e len gth s -

.

Th i s c i r c u msta n c e i s v e ry n o t e w or th y an d i n d i cate s t o u s t ha t t h e
s iz e o f t h e p a r ti cl e s w h ich p ro du ce d t h e s catt e r in g o f l ight w a so n
t h e w h o l e m u ch g r eate r t h an t h e s iz e o f th e pa r t i cl e s w h ich p r o d uce d
th e o r d i n a r y b l u e l i gh t o f th e s k y L or d R a yl e igh h a s sh o w n th at
.

f or p a r tic l e s sm a l l a sc o m p a r e d w i th th e w ave l e n gth o f l i g h t t h e -

s catter i ng e ffec t i s i nve r s el y p r o p o r t i o n al t o th e f o u r th p o w e r o f t h e

w av e l ength I t i s f ro m th i s e xt r a o r di n a r ily r ap i d in c r ea s e o f th e
-
.

s catte r ing to w a r d s th e s h o r te r w av e l engt h s th a t w e o w e t h e v e r y

-

bl u e ch a r acte r o f th e sky Th e h a z e o n t h e o th e r h an d p r o d uce d

.
, ,

a w h i ti s h ap p e aran c e o n a cc o u n t o f th e l a r ge r s iz e o f th e p a r t icl e s
c o n ce rn e d .

A sB a s s o u r i s a t a l o w e r alt i tu d e m eter s ) t h an M o un t
W i l so n m et e r s ) i t may b e th a t t h e a tm o sp h e r e ab o v e B as
,

s o u r i n cl u d ed 0n t h e ave r ag e g r o s s e r p a r t i cl e s tha n t h e atm o sp he r e

a b o v e M o u n t W il s o n Th i s m ay a cc o unt f or th e f a ct th at th e h az e
.

e ffect fo r B as s o u r d i d n o t i nc r e as e t o w a r d s h or t w av e l en g th s a s -

rap i dl y a s t ha t fo r M o un t W i l s o n Th e r e i s ev en a t en den cy t o w a r d
.

small e r e ffe ct s at B a s s o u r f or th e e xt rem e ult r a v i o l et t ha n fo r t h e -

v i s ibl e ra ys I f th i s b e r e al w e th i nk i t m ay b e d u e t o a s el ect ive

.

acti o n o f th e du st d u e t o i t s c o mp o s i ti o n o f v o l can i c gl a s s a n d
s u lph u r .

M r F o w l e c o ll ecte d o n M o u n t W il s o n s o m e d u st wh i ch fel l u p o n
.

th e m i r ror o f t he c o el o stat an d th i s d u st ha s b ee n v e r y ki nd ly
,
IO SM I T H SO N IAN M ISCE LL AN E OUS COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60
I

an alyz ed fo r u s by Dr . M e r ri l l o f i
th e Un ted S tate s N a t i n al o
M u s eu m ,
w ho w r ite s :

Dr td t l ft
s
P o g ue h a sr e p o r t i s r i sb i e on th e d u e by y o u h mo n ng a e ng co m
fr t s f v i l ss q rt z f l s r k l i V l i
.

po s ed o f ag men o o l ca n c g a ua e d pa an d ao n o can c

t i t t v l i st sis l s f l d s r Q rt
.
, ,

g l s
a ss i sa co mmo n co n ue n o f o ca n c du a a o e pa ua z

k li s r l t
.
,

wo u d l r l r l
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y ra e y, an d ao n c a ce y at al l n a c co un o f the
iti k li
.

d e co m p os e d l ss
co n d r s on o f m uc h o f th e g a an d the p e e n ce o f ao n we
t f si l t s r l fr h l i s
, ,

a re bo h o r r u s nc in e d t o e g a d t h e du a p o b ab y o m t e p a n an d

s iv i tl fr vl lt t
,

n o t a de r e d d l ss ld s s
re c y o m the o ca n o a h o ug h t h e g a wo u ug g e an

l ti t v l i ri i
,

u m a e o ca n c o g n .

D E CR E A S E OF HE A T A VA IL A BL E TO WA M R T HE E A RT H
I n th e p a s s age th e b eam o o o f o ute l i m i t o f th e f s un l i ght fr m th e r
i
atm o sp h e re t o th e s o l l o s s e s o f en e rgy o cc u r i n th e d i ect b e a m a s
,
r
f o l l o w s : 1 ) A b s o rpt o n by th e ga se s an d vap rs o f th e atm o sph e r e i o ,

i
p r in c pally i n th e in fra re d w ate r va p o r b an ds ( 2 ) S catte i n g - -

. r
o f l i ght t o wa rd s th e g r o u n d f r o m th e d i re ct s o l a r b ea m by th e m l e o
r
cul e s an d du st p a ti cl e s o f th e at m o sph e re th u s pr o du ci ng th e li gh t ,

o f th e sky i
T h s l o s s n t h e d i rect s o la r b ea m i s m a d e up t u s b y
. i o
th e sky l igh t ( 3 ) A fra ct i o n o f h e s o la r be am i s s catte re d by th e
-

. t
m o l ecul e s an d du st pa rt icl e s o f th e a r i n s u ch a d i r ecti n a s t o g o i o
o ut t o s p ace an d th u s b e l o s t t o th e ea rt h f o r h eat n g p u p se s
,
To i ro .

th i s m a y be ad d ed th e quan t i ty o f ra d i at i o n ( i f a n y ) w h ic h i s
r
ab s o b ed in th e h gh er atm o s p h e re i .

q ri
T h e u e sti o n a s e s h o w mu ch th e th i r d l o s s by d i ff u s e e ect o n ,
r i
a nd s catt e rin g t o spa c e an d h i gh e r atm sph e r c ab s o p t i n w a s
:
o i r o ,

i r
n c ea s e d o w i n g t o th e p r e s en ce o f th e du st cl o u d o f 1 9 1 2 t is . I
o o
n t p s s i b l e t o d et e rm in e t h i s l o s s b y d i e ct m e as u rem ent s H o w r .

r o
eve kn w i n g t h e s o l a c o n stant o i ra di at i o n th e i nt en s i ty f th e
,
r ,
o
r
d i e ct s o la r be am a t t h e e a rth s su fac e th e i nt en s ity o f th e s ky
r ,

r a d iati o n an d th e q u antity o f a b s o rpt i o n by atm o sph e i c va p o s th e

,
r r ,

o
l s s by h igh a tm o sph e ri c ab s o rpti o n a n d by e ecti o n o f th e atm o s r
p h e r e t o sp a ce m ay b e appr o xi m ately c o m p ute d W e o b ta i n th e .

val u e o f th e s o la r c o n st an t f r a d ati o n th e i nt en s ty o f th e d re ct

o i ,
i i
s o l a r b eam a t th e ea rt h s s u rfa ce an d th e l o s s o f ra di at i o n by ,

r i
abs o pt o n i n th e vap o s o f th e l o w e r at m o sph e re o n ea ch d ay o f r ,

o b se rv ati o n I
n o rd e r t o d et erm i n e th e t o tal nt en s ty o f th e sky
. i i
ra d iat i o n M r A bbo t d ev i s e d an d c o n st u ct ed at B a s s o u r t w o p ece s
. r i
o f a ppa ratu s an d m ad e m ea su e m ent s fo r th i s p u rp s e
,
r o .

r
Th e s t c o nt ri van ce w a s a b l o m et er w t h a s o me w h at w id e o i
r i
e c ei v n g st r ip Th i s b o l o m ete w a s m a d e w i th a w o d en c a s e and
. r o ,

r o ugh i nt e ri o r c o n st ru ct o n bu t i t w a s f o un d t an sw e th e pu rp s e s i ,
o r o
NO . 2 9 V OL C A N OE S A ND CL IM A T E AB B O T A ND FW O LE I I

fo r i
w h i ch t w a sd e s gn ed f ai rly w ell i
t had an al t a zi m u th m o unt . I -

in g an d m ea s u rem ent s w e r e ma d e w i th t o f th e nt en si ty o f th e sky

,
i i
r ad i ati o n at a l l pa rt s o f th e s ky as c o m pa red w ith th e ntens i ty o f th e i
i
d rect b eam o f th e s un I n th i s c o m p a r i s o n t h e d i rect s la r b eam wa s
. o
i
r ed u ce d n i n ten si ty b y m ean s o f a r o t at n g s e ct o d iaph a g m and i r r
r i
,

a s e i e s re s st a n c e w a s in s e rt ed fo r d i min i sh i n g th e sen s it iven e s s o f

th e gal va n o m ete r w h en th e s u n w a s o b s e ve d M ea s u e m ent s w e e r . r r
m ad e w i th th i s b o l o m et e r o n t h e b igh tn e s s o f th e sky o n S e pt em b er r
5 6 an d 7 1 9 1 2
, ,
.

Th e o th e r appa ra tu s u sed w a sa d ev i ce o rigi nall y in ten d ed fo r

m ea s u ri ng t h e n o ctu rn al ra d i at i o n an d w a s s im il a r i n p i n cipl e t ,
r o
t h e An g s o
t r Om C m p en sati o n P y h el i o m et e r T h e t w o bla cken e d r .

m etal strip s i n stea d o f b e in g si d e b y si d e w e r e pl ace d o n e ab o v e

, ,

an d th e o th e r ben e ath a th in h o r iz o ntal pla te o f b a s s an d w e e s o r ,

r
r
p o tecte d by s t rip s o f h o rn th at th e m eta l st r p s c o u l d n t giv e o ff i o
i
ra d i at o n e xc e pt fr o m t h e r o u twa d s u r fa ce s T h e ra d iati o n fr o m i r .

th e o ut wa rd su r fa c e o f e ach st ri p w a s f re e t o g o n an y d i recti o n i
w i th i n a h e m i sp h e re I
n th e u s e o f th i s n st rum en t a b lac en e d
. i k
sc reen w a s p lac e d b en eath i t s o th at th e l o w e r str i p w a s e xcha ngin g

r a di ati o n o nly w it h th i s s c re en w h i ch s ubtend e d a w h o l e hemi sp h e re , .

r
T h e u pp e r st ip w a s ex ch an gi ng rad i at i o n w i th th e w h o l e sky .

I
n th e u s e o f th e b o l o m ete r m ent i o n ed a b o v e th e i n st ru m en t w a s ,

p r o te ct ed fr o m exchan ge s o f ad a ti o n o f grea t w av e len g t h b y r i -

m e an s o f a plate o f gl as s Th e n o ct ur n a l ra d ia t io n in s t rum ent o n .

/
,

r
th e o th e h an d h a d n o p l at e o f gla s s in f o n t o f i t A cCo r d in g l y
,
r .

-

w h il e th e b o l o m et er m ea su r e d o n ly t h e rad iat o n o f th e sky t ra n sm s i i

i
s ibl e by gla s s ( th at s t o say th e rad a ti o n c o m ng i n d i rectly f r o m ,
i i
th e s un ) th e n o ct u rn al i n st ru m en t o n th e o th e r h an d m ea su re d th e
, , ,

r
c o mb i n ed e ffect o f ay s o f al l w av e length s A cc o r d n gly a co r ree -

. i
o i
ti o n h a d t b e appl i ed n th e lat te r m e a su rem ent s fo r th e rad at i o n i
i
w h i ch th e n strum ent w o ul d h av e s en t o ut f th e s u n h ad been i n i
ecli p s e O f c o u rs e th i s c o recti n c o ul d n o t real ly b e m e asu r ed b u t
.
\
r o ,

M r A K A ng s
. t r Om ha d mad e m ea su rem e nt sat B as s o ur o f t h e
. .

r r i
n o ctu n a l a d i at o n o n th e m o rn ng an d even in g o f e ach o f th e d a y s i
i n qu e st i o n an d th e s e h e ha s k in dly p e rm i tt e d u s t o u se A s s um n g . i
that t h e n o ctu rn a l rad a t i o n w o u ld ha ve h ad th e m e an o f th e se i
m o rn i ng an d even in g va lu e s a t m id day i f th e s u n ha d b e en ecl p s ed -

i ,

i
w e m a y t h u s e st m at e an d c o rrec t th e r e su l t s fo r t h e e xch ange o f
l o n g wa ve ray s b etw e e n th e bl ack en e d s
-
t ri p an d th e sky T h u s w e .

r i r
d et e m n e t h e s o la rad i at o n sca tte red fr o m th e sky t o th e o bse rve r i
a s i nd i cat ed b y th e n o ctu rn a l rad at i o n a p p a r atu s Th e exp e ri m en t s i .
12 SM ITH SON IA N M IC
S E LL A NE O U C S O LL E C TI ON S VO L . 60

o f all th re e day s w i th th i s i n st um en t i n d i c at e d th a t th e s c at t e e d r r
i i r
s o la r rad at o n e ce i ved f r o m th e sky w a si n exc es s f th e l ng w a v e o o -

r ad i ati o n l o s t t th e s ky o .

o r
Th e b o l o met r i c b s e vat i n s a t d i ff e e n t p a ts o f t h e S ky w e e o r r r
r ed u ce d by g aph i cal m eth o ds s r
o a s t o g iv e t h e m e a n b i gh t n e s so f r
r
th e v a i o u s z n e s a n d t h e s o
e w e e su mm e d up w ith ega d t t h e i
'

r r r o r
k
,

r i r o
el at v e a e as s a s t o gi ve th e t tal e ff ec t f t h e s y o n a h o i z nt a l
,
o o r o
r
su fac e T h e val u e s give n a e f n o n bs e vati n s an d a re s tated
. r or o o r o ,

o r
i n cal ri e s p e s qu ar e ce nt imet e p e m i n ut e n th e d ayl igh t o b s er r r I .

v a t io n s w it h th e n o ct u rn a l ad iat o n appa atu s t h e s u n wa s sc ee n e d r i r r

r
aw ay by a b o o m h el d a t ab o u t 2 m e t e s d i st an c e T h e e s u lt s r r .

r r
rep es en t th e e f o re th e w h l e s ky e x c ept a p a t ve y cl s e t th e o r r o o
r o
su n Th e e su lt s f b o t h k i nd s o f b s e v at i n s a e c l lect e d b el o w
. o r o r o
TA L B E 3 . RA AT DI I ON OF T H E S KY . B A U S SO R, 191 2 .

I nte n sy it .

Da t e .

(I . B OL O M E TY
R 0F S KY R ADIA I O N T .

b . M E AS U RE M E N T S 0F SKY R T
A DIA I O N BY N OC T U R N AL A P PAR A T US .

Be fr s o e un

A ft r s un
t l sk r d i t i i
e o . z o
To a y a a on in ca o l r es

A o r
lth u gh th e e s u lt s S h o w a lar ge d ve gen c e i n p e centa ge i t i s i r r ,

o
n t gr eat i n cal o ri e s ; an d th e m ean e s ul t o f all expe im en ts n am ely r r ,

r
cal o i e s p e r squ a e centim et e p e m i n ut e p b ab ly e p es ent s r r r ,
ro r r
o
th e t tal sky ra d i ati o n t w it h in cal i e s o or .

W e w i ll n o w give asa m e an f r th e th e e days n o o n m e a s u e ,

o r ,
r
o r
m ent s f th e t h e e qu ant i t i e s o f ad i at i n : ( 1 ) Tha t w h i ch e ach e s r o r
th e ear th i n th e d i rect b eam f th e s un ( 2 ) T hat w h i ch each e s a o . r
h o riz o nt a l s u r fac e by scatte i n g f m t h e w h l e s y ( 3 ) Th at r ro -

o k .

w hi ch i s a b s o rbe d f r o m t h e d i e ct b e am o f th e s u n an d f o m th e sky r r
r i io
a d a t n by th e vap o r s o f th e atm sp h e e o r .

T h e s e qu ant it ie s a r e a s f o l l w s : o
14 SM I T H SO N IAN M IC
S E LL A NE O U C S O LL E C TI ON S VO L . 60

d ay s . I
n th i s w a y be ha s d ivi de d h i s m ea su rem ents o f n o c tu n al r
r i o r
ad ati n i nt o t w o g o up s o n e gr o u p b ein g t ak en o n t h e n ight s f ,

o
i
th e d ay s n w h ich th e t ra n s pa ren cy o f th e atm o sp h e re ha d be en
ab o ve th e av e ra ge an d th e o t h e r gr u p t ak en n th e n i ght s o f t h e
, o o
day s in w h i ch th e t r an spa ency o f th e atm o sph e re h a d be e n b el o w r
r
th e av e age T h e n u m b e o f day s i n ea ch g r o u p i s 1 7 H e n d s
. r .

r
tha t th e av e age n o ctu rn al ad iat i o n wa s a b u t cal r i e p e r r o o
squ are cent im ete r p e r m i nu te an d th at th e n ight s c o e s p nd ing t ,
rr o o
o r
d ay s f m o e th a n u s ua l tran spa en cy o f th e at m s p h e e gav e a r o r
r
n o ctu n al ra d i at i o n c al o r e ab o ve t h e n o rma l w h le th o s e i ,
i
rr o o
n i gh t s c o e sp n d ing t d ay s f l e s s t h an u su al t an sp a en cy gav e o r r
a no ctu rn al ra d i ati o n cal o ri e b e l o w th e n o rmal Th i s d i ffe r .

e nc e ,
c al o ri e b etw ee n th e ha zy day s an d th e cl ea re
, n es i s ro
s o s m al l th a t M r An g s t r Om i s d ubt fu l i f i t b e a e al e ff ect o r o n ly
. o r ,

an a cci de nta l e o o f m e a su em en t rr r r .

r
H o w eve it w o ul d n t be exp ecte d th at th e e ffect d u e t a d i ff e
, o o r
o
en ce f h az i n e s s betw ee n th e t w o g o u p s o f day s w o u l d b e s g e at r o r
a s th e e ff e ct du e t o th e h azi n e s s p r o d u ced b y th e v o lc an o ; an d i t can
al s o be s h o w n th at th e e ffect w h i ch m igh t b e exp e cte d f r o m th e
v o lcan o it s el f w o ul d n o t b e ve y grea t m e as u re d by t h o u sandth s o f a r ,

cal o ri e .

I 1
t i s s h o w n by u s that th e di rec t ad i ati n f th e e a rt h t o sp ac e r o o
r r
i s n o t p er h ap s g e ate th an 1 0 p e cen t o f th e t o tal a d i at i o n o f a
, ,
r r
o
b dy at th e t em p e ratu r e o f th e ea th M r A ng s t r Om sm e a su re r . .

o
m en t s in cl i n e h i m t th i n k t h at th e t ran sm i s s i o n o f d i ec t a d i a t i o n
t o spa ce i s s o m e w h at g eate r
tha n th i s p e h ap s 1 5 o r 1 8 p e r c en t
r r
r ,
r .

S upp o s e th at w e sh o u l d a ss um e i t t o be t h e l atte r A p e r fe ct rad i at o . r

at th e t emp e ratu re o f th e ea rth em i t s ab u t ca l o r e per s cm o i q . .

p e r m i n u te Tak in g 1 8 pe r c en t o f t h i s w e h a ve
. cal o ri e Th en .

w e as s u m e t h at o f th e c al o ri e ep r e s en t ing t h e n o ctu rn a l a d a r r i
t io n ,
cal o ri e w o ul d b e t ra n sm itt ed f r o m t h e ea rt h s s u r face t
o
s pa ce an d t h e rem a n i n g i
ca l o ri e w o u ld be th e co u nt e ra d iat o n r
i
o f th e c o o le r atm o sp h e e t o w a rd s th e ea t h r
L e t u s fu rth e r s u pp o s e r .

th at th e v o l can i c h aze ( w h ch p r o d uc e d a d ec ea se a s w e h ave f o u n d i r , ,

o f 1 0 p e r c en t i n th e in c o m ng en e rgy ) p r o d u ce d a d ec ea s e i
f 5 pe r o r
i o
c en t n th e t ran sm i s s i n o f th e h igh e r atm o sph e r e t o th e a d ia t o n r i
s ent o ut b y th e ea rt h Th i s e ffect f c o u rs e w i ll i n u enc e M r
. o .

An g s t r Om sre sult s o nly o n th e cal o ri e s u pp o s e d t o b e t ran s

'

m itt e d f r o m th e s o i l t h r ugh th e a tm sph e re t sp ace o Fi ve p e r o o .

cent o f cal o ri e i s cal o i e ; s tha t i f i t s h u l d b e fo und r o o

t
that h e n o c tu rn a l r ad i at i n exp e ri en ce d a d ec rea s e o f o ca l o ri e
1
A nna t
l sA sr o p h y sc a l i Obs
er vt a o ry , Vo l . 2 , pp . 1 67 -
1 72 .
N O . 2 9 V OL C A N OE S A ND CL IM A T E A B BO T FW O L E 1 5

q
p e r s ua re c en t i m ete r p e r m nu te o w ng t o t h e v o l can c ha e o f 1 9 1 2 i i i z
i
,

th e 1 0 pe r c en t l o s s o f h eat nc o m i ng f r o m th e s un d u e t o t h e r e e c
i
,

t o n o f th i s h az e t o s pa ce w o ul d b e h al f c o mpen s ated T h e val u e , .

c al o ri e i s s
o n ea r th e d ffe ren ce ca l o ri e f o un d by M r i , .

z i
,

An g s t r Om t o ex i st b etw een h i s cl e a r an d h a y d ay s th at t s e em s ,

i
i m p o s s bl e t o s a y a s yet w h eth e r th e d ecr e a s e o f h eat ava l a b l e t o i
wa rm th e ea rt h w a s n o t i n c o n sd e rabl e m ea s u re c o m pen s ate d a s w e i
h ave d e sc ri b ed .

I FL U E N C E
N OF FOR M E H A Z Y PE R IO D S R ON THE SOL A R
R A IA I O N D T

It is n ly si n ce j ust b e f o re th e K rakat o a e ru pt o n o f 1 883 that w e

o i
h ave ha d m ea su re m en t s o f th e nten s i ty o f s o l a r radi at i o n c o m pa r i
abl e t o t h o s e that w e re a v a l ab le i n 1 9 1 2 F o m a pap e r o f P r o f i . r .

H H Ki mba ll w e c o py th e d at a fo r t he t o p l i n e o f th e acc o m pany

. .

.
,
i
i n g F i g 3 w h ch sh o w s th e d epa rtu re s o f t h e a nn u al s o la r rad a t i o n

i
re ce i ve d a t th e ea rt h s s u r fa c e a s m ea s u red at M o ntpe l i e r an d o th e r ,

i
stat o n s Th e s m o o th ed c u rv e ( A ) o f th e gu re s f o r m e d fr o m
. i
th e c o mbin at i o n o f th e s e e su lt s by ad d ing t o tw i ce th e val u e fo r h e r t
ye a r i n qu e st io n t h e va lu e fo r th e yea n ext p r e ce d ing an d th e val u e r
t
f o r h e v ea r n ext f o ll o w n g an d d vi d in g th e su m b y 4 It s i ,
i . i
appa ren t th at v e ry gre at de p a rtu re s fr o m th e u su al i nt en sity o f s o lar

rad i at i o n o c cu rr ed f r o m 1 883 t o 1 887 fr o m 1 888 t o 1 89 3 an d f r o m , ,

1 90 2 t o 1 90 4 r esp e ct ve ly i
Th e d e p a rtu e wh ic h f o l l o w ed th e Kra . r
kat o a er u pt i o n i s o n ly w ha t w e s h o ul d have exp ect ed b u t i t s nt e r ,
i i
e sti ng t o n d i f w e can th e ca u s e s o f th e d i m n i s
,
h ed s o l a r rad at o n
,
i i i
h avi ng m i n i m a i n 1 89 1 an d 1 90 3 r e sp ect i ve ly .

i i
C o n s d e r n g r st th e p e r o d 1 888 t o 1 89 3 ; un d o u b t edly t h e gre ate s t i
i
e rupt o n o f th i s pe ri o d o ccu rr ed i n n o rth e rn Japan B and a S a n s . i -

i
a m o unta i n a bo u t fe et h gh w h i ch h ad sh o w n n o S g n o f i i
acti vi ty fo r abo u t y ea rs A s u b o rd i n at e p eak ca ll ed L ttl e
. i
B an d ai S a n

ar o s e o n it s n o rth e a st e rn s i d e O n th e m o rn n g o f
-

. i
Ju ly 1 888 w ith o n l y a f ew m i n u t e s e a rth u ak e a s a p rel m n a ry
,
q i i
r
wa ni n g L i ttl e B an da S a n w a s bl o wn c o m pl etely i nt o th e a i r an d
,
i -

o bl i ter ate d T h e deb r i s bu r e d a n d d eva st at ed a n a rea o f a t l ea st

. i
q
3 0 s ua r e m i l e s A n e st i m at e ba s ed o n th e d epth o f th e m ate ri al n
. i
th i s a re a i n d icat ed tha t th e u an tity o f ea rth r o ck s an d v o lcan c q ,
i
m ate r al ea ch ed i r t o n s an d that d o ubtl e s s th e t ru e g u re ,

w o u l d b e m u ch g re at e r st ll A b u t 60 0 pe o pl e p e ri sh ed h o r r bly i . o i ,

an d m any m o re w e r e red u c ed t o de sti tuti o n t w a sw i th o n e p o s s . I i

B ull e ti n o f t h e M o un tW t ea h e r O bs
er vt a o ry ,
V o l um e 3 , Par t 2 .
1 6 SM I T H SON IAN M IC S E LL A NE O U C S OL LE C TI O NS VO L . 60

bl e ex cepti o n t h e m o s t ter i b l e v lca n i c di sa st e r wh i c h h a d c cu e d r o o rr

i n J ap a n s i n c e t h e fam u s ex p l o s i n f A Sa m a y a m a i n 1 783 T h e o o o .

or o o
f ce o f a n ex p l s i n c ap ab le o f t e a i ng a m u n tai n t b i ts an d d is r o o
r r r
t ibu ti n g i t o ve an a e a o f 3 0 s qu a e m i l e s m a y w e l l h av e be e n r '

i o
su f c ent t o b l w t h e c o l u mn f a sh e s h i gh en o u gh i nt t h e a i t h av e o o r o
rr r
b e e n ca i e d o v e th e ea t h l ike th s e e j ecte d f m t h e c at e f r o ro r ro
rk
K a at o a in 1 883 .

r o
A n e up t i n t o o k pl ace o f th e v o l ca n o M ay o n i n t h e P h i li pp i n e
I s l an d s D ecembe I 5 1 888
,
r
a s t c o l um n s o f a sh e s a sce nd e d f m
,
. V ro
r r
t h e c ate an d in a S h t t im e th e da kn e s s w a ss i nten s e t h at
,
or r o ,

th o u gh i t w a s m i d d a y l ight s h ad t o b e u s e d i n e ve y h u s e i n
-

,
r o
M an i l a o
Vi l en t e upt i n s w e e al s
. r o
ep o te d f o m o th e v lc an e s r or r r r o o
in t h e P h i l ipp i n e sl an d s I .

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C o o
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p r o p o t i n s : M u lt i p l y t h e p e cen tag e d e p a tu e f a d iat i n s h w n r r r o r o o
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2 4 SM I T H S ON IAN M I S CE LL AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

SUM MA R Y

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th e o r r
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o e to

b t h i n in c re a s e f k n w l e d ge an d i n a d di t i n s
o o t h e n at i n al
o l o to o co

l ect i n s o .

M s t f th e i n f r m at i n c nta i n e d i n t h i s acc un t h sbe en fu r

o o o o o o a

n is h d b th see h pa rt i c i pa t ed i n th e va r i u s e xpe d i t i n s
y o w o o o .

A b u t t w en t d i ff e ren t pa rt i e s w ere in th e e ld du r i ng 9
o y an d 1 12 ,

t h e reg i n s v i s i ted m p r i se d B r i t i sh E a st A fr ic a A b y s s i n i a A lge r i a

o co -

. , .

ea ste rn S i b e r i a a nd M ng l i a th e A lt a i M un t a in d i s t r ict B rn e o o , o ,
o o .

S L aw r en ce I slan d A la ska B ri t i sh C lu m b ia A l b e rta N e w f un d

t . . . o . ,
o

l an d L a b rad r t he P an a m a C an al Z n e th e B ah a m a I s
,
o ,
lan d s th e o , ,

W e st I n d i e s an d man pa rt s f t h e Un it e d S ta t e s
, y o .

S me f the o rk d n e i n 9
o w a s in c n i m at i n f p e ra t i n s
wo o 1 12 o f r o o o o

i n i t i a t ed in p rev i u s ye a r s an d de sc ri b e d i n t h e a t i cl e expl ra
o ,
r on o

t i n s publ i sh ed b y t h e S m i t h s n ian s m e m n t h s g A sre g a rd s

1
o o o o a o .

t h e G v e rnm en t b r anch e s f th e I n st it ut i n i t sh u l d be s a i d t h at th e
o o o , o

B u rea u f A m e r i can E thn l g engage s la rgel

o in l d w rk sa o o y y e -

o a

1
E x it i ped on sO r g a n i z e d o r Par ti i t c pa e d in b y the Sm it hs
o n i I st i t t i
an n u o n

in 1 9 1 0 an d 191 1 . Sm it s i M is C
h o n an c . o ll .
, V o l 59 N o .
, . II ,
19 1 2 .

SM IT HS O N IA I C LLA U
N M S E NE O S CO LL C TI E O NS , VO L . 6 0 , No . 30
 SM I T H SO N IAN M ISCE L L AN E OUS COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

i it
p a rt o f i t s regul a r a ct v i e s T h e N at o na l M u se um h a s n o spec ial
. i
fu nd s f o r e xpl o rati o n an d o n tha t ac c o u nt can e m b race o n l v a f ew
,

i
o f th e o pp o rtu n t i e s wh i ch a r e p re sented fo r enl arg ng t s c o llect i o n s i i

F IG . I .
A na tiv e o f Bo rn e o . Pho t o g rap h bv S tr tee e r .

thr ou g h e l d w o rk -

T h e A st r o phy s cal O b s
. e rva o ry o cc a so n allyi t i
o b ta in s fun d s f r o m C o n g re s sfo r o b s e rvat o n so u t sd e th e Un e d i i it
tt
S a es . i
T h e fu nct o n so f th e o the r b ranch e s th e N a t i o n al Z o OIo g i
ca l P a rk ,
I t
th e n e rnat i o na l E xchange s th e R e g o n al B u reau o f t h e ,
i
 SM ITH SON IA N M IC S E LL A NE O U C
S O LL E C TI ON S VO L . 60

FI G . 2 .
K uch i n g , S a raw a k . B o rn e o . Pho t o g rap h S tr t r
ee e .

FIG .
3 K uc h
.
i ng , S a ra w a k . B o rn e o . P ho t o g r ap h by S tr t r
ee e .
FI G .
4.
V i e w in S a r a w a k . Bo rn e o . Pho t o g ra p h bv S tre e t e r .

5 .
V e w i o f th e it i
n
t
er o r o f t o wn
h by S
o f K uc h
tr t r
i n g . S a ra w a k ,
Bo r neo .

Pho o g rap e e e .
6 SM I T H SO N IAN M IC S E LL A NE O U C S O LL E C TI ON S VO L . 60

MR . G E OR G E M I X T E R S CO L L E C T N G T R P T O L A K E

I I B A KA L I
n o t h e r c o ll ab o rat o r o f t h e N at i o n al M u se u m M r e o rge M xt e r
A ,
. G i ,

o f B o st o n M a s sach u sett s a n e xpe r en ce d b ig g a m e h unte r v o l un

, . i -

t e e red t o c o ll e c t la rge m a m m al s fo r t h e M u s eu m n th e v ic in it v o f i
i
L ak e B a kal S b e r a d u r ng th e s u m m er o f 1 9 1 2
,
i i Th e ma i n o b j ec
,
i . t
o f M r M ix t e r st r ip w a s t o sec u re spec im en s o f th e n at ve b e a r
.

i
i
a n d o f th e s e al p ec ul a r t o L ak e B a kal ne it h e r o f w h ic h w a s r e p r e i ,

s en ted i n t h e c o l lect i o n s o f t h e N at o nal M u se um H e s uccee d ed i .

FIG 6 S ull k f i i
S be r be a r fr m L k Ba ik l ll e c t ed by
M i xt r P t ti
. . o a an , o n e ar a e a , co
Mr . e . ho o g ra p h by N a o na l M us
e um .

in o i i
bt a n ng g o o d sp ec -

i m en s o f b o th . T h e b ea r s
ku ll sh o w n in gu re
6 i sfr o m h s c o ll e ct i o n i .

DR . W . L . A B BO T T S O PE R A T O N S I N CA S H M E R E

I
Dr . W
b b o tt t o w h o m re fe r en ce h a s a l r e a d v b een m ad e
. L . A . .

retu rn e d t o C a sh m e re ea rl y in th e s p r in g o f 1 9 1 2 w h en h e in t e re s
te d .

h msi el f in t rap p in g a nd s t ud y ing th e h ab i t s o f he sm a ll e r m a m mal s t

o f th at c o u n t ry H e s en t t o th e N a t o n al M u seu m m a ny val ua b l e
. i
s i
pec m en sa n d m u ch nt e re s t in g n f o r m a o n i i ti .
8 SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE L L AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 90

i i
ch e y o n th e S b e r ia n s i d e o f th e range b u t exp ed t i o n s w er e ma d e ,
i
i
t o t h e M o ng o l an sl o p e s fo r great ga m e an d d o w n t o th e S u o k ,

F I G 8 K rg h i iz
m a rm o t t h un r; the wh it t il i h i sr ig h t h a n d isw a e d v
t tt t i til iti t
. .
-
e e a n

h o l d t h e m a r m o sa si s fo r t h e s
'

un th e g un i ho
t tr
to
H ll i s
en on n po on .

Ph o o g rap h by o e .

FIG T he ll e c ti r t
y b re a ki
ca m p o n t h e T c h e g B ur g zi i v
R r
9
t H it
. . co n g p a ng an -

a e

P h o o g ra p h by o ll se r .

P la ins in
th e c o untr y o f t h e K i r g h
. A l l th s re g o n i sab s o lut ely iz . i i
i
w th o ut t ree so r sh ru b san d o w i ng t o it sg reat al t i tu d e i s c o ld and
. .

i
st o r m y A sn g ul a r m et e o r o l o g c al ph en o m en o n n th e s
. e m o un ta n s i i i
No .
30 SM ITH SO N IA N E X P L OR A IO N ST ,
19 12 9

is the q t
f re u en o ccu r rence o f el ect ric al ha l so r m s T h e seve r ty o f i t . i
th e s t
e so r m s an d h e d s pla y o f el ec r c y acc o m pan y n g th e m i s t i t i it i
i
te rr i c D u r ng t h e en t re r p h e pa r y en j o yed o n l v h ree d av s
. i ti t t t
i
w i th o u t ra n o r s n o w T h e ave ra g e a lt t u d e o f c a m p sh e re w a sf r o m . i
to f e e t an d a b o ve h i splan e h e m o unta n sri s e to s
, no w t t i
a n d g lac i e r c o ve re d p eak s o f ee o r m o re T h e c o unt r y i s f t .

i
w ld b a r ren an d de s o l a e : an d th e o n ly n ha b an t s t h e n o m a d c
, , t i it ,
i
z
Ki rgh i an d Kal m uk s ar e engage d in f o l l o w n g h e r h e rd so f yak s ,
i t i ,

h o r se s an d g o a s
. t .

FIG To S k uIl f il d s t
h e e p c o ll e c e d o n t h e A l a e p e d t i x it i by
t t ti
. . o a w . o n
Do c o r L y m an . P h o o g r a p h b y t h e N a o n a l M us
e um .

On t
t h e re u rn t r p st o p s w e re m a d e 0 11 t he C h uis i
a y a S eppe an d n
. t i
t
the h e a v il v f o re se d A l a s b e w e en t h e d e se rt an d th e g reat S i b er an t i t i
i
pl a in s T h ree d ffe ren phy s o g rap h i cal regi o n s a r e rep re s
. en ed n t i t i
t h e c o l lect i o n s w h ch n c l ud e a n a l m o s c o m p le e s
,
i i
e r e s o f th e m a m t t i
m al s a n d b rd s o f i
h s l t tl e kn o w n pa rt o f cent ra l A sa t i i Ch e f i . i
a m o ng t h e spec i m en s o f g reat ga m e a r e f o u r n e ra m s o f O z is '

( 7 111 714 0 74, h e l a rge s t

t o f all w l d sh e ep T h e r e a re al s o sp ec m en s o f i . i
i
t w o s pec e so f b e x and a ga el le i
T h i rte e n f o r m s o f m a m m al sco l z .

l e c t e d a re n e w t o sc en c e a n d s o me i
w en y o th e r s ak en w e re n o t ,
t t t
t
b e f o r e rep re sen e d n h e c o l l ec o n s o f th e N at o n al I\ I us i t
e um n ti i . I
al l ab o u t 6 50 m a m m al s an d b rd s w e re s ecu re d an d w l l b e d v de d
, i . i i i
t
b e w een t h e t w o n s t ut o n sc o nce rne d i ti i .
IO SM I T H SON IAN M ISC E LL AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

A SE A R CH I N E A S T E R N A S I A FO R T H E RA CE T H A T PE O PL E D
A M E R CA I
Du ri ng th e s u m m e r f 9 D A l S H d l i k v i s i te d p a r t ly o 1 12 ,
r . e r a

u n de r t h e a u sp i ce s f t h e S m i th s n i an I n st itut i n an d pa rtl i n t h e
,

o o o y

i n t e re st f the P ana m a C al i f rn i a E x p s it i n f S D i eg ce rt a i n
o -

o o o o an o ,

p r t i n s f S ib e r i a an d M n g l i a in sea rch f p s s i b l e re m a i n s f
o o o o o o r o o

th e rac e tha t pe pled A m e r i ca w h se h m e a cc rd i ng o al l i nd i o o o to

ca t i n s w a s in ea st ern A s i a
, ,

o . .

F IG A f ilam f Y e i se i O sa ti ks t f
P h o o g r a p h r o m t h e E t lm o g r a p h ic a l
tr i t t t
. 1 1 .
y o n .

an d A n h o po lo g ca l M us
e um o f P e e r t h e G re a S t P e e rs b ur g , . .

T he t
j o u rn e y e x en de d t o ce rta in r egi o n s n s o uth e rn S i b e r a b o h i i , t
t t
w e s an d ea s o f L ake B a ka l an d t o M o ng o l ia a s fa r a s U rga i ,
. It
i i
fu rn sh ed an o p p o rtun ty fo r a ra p d s u rve y fr o m th e a n t h r o p o l o g i i ,

ca l s tan d p o int o f th e eld an d w a s m ad e i n c o nn ect i o n w th a p r o

, ,
i
l o n g e d re s i t
ea rch n t o h e p r o bl em s o f h e o r i g in o f th e A m e r c an a b o t i
r i in e sca rr ed o n b y
g D r H r dil i k a o n b o h pa rt s o f h e A me r can . t t i
c o nt n en i t.

t i
Th e s u d e s o f A m e ri can an th r o p o l o g i s t san d a rch e o l o gi st shave
i
f o r a l o n g t m e b e en c o nt r b u ng t o th e o p in i o n h a t h e A m e ri can i ti t t
12 SM I T H SON IAN M I SCE LL ANE OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

a la rge n u m be r o f th e n at v e s f r o m a ll pa rt s o f th e c o unt r y B e s i de s i
t
.

i
h e e l d o b s e rvat o n s an ex a m n at o n w a sal s o m ad e o f t h e anth r o p o i i
i t
l o g ca l c o llect i o n s in h e va r o u s S b e r ian m u se u m s w i th n th e a re a i i i
c o ve re d T h e re s ul s w e re u n exp ec ed ly r ic h
. t t .

D r H r d l iek a saw o r wa s t o l d o f t h o u san d s u p o n t h o u san d s o f

.

i
b u r al m o un d s o r k o ur g a n s d at n g fr o m th e p re sent t m e b ack t o
"

i i
t
,

i i
h e pe r o d w h en n o th n g b ut st o n e i m pl e m en t s w e re u se d b y m a n n i

FIG O r o c z i the t
sr e a m K o n E a se r n S b e r a i t i i P ho t ra p h do n a t d
f k
. I 3 . . on , . o g e

by P ro J T a l o H r y n c e w ic z
. .
-
.

i
th o se reg o n s A n d h e sa w an d l ea rn e d o f n u m e r o u s l arge c ave rn s
.
,

pa rt i cu la rly i n th e m o unta in s b o r d e r ng th e Y en i se i R iver w h ich i ,

y i eld h u m an r ema in s a n d o ffe r e xce llen t o pp o r tun t ie s f o r n vest i i i

g a t io n .

In
rega rd t o th e l iv ing pe o pl e th e r e w e re o pp o rtun i e s o f s ee in g ,
it
n u m e r o u s B u riat s rep re sen at iv e s o f a n u m b e r o f t r b es o n th e Y en
,
t i i
i
se an d A b a ca n R i ve r s m a n V t h o u san d s o f M o ng o l i an s a n u m b e r o f
, ,

i
T b e tan s an d m an y C h in es e w it h a f ew M anch u ri an s
,
O n o n e o c ca .

i i
,

so n al o n e th at o f an m p o rt an t r e l igi o u s ce rem o n y
,
n at ive s ,

c o ul d b e seen a s s e m b led f r o m all pa rt s o f M o n g o l a i .

 NO .
30 SM I T H SO N IAN E X PL OR T
A ION S ,
1
9 12 1 %

A m o ng t h e se p e pl e t h e re v i s i b l e m an an d u n m i staka b l e
all o a re y

t race s f a d m i x t u re p e rs i st enc e f w ha t a ppe a r s h av e b e en t h e

o o r o to
o lde r p pu lat i f th e se re g i n s p re M n g l i an an d e s
o on o p c i a ll p re o -

o o e y

d th s en t i n g t h e s e ve s t i g e sre s the
,

C h i n e se e b es t r ep re s
,
an o e m bl e to
p i n t f i d en t i t y th e A m e ri can I n d i an
o o T hes e m w en d en o m an

t ra i g h t ha i r d a rk b r w n e e s
.

ch il d ren a re b r wn i n c l r hav e b l ack s

. .

o o o o y
t f rcibl
,

and fac i a l sw el l a s b d il fe atu re sw h i ch re m in d

,
,

a s o y o ne m o o y

o f t h e n at i ve A m e r i c an s M any f t h e m e s p ec i al l th e w m en d . o y o an

ch i l d ren i f i n t r d u ce d a m n g th e I n d i an s
,

, d d re s
o sed s
p l o an to co r r e o m
m ean s at th e d i s p sal f th e an t h r p l g i s t b d i st i n
,
,

c ul d b y
o no o o o o o e

g u i sh d a pa r t Th e s i m i lari t i e sex t en d
e th e m enta l m ake p f h
. to u o t e

n u m e r u sh ab i t s an d cu s t s w h i ch n e w c ntac t s
-

p e pl e o d e ven . an to o o m o

an d rel i g i n s hav e as b e en a b l e
o e ffac e no t y e t to .

A sa sl f w h at h e s re D H d l iek exp re s
ut o e sth e b el ie f
s aw r r a

t h at t h ere e x i st d v e r la rge pa r t s f ea st e rn S i b r i a an d i n
, .

to ay o o e

g l i a T i b e t an d t h e r reg i n sin th at p a rt f t he w rl d n u m e r
,

M on o , , o o o o

sr e m a in s f a n a nc i en t p p ulat i n ( relate d i n r i g i n p e rhap sw i th

,

o u o o o o

the lat e st pal e l i t h i c E u r pe an ) w h i ch sp hy s i c all i d ent i ca l w i t h

o o wa y

an d i n all p r ba b i l it gav e r i s e t h e A m e r ica n I n d i an

,

o y to .

R E SU L T S OF M R PA U L J R A I NE Y S E A ST A FR CA N H U NT NG

I I
X I I
. .

E PE D T ON

Mr . R a in e y

sh un t i ng t r i p w a s
ent o n ed in h e acc o u n t o f th e m i t
t
S m i h s o n an exp ed t o n s o f i H e r et u rn e d t o A m e r c a in ii i
D ec e m b e r o f t ha t yea r b ut M r E d m un d H e lle r w h o acc o m pan i e d , .
,

i
h m a s S m th s o n ian natu ral i s i
t an d c o l l e ct o r re m a n ed s o m e t m e i i
t i
,

i
l o n ge r n B ri ti sh E a st A f ri c a T h e i i n e ra ry g ve n l a st y ea r w a s
t t t
.

s o m ew ha t i nc o r rect a s th e o r g na l pl an w a schanged a f e r h e pa r y ,
i i
wa s o rgan i e d z .

ii
Th e expe d t o n a rr ve d a M o m b a sa o n M a rch 2 2 1 9 1 1 an d im i t , ,

m ed iately p r o c ee d ed b y t r a n o v e r t h e Ugan d a R a l wa y t o N a r o b i i i i
ti
.

i
Th e p repa rat o n sfo r h unt n g an d c o ll ec n g w e re m ad e th e r e a n d i
iz t ti
,

a s s o o n a s th e s a fa r i w a s o rgan ed h e ex pe d i o n b egan act v e el d i

O perat io n s P r o c e ed ng s o u h w e swa rd f r o m N a r o b
. th e sa fa r i t t -
i i ,
i
pa s s ed o ve r a h igh r o ll i ng pl a e a u t o t h e L o it a P l ain s o r S o k t ,
ti
-

i G i
,

D st r ict a m e w a sf o un d h e re in gr eat a b u n danc e M an y l o n s .

t t t
.

w e re l iv ng i n t h e d i s i
t ri c hav ng b e en a tt racted b y h e g rea h e rd s i
ti
,

o f an tel o pe s an d ze b ra s S ix m o nt h sw e r e sp en t n h un n g l o n s i i
t
.

w i h d o g s an d in mak ing c o l l e ct iej n so f t h e l a rge a n d s

,
m a l l m a m m al s .

Op . c it .
, p . 2 .
 I 4 SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE LL ANE OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

T wen ty i i
e gh t l o n s w e re sec u re d d u r n g th i s t i me an d th e e x p e
-

i
i i i
,

d t i o n retu rn ed t o N a i r o b o v e r th e sa me r o u t e b y w h ich t had

ente re d th e d i st ri ct A fte r a s h o rt d elay at N a i r o b th e sa fa r i p r o
. i ,

c e e d e d n o rth wa rd t o th e d e se rt r eg o n o n t h e A bys s n an f r o nt i e r i i i .

O n ly th e n o rth ern e dge o f t h i s d e s e rt c o u l d b e expl o r ed o w ng t o i

the l a ck o f ca m el s fo r t r an sp o r tat i o n a s al l t h e se an m al s h a d b een ,
i
q
recentl y ac u i re d by t h e g o v e rn m en t fo r m l ta ry pur p o s e s Th e ii .

r o ut e f r o m N a i r o b i la y d i rectly n o r thw a rd t o F o rt H al l th enc e al o ng ,

th e w e st s l o p e o f M o u n t K en ia t o N ye ri Fr o m th i sstat o n th e . i
r
pa rty t avel e d a l o ng th e n o rth s l o p e o f t h e great m o u nt a n f o r a few i
d ay s an d t h en st ru ck d i rectly n o rth w a rd nt o th e l o w d r y th o rn i , ,

br u sh d e s e rt Th i s d e se rt ext en d s s eve ral h un d r e d m le s n o rth w a rd

. i
i i
t o t h e A by s s n an H gh l a nd s b u t o n ly th e s o u th e rn pa rt o f i t w a s i
i t
,

v i s it e d . I
t i s a v e r y d ry h o t reg o n o f l m i e d w at e r s u pply an d ,
i , ,

l o n g j o u rn ey s a r e o ften n ec e s sa ry b et w e en w at e rh o l e s o r sp r ng s i .

H untin g O p e rati o n s w e re c o n n e d ch i ey t o th e m m e d ate v cin ity i i i

o f s o me o f t h e se w ate rh o le s si n ce a fa rl y la rge pe r cent o f th e gam e i
i i
an ma l s n h ab it ing t h e d st ric t re u i r e w ate r an d v i s i t th e sp r ing s i q
i i
da ly fo r th e r su pply T h e fau na h e r e s den t cal w i th th at o f . i i i
S o m al i l an d in ch a ract e r an d v e y d i ff e r en t f r o m t h a o f th e E a st ,
r t
A f rican h ghl an d s i
S p ec i m en s o f n ea rly all th e sp ec e s o f m a m m al s
. i
o f th i sc o unt ry w e re s e cu r ed in cl u d n g a co w el eph an t w i h rec o rd ,
i . t
t u sk s .

M r H e ll e r expl o re d f a unal ly t w o o f th e h gh m o un ta n s n th e
. i i i
i
d e se rt reg o n T h e h igh e st o f t h e se wa s M o u n t C a rgu e w h i ch h a s
. z
a n a lt tu d e o f i feet an d i s s o la te d b y m an y m le s o f d e s e rt f r o m i i
it
,

s n ea re st n e ighbo rs t s s u m m i t i s c o ve re d b y a d en s e f o r e s
. I
t si m lar i
t o t ha t f o un d o n M t Ken a P re v o u s t o th i s t ri p t h e m o un ta n ha d
. i . i i
n ev e r b een v i s i te d b y a n at u ra l i st an d s ev e ral n ew ra ces o f ma m mal s ,

i
w e re se cu red n th e f o re s t o n t s s u mm t M r H el l e r al s o v s i ted i i . . i
i
an o t h e r s o lat ed m o unta in T o l o l a k in a m o un ta i n s o m e wh at l o w er , ,

an d n o t s o th i ck ly f o re st ed w h ch sh o w ed a l es s spe cial i zed m a m mal i

t
,

f a u n a A f e r c o m pl et n g th e su rve y o f th e se t w o m o unta n s h e
. i i ,

G
p r o ce e d e d t o th e ua s o N v i r o R v e r a n d f o ll o w e d t s c o u rs e w e st i i
ti
wa rd t o th e sta o n o f N y e r l w h enc e h s r o ut e l a y o ve r th e h gh ,
i i
plat ea u o f th e A b e rda re R an ge an d th en d o w n t o N a va s ha S tat o n i i .

i i
M r R a n ey n th e me ant i m e h a d t ra in e d a s ec o n d pa ck o f h o un ds
t
.
, ,

an d in t w o m o n h s b agged o v e r f o rt y l o n s s xt e en o f w h ich w e re o h i ,
i
t a i n e d n o n e day i .

M r H el l e r th en p r o c e ed e d d o wn th e Ugan d a R a l r o a d t o V o i i ,

t i it
.

i
w h ch i sth e ch e f s at i o n n th e T a ta D s i
t r c w h e re h e spen t t w o i i ,

i
w e ek sexpl o r n g th e Ta ta H ll s M an y ra re m a m m a l s w e re s ecu redi i .
16 SM I T H SON IAN M I SCE LL AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

C al i f o r n ia . o n t h e da i ly q u an t i t y
s o l a r h e at T h e o b s e rv at i o n s a re o f .

a r range d in su ch a m ann e r a s t o n di cat e n o t o nly t h e u an t ty o f i q i

t
s o l a r h e at reach i ng h e e a r h b u t al s o th e u ant y o f h e at w h i ch t q it
it t
,

w o u l d re ac h a b o dy w h n o a m o s ph e re l ke th e m o o n ,
i .

S O fa r th e o b s e rvat i o n s h av e n d cat e d that h e s un i s p r o ba b ly a i i t

t i
va riabl e s a r h av n g a r ange o f va r a i o n am o un t ng t o f r o m ve t o it i
t i
t en pe r cent w i h n an rr egu la r in te rval o f f r o m v e t o ten d a y s i .

FIG Mr An g sr om t an d the s
o lar sa n t t t
r a us a t s
Baso ur
4
t t
. I . .
-

co n ap pa .

P ho o g rap h by A bbo .

In 191 1 Mr . A bbo t
a s s i s ed b y P r o f F P B rack ett o b s e rv ed i n
,
t . . .
,

. i i
A lge ri a w h le h s c o l l e agu e M r A l d r ch O b se rv e d o n M t W il s o n . . i .
'

t t t t
,

i i i
n C al f o rn a T h e o bj e c o f hu s du pl c at i ng h e m e a su r e m en s w a s
. i
t o av o i d any e r r o r s du e t o l o c al a m o sph e r c c o n d it i o n s w h ich m gh t t i i
h av e a ffect e d M t \N il s o n o b s e rv at o n s A sn e a rl y o n e t h rd o f t h e i .
-

i
t t t it
.

c i rcu m f e ren ce o f h e e a r h l i e s b e w een M t W il s o n an d B a s s o u r . .

c o ul d n o t b e expe cte d th at a s m i la r l o cal d s u r b an c e c o ul d a ffec t i it

t i t
b o h stat o n sat h e sa m e m e an d i n t h e s a m e m an n e r ti
T h e o b s e rv a .

ti o n so f 1 9 1 1 st r o n g ly s u pp o r e d h e b el e f th at h e s un s va ri a b l e t t i t i .

b ut o w i n g t o cl o u d n e s s he r num ber wa s n o t s i t i
u fc en t t o f u ll y i
NO .
30 SM I T H SO N IAN E X PL O R A IO N S T -

,
19 12 I 7

t i t i
e s abl sh h s p o nt H enc e i
w a s h o u g h b e s t o re u rn t o A lge r a
. . it t t t t i
i n 1 9 1 2 f o r f u r h e r da a t t .

I i
n t h s exp e d o n M r A bb o t w a sa siti ssed n A l g e r a b y M r A n de r s
. it i i
t
.

Knu t s o n Ang sr om o f Up sal a S w e d en . .

ti i i i i
,

T h e o b se rva o n s m a d e b y th e S m th s o n ian pa rt y n A lg e r a n
1 9 1 2 w e re o n t
h e w h o l e v e ry sat i s
f act o ry T h ey o ccu p e d 64 d ay s . i
t t
,

o n m o re h an 5 0 o f h e s e d a y s E F o wl e m ad e sm la r . i i

F IG 15 R iv r s M S il a A l g

ra i i
sso f th e S a h a ra
t t
. . e ce n e at ,
e . an oa .

Pho o g ra p h by A b b o .

o ti i
b se rva o n s o n M t W l s o n n C al f o rn a M u ch v o l c an i c du s f r o m
. i i i . t
t
,

i
h e e ru pt o n o f M t K atm a i n A l a s k a J u n e 6 an d 7 1 9 1 2 w a s
. i . ,

t t
.

d i ffu s e d in h e u p pe r at m o s ph e re an d g re a l y re du ce d t h e i nt en s t y . i
o f s i ti
o l a r ra d a o n o b se rv e d at b o h sa o n s M an y o th e rw s e ex t t ti . i
ce l l e n t d ay s w e re sp o l e d b y i
H o w ev e r t d d n o t p r o v e f a al t o h e it .
. i i t t
su cc es s o f th e ex pe d i o n ti .

t
T h e re s u lt s o f h e w o rk o f 1 9 1 1 an d 1 9 1 2 h o r o ugh ly e s t abl sh t h e t i
i
su p p o s e d va r a b i l y o f t h e sun it .
18 SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE LL AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

A NT H R O POL OG CA L I R E SE A R CH E S O N ST . LA W R E N CE IS L A ND .

A L A S KA

In t
t h e m o n h o f A pr l 1 0 1 2 D r i R i le y D M o o re
p r o cee d ed t o
t
.
. .

I i i i
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L aw ren ce s lan d o n b e h al f o f h e P an a m a C al f o rn a E xp o s it o n
-

F i tz 1 6 A po r tr it f Ko r r in g o k t ik uk

(s
o me ti t
h n g g a h e re d o g e h e r ) t t
i t i i t
. . a o .

a n d ch l d , s
ho w m g the u uas l m e ho d o f c a r ry n g c h l d r e n P ho o g rap h by
.

M o o re .

o f S an D i eg t
an d h e N a i o n al M u s eu m th e n e ce s
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sa ry fund sb eing
it i
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fu rn si
h e d b y t h e f o r m e r T h e e xped o n w o rk w a spl ann ed b y D r
s
.

t t
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A l e l l r d l i ka cu ra o r o f h e D i v s
-

. i o n o f P h y s ical A n th r o p o l o g y o f i
2O SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE L L AN E O US C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

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) I

i
th e N at o n al M u se um a n d t h e su cce s s o f h e un d e r ak n g w a sm a e r t t i t
t t t
,

i al ly inc rea se d t h r o ugh c o u rt e s e se x en d e d b y h e T rea s u ry De pa r i

t
m en t an d h e B u re au o f E d ucat i o n D r E dw a rd O C a m p b ell a . .

I i
.
,

f o r m e r t each e r o n S t L aw ren ce sl an d a l s o g ave valu a b l e ad v c e .

.

rega rd ng n ece s i
s a ry suppl e s an d e u p m en t i q i -
.

T he j o u rn ey f r o m S a n F ranc s c o t o h e sla nd w a sm a d e o n h e i '

t i t
t i
.

U S R even u e C ut te r B e a r I l iul iuk o n h e slan d o f Un al a s

. . ka w a s .

t t i
, ,

t h e rst s o p w h er e th e cu t e r re m a n ed fo r s .eve ra l da y st o c l e a n
i
b o l e r s t hu s pe r m itt in g s o m e m e a su re m en s an d o b s
,
e rv a o n so f th e t ti
i t
na t ve s L a e r v i st s w e r e m ad e t o h e E sk m o v lla g e s at N o m e
.
. i t i i
i
a n d S t M ch a el an d th e g ra ve y a rd ne a r a d e se rt e d v ill a g e o n G o l o v n
.
, i
B a y wa s exa m ned i .

i i
W h le ly n g a an ch o r n th e N o m e r o a d s ea d w o rd w a srec e ve d
'

t i t i
t t t it
.

ha t t w o s h ip s w er e ca ught i n th e ic e o ff h e Y uk o n Fla s a n d
i
,

w a sn ece s s a ry t o g o a t o nc e t o t h e i r r e l e f T h e y w e r e h o w eve r .
. .

o ut o f th e i
ce b e f o re t h e a r r iva l o f t h e B e ar W h l e c ru i sn g a b o u t . i i
t o l ea rn th e c o n d t o n an d e xtent o f th e i ce a ra d o g ra m b r o ugh t t h e ii i
t
,

i i
n f o r m at o n tha t K o d ak w a s b u r ed u n de r f o u r f e e o f v o l can c i i i
a s h an d tha t t h e w i rele s s telegraph stat o n a t \Vo o d slan d h a d b e en i I
de st r o ye d an d p re sen l y o rd e r s w e r e rece ve d t o p r o ce e d a o n ce t o
. t i t
K o d ak i .

At a d s i
tanc e o f t w o h un d re d m le s f r o m h e scene s o f d s a se r i -

t i t
t h e B e a r began t o pa s s th r o u gh l a rge eld s o f v o l ca n c a s h m an y i .

i
a c re s n ext en t w h ch c o v e re d t h e o c ean l k e a th ck g re y sh y e l l o w
.
i i i i
c rea m A t Ka rl uk o n h e n o rth w e s c o a s
. t o f K o d ak s l an d h e . t t i I , t
i
d ep o s t o f a sh w a s a pp r o x m at ely a h al f inch n d ept h b ut at th e i i ,

i
v ll age o f K o d ak o n th e e a st sh o re o f th e s i
l an d th e re w a s a la y e r
. i ,

t w el v e t o e i ght e en nc h e sd eep o f v e ry n e v o lcan i c d u s t i .

i i
A fte r r em a n ng a t {K o d ak a b o u t th re e da y sth e pa rty r et u rn e d i
I
t o th e slan d o f Un al a ska w h e re a stay o f n ea rl y a w eek m a d e f u rth e r
re sea rch e s p o s s b l e i
T h e v e s s e l th en p r o cee de d t o S t L aw ren ce .

i t t
.

I slan d w h ich w a sreach e d Ju ly I s x y v e da y s a f e r ta k n g sh p

, .
-

i i
at S a n F ran c sc o i .

i i
Th s slan d iss uat e d i n th e n o r h e rn pa r o f B e r ng S e a ab o u t it t t i
f o rty m ile s f r o m h e S ib e ri an c o a st w h i c h wa s pl a inl y v sb l e o n th e t ii
fe w cl ea r d a ys d u r n g t h e s u m m e r T h e ave rage s i
u m m e r t e m p e ra tu re .

i s ab o u t 40 Fa h renh e t an d o n th e w a rme s d a y h e p a s

t s um m e r i .
t t
w as

vVo r k w a s sta rte d 0 11 J u ly 6

an d pr o c ee d e d s m o o thly t h o u g h n o t , .

a lw ays a s rap i d ly a sw a sd e s re d fo r n o h n g c o u ld n d u ce t h e s e i ,
t i i
ea sy g o in g E sk i m o s t o h u rr y o r t o k e ep an a pp o n m en t i t .
2 2 SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE LL AN E OUS COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

Dur i ng
th e f o u r m o n th s s o j o u rn o n S t L aw ren c e c o n s d e rabl e .
,
i
t
da a o f anth r o p o m et r ica l ph y s o l o g cal an d eth n o l o g cal nte r e st
,
i i ,
i i
i
w e r e o b ta n ed b e s id e s pla st e r ma sk s an d ph o t o g raph s o f men an d
,

w o m en D eta i le d acc o un t s o f rel g o u s fun e ral an d o th e r ce re

. i i , ,

m o n i es an d a l a rge c o l l ect i o n o f f o lk tal e s w e re al s o p r o cu re d

,
.

I
H UNT NG A ND TR A P P NG ON T HE I A L A S KA N C A N A D A N -

I
BO U N DA R Y
C o pl ey A m o ry Jr o f C am b ri dge M a s s ach u set t s a c o l l ab
,
.
, , ,

o rat o r o f t h e N at i o n al M u se u m acc o m p an i e d t h e C o a st S u rve y

.

FI G . 19 .
Jo e C r e e k tri t
,
bu a ry o f the F i rt h R iv e r . P ho t o g ra p h b y A m o ry .

i
pa rty w h ch w a s engaged in su rv ey ng th e A l a skan C ana d ian i -

i
b o un da ry n th e su m m e r o f 1 9 1 2 H e r ea ch e d N e w R am p a rt H o u se.

o n J u ly I I an d w i t h a t r app e r a n d
,
h r e e d o g s p acke d o v e r th e m o un t ,

ti
a n s f o r 6 0 m i l e s t o the b a se o f s u ppl i e s o n th e O l d C r o w H e h en . t
wen t n o rt h t o Jo e C reek a t r i b uta ry o f th e F r h A fte r t w o w e ek s
,
it .

h e retu rn e d t o O l d C r o w an d w a s j o in e d b y M r T h o m a s R i ggs Jr .
-

,
.
,

i
w th w h o m h e t ra vell e d s o m e 4 0 m l es t o th e s o u thw e s i n h e ca r b o u i t t i
c o un t ry ret u rn in g t o th e stat o n o n th e O l d C r o w o n A ugu st 2 3
, i .

Th e re a can va sb o a t w a s b u il t and a t ri p w a s ma d e d o w n t o t h e m o u h t
o f t h e r ver a dis i t an c e o f a b o u t 3 0 0 m l e s
. i .
2 4 SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE LL AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

G E O L O G CA L I E X PL ORA T ON I IN THE CA N A D A N I R O CK E S I
In t
c o n in ua nce o f h i s n vest i gat o n o f th e C a m b r an ge o l o gy in i i i
i
th e m a n range o f t h e R o cky M o unta n s o f A l b e rt a an d B ri t i sh i
i
C o l um b a C an ada D r C ha rl e s D W a lc o tt S ec r eta ry o f th e S m ith
, ,
. .
,

so m an i I i t ii t
n st t u i o n v s t e d h e r eg o n o f t he Y ell o w h e a d P a s s t h r o ugh
.
i .

w h ich t w o gr e at t ran sc o nt ine nt al ra l w a y l in e s th e G r an d T runk i ,

i
P ac c an d th e C an a d i an N o rth e rn a re n o w b u i ld n g t o w a rd h e
, ,
i t
P ac ic c o a s t .

FIG 22 Ko d a k Vi
f P h ll p sM o un a n w h t h e n ii t i it v d ice f C h us h na i
xt it v r
ew o
i i i i
. . an o

G lac r w h ch e l o p e sa m l e w h e r e
e n d sd o w n t h e s h an g st h e d r a n
lin e f i t W tt
e ,
o e

ag e ro m S n o w b rd P a s s P h o o g ra p h by a l co
.
,
19 1 2 .

A o ti i
u tt ng a t F tzh u gh ea st o f th e Y ell o w h ea d P a s s o n t h e
fte r ,
.
,

i G
l n e o f th e ran d T runk P ac i c th e pa rty c r o s s e d o v e r th e P a s s ,

i i i
o n th e C o n t n en ta l D v d e a n d t u rn e d n o r h f r o m t h e li n e o f th e ra il t
i
w ay a t M o o se R v e r 1 7 m il e sw e st o f th e P a s s T h e M o o s e R i ve r
,
.

w a sf o ll o w e d u p t o it
s h ead i n M o o se P a s s an d a c a m p mad e at th e ,

t
h ea d o f C al u m e C reek w h i ch i sa t r i b uta ry o f th e S m o ky R ive r ,
.

t
T h e fa r h e s t ca m p o ut w a s m ad e at R o b s o n P a s s b etw e en B e rg an d ,

i
A d o lph u sL ake s S d e t r p s w e re m ad e f r o m t w o c a m p si n M o o s
. i
e
NO .
30 SM I T H SO N IAN E X P L OR T
A IO N S . I 9 I 7
2 5

R i ve rval le y h e M o o s . t
e P a s s ca m p an d th e R o b s on l ass ca m p

t ti
.

M an y n e ph o o gra ph s w e re s ecu red a n d a rec o n n o s san ce sec o n . i

m a d e o f th e gr ea t bl o c k o f C a m b r an an d O rd o v i cia n s tra a f r o m i t
i ti
w h ch th e m o un a n s o f th i s reg o n have b een f o r m e d b y u pl f an d i it
e ro s o n i .

i
T h e m o s t b ea u t ful sc ene r y w a sm e t w i h n t h e c n y o f R o bs on t i Vi i it
P eak Fr o m a p o in t
. fe et ab o v e th e R o b s o n Pa s sca m p o n e o f .

th e m o st i n te re s i
t ng an d s upe r b v ew s i s o b ta n ed ( fi g T he i i .

FIG
Ko d a k vi w f t
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m as if In
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i
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g a n g o ve r on .

th e o r e g r o un d Sm o R e r o w n g ut f La A d o l p h us A b O y e the
tt t k tr i
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la r R o bs Pa s sa n d h e n B e r g L a The h l a c e r sH un g a B l ue
l ft t r W tt
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an d C h up o . a re se e n in p r o l e o n t h e e . Ph o o g ap h by a l co I9I 2 ,
.

i t
h o r se s n the ph o o graph a re n ea r t h e edge o f a cl i ff o ve rl o o k n g an d i
ri s ing t
fee ab o v e t h e la ke R o b s o n P ea k r s e scl ff o n cl ff f r o m . i i i
th e lake fe et m e e rs ) t o th e su m m t w h e re th e vap o r s t i .

i
f r o m th e P ac c gath e r n e a rl y eve ry d ay o f t h e y e a r O n t h e w e se rn . t
i
s d e th e sl o p e s fe et i
m e e rs ) fr o m th e s um m t t o th e o o r t i
o f th e vall e y a b o v e L ak e K nn ey O n h e ea s an d s o u h ea s i
t h e u ppe r . t t t t
i i
feet a re v e ry p rec p t o u s b u t b el o w th e s l o pe i sm o re gen l e ,
t .

i t t
f o r m ng h e n v o f h e grea t H ung a ( ch i e f ) la c er O n e o f th e G i .
2 O SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE L L AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

t
re m a rkabl e f ea u re so f R o b s o n P eak o n th e n o rt h i s B l u e lac e r G i .

I i
t i s t w o m l e s n h o r z o nta l d sta nce an di i
fe et n ve rt cal fall i ,
i i
b et w ee n t h e sn o w c o rn ce s o f R o b s o n P e ak an d th e f o o i o f th e t
i
g la ci e r w h e re th e c e b re ak s o ff t o o at aw a y a s s m all b e r g s B l u e v
.

G i t
la ci e r s a w o nd er fu l s re a m o f fall ng sh e a r ng b l u e gr een an d i ,
i , , ,

i
w h te i c e A ss e en i n gu re 2 4 t h e de a l s o f it s m a rvel o u s d e sc ent
. t i
a re n el y sh o wn .

i
I v a t un g a M o u nta n a n d T it ka n a P eak f o r m th e ga teway t o th e
G i
grea t H u nga l ac e r w h i ch i s l it e rall y a r ive r o f i ce n gu re . I

FIG Ko d a k vi f B l ue G l a c e r w i ith R o bs
o n Pe a k l d by m i st
t W l tt
. 2 4 . e w o ,
co n c e a e .

P h o o g ra p h b y a co , 1912 .

2 7 t h ree m l e s o f i s l oiwe r l engt h i s sh t

o wn ; h e u pp e r pa rt i s e xh b t i
it e d b y gu re 2 8 w h e re th e ath e r n g el d s o f sn o w a re seen o n th e
g ,
i
sl o p e s o f R o b s o n P e ak a n d M o u n t R e spl en d en t an d b el o w th e o w o f ,

t i
h e gl ac e r o v e r th e cl i ffs w h e re t m e rge s nt o t h e b r o a d r iv e r l k e i i -

i
t i
ex e n so n be l o w .

T h e ge o l o g i cal s ect o n w a s m e a s i
u re d f r o m M o o s e P a s s ( gu re 3 0 )
s o uthw e st wa rd o v e r T ah P eak M o unt M ah t o T it ka n a P e ak an d , , ,

i
a c r o s sb y P h ll ip sM o un ta n an d th e r dge s o f L yn x M o un ta n t o i i i
R o b s o n P eak .
SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE L L AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60
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NO .
30 SM I T H SO N I A N E X P L OR T
A IO N S . 1912 2 9

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I f H i t i v
un g a G l a c e r w h e r e t h e sr e a m o w n g o e r t h e ice
t 3
t t i ft i
. .

p a r ss h a t h e b r a n ch o w n g t o t h e l e o f t h e y o un g m a n ( S dn e y S
W
o
tt k t i t t i t
.

a l co ) g o e so ut t o B e r g L a e a n d h e n ce t o t h e P a c c a n d h a o n t h e r g h
k
t o L a e A d o l p h usa n d t h e A r c c O c e a n ti ti it
A t h sp o n t h e C o n n e n a l D i d e ti t vi .

k i t i t W tt
.

i sa h um m o c o f ic e up o n w h c h t h e m a n issa n d n g P h o o g ra p h by a l co
.
,

1912 .

F IG An t
u do o r be d ro o m
in t h e C a n a d i Ro c ki s
32
t
. . o -

an e .

Pho o g r a p h b y \Va l c o t t , 1 9 1 2 .
32 SM I T H SO N IAN M ISCE LL AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L .

FI E LD -

WO RK OF T HE BUR E A U O F A M E R CA N I E T H N OL O G Y
IN 1912

E T H N OL O GI C AL I V N E ST IGAT I O N S OF DR .
J. WA L TE R Fw E sI N TH E W TIE S ND E S I
On e f
th e m o st i m p o rtan t an d in te re st ng l n e s o f re s ea rch co n
o i i
t
duc e d by t h e B u rea u o f A m e r ican E t hn o l o g y s that w h i ch ha s b e en i
i
un de r th e m m e d iat e s up e rv s i o n o f D r J W al te r F e w k e sfo r m an y i . .
,

ye a rs an e t h n o l o g is t i n th e B u re au w h o h a s c o n du ct e d i m p o rt ant
-

i n ve st igat i o n s o n th e a rch e o l o gy o f t h e W e st n d i e s I .

Th e n e e d o f m ak ing a c o mp reh en s ve stu dy o f th e a rch e o l o g y o f i

I
th e W e st n d i e s i n o rde r t o d ete rm n e th e p o s t o n o f th e o r g inal i ii i
i n h a b itant s o f th o s e i sl an d s am o n g th e A m e r c an ab o r g n e s w a s i i i
i
real z e d s eve ral y ea r s a g o an d th e i nv e st ga i o n o f th i s el d w a s a s . i t
i
s gn ed t o D o ct o r F e w ke sw h o p re p a re d seve ra l pap e r s o n th e r e s ult s
i
o f h s w o k i ncl ud n g

r i
A b o rig n e s o f P o rt o R i c o an d N e gh b o r n g
,
i i i
I slan d s
p ubl i sh e d in t h e T w enty ft h A nn u al R ep o rt o f th e
,

B u rea u . q
S u b se u ently D o c t o r F e w ke ssatt ent o n w a s d iv e rte d t o

i
o t h e r el d s b ut la st yea r M r G e o ge ,
H e y e m a d e it p o s s bl e t o . r G . i
re su m e r e s ea rch in h e W e st n d i e s an d n O c o b e r D r F e w k e ssai le d t I ,
i t .

fo r T ri n d a d a ft e r sp en d n g s o m e t i m e in N e w Y o rk C ty fo r t he
i ,
i i
p u rp o s i t
e o f st u dy ng he n o t e w o rth y c o l l ect o n s o f W e st n d an o b j ect s .
i I i
i n th e H e y e m u s eu m O n h s arr val i n T rin d ad D o ct o r F e w k e s . i i i ,

i ti
m ad e a n e xa m na o n o f ce rt a n c ave s n e ar P o rt o f S pa in bu t f o un d i ,

i
n o in d i cat o n o f f o r m e r t r o gl o d yte s ( ca ve dw e ller s ) A t E rin a h a m .
,

let o f Fren ch n egr o e s h e f o u n d a l a rge s h ell h ea p th e c o nt en t s o f ,

-

i i
w h c h i n d c at ed a h i gh d ev el o p m e n t o f th e a b o r gi nal o ccu p ant s i ,

e sp ec i ally n th e m an u f a ct u re o f p o tt e r y i T h i s p o tt e r y h a s r el e f . i
i
dec o r at i o n s an d s pa nt e d re d w h il e o n e o f s ev e ral ent i r e v e ss el s
,
i ,

i i
s d ec o rat ed w t h i n c i se d gu r e s D o c t o r F e w k e sa l s o rec o ve re d
-

a b o ut a h u n dr ed an mal h ea d s o f clay s o m e o f w h ch a re w el l i ,
i
m o d el ed t o geth e r w i th t y pi c al st o n e ax e s an d o th e r ut l i ar an o bj ec s
,
i t i t .

q
A so bj ect s a de u at el y l lu st rat i ng th e a rt st c ab i l ity o f t h e p re i i i
i
h st o r ic i nh ab itant s o f T r in i d a d a r e u nkn o w n n th e mu s eu m s o f i
E u r o p e o r t h e Un ite d S tat e s t h e c o ll ect i o n o f be aut f u l p o t t e ry m a d e . i
b y D r F e w k e sin t h e sh el l h e ap s at E r n o pe n s a n e w cha pt e r n th e
. i , i
h i st o ry o f We s I i
t n d an cultu re an d m m grat o n s \Vh il e i t s y e t t o o i i i . i
i
e a rl y t o n t e rp ret th e b ea r in g o f th e se o b j ect s o n o ur kn o w ledge o f th e
i
c ultu re o f th e p reh st o ri c p e o pl e dw ell ing a b o u t th e C ar b b e an S e a i is i , t
i t
ev den t t h at h e p reh st o r ic cul tu re o f th s sl a n d i s cl o s ely al l ie d t o i i i
t i i
h at ex st i n g i n an c e nt t i m e s o n t h e n e i g hb o ri ng c o a st o f Ven e u el a z
q
an d u ite d i st inct f r o m th e s oc al l e d C a r ib o f S t V i nc ent ren a d a .
, G
NO .
30 SM I T H SO N IAN E X P L OR A IO N S T ,
I 912

t
an d h e m o re n o rth e rn i sl an d s T h e n di c a o n s a re h at h e pe o pl e . i ti t t
t
w h o m a d e h e sh ell h eap s a t E r n w e re n o t C a r b s b ut b el o n g e d t o a i i .

t i t t i i t
st o ck all i ed t o h at o f p re h i s o r c P o r o R c o o f w h ch h e re w e re
s i t
ev e ral su b d v s o n s n h e We s n d e stI i
i ii
sx t i
.

i t
D et a l e d re p o rt s o f D o c o r F e w ke s e c av a o n sh ave n o t b een

rec e ived i n t im e f in c rp ra t i n i n t h i sa r t i cl e b or j ud g e f r m
o o o . ut t o o

t h e re s u lt s bt a i n e d du ri ng t h e Sh r t p e r i d sp en t i n T r i n i da d p r i r
o o o o

to t h e t i m e h i s rep rt sre ce i v e d t h e re iseve r p r spe c t t h a t t h e

o wa . y o

stu dy w i ll m ee t i t h gre a t s ucce s s b t h f r m t h e p i n t f v i ew f

w . o o o o o

su b j ect ive m a t e r i al an d i n c l lec t i n s b t a i n e d A l a s t acc unt o o o . t o .

D ct r F
o
'

o k sh a d d epa r t e d f
e w eS V i ncen t f t h e pu rp se f o r t . o r o o co n

t i ui g h i s s t u d ie s
n n .

FIG D e l a w a r e m e e n g h o us
A n e ar Co p an O l a h o m a in w h ti k i ch t he
34
t i tit ti
. . e . . ,

A n n ua l C e r e m o n y . t h e m o s s a cre d n s u o n o f t h e D e l a w a re s ishe ld Pho

i . .

t o g r a p h b y M ch e l s on .

OBS E R VA I
T ON S ON TH E Fo x I
IA N S
ND or Imm ,
A ND OT H E R T RI n E s
. HY DR .

T RU M AN M ICH E L SON

I n Jan ua r y ,
n s e d th e C a rl s
19 12 l e n o n re s
. Dr e r
. M i ch el s o Vi it i ~

v at i n I n d i an
o S ch o o l t o o b ta i n i n f o r m a o n o n seve ral A l g o n u an ti q i
i
l an g u age s an d n J ul y w ent a m o n g th e F o x n d an s a T an i a Io w a
. I i t . ,

f r o m w h o m a la r ge b o d y o f m y th o l o g ca l d a a w a so b a n e d T h e i t ti .

t i t i
n o e sm ad e du r n g h s s e a s o n a n d h e p reced n g o n e c o ve r s o m e t i
s t
even h o u san d p age s \Vh en c o m pl etel y t ran s la e d w ll m ak e
.
'

t . it i
t
avai l abl e o n e o f h e m o s ex h a u s ve c o ll ec o n s o f h e m y h o l o g y o f t ti ti t t
a n y A m e r ca n i
n d an r i b e I i t It
isn o ew o r h y ha t h e s e al e sd ffe r . t t t t t i
s ty l s i i
t cally f r o m h o s t t
e g a h e re d b y th e l a e D r Jo n e s a n d t .
.

i
th i s fact h el p s t o b r n g o ut m o re clea rl y h o w n ece s sary i s ha t a l l it t
34 SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE LL AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S N
VO L . 60

m y th s sh o ul d b e c o llect ed in th e o rig ina l n d ian langu age Th e tal e s I .

c o ll ected a re exce ed ingly i m p o rtan t i n S h o w ng t h e d s se m inat o n i i i

o f myth s .

W o rk wa s a l s o c o nt in u e d o n th e s o c a l an d ce rem o n ial o rgan a i iz

t i o n E spe c i al ly f u ll n o te s w e re o bt a i n e d o n t h e R el ig i o n D anc e
. .

FI G 3 5 A Fo x w o m an and h e r h us
q t t
. .

ban d H e i so n e ua r e r F o q ua r r
t t i f Wi
x, o ne e
- -

Po aw a o m an d o n e h al n n e bag o

t i
-

. .

P h o o g r a p h b y M ch e l s
on .

A ll th e s o n gs o f o n e o f th e d ru m s w e re rec o rd e d o n a d i ctap h o n e ,

a s w e r e so m e o f a s ec o n d d ru m S ev e ral ph o t o g raph s o f a b all gam e

.
,

w e re o b ta i n e d a n d i t i s p r o b ab le t h at p h o t o g raph s o f o th e r c e rem o n i e s
m ay be h ad l ate r .

. . o
O n l e av in g Tan i a D r M ich el s o n p r ce e d ed t o th e n o n re s e rvat i o n -

I i
n d an s ch o o l at L aw ren ce K an s a s ( H a skel l n st it ut e ) f o r the p u r
,
I ,

i
p o se o f o b tai n ng n o t es o n s eve ral n d i an lan guage s I .
36 SM I T H S ON IAN M ISCE L L AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

Th e T ewa h ave re l gi o u s a s s o c iat i o n s w t h eve ry m o u nt a in p eak i i

i
s u r r o u n d ng t hem T h e m o st s ac red exc ept S e r ra B l an ca i s T s i
.
,
i ,

k o m o o r l o o s e r o ck w h ch s a da y sj o u rn e y o n f o o t f r o m S a n

, ,
"
i i '
-

I l d e f o n s o P u ebl o Th e re s a sh r n e o n th e s um m i t o f t h e m o unt a i n
. i i
a n d a la rge t re e t runk s plan te d an d r m ly s up p o rted b y a m o u n d o f i
r o ck a s a t o k e n th at T s
,
i k o m o s t h e g re a te st o f al l m o u n ta n sexcep t

i i ,

i
S e r ra B l an ca an d i s t h e c o m p an i o n o f t h i s g r e at p eak i n s o ut h e rn
,

C o l o ra d o
it
.

i
O n e o f th e m o s t nt e re stin g c e rem o n i e s a s s o ciate d w h th e m o un

s
9

k
o
t
S
t I
I : r
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e
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0
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P 0 V

6 6 :
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FIG Shr i Mt Ts i
i ko m o S h o w n g c r c l e o f so n e s l

i t i t i
so f ra l st o
37
v ti k
. . ne on .
, ,
ne

p ue b l o s a s
e a n d,p r a y e r s c
s .

ta n i Ts
i k o m o i st h e

v o l un ta r y n it iat i o n o f th e y o u t h n t o t h e fra i i
i
t e r n it ie sn th e k va o r ce re m o n ial ch a m b e r i . .

t
L ik e h e T a o s th e T e w a a r e div i de d nt o S un a n d I c e p e o ple
,
i .

E ach g r o u p h a s a k i va a n d t he re i s a t h i r d r o o m f o r h e acc o m mo d a ,
t
i
t o n o f b o t h p a rt e s i .

t t it t
A f e r h e in i a e s an d p ri e st sh av e sp en t f o u r d ay s a nd n g h t s i
i t
n h e k iva t h ey m ak e a p l g ri m a g e t o t h e m o u nt a i n T s
. i ko m o i '

Up o n reach ing a s p rin g f a r u p o n th e m o u nta n sd e th e pa r y re s s i i t t

f o r re f re sh m en t w h ch c o n ss t so nly o f w a fe r l ke b rea d A f e r
. i i i . t
t t
t h e r epa s h e ra n p ri e st w th h isa s s o c i a e s an d th e eld e r an d
. i i t ,

y o unge r b o w p ri e s t s a scen d t o th e sh rin e w h e re t h e ce re m o n e sa r e ,

i
NO .
30 SM I T H S ON IAN E X P L OR T
A ION S ,
1 912
F

3/
"

c o n d uct ed S pace w il l n o t pe r m t a d eta l ed acc o un t o f h e ce re

. i i t
i
m o n e s o f h s anc e nt rit u al t i i .

T he re i sp e rh ap s n o t a m a n am o n g th e T ew a w h o can b o a s o f t
h a y i n g tak en a scal p b ut h e b o w p r e st h o o d o r ra e rn y o f wa r
.
t i . f t it
i i i
r o r s s u rv ve s s nc e th i s o rgan a i o n h a s m p o r an d u e st o pe r
.
iz t i t t ti
i t t
,

f o r m a s d e f r o m g o m g t o b at l e an d t ak n g s cal p s O n e o f h e s e i .

is to c o n d uct t h e cel e b rat i o n o f t h e f ea s o f th e h a rve s w h ch o ccu r s t t i

o n l y w h e n t h e p e o pl e a re b l e ss ed w h b o u nt f u l c r o p s f o r h e ce re it i . t

FIG 3 8 . P r ay e r ti k
s c sus
ed in t h e s
hr i ne on Mt Ts
i k cn n o
.
'

m o ny is i
a rej o ic ng o ve r t h e ha rve st o f plen y T h e dan ce o n h s t .
t i
O cc a S I o n i s
- c all e d h e h r o w i ng o ut i f s a t
re h r
t
o w n in grea .
"
G t t t
i t
p r o fu s o n b y h e dan ce r st o h e p o p ulac e a s ev den ce o f s
he pr per y
o t i t it
o f the
p e o pl e
t i t t
.

A on h e r p u rely a bo rig n al danc e o f h e T e w a i s a d ram a i c re p re

t
sc ut at i o n o f h e h un t sm e n retu rn ng w i h g a m e an d isc all e d t h e i t .

bu ff al danc e o t ncl u de s ex re m ely att ract v eI i m p e r s

o na o n s o f
t i i ti
t t t t
.

u
b f fal o de e r an d an el o p e T h e c o s u m e sa r e m o s b
el a ra e
o T h i f
.
.
I
)

i o nally t
, ,

fea st u su al l y o ccu r so n th e w ent y t h iml o f J an ua r y b ut o cca s -

.

t t
i iso m i t e d a sw a sth e ca se i n t h e p re sen t y e a r
,
38 SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE L L AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

FI G 39
. . H v st
ar e D a n ce o f S an Ild f
e on s
o . Pho t o g ra p h b y M r sS . tv
e en s
on .

F I G 4o H a r
. . v st
e D a n ce o f San Ild f
e o n s
o. Pho t o g ra p h b y M r sS . tv
e en s
on .
4o SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE LL AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

F I G 43
. .
E ag le D a n ce . P ho t o g rap h by M r s S.
tv
e en s
o n .

F I G 44 E
. . ag le D an ce . P ho t o g rap h by M rsS
.
tv
e en s
o n .
NO .
30 SM I T H SON IAN E X P L OR T
A IO N S . 19 1 2 41

T he m o s
tg race fu l gu re s e v e r o b se rv ed b y M r s S te ven s o n am o ng

t i t
.

an y pe o pl e a re th o s e o f h e ea g l e d an c e T w o m e n m p e r so na e
t
.

eagle s an d th e s, o ng s a re sun g b
y a ch o r wh ch f o ll o w s h e dan ce r s i i
t t t it
.

T h e rs s o ng re fe r st o th e s p o t e d m e sa h e s ec o n d t o th e w h e
t t t t t
,

e lk h e h i r d t o th e w h ite eagl e a n d h e fo u r h t o h e b la ck ea g le
, , .

F I G 45 E a g l e D a n ce
t tv
. . .

P ho o g ra p h by M r s S e e n s o n . .

I V
N E ST G I AT I O N S A M ON G TH E I ND IA N S or O KA L H OM A A ND TE xA s JO H N
R . S WA N TO N .

F r o m J an u a r y t o M a y an d aga n n N o v e m b e r an d D ece m b e r
,
i i ,

1912 D r J o h n R S w ant o n w a se ngag e d n re s e a rch e s n O kl ah o m a i i

it x i
. .
,

a n d Te xa s I n M a rc h h e v i s e d a n u m b e r o f pl ac e s i n T e a s n t h e
.

h o p e o f n d in g re m n ant s o f h e n u m e r o u s s t
m all I n d an t ri b e sth a i t
i i i
o r g nally l ve d o r w e re te m p o ra r ly l o c a ed n v a r o u s pa rt so f h a i t . i i t t
ti ti f t
.

S tat e S o m e i n f o rm a o n w a so b a n e d rega r d n g th e at e o f h e
. i
42 SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE LL AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

B i da i I n d i an s G ri m e s
an d M o ntg o m e ry c o u nt i e s D u r n g t h e
o f . i
s am e t r ip a c o n s i de rable b o dy o f et hn o l o g c al i n f o rm at i o n an d a n u m i
b e r o f text s w e re a d de d t o w h at h a d be en c o ll ec te d f r o m t h e A l ab am a

FI G 6 Swe a t h o us at Chi ah a k
b us g r o un d S e m i le Co O kl ah o ma
4
t t
. . e ,
no .
,
.

Pho o g ra p h b y S w a n o n .

FIG P a k talaha s
si b us k r o un d r H O kl ah o ma
47
t t
. . an g ,
nea an n a , .

P ho o g ra p h by S w a n on .

I n d i an s f P lk C u nty T exa s i n 9 I n M y h e a l s v i s i te d
o o o 1 10 . a o o ne

f th e f u r su rv iv i ng s pe ak e r s f th e N a t ch e z l angu age n ea r B raggs

, ,

o o o ,
.

O kl ah m a an d a d de d c n s
o ,
i d e rably th e m at e ri al eth n l g ical an d
o to ,
o o
44 SM I T H S ON IAN M ISCE LL AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

i n t e rn al t r
u b l e s i nc i dent t o o ur C v i l W a r it h a s b ee n p o s s ibl e t o a dd
o i ,

a g re at de al t o o ur kn o w l e dge o f th e a nc e nt C ree k c o n f e d e racy i .

S T U DI E S A M ON G TH E O S AG E I ND IA N S BY MR . FA
R NC S I L A FL E SCH E

Dur i ng
th e yea r 1 9 1 2 M r F ranc s L a F l e s ch e c o nt n u ed h s eth
. i i i
n o l o g ic a l s tu d i e s a m o ng th e O sage n d an s an d h s sea rch fo r a rt i cl e s I i i
i t i
,

llu s rat v e o f th e i r pa s t l i f e fo r p re se rvat i o n b v th e S m ith s o n i an,

I i
n st itut o n .

S a cre d O s
ag e p ac k . Pho t o g
-
ra p h b y B ur e a u o f A mer i ca n E t hn o lo g y .

l e f o re
c o n tact w i th th e w h i t e ace th e O s age nd an s m a in ta n ed r ,
I i i
i iz
a t r ba l o rga n at i o n and th e st o ry o f th e m ean s ag re e d u p o n fo r it s
,

co n s i
e rvat o n h a s be en t ran sm tt ed i n r t u al s s o ngs an d c e re m o n i e s i i .

i
, ,

i
an d i n ce rt a n a rt cl e sc o n s ec rat e d fo r u s e in t ri b al r i te s T he s e .

i
r tua l s s o ng s an d d rama t i c a ct sh a d t o b e kept in th e i r o r g n al i i
it
, ,

s q i
e u en ce w h o u t va r at i o n an d a ce rem o n y f re u ently re u re s fr o m q q i
ti t
,

I 8 t o 2 0 h o u r so f c o n nu o u s e ff o rt 0 11 th e pa rt o f h e o fc at ing i
i
p r e st .
NO .
30 SM I T H SO N IAN 19 12 45

A m o ng th e a r i cl e s c o n s ec ra e d fo r us e tn h e t r b al r e s a re t w o t i t i it
t h at a re rega rd e d by h e O sage n d a n sa s h e m o s s t
ac re d an d s ig n i f I i t t
i
ic a n t n t he i r m e an in g T h e se a re th e b u r d en srap o f h e w o m an
. t t .

an d t h e s ac re d b rd h aw k o f h e m a n i t .
"

T he O s age t r b e s c o m p o s i i
e d o f t w o g re a d v so n s o n e o f wh ch t i ii i
t t
.

o ccu p i e s th e n o rth s d e o f t h e t r b a l en ca m p m en i
an d t h e o h e r i .

t he s o u th s d e i
T h e d v so n sa re m a d e up o f s
. i ii
ub g r o u p s each o f -

t t ti i t ti it
.

i i
w h ch h a s t s p a r o f th e gen e ral so r y c o n a ned n h e r b al r e s
i i i t i i
.

a n d a l s o t s sa c re d a rt cl e wh ch i sk ep n cer e m o n al ly p repa red

ca s e s m ak i ng a b un d l e
.
.
"

M r L a Fl e s. ch e w a s s o f o rtun at e d u r n g h i ssay a m o n g he O s ag e i t t
I i i
n d an s n 1 9 1 2 a s t o o bt a n f o r t h e n s tu o n s.
even s pec m en so f i I ti ti i
th e sac re d b u rd en srap s s t
o m e o f w h ch a re v e r y o l d an d m a d e o f . i
i i
b u ffal o h de h av n g be e n h an d e d d o w n a s h e rl o o m s H e al s
, o i .

o bt a i n e d t h re e o f th e sac red

b u n dl e s o n e o f w h c h s o f pecul a r ,

i i i
i n t er e st .

Th e t ran s i
fe r r ng o f th i s b un d le t o M r L a F l e s c h e w a saec o m .

p a n ie d b y a s c en e w h i ch ga ve e v d en ce o f h e rev e renc e w h wh ch i t it i
th e s e an c en an d s i t
ac r e d o b j ect sa re s t l l re g a r d e d A l h o ug h n i . t . i
t
th i spa r i cula r in st an c e h e k eepe r o f th e b u n d le a nd h isw e ,
t "

if
h ave aban d o n ed t h e cu st o m s an d r el g o n o f th e r f o re fath e r san d h av e i i i
t it
a ccep e d a n ew fa h ye t h e act o f pa rt n g w h h srel i c o f t h e pa s . t i it t i t
aw aken ed th e m e m o r y o f f o r m e r b el e f s n i t sp o w e r fo r g o o d a n d ll i i i .

\Vh e n a b o u t o giv e u p t h e t
b u n dl e h e w fe o f i s k e e pe r t o o k .

t i t
i t o ut d o o rs an d st an d ng n th e e a rl y s u nl ght l f ed h e an c en
,
i i i . it t i t
o b j ect t o th e su n an d w h l e h o l d ng al o ft u e r e d a p raye r fo r it s
. i i it tt
t
sa f e y at th e s .
a m e t i m e m ak n g a n a pp eal t hat n o ha r m s h o u ld b efal l i
h e r h o u s eh o l d fo r h e r act i n s u rr en de r n g f o r eve r a s ac re d ch a rge i .

I
O B S E R V A T O N S O N B R D S A N D T H E R N E S T S I N N E VV F O U N D I I .

L A ND A N D L A BR A DOR B Y M R A C BE NT '

, . . .

Mr A . . spent th e m o n th so f J un e J u l y a n d A u g u s
C B en t t 19 12 . . . .

i n N ew f o und lan d an d L a b ra d o r fo r th e pu rp o se o f g ath e r i n g f u r t h e r

.

i n f o r m at i o n an d ma t e r i a l fo r th e w o rk o n t h e l i fe h i s t o r i e so f N o r t h
Am er i can b i rd so f w h i ch t h e S m i th s o n i a n h a s i s s
u e d t w o v o l u m e s .

t t t
,

D u r in g
h e r s t m o n h h e ravell ed a l o n e o r w i th a g u i d e i n N e w .

fo un d l a n d A w eek w a s o ccup i e d i n v i sit i n g l ) r L e o n a rd C S an -

. .

t c o a st o f t h e F o x l sl a n d R i v e r w h e re h e
.

f o r d s c a m p o n th e w e s

c o ll ec t e d a s e r i e s o f c ro s sb i ll sw h i ch p r o ved t o b e a n e w s ub s pec e s -

i .
46 SM I T H SON IAN M IS CE LL A N E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

M r B en t t h en e xpl o r ed th e
. o ca ll ed m o un ta i n s n e a r
s -

G a ff t o p s
a il

i n cen t ral N ew f o un dlan d

a de s o la te ba rr en r o cky regi o n i ncl u d in g
, , , ,

th e h igh e st l and o n th e slan d t h e b re ed n g gr o un d o f pta rm igani ,

i
an d gre ate r y el l o w l e g s H e a ls o exp l o re d th e H u m b e r R i ve r b el o w
-
.
,

D e e r L ake v i s t ed i G
ran d L ake c o ll ect ing ab o ut th e n o rth en d an d
, ,

i i
,

sp ent a w eek expl o r in g th e S an dy R ve r reg i o n i ncl u d ing L ttl e D e er ,

L ake an d S an dy L ake w h i c h i s he av ily t im be re d a n d g o o d b i r d

,

c o u nt ry A n u m be r o f wat e r b i rd s su ch a s l o o n s gl au c o u s an d
.
, ,

great bla ck backe d gu ll s m ergan se r s an d g o l d en ey e s w e re f o un d

-

, ,
-

FIG .
50 .
O kk a ,
L r
ab a do r . Pho t o g rap h by B e n t .

i r
bree d ng i n th i s egi o n a s w ell a s v ar o us inte re st ing f o re st l o vin g i
s peci e s o f lan d b i d sTh e rem a i n d e r o f t h e t m e unt l J ul y 3 w a s
,

r . i ,
i ,

spen t in c o l lect in g l an d b i rd s a b o ut B a y o f s lan d s I .

i
T h e tr p t o B attl e H a rb o r L ab rad r w a s m a d e by st ea me r w h e re ,
o , ,

t h e re s t o f th e p a rty c o n s i stin g o f M r D o nal d B M a c M il l a n and M r

,
. . .

J. C . S m al l w a s f o u
,
n d w a i t ing w i th a smal l p o w e r l aunch A sh o rt .

run wa s m a d e s o u thw a rd t o S t P et e s B a y t o v i s i t s o m e b re ed ng . r
i
i i
c o l o n e s o f e de r s an d o th e r s ea b i rd s a fte r w h i ch th e pa ty sta rt ed ,
r
n o rthw a r d an d e xpl o re d t h e w h o l e c o a st s o m ew h at h u rri edly o f , ,

c o u rs e a s far n o rt h a s C ap e M ug f o rd b ey o n d O kak
, ,
.
48 SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE L L AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

So me i
l ittl e t m e w a s spent n e a r H o pe dal e t en dav s o n t h e w ay -

d o w n an d a w e ek o n th e retu rn t r p A t ri p w a s al s o m ad e in la nd fo r a i .

i ir i
d st an c e o f t h t y v e m l e s an d s o m e o f t h e o u te r i sl an d s w e re
-

v i s ted i .

T h e sea bi r d s o n th e L a b rad o r c o a st h ave b een sa dl y re d uced in

n u m be rs by m any ye a r s o f c o n stan t p e r secu i o n an d p e r s i st ent egging t .

T h e A lc i d ae have n e a rl y a l l d sapp ea re d e xcep t th e bl ack gu i ll em o t i , ,

F I G 53 . .
t
N e sso f N o r h e r n E t id e r ,
L ab ra d o r . P ho t o g ra p h by B e n t .

i
wh i ch lay s it s eggs n in acce s s b l e c rev i ce s n th e r o ck s E i d e rs a r e i i .

sti l l l o cal ly c o m m o n b u t a re rapi d ly d sa ppe a ri ng ; o n ly o n e la rge

,
i
i
b re ed n g c o l o n y w a s f o u n d S c o ter s a re st il l abu n dan t in la rge
.

o ck s ab o ut t h e h ead s o f t h e b ay s .

G i
lau c o u s gul l s s t l l b re e d o n th e h igh r o cky cl ff s w h e re th e i r n e s
ts i
i
a re nacce s s ibl e G
reat black back e d gu ll s an d h e r ring gull s a r e
.
-

s i
t ll f a i rl y co m m o n L an d b i rd s a re n o w h e re abu n dant w ith th e
.
,

po s s i
ibl e ex cept i o n o f t h e w h te c r o w n e d spa r r o w w h ich i sa c o m m o n-

d o o ry a rd b i rd e ve ryw h e re H o rn ed la rk s p p t s j un c o s L a b ra d o r
.
,
i i , ,

j ay s t re e s
, pa rr o w s an d redp l l s a re fa rly c o m m o n
,
o i .
No .
30 SM I T H SON IA N E X P L OR T
A IO N S , 1912
49

A N E VVL Y D S C O V E R E D -

I CA VE DE PO S l T NE A R CU M B E R L A N D
MAR Y L A ND
In O ct o b e r , assi s
19I 2 tan t cu ra o r o f f o s
. Mr .
J .
sl \V . Gi dl e y . t i
m a m m al s in h e N a o na l M u s
, t ti
eu m m a d e a p r e l m n a r y e a m na o n . i i x i ti
o f s o m e cav e i
d ep o st s c o n ta n n g b o n e s o f P l e so c en e a g e n e a r i i it
C u m b e rlan d M a rylan d w h ch h a d p r ev o u s
. l y bee n d s
,
i
c o ve re d a n d i i
t
rep o r e d b y M r R a y m o n d A r m b ru st e r a c
. en o f C u m b e rlan d .
i t iz .

FIG S o u h t si i
d e o f r a lr o a d c ut n e a r C um b e rl a n d M a ry l a n d s ho w n g i
t 54
v i
.

i t t
. .
, ,

r
up u n e d l e d g e o f H e l d e b e r g i a n ( D e o n a n ) l m e so n e p a r l y c o v e r e d w 1 t h
t t ti t i it t i
.

sa l a c m a e r i a l ; b o n e b e a r n g d e p o s sse e n a t bas P h o o g ra p h by G dle y

.

i c e . .

Th e re su lt s w e re v e ry sat s fact o r y c o n s i
i de r in g th e l m te d t i m e ava l i i i
abl e upw ar d s o f a h un d red sp ec m en sbe in g secu re d r ep re sent n g
. i i
i
a b o ut 2 4 spec e s o f m a m m al s m o st o f h e m e h e r ext n c o r n o w ,
t it i t
i i i
l iv n g o n ly n l o cal it e sve ry re m o te fr o m th e m o un ta n s o f W e st e rn i
M a ryl an d .

T h e fa un a p r o ve sv e ry nt e re sti ng an d th e n d i
p ro m i s e s .

t o b e m o s t i m p o rt an t in tha t t w i ll th r o w m uc h add it i o n a l l gh t i i
o n o ur kn o w le dge o f th e P l e i st o c en e ma m m a l s o f th e e a s
te rn Un t e d i
S tat e s o r in o th e r w o rd s th o se i m m ed at el y p rec e d ng th e ex st n g
, , ,
i i i i
50 SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE LL AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VOL . 60

o ne s A m o n g th e o bj ect s o f e sp ec i al n te re st c o ll ecte d a re a f ew
. i
f r a gmenta ry j a w s rep e s ent in g a n e w spe c e s o f d o g a s la rge a s r i
th e l a rge st l iv in g w o lve s b u t w ith m o re th e ch a ract e r o f th e fo x o r , ,

j acka l ; an d a s e r i e s o f u pp e r ch e ek te eth rep re s en t ng a la rge ext inct i

S p ec i e s o f an tel o p e ve ry cl o sely relat e d t o t h e elan d n o w l v ng o n ly
1
i i
in A fr ica an d th e l a rge st o f all th e antel o p e s T h e dep o s i t s w e re n o t .

ex ha u st ed an d i t i s i nt en de d t o c o n t in u e th e exa m n a o n a s fu rth e r i ti
i
exp l o rat o n w il l d o ubtl e s s a d d n ew t rea s u re s t o th e l i st .

FI G U p p e r O r do c an vi i s l ha ssho w n g i i
b e d d n g a n d c l e a a g e \N e se r n v t
55
i t W i ll i t t
. . e , ,

M a r y l a n d R a lr o a d w e s o f ,
am s
po r Md ,
. P h o o g r a p h by B a s s
le r .

M A P P NG I THE GE O O ICL G AL ST RA TA A ND C O L L E CT N G I FO S
I
S L S IN THE VA L L E Y OF THE A P PA L A CH A N M O U N T A I INS
D u ri n g
th e s u m me r o f 1 9 1 2 D r R S B a s sle r cu rat o r o f p al e o n . . .
,

i
,

t o l o g y in th e U S N at i o nal M u s eu m sp en t e igh t w e ek s n th e A p
. .
,

p a l a ch ia n Vall ey o f P enn sylv an a M a ryl an d an d V i rgi n a i n m ap i , ,

i ,

i
p n g th e r o ck s t ra ta an d c o l lect n g f o s s i l s T h e p rin c ipal o bj ect o f
-

i .

i
t h sw o rk wh i ch w a s u n d e r t h e j o in t a u sp ce s o f th e M a rylan d
.
i
1
i
M r G dl e y sd e s
'

cr p on o f i ti
h se nc t i xti t
A m e r ca n i E l a n d ist o b e o un d f in
ith s i i ti
.

Sm o n an c e ll a n e o usC o ll e c o n s V o l
M s 60 N o , .
,
. 2 7 M a r ch 2 2 1 9 1 3
, , .
52 SM I T H S ON IAN M ISCE LL AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

co e h e a g ) l i m e st
n e i s exp o sed an d t h e r o ck c r o w d ed w h r o un de d
ue o it
t
,

h ea d s o f C i y p t o s oon a ffo rd s a u n i q ue b u l d ng s o n e kn o w n a s
'

i i
b ul l s ey e m a rbl e

n gu re 5 5 t h e cl eav e d c o n d ti o n o f t h e Upp e r
. I i
i i
O r d o v i c an sl at e s ll u st rat e s t h e d i fc ulty o f s ecu r ng w el l p re s e rv e d i
fo s i i
s l s n su c h a f o r m at o n f o r a s s h o w n h e re t h e cle av age i s a i , . t
i i t i
,

r g ht angl e s t o th e b e d d ng p l an e s al o n g w h ic h h e f o s s l s a r e t o b e
fo und .

CO L L E CT N G I FO S S I L E C HI NODE RM S IN T HE A P P A L A CH A N I
VA L L E Y A ND I N M S SOUR I I
Im p i
rt an t d s c o v e r e s o f f o s si l e ch n o derm s e spe c all y o f t h o s e
o i i ,
i
kn o wn a s cy st i d s a n d c rin o i d s w e r e m a de d u r ing a l o n g el d se as o n ,

i n 1 9 1 2 un de r th e d rect o n o f M r Frank S p r inge r a s s o c at e in i i i

t
.
, ,

pal e o n t o l o g y in th e U S N at i o na l M u s eu m M r S p ri nge r s pr iva e

. . . .

c o ll ect o r M r Fre d e r ck B ra un sta rt e d ea rl y n th e sea s o n an d m a d e

, . i ,
i
c a r e f u l re s ea rch e s f o r c r n o i d s i n ce rta in O r d o v i ci a n f o rm at o n s o f i i
t i
h e A pp al ach an Vall ey w h ic h h a d h ith e rt o rec e ive d v e ry l ittl e stu dy .

i i i i
L o cal i t e s n V rg n i a an d T enn e s se e w er e t h o r o u gh ly s ea rch e d ,

t i
re sul ing in th e d sc o ve ry o f a n u m b e r o f n ew S p ec e s an d gen e r a i ,

es i
pec all y o f c y st i d s T h e s e a re d e p o s ited n th e N at i o n al M u seu m
. i
i
an d w ll f o r m th e subj ect o f a m o n o graph b y M r S p ringe r M any . .

o f t h e o th e r f o s si l s o f th es e f o rmat o n s w e r e ga h e re d at th e sam e i t
i
t m e an d hav e be en p re s ente d t o th e M u se u m b y M r S p ringer . .

i
L ate r n th e su m m e r M r B ra u n w a s d eta il ed t o exa m in e c e rta n . i
i
L o w e r D ev o n an s trata o u tc r o pp ing a l o n g th e bank s o f t h e M i s si s
i
s pp i j u st n o rth o f C ap e i ra rdea u M s s o u r w h e re cr in o d st e m s G ,
i i ,
i
i
h ad be en p rev o u sly n o te d a s s o c i at e d w it h a p ecu l i a r b ulb l k e o rgan -

i
is m kn o w n a sC a m aa o c r izm s T h e s e b ulb s h ad b e en c o n s i de re d a s '

i i
f re e o at n g o rgan s m s o f a n ech n o d e rm n at u r e s im ila r n h ab i t t o i i
t
,

h e r ec ent j elly sh a n d it w a s M r S p r nge r s w i sh t o a sce rta in i f i '

t
.
,

c o m pl et e s a lk s o f c r n o i d s c o u l d n o t b e d i sc o ve re d n c o n n ect o n i i i
w i th th e m A fte r a p r o t ract e d s ea rch f o r m l e s a l o n g t h e bl u ff s
. i
i i i i i i
f ac n g th e M s ss s p p R v e r M r B rau n s u cc e ed ed n l o cat ing th e ,
. i
i i
c r n o d l aye r a t an acce s s ibl e p o nt an d ca rr e d o n u a r ry ng o per a i i q i
t
t i o n s h e re f o r sev e ral w e ek s T h e w o rk re s ul te d n o t o n l y i n h e . t
rec o v e r y o f s o m e o f th e m o st re m a rkabl e spe c m en s o f f o s s i l c r n o i d s i i
i
ev er o b ta n e d b ut in settl n g n ally h e fact t ha t C a m a r o cr i m zs s
. i t i
o n ly t h e b u l b o u s r o o t o f th e n e cr n o i d t o w h ch th e n a m e S c y /I o
p i i -

( T i /m sh a s b een g i ven in E u r o pe F o u r l a rge S l ab s w e r e o b a in e d . t

i
ha v n g an agg regat e w e g h t o f p o u nd s T w o o f th es e i . t
t o ge h e r s to a s t o f o rm a s n g l e sl a b 4 f e et b y
7 fe et an d c o ntai n in g i ,
NO .
30 SM I T H SON IA N E X P L O R AI IQI O N S . 19 1 2

the m o s t m p rt an t
o i sp ec m en s T h e l o i
cal y b e n g
.
s
e ve ral m l es it i i
t t
d i s an f r o m a n y st at o n o r lan d ing
- i w a sn ece s s
ary it
a f e r cr a n g
, t ti

F I G 5 7 S l a b
. .

F
ll e d w h r e m it ii r
a n so f v
the
M s
s
e ry l a rg e
P ho
Cr
t i ino d
g ra p h by S p r i ng e r
e le g a ns
de a u ur i o
o un d n e a r C a p e G
o
.

ra ,
i .

t
th e sl ab s t o c o n s ruct a ch ut e b y w h ich h e w e re l w e re d t y o to th e

b
r i ve r s l evel f r o m a r o ck lev ee a ut 3 5
o fe et n h e ght T h s i i . i w as
54 SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE L L AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

d o n e s ucce s s f u lly an d t h e slab s s h ippe d sa fely t o th e N at o n al i

M u s eu m w h e re th ey a re n o w b e in g p repa re d fo r e xh b t i o n i n th e
,
ii
hall o f pale o n t o l o gy .

FI E L D STU D E S A L ONG T HE
-

I PA T U X E N T A N D PO T O M A C R V E R S , I
C HE SA PE A KE BA Y ,
A ND T HE N ORT H CA R OL N A CO A S T I
sh e s f o r t h e N at i o n al M u se u m w e re m a de du ring
C o ll ect i o n s o f
191 2 i
i n t h e P o t o m ac R v e r an d i t s t r ibu t a r i e s f r o m P l um m e r s

Islan d t o M a tta w o m an C re ek n b ranch e s t r ibuta r y t o th e P at ux en t ,

i

FIG 8 P o w e r l a un c h Yo r ks
p it d vi sM a a w o m a n C r e e ,
e w ac r o s tt k
5
i v I i H k ti
. .
,
an
M a ry l a n d o n e m l e abo e n d an e a d d o c s a g o o d co ll e c n g g r o un d
t W
.
, ,

P h o o g ra p h b y B e a n a n d eed .

R ive r an d i n C h e s ap eak e B a y s ev e ral m le s s o ut h o f C h e sap eak e

,
i
B each T hey w e re m a d e w i th o u t exp en se t o th e M u se u m fo r th e
.
,

m o st pa rt by m emb e r s o f th e M u s eu m sc e nt i c sta ff w h il e o n l eav e i

o f ab sen ce an d w e r e ma inly f o r a d d i t o n t o th e exh b t i o n s e r i e s
,
i ii .

i
O n a o n e d ay e xc u r s o n t o M atta w o m an C re ek an d n ea rby p o i nt s ,

o n th e P o t o m a c s o meth in g l k e 4 5 0 spec m en s rep r e sent in g 2 6 S p e

,
i i
c i e s w e re c o l le ct e d I
n cl ud e d a m o n g th e se a re S pe c m en s o f b l ack
. i
ba s s w h it e an d yel l o w pe rch da rt e r s r o a ch s h i n e rs s lve r s ide s
, , , , ,
i ,

i
h e r r ng y o un g sh a d m um m y ch o g s( b u ll o r p ike m inn o w s )
, ,
S paw n ,

e at er s
smel t o f th e P o t o m a c c o m m o n e el s cat s
,

h l tt l e ma d , , ,
i

, i
t o m s A m e r c a n s o l e o r h o g ch o a k e r s s un sh o r t o ba cc o b o x e s
-

, ,
-

,
5 6 SM I T H SO N IAN M ISCE LL ANE OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

. i
t rip s T h r o ug h t h e gen e r o s ty o f M r J B P eyt o n Jr t h e c o l l ect i ng . . . .

t t
, ,

p a r ie s w e r e c o nve ye d t o va ri o u s p o i nt s al o ng th e P o o m ac R ve r i n i
i
h s p o w e r l aun ch Yo r ks p it .

F IG 6o D o rs
al vi ew f a Spo tt d S ti g R a y a n d y o un g , a tk at B gh i t f
k t t
. . o e n -

. en o

Cap e Loo ou , C . P h o o g r a p h by C o e s l .

F IG ( I L V e n ra l t Vi
e w o f a Spo ed S tt
n g R a y a n d y o un g . ti
a e n at B g h tk i t f
k t t
.
-

o
C a p e L o o o u b y R us e ll J C o l e s P h o o g r a p h by C o l e s
s . . .

M r R uss
el l . C o l e s o f D anv i ll e
V i rg n a w h o m ad e c o llecti o n s
. ,
i i ,

a r o un d C ap e L o o k o ut N o rth C a r o l n a s ent t o th e M u s
,
eu m s o m e i ,

i
ve ry nt e re st ing sh e s an d sev e r al p h o t o g rap h s a m o n g t h em an
. ,

es i
pec ally inte re s i
t i ng p ct u re o f a l a rge sp o tted r a y and it sy o ung ,
No .
30 S M I T H SON I A N E X P L OR T
A ION S ,
19 I2 5/

S W

Y
:

a
o
m

u
u o
c c
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B
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9
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58 SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE LL AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

F I G 64 M r Wm i i
P a l m e r d g g n g fo r o s f i
sl so n C h e s k B ay
t
. . . . ap e a e .

P h o o g ra p h by G r o n b e r g e r .

I
O B S E R V A T O N S O N M O L L U S KS A M O N G T H E BA H AMA ISL A NDS
A ND T HE F L O R D A KE I YS
On th e in v ita t i o n o f D r A l f red . G
M ay e r d i r ect o r o f th e D epa rt
.
,

m ent o f M a rin e B i o l o gy o f t h e C a rn eg e n s t it ut i o n D r P au l B a rt sc h i I ,
.

i
o f th e N at o n al M u s eu m j o n e d a n expe d t i o n o n ih e st e am e r A n t o n i t
I
D a li m t o th e B a ha ma sl an d s t h e m a n o b j ect bei ng a st u dy o f th e
,
i
ma r in e m o l l u sk s o f that regi o n i n th e r n at u ra l su rr o un d in gs w it h i ,

i
sp ec al re fer en ce t o t h e b o r ing an d n e stl ng o rgan i s m s a s s o c at ed w it h i i
c o ral s .

I nc i den ta lly a t rip w a s m ad e by m o t o r b o a t u p t h e M ia m R i ve r i ,

an d a l o ng t h e E ve rgl ad e d ra inage ca n al ; a s w ell a s s eve ra l v i s it s

t o th e o ff ly in g
-

k
ey s C o lle ct i o n s w e re ma d e in al l th e se pla ce san d
.

ca re fu l n o te s be a r in g up o n fau n al a s s o ci at i o n s w e re tak en u p o n all

t i
h e m at e r al gath e re d T h e regi o n ab o u t M ia m i i s ext rem ely w ell
.

su i ted f o r o b se rvati o n s o f th i s k i nd a s i t pr e s ent s m an y d i ffe ren t ,

6o SM I T H SON IA N M I SCE LL AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

th e W h it e H o u se

,

n e a r S h a rp R o ck P o nt requ re d a 5 p in i ,
i -

t
m ea su re t o c o nt a n th em i
T h e r e a re al s o o th e r cha racte r st i cs
. i
i
b e s d e s d ff e ren ce s i n s ze i i .

O n a cc o un t o f t h e m an y p u z l n g ph en o m en a rega rd in g th e i r d i s zi
t r ib ut io n i t w a s th o ugh t d e s ra b l e t o ga th e r l a rge s
,
i
er i e s o f sp ec i m e n s
o f C e r io n an d a s s o c at ed m o llu sk s fo i
ca re ful st u dy an d e x p e r im e n r

t a t io n .

O f C cr i o n al o n e ab o u t pec i m en s w e r e c o l lect e d f r o m a s
S

m an y l o c al t i e s a s p o s s i bl e i . T h i s w a s d o n e w it h t h e i d e a o f i nt r o

F I G 66 T w o r a c e so f B ah am a sh e ll s( C e r i um) p l a n e d b y D r B a r s ch o n t t
k t i i t F i t ti
. . .

e ys be w e e n M am an d T o r ug a s l o r d a ,
P h o o g r a p h b y N a o n a l M us
. e um .

d uc in g s o m e o f th e m in t o o th e r i slan d s s
o th at t h e e ffec t o f a ch ange ,

o f en vi r o nm en t c o ul d b e st u d i e d lat e r .

T h e p arty r et u r n e d t o N a ssa u o n M a y 2 6 an d t h en s et s a l fo r ,
i
i i
M am i w he re t re m a i n ed u nt l th e en d o f th e m o n h
,
D u ring th i s i t .

t i m e a n e s e ri e s o f th at m o st b eau t iful o f a ll N o rth A m e r can lan d i

sh ell s L ig I I zI s w as s ecu re d a s w e ll a s a g o o d ly n u m b e r o f o h e r
, , ,
t
spec ie s A n u m b e r o f d re dge h au l s w e r e m a de n o rt h o f C ap e Fl o r i d a
. ,

i n s h all o w w ate r b y th e A n t o n D o h m an d a n e s e r i e s o f m a r ne
,
i
i nv e rt eb rat e s sec u re d .

O n M a y 3 1 th e ex p e d i t o n sa il e d s o uth fo r K ey W e st i
O n th s . i
i
c ru s e an d d u rin g th e st ay at M i am t h e t w o rac e s o f B ah a m a
,
i ,

i
C e r o n s w e re in t r o duc ed at d i ffe rent p o int s .
No .
30 SM I T H SON I AN E XP L O RA I I O N S ,

1912 6t

D u r ng th eicr u s
e f r o m M a m i
t o i i Ke y W e s t
a spe c al
, i e ff o r t wa s
i
ma de t o e xam n e a s m an y o f h e k e y s t a sc o ul d b e r each e d co n v e n

FIG 67 O n e o f t h e co m m o n e s s he t ll so n
t
th e B ah am a
ts
ch
T e c t a r iusm ur i ca t usL o g ra p h by B a r
.

Pho
.

p .

n tl
y fo r C e r i o n I II c a
'

I/
II I m-
B i n n ey an d w h e reve r f un d
, ,
o ,
to gath e r as

r
l a rge a s e i e s a s p o s si b l e .
I t w a s b s e rv ed th at m st
o o o f th e key s
62 SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE LL AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

i
w h ch h ad b een o o d e d d u ring th e h u r r ican e s o f 1 90 6 an d 1 9 1 0 co n ,

i
t a in e d p ract cally n o l iv e C e ri o n s t h o u gh d ea d o ne s w e r e o b se r v e d ,

in a n u m b e r o f plac e s an d th s ca u s e d o n e t o w o n d e r w h eth e r s ea
,
i
w ate r m igh t s e rv e a s a d ec i d ed b a r r e r t o th es e f o r m s i .

L i ttl e i s kn o w n ab o u t th e l i f e h i st o ry o f C e ri o n s Th ey a re .

i
rem a rkably va r a b l e u s ual ly v e ry re st ricte d i n t h e r d i st r b u t o n a n d
,
i i i ,

v e r v ab un dan t w h e re t h ey o ccu r T h e y a re v e ry t ena c o u s o f l i fe . i ,

i
S p e c m en s h av ing b ee n ept i n th e U S N at i o nal M u se u m fo r m o re k . .

th an e ight ye a rs ; th e s e o cca s i o n al ly l ea v e th e t ray in wh ch th ey a re i

pl ac e d an d s e ek a n e w r e st i ng pl ace C e r i o n s a re al s o n o t p a rt i cul a r -

i
ab o u t sp ec c f o o d i n f act th ey m gh t b e l o o ked u p o n a s th e g o at s
,

i
t
a m o ng h e m o ll u sca T h ey a r e fur th e r m o re n o t r e a d ly a ffect e d by
. i
chan ge s i n t e m p e rat u re A l l th e se feat u re s n d i cat e a re m a rkably . i
i
d e s i ra b l e s ub j ect fo r nve st gat i o n an d th e h o pe i s ent e rta in e d that i ,

i i
t h e va r o u s e x pe r m en t s t o w h i ch t h ey m i ght b e s ubj ect e d w ll y el d i i
i i
i n f o r m at o n en abl ng o n e t o u n de r st an d w h at i s m ean t by th e p r o t e an
n atu re o f th s gr o u p i .

D u ring th s i i
c ru s e ca re fu l c o l o r n o te s o n ab o u t I 6O m a r in e an m a l s i
i
w e re m a de w h c h w e re f o u n d ve ry d e s i r abl e i n ret nt i ng t h e spe c
,
i
i
im e n sw h c h a re n o w b e ng n st all e d i n t he f a u n al m a rin e i nve rt eb rat e i i
i
ex h b i t o f t h e N at i o n al M u se u m .

CO M PL E T O N O F T H E I SM T I H S O NI I
A N B O L O G CA L I SUR VE Y OF
T HE PA NA M A CA N A L ZON E

In i
ca r ry n g o n t h e bi o l o g ca l s u rv ey o f th e P an am a C anal Z o n e i ,

inau gu rated i n 1 9 1 0 th e S m ith s o n ian h a d th e co Op e r a t io n o f s ev e ral

t i i i
,

g o ve rn m en bu rea u s n clu d n g th e B u r eau o f F sh e ri e s o f th e D ep a rt

,

m en t o f C o m m e rce an d L a b o r ; th e B u re a u o f E nt o m o l o gy an d th e -

i
B o l o gi c al S u rvey o f th e D epa rt m ent o f A gr cu ltu re ; t h e sth m ian i I
i
C an al C o m m i s s o n an d th e P ana m a R a l r o a d C o m pa ny un de r th e
,
i ,

W a r D epa rtm ent etc T h e F el d M u s e u m o f N at u ral H i st o ry o f

,
. i
C h i cag o al s o t o o k p a rt n th e n vest igat o n o f th e s h fa una s i i i .

T h e e l d pa rty f o r 1 9 1 2 i n clu de d M r E
-

A o l dm an o f th e . . . G ,

i
B i o l o g cal S u r vey M r A ugu st B us c k o f th e B u re a u o f E nt o m o l o gy
.
, ,

I
,

an d D r C h a rle s D M a rsh o f th e B u r e au o f P l an t n d u st ry all

. .
, ,

o f t h e D epa rt m en t o f A gricu ltu re ; al s o P r o fe s s o H P it t ie r o f th e r .

,

sa m e D epa rtm ent w h o rema n e d in th e el d d u r ing n ea rly th e w h o l e i

i
,

p e r i o d o f th e su rve y D r S eth E M e ek rep re s ent e d t h e F el d

. . .

M us eum a n d M r S F H ld eb ran d th e B u rea u o f F s . her es

. . i . i i .

i
,

T he rs t p a rty sa l ed f r o m N e w Y o rk o n th e P 0 72 0 0110 o n Jan ua r y

9 9 1 1 2 an d a r r v e d at th e C an al Z i
o n e J an u a ry 1 5 w h enc e t h e d ffe r , i
i i
, ,

en t m e m b e r sde pa rt ed f o r t h e i r re s pe ct v e c o l l ect n g g r o un d s .
64 SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE L L AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

u nb r o ken f o re st an d h a s a h e a vy a n n ua l r a n f al l alth o ugh at th e i ,

i
l o w e r l e vel s t i s u sua l l y d ry f r o m Jan u a r y t o A p r il exc ept fo r th e ,

al m o st c o n stan fo g t
Th e c o ll ecti o n s s e cu red b y M r G o l d m an
. .
.

i i i
w h ch a re d ep o s t ed n th e N at o nal M u seu m ncl u d e s o m e 80 0 b i rd s i . i

FIG 9 F o re s a tt f t l v ti P i i M o un ti s e a se r nt
i i t
. . ee e e a on , rr a n .

Pan am a ; co m p o s
e d l a rg e ly f p a l m sa n d n cl ud m any r e e t e rn s

t
o ng .

Pho o g ra p h b y G o l d m a n .

an d t
a b o u 60 0 m am mal s F ro m t h e st u d e s h u s fa r m a d e u p o n i t
t t t Vi tt
.

h e m h ey ap pea r t o st ren gth en h e e w th a h e fa un a o f ea st e rn

,

i
P an a m a s S o uth A m e r i can n it sgen e ral cha ract e ri st c s A m o n g i i
t
.

h e m a re m an y n e w f o r m s so m e o f w h ch h av e b een d e s c r b ed b y i i
i t it
.

M ess G
r s o ld m an an d N e l s
. o n n he Sm hs o n an M iscel lan e o u s i
i
C o l l e ct o n s .
NO .
30 SM I T H SO N IAN 19 12 65

Mr G
l dman re u rn ed t o h i s h e a d ua r e r s a E m p re
. o t ro m q t t i f
i i i t t i i
.

D a r en in o rd e r t o S h ip S p ec m en s b ut a g a n en e re d h sreg o n t o
t i t ti t ti
,

i
,

c o mpl e e h i sw o rk n h e l o w e r e leva o n sa n d r e m a n e d h e re un l
i
e a rl y n J u l y D u r ng h e m e s i t ti
p en a D a r en M r G o l d m an sa e s
. t t i tt
t i t i it t x
. .

th a h s e ff o rt s w e re g r ea ly fac l a e d a n d h is e pen s e s m uch

t t
re duce d h r o u gh h e a d ren de re d h im b y th e D a r en o l d M n n g
. i i G i i
Co m p a n v .

FIG A t i i ti
f t h e P rr M o un a n s e a se r n P a n a m a a ss t f m
7C par
t lti t t
. . o een . .
ro

te e a ud e i n C a n a V a ll e y
, P h o o g r a p h by G o l d m a n. .

Dr . Se th t h e F i el d M u seu m f Na t u ra l H i st r
E . M e ek o f o o y .

an d M S F H i ld e b r an d f t h e B u rea u f F i s
,

r . . h e r i e s h aga i n o o w o

p a rt i c ipa t ed i n t h e w rk f c ll ec t i n g an d s t u d y i n g h sh e s f t h e
.
. .

o o o t e o

Z n e a rr i v ed a t C r i s t b a l
o Jan ua r 5 0 d c o m en ce d w rk
on y 1 1 12 an o m o

a l m st i m m ed iat ely D u r i n g t h e p rev i u se x pe d i t i n t h e c l l ec t i n g

. . .

o o o o

t h e f re sh an d b rack i sh wa t e r s f t h e C an al
. .

wa sc n ne d m a i n ly
o to o

Z ne
o d t he im m edi ate V icin i t
an b t h i st r i p m st a tt en t i n s y ,
ut on o o wa

d ev t ed o t h e s al t wa t e r faun a O th e Pac i c C a st t h i s s
to -

. n o wa

ca r r i e d f r m th re e p i n t s
o n P ana a B a l b a
o d C ha e P i n to m . o . an m o .

an d t h e A t l an t i c c a st fr m f u r d i ff e ren t p i n t s C r i st b al
on o o o o
o .
OO S M l T H SON I A N M ISCE LL AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

C o l o n T o r o P o in
. t ,
an d Po r t o B ell o . L i
a rge c o ll ect o n s w e re s ecu re d
fr o m b o th c a st s o .

B e s i d e s t h e sal t w ate r c o ll e ct ing th e w o rk w a s e xt en d e d t o t h e ,

f re sh w at e r s o n th e P ac i c sl o p e a sh o rt d i stanc e t o th e ea st an d
i
w e st o f th e C a nal Z o n e n o rd e r t o o b tai n a b ett e r un d e r st an d i ng
,

i
o f th e d st ri b uti o n o f th e f re sh wa te r sh e s o f th e P ac i c c o a st -

t
st rea m s h an wa s o bt ain abl e fr o m th e s m all st rea m s o pp o st e h e i t

t
F I G 7 I S e a m e r C a n a o f t h e D a r e n G o l d M n n g C o . o n w h ch a r p w a s i ii i ti
f it t
. . .

m ade ro m P a n a m a C y t o M a r r a g a n t i o n t h e R i o T uy r a e a se r n P a n a m a
t
.
,

P h o o g r ap h by G o l dm an .

R io C h agre s an d e s pec i all y f r o m th e R io

,
ran d e b eca u s e o f h e G ,
t
i i
ch ange s n th s st rea m d u e t o th e w o rk o n t h e C an al .

i
T h e pa rt y c o n t n u e d o p e rat i o n s f o r ab o u t th r ee m o n th s an d m uch ,

h elp wa s gi ven b y th e sth m an C anal C o m m s s o n th e P ana m a I i i i ,

i
R a l r o ad an d S ea m s t
h p C o mp an y an d h e D a ri en i o ld M n ng ,
t G i i
,
i
C o m pan y t o a ll o f wh ch o rgan iz ati o n sman y th ank s a re d u e .

Up o n h i s a r r i val in P ana m a o n Fe b ru a r y 9 1 9 1 2 M r A u g u s t .

t t
, ,

Du sek o f th e B u rea u o f E n o m o l o g y w a sa o n c e ena b l ed t o e s ta b

t i t t
, ,

i
l s q i
h h ea d u a r e r s n th e c o n ven en c o m f o r a b l e d s pen sa r y n i i
68 SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE LL AN E OU S C OL L E C T O N S I VO L . 60

M r B us
. t
rs spen t a w eek o n T a b o g uil l a sla nd w h ich w a s at
ck I
t
,

i i i
t h at t m e un nh ab te d an d w a s su ppl i e d w i h p r o vi s o n s by a d aily
, i
b o a t fr o m T a b o ga I i
t b e ng n th e h e ght o f th e d ry s e a s o n h e
. i i ,

t
e sa b l i sh ed h isca m p w i th a m o squ t o n etted co t acet y l en e la m p s i -

t
, ,

i
an d c o ll ect ng sh e et s hal fwa y th e h ll si de w ith n o c o v e r o h e r
,
i ,

F I G 7 4 C o c o a n u P a l m sP a r a s t
P a n a m a ; o n e n o rm al , i
t t i t
. . o , ,

t h e o h e r d e n ud e d b y c a e r p ll a r s P h o o g r a p h b y B us ck . .

th an a l a rge m ang o t re e H e th en sp en t a w e ek o n T a b o ga sl an d
. I ,

a n d e a rly i n M a rch w en t u p th e C hagre sR ive r m ak ng h i s h ead i

t t t
,

q i
ua r e r si n h e gaug ng st a i o n a t A lh aj u el a an d fr o m th a t p o nt ,
i
expl o re d th e s u r r o un d in g c o u n t r y m a n l y al o ng th e t r b ut a ri e s o f i i
t t
,

i
h e C hag re s an d C h il ib r i R ve rs an d e speci al ly h e e xt en s v e l im e i
t
,

i
s o n e cave reg o n w h ich h e h a d v s t ed in 1 9 1 1 O n th i st rip h e ii .

t
,

ca m pe d o n h e b a nk s o f th e C h l b r l l o R v e r und e r th e o pen sky ii i i ,

NO .

30 S M I T H SON IAN E N P L O RA I I o N
'

s , 69

an d i n ve s t i g a t e d t h e
cave s m o re h o r o u g hly han h a d b e en p o s sb l e t t i
p rev i o u s l y I t w a sf o un d ha th e re i san u ppe r s
.
e r e so f d r y c av e s t t i
an d a l o w e r s e r e s c o n a n n g w a e r I n h e ra ny s i eas o n hes e la er t i i t . t i t tt
b ec o m e n a cc e s s i
i b l e su b ter ran ean r ve r s an d w asn h e m h at t h e i it i t t
i ti i i
.

nte re s ng ba t faun a w a sf o un d w h ch M r -

M ll e r J r h a s .

i i i t ti
.
. .

d es c r b e d n th e P r o c eed n gs o f h e U S Na o nal M u s eum . .

t i i iv
.

T h e la s pa rt o f M a rch w a ss p en t o n t h e u pp e r T r n d a d R e r
w he re exce e d n g ly r ch en o m o l o g cal r e s i
ul sw e re o b a n e d pa r ly i t i t ti t
t i t t i i
,

th r o u g h h e n gh t w o rk w i h th e ace y len e la m p s E a r l y n A pr l
t t t ti i t t
.

M r Du s ek w en t o P o rt o B el l o o n h e A la n c sd e Fr o m ha
.
.

Flo Po r t
B e ll o B a y sh o w n g e c a a o n i n t h e m o un a n w h e r e t h e i x v ti ti
75
k t t
o
'

. .
, .

ro c us
e d f o r t h e G a un D a m w a ss e c ur e d P h o o g r a p h b y B us
ck . .

pla c e h e m a d e s ev e ral t r i p s w i t h g d re s ul t s b f th es e o o ut on on e o

p the c as t th e S an t a R sa R i ve r h e un f r t un a t e ly b e ca e i l l
, .

ti o to o , o m

an d sf rc ed wa g a h s o p i t al H a v i n g r ec v e re d h e p r ceed e d
to o to o . o , o

a w e ek l a t e r L C h rr e ra w h e re th e ra i n s
to ea sn a sa t i sh e i g h t
o y o wa t

an d t h e c ll ec t i ng p r ve d exc ellen t
o H es ta b l i s
h ed h i s el f th e re
o . e m

f o r w e ek s c ll ec t i n g b e n d th e s
tw o avannah a rea i n th e f th i ll s
. o yo o o

n ea r t h e r i g i n f t h e T r i n i da d R i v e r T h ace t l en e l a m p s d t h e
o o . e y an

w h i te t ra p sh ee t sp r v e d val ua b l e ad j unct s t h e u t t an d m uc h
o to o .

m at e rial w a s secu red b c llec t i n g a t n i gh t y o .

T h l a s t p a rt f M y
e s ccu p i e d w i t h m i n r excu r s
o i n si n a wa o o o o r

n e a r t h e C an al Z n e a m n g t h e s e a sh rt t r ip p h C h a g re s R i v e
o ; o o ti t e r .

O Ju n e I h e u n d e rt k a se c n d t r i p p t h e T r i n i da d R ive r an d
n . oo o ti ,

f un d c n d i ti n s q u ite d i ffe re nt f r m w h at t h ey w e e b e f re w in g
o o o o r o . o
7O SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE LL AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

7 6 D r s
y e as ca m p T a b o g ui l l a s
la n d I s i
it t t i t ti ho w
t
. on on ng
wh e s h e e sa n d a ce y l e n e l a m p fo r n g h c o ll e c n
,

g
-

Pho o
g r a p h b y B us
.

ck .

71
G 77 P alm s up t o t ir k
he s
in tr ii
T r n da d R iv r v ll e y
rt G t k t
.
nee wa e ; e a
o g r a p h b y B us
,
Pan a m a ,
no w pa o f a un L a e . P ho ck .
72 SM I T H SON IAN M ISCE LL AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

es i i q
ta b l sh e d h s h ea d u a rt e r s a t E m p re an d re m a in e d n th e eld i ,
i
i
un t l Feb rua r y 1 6 .

T h e t o p o g ra ph y o f t h e Z o n e i s s uch th at t s n o t a pa rt cul a rly i i i

ti
g o o d c o l l ec ng gr o u n d fo r p lankt o n T h e reg i o n v s t e d s p r a ct i . ii i
i
c al ly d e st tu t e o f l ake s t h e r e a re b u t f ew p e rm an en t p o o l s an d ,

i
,

alth o ugh th e l o wl an d s o f t h e A tl ant c S l o pe s f o r m a h uge sw a m p ,

th e w ate r s in th s l o cal ity ar e s i

o c o nn ect ed t h at n o gr eat va r i ety o f

t
f o r m s i s f o u n d T h e s o u h sl o p e isab ru pt w t h n o pe r m a nen t b o d ie s
.
,
i
o f w ate r an d t h e st re am s a re s m al l and m o re o r l e s s te m p o ra ry
,
.

FI G 79 vi
R io G r a n d e R e se r o r Ca n al Zo n e si k i
h o w n g w o r m e n c le a r n g
v t i v t ti f f i i t ,
.
.
,

the s h o r e st o p r e e n d e c a y n g r o m a ll n g n t o t h e w a e r
i v i ti f ti ti
eg e a on .

T h si sa n o l d r e s e r o r da r o m t h e m e o f t h e F r e n ch o ccup a o n
t
ng .

P h o o g ra p h by M a rs h .

E sp ec i a l atten t i n w a s pa i d th e l d re se rv i rs w h i ch f r m
o to o o o

l i ttl e l ak e s an d rd i na ril w u l d c n t a i n s m e f t h e t p i ca l r a
o y o o o o y o

an d fa un a f t h e i m m e d i at e regi n b u t th e s e b d i e s f at e r a re
,

o o ,
o o w

plankt n p r a s c m pa re d w i th s im i l a r b d i e s i n a t emp e rat e

o oo ,

o o

cl i m ate f in a s m u ch a s th e t e m p e rat u re f th e a i r i s p ract i cally

; o r, o

un i f r m th r u gh u t th e y ea r th er e i s
o o o v e rti ca l c i rcu la t i n f th e ,
no o o

wat e r e xce pt w h e r e i t i s s h all w en ugh t b a ff ect ed b th e w i n d s o o o e y .

T h c n d i t i n sat th e b t t m f th e d eep e r wat e r s f t h e re se rv i rs

,

e o o o o o o o

a re s uc h s m ak e li fe i m p s s
a to i b l e C a re fu l c ll ect i n s w e r e m ade o . o o
No .
30 SM I T H SON IAN E XP L O RA I I O N S ,

1912 73

fr om all h e se t
re s
e rv o r sa n d h e st ream ssu i
pply n g h e mt r o m he i t . f t
i Gt
e m b r y o n c a un L ak e it sa d j ac ent w a ps m s a n d.
r o m he w e r
a s . f t t

R o c y k I sl d in P a n a m a B a y s i
h o w n g F r g a e b rd s P la n i t i k
F I G 80
ti an
ti t t
.
,

h ss r a p h by M a r s
. .

n sw e r e m a d e n e a r
h
c o ll e c
to n o p o P h o o g .
.

8I ti t t
C o ll e c n g E n o m o sr a c a in B l a c k S w am p Can al Zo n e T h i sl o ca l it y
F IG
i v t k t
.
,

P h o o g ra p h by M a r s
. .

h
w ll b e c o e r e d b y G a un L a e .
,

o f th e C h ag re san d T rin d ad R ve r s a sw el l a sf rio m th e s t i

rea m s
i t
,

an d p o o l s o f th e s o uth e rn sl o pe an d n h e h a r b o rs o f C o l o n a n d
,
74 SM I T H SON IAN M I SCE LL AN E OU S COL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

P anam a . Ow i ng t
th e sh o rt t i m e ava il abl e fo r t h s w o rk ve ry l ttl e
o i ,
i
c o llect ing w a s d o n e o u t s id e th e Z o n e W h il e th e se c o ll ect o n s h ave . i
b e en ex a m i n e d o nly i n a p rel m in a ry w ay en o ugh ha s be en d o n e t o i
it
,

i
m ake t evi d e n t th at t h e r e a re s o m e d s i nct d ffe renc e s n th e faun a s i i
o f th e t w o s d e s o f th e i
sth mu s I .

P r o fe s s o r H en r y P it t ie r o f th e D e pa rtmen t o f A g ricu lt u re w h o , ,

ha s h a d ch a rge o f t h e gen e ral b o tan cal c o l l ect ing fo r th e su rv e y s in ce i

t i
i s i n cept i o n n 1 9 1 0 r e m a n e d i n th e el d t o c o n t in u e h s w o rk
,
i i ,

i
e sp ec ally t h e c o ll ect in g o f fe rn s an d l o w e r c rypt o gam s fr o m M a y , .

1 9 1 2 th r o u gh o u t t h at y e a r
, A n ant ici pat e d t r p t o th e D a r i en c o u ntry
. i
w asp o st p o n e d o n acc o un t o f an acc de nt t o th e o n ly steam e r plyin g i
betw e en P ana m a an d th e p o rt s o f D ar en w h i ch f o rc e d P r o fe s s o r i ,

i
P it t ie r t o re m a n i n C u l eb ra u nt il J an ua ry 2 3 1 9 1 2 A l itt l e late r h e , .

s ecu re d p a s s age t o D a r i e n w h e r e h e expl o re d t h e C ug r a R ve r an d i

th e S a m b u Vall ey n e a r a ach n e P o int
-
G r
i .

i
F o ll o w ng t h e c o m pl et i o n o f h s t r p s i n s o u th D a ri en a nd t o i i
i q
C h ri u i h e w ent t o V en ezu el a w h enc e h e w i l l r etu rn t o th e Un te d
, ,
i
S t at e s ab o u t A p r il 1 9 1 3 ,
.

I
B O T A N CA L O B S E R V A T O N S B Y D R I .
J N . . ROSE IN E UROPE A ND
I N KA N S A S

Dr J . . s
N s o
. c iateR o se , A
i n B o tan y U S N at o na l M u s e u m at ,
. . i ,

p re s ent det a il e d t o t h e C a rnegi e n st it uti o n f o r t h e pu rp o s e o f m ak I

i i
ng an exha u st v e stu dy o f th e C act ace ae o f A m e r ica S p en t s e v e ral ,

m o nth s v i s it i ng t h e b o t an i c al g a rd en s an d in st it u t i o n s o f E u r o p e an d ,

m ak i ng p rel i m in a ry a r ran gem ent s f o r va r i o u s e xc h ange s A m o ng .

t h e pl ac e s v i s i te d w e re t h e Ke w a r de n s t h e J a rd i n d e s P l ant e s G ,

at P a r i s th e C o n s e rv at o ry an d B o t a n ical G a r den at G e n ev a t h e
, ,

R o y al B t an i c al o Gr
a den s at M u n i ch an d B e rl i n an d t h e H anb u ry ,

B o t an i c G a rd en in n o rt h e rn t aly T h i s l a st i s a p rivat e g a den I . r

b el o n gin g t o L a dy Kat h e rin e H anb u ry an d kn o w n a s t h e H o r t us
M o r t o lc n s I
is t l i es o n th e sh o r e o f th e M ed it e r ran ean in th e l i ttle
.

I tal ian v i llage o f L a M o rt o la ab o ut hal f w ay bet w e en th e t o w n s o f ,

I
Vent im igl ia t aly an d M en t o n e F ra nce in th e m o st b ea ut i ful p a rt
, , , ,

o f th e R ivi e ra an d d u r in g th e w n t e r an d spr ing i s t h e ma n f ea tu re

,
i i
of i i
nt e re s t n al l th at regi o n t s a rea c o m p r i se s 1 1 2 ac re s T h e . I .

mo s t b r o k e n an d ru gge d pa rt s a r e al l o w ed t o gr o w w ild ; s o m e o f th e
i
h il l sb e n g c o v e red b y g r o v e s o f n at ve p n e s w h i ch s ugge st th e i i
h eml o ck s i n th e N e w Y o rk B o tan cal a rd en T h e o th er pa rts o f i G .

th e g r o u n d sh a v e b een b ea ut i full y t e r ra ce d w th c o nv en i en t w alk s i

an d st o n e s tep s f r o m w h ich can b e seen th r o ugh v i st a s he re and
, ,
76 SM I T H SON IAN M I SCE LL AN E OU S C OL L E C TI ON S VO L . 60

t i
th e re h e M e d te rra ne an an d th e n e a r b y h ll s an d m o unta in s T h e i .

t It
,

ga rden i s m o re han s m pl y a pl ea s i
u re gr o u n d ha s b een d e
i ti
.

v e lo p e d by M r A l w n B erge r s
. i
o a s t o b e o f great sc en c val u e .

i
T h e am o unt o f mate r a l s ent O t i t fo r exch an ge pu rp o se s b o th i n
ti
,

i i
th e w a y o f s e ed s an d l v n g pla n t s i s en o r m o u s A c o llec o n o f s uc ,
.

cul ent plant s w h i ch h a s n o c o un te rpa rt in th e w o rld an d s w el l ,

i
i
su t ed t o th e d ry h o t s u m m e r s o f th s regi o n h a s b een a s se m b led
,
i , ,

i i
an d th s place i s fa st bec o m n g th e M ecc a f o r th e stu dy o f s uch pl an t s .

N o s tu d e nt o f d e s e rt pl an t s o f A m e r ca o r S o u th A f r ca c an a ff o rd i i
i
t o o m t th i s ga r den f r o m h s i iti
n e ra r y w h en v i s i tin g E u r o p e n . I
ti i i
c o n n e c o n w t h t h e ga rd en th e re s a s m all m u seu m b u ld in g a l i b ra r y i , ,

an d an h e r b a r um i .

In S ept e m b e r D r R o s e n c o m pan y w ith W ll a m R F tch m ade

. i i i i
t
, ,
.

i
a b o tan cal excu r s i o n t h r o ugh th e w e ste rn pa r o f Ka n sa s c o ll ect ng
'

,
i
i
c act ace ae an d o th e r o w e r ng pl an t s A lth o ugh t h e reg o n s e x . i i
t r e m e l y a r id a v e r v f a r c o ll e ct o n w a s m a d e i i
A fu l l set o f th s i
i
.
,

m ate r al a s a l s o f r o m th e c o l l ect i o n ma d e b y D r R o se n E u r o pe ha s
,
. i ,

b een d e p o s ited in th e U S N at i o n al H e rba ri um . . .