Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions

Anamnesis, diagnosis, therapy, controls Van Balen & Verstrynge (Eds)

2016 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-02951-4

Structural research on brick-wood architectural heritages and their

conservation issues in China

Xun Sun
Architectural Design Institute of Southeast University, Nanjing, China

Guangya Zhu & Qing Chun

School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing, China

ABSTRACT: According to the analysis of the architectural forms and structural features of the main traditional
Chinese brick-wood architectural heritages, the evolution process and the classification method were put forward,
the main types of traditional Chinese brick-wood architectural heritages include brick-wood pagodas, watchtow-
ers with outer brick walls and inner timber columns, buildings with timber purlins on gables, modern brickwood
structures, and gate towers on city gates. The common damages of these brick-wood architectural heritages were
summarized and analyzed, and the factors leading to their damages were revealed. The conservation methods
of these brick-wood architectural heritages were put forward. Finally, some important research topics which are
urgent for the conservation of these traditional brick-wood architectural heritages were proposed.

1 INTRODUCTION

Timber structure is the main and dominated part of

Chinese architectural heritages, it influences the reg-
ular and principle on the area of heritage conservation
and forms a sort of culture of timber structure. But even
in the early age of its forming and during its develop-
ing process of timber structure, another structure a
sort of mixed by wood plus some other materials such
as rammed earth, adobe, brick and rock was born, here
this mixed structure is called the brick-wood structure.
For example, in the Baipo Neolithic archeological site, Figure 1. Archeological site of Banpo, Xian.
Xian city, about 40005000 years ago, the sunken
house ruins shown that the earth part, some of which
were fired and formed a ceramic surface, played a
structural role to support the wood roof (Figure 1).
Several years ago, archeologists found similar ruins
(about 4000 years ago) in east part of Tibet where
rocks were used to form a short wall for earth stability
(Figure 2). Based the analysis on historic documents
and archeological discovery Chinese scholar drawn
the conjectural image of some cases of this structure
in Han Dynasty (2nd century B.C- 2nd century A.D)
(Figure 3). This building was built around the rammed Figure 2. Archeological site of Karuo village, Tibet.
earth terrace, step by step. Similar structure is still used
in some pagodas in Tibet and Nipal. (Figure 4 and Fig-
ure 5). Figure 6 and Figure 7 also showed this type of and the construction methods are obviously differ-
buildings using earth or brick terrace and wood shelter. ent, each of them shows different characters. Now,
Afterwards, some other types of brick-wood architec- the research on the structural performance of Chi-
tural heritages occurred one after another in China. nese traditional timber buildings or Chinese traditional
In fact, for the Chinese traditional brick-wood masonry buildings is very abundant, but the research
architectural heritages, their composite modes are on the structural performance of Chinese traditional
different and variable, such as high-platform build- brick-wood architectural heritages is still infant. In
ings, pagodas, gate towers, castles and dwellings. this paper, the classification method of the Chinese
The architectural forms, the layouts, the elevations traditional brick-wood architectural heritages would

44
Figure 3. Conjectural image of ceremony complex of Han
Dynasty.
Figure 4. Pagoda in Baiju Temple, Jiang zi, Tibet.
Figure 5. Plan of the pagoda in Baiju Temple. The core part
of the pagoda was built with adobe, but the terrace roofs were
built with timber structure.
Figure 6. Survived part of the gate house of Qian tomb,
Xian, it was built in 8th century A.D. The wood roof had
been destroyed.
45
Figure 7. Mural in a tomb of 8th century A.D., Xian shown
the original image with timber structure roof in the Gate house
at tombs of that time.
be studied systematically based on the architectural
forms and the structural features firstly. Then the com-
mon damages of these heritages were summarized and
analyzed, and the factors leading to their damages
were revealed and the conservation methods of these
heritages were proposed.
2 MAIN TYPES OF BRICK-WOOD
ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGES
The Chinese brick-wood architectural heritages can be
classified according to their architectural forms and
the structural features.
2.1 Brick-wood pagodas
For Chinese brick-wood pagodas, brick walls were
often built as outer vertical load-bearing members,
the timber columns were often built as inner verti-
cal load bearing members, and floors and roof were
often built by timber members. The Ruiguang pagoda
and the Liuhe pagoda were taken as the two typical
examples.
Ruiguang Pagoda (Figure 8) is located in Suzhou,
Jiangsu Province. Its a brick-wood structural pagoda
built in Song dynasty and now its a national key cul-
tural relic protection unit. The height of this pagoda is
about 53.6 meters, the story height and the floor area
are decreased floor by floor. The plane shape of this
pagoda is octagon. It is consisted of the outer walls, the
winding corridors and the core. There are timber eaves
and timber corridors at the each floor of pagoda. In the

Figure 8. Ruiguang Pagoda.
pagoda, the middle octagonal brick column was built
from the base to the fifth floor, but from the fifth floor
to the top, the octagonal brick column was replaced by
the eight timber columns, and these timber columns are
supported on the octagonal brick column. Ruiguang
Pagoda is a cultural treasure which has ingenious con-
struction techniques and an elegant shape. Its a mature
representative work of Chinese southern brick-wood
structural pagoda built in Song dynasty. Its also an
important example to study the development process
and building techniques of this type of pagodas.
Liuhe Pagoda (Figure 9) is located in Hanzhou,
Zhejiang Province. Liuhe Pagoda has eight sides and
13 layers. This pagoda is also a brick-wood structure.
The pagoda body was built by bricks and motor, but
the outer columns and the pagoda floors including the
beams, the eaves, the corridors are all timber members.
The pagoda can be divided into four parts: exterior
walls, corridors, interior walls and small core rooms,
forming the inner ring and the outer ring. The inner
ring is the wall of the small core rooms, and the outer
ring is the exterior walls of the pagoda, the corridors
are between these two rings.
2.2 Watchtowers with outer brick walls and inner
timber columns
In china, the watchtowers in Tibetan and Qiang build-
ings are often brick-wood structures. Most of them
are the multi-layers structure constituted by outer
brick walls, inner timber columns, timber floors, etc.
For example, the Potala Palace in Tibet is a typical
brick-wood watchtower structure, as shown in Figure
10. It is known to the world as a treasure of Tibetan
46
Figure 9. Liuhe Pagoda.
Figure 10. Potala Palace.
culture. The Potala Palace is located in Lhasa, Tibet
Autonomous Region. It is a large castle-style building.
It has a lot of features of a traditional Tibetan buddhist
architecture. The outer wall and the sleeper wall of
the Potala Palace were built by rubbles and mortar,
the inner structure is constituted by a large amount of
timber columns, timber beams, timber rafters, etc. The
outer rubble walls and the inner timber columns are the
main vertical load-bearing members. The thickness of
outer walls of the Potala Palace is 2 to 5 meters, the
wall foundations are supported on the rocks, and the
foundations are very stable and safe. The rubble walls
are made of granite rubbles and mud mortar.
2.3 Buildings with timber purlins on gables
In Chinese southern area, especially in Fujian Province
and Taiwan region, there are a lot of buildings with
purlins on gables. The building with purlins on gables
is also a type of brick-wood structure. For this type of
buildings, the timber purlins are directly put on the lat-
eral gables, this configuration is different from that of
the Chinese traditional timber frame structure in which
the timber purlins are directly put on the timber frames.
The lateral gables generally have two types, one type
is the solid wall construction method, as shown in
Figure 11, and the other type is the cavity wall
construction method, as shown in Figure 12.
According to the analysis on a typical building with
purlins on gables with the finite element method, if
the building is only resisted its own weight, the top of
the junction of gables and longitudinal walls, the top
of middle of longitudinal walls, the position at gables
where the purlins are put on, are the weak positions of
the structure. If the building is resisted the earthquake
and its own weight, the top of middle of gables, the
top of the junction of gables and longitudinal walls,
the top of middle of longitudinal walls, and the foots
Figure 11. The building with purlins on gables with the solid
wall construction method.
Figure 12. The building with purlins on gables with the
cavity wall construction method.
Figure 13. Section plan of the tower building of Jinling High
School.
of the door openings at the front longitudinal wall are
the weak positions of the structure.
2.4 Modern brickwood structures
There are a large number of brick-wood structures
in Chinese modern architectures built during 1912 to
1949. Most of them have transverse load-bearing brick
walls and longitudinal load-bearing brick walls, build-
ing roof is often constituted by timber trusses, timber
purlins and some other timber members, building floor
is often constituted by timber beams, timber gratings,
and some other timber members. For this type of brick-
wood structures, the brick walls are often made of
black bricks or red bricks, and lime mortar, as shown
in Figure 13 and Figure 14.
According to the structural analysis of this type
of buildings, this type of buildings normally has
the following problems: the seismic capacity and the
height-thickness ratios of some walls can not meet the
safety requirements.The bearing capacity of some tim-
ber beams and some timber gratings can not meet the
safety requirements. The connection joints of timbers
members and brick walls have some decay problems.
The timber trusses of building roof have some integral
stability problems.
47
Figure 14. The tower building of Jinling High School
(Nanjing, built in 1889).
Figure 15. Gate tower on the Nanjing city wall.
Figure 16. Gate tower on the Linhai city wall.
2.5 Gate towers on city gates
Chinese gate towers on city gates are also brick-wood
structures. For this type of gate towers, the top building
is often the timber structure or the brick-wood struc-
ture, and the bottom city gate is the masonry structure
which is filled with tabia or bricks. This type of gate
towers was often built at the entrance of city or town, it
has the functions of defense, transportation, watch, and
war preparedness, as shown in Figure 15 and Figure 16.
Taking the project of Xian Yongning gate tower on
city wall as an example, the architectural style of this
building is the hip-and-gable roof with double eaves,
the building plane is rectangular, there are 11 rooms
along the longitudinal direction, and there are 2 rooms
along the transverse direction. The structure of this
building is constituted by the timber columns, the tim-
ber beams, the timber purlins, and enclosure brick
walls. The connection joints of the timber columns
and the timber beams are the mortise-tenon joints,
the enclosure brick wall and the outer timber columns
lean on each other. According to the structural analy-
sis of the gate tower with the finite element method,
the enclosure brick walls greatly improves the lateral

Figure 17. Weathering phenomenon.
Figure 18. Alkali phenomenon.
rigidity of the structure, and the natural frequencies of
the structure and the aseismic capacity of the structure
are obviously increased.
3 STRUCTURAL DAMAGES AND CAUSES OF
BRICK-WOOD STRUCTURAL HERITAGES
3.1 The damage characteristics of brick-wood
structures
3.1.1 Damages of brick members
3.1.1.1 Weathering phenomenon
Weathering phenomenon of brick members is often
occurred in Chinese historic brick-wood structures,
as shown in Figure 17. Weathering can make brick
become pieces from blocks and turn hard into loose.
Even the mineral composition will resolve. The weath-
ering of brick members can be divided into physi-
cal weathering, chemical weathering and biological
weathering.
3.1.1.2 Alkali phenomenon
Alkali phenomenon of brick members is often
occurred in Chinese historic brick-wood structures as
shown in Figure 18.The reasons of this type of damage
can be divided into internal reason and external rea-
son. The internal reason is that there are soluble salts
and alkali existed in the brick, and the external reason
is basis material is permeable, when water permeate
from surface to inside, it will dissolve the soluble sub-
stances in brick members. However, when material is
dry, water will migrate from interior to exterior and it
will take soluble substances to surface. With the evap-
oration of surface water, white soluble substances will
be left in the surface. Its just the alkali phenomenon.
3.1.1.3 Wall cracking
Wall cracking is also one of common damages of brick
members in brick-wood structures. The wall cracking
48
Figure 19. Wall Cracking.
Figure 20. Bow Deformation.
damages have mainly two types. (1) the type of load
crack, which reflects the unstability or lack of bearing
capacity of brick wall, as shown in Figure 19(a). (2) the
type of wall crack resulting from the uneven settlement
of foundation or temperature change, which effects the
behavior and integrity of the structures, as shown in
Figure 19(b).
3.1.1.4 Bow deformation
The long-term service of brick-wood structure leads
to performance degradation and decrease of bearing
capacity. If brick member can not bear the load action,
brick member often occurs the bow deformation, as
shown in Figure 20.
3.1.2 Damage of timber members
3.1.2.1 Dry-shrinkage cracking
Dry shrinkage cracking of timber members is often
occurred in Chinese historic brick-wood structures.
The dry-shrinkage cracking of timber members fol-
lows the rule that the cracks are usually radial, devel-
oping from surface to center. Commonly, timber with
high density is more likely to crack due to the larger
shrinkage deformation.
3.1.2.2 Decay
Decay is one of the most serious damages of timber
members in historic Chinese brick-wood structures.
Foots of timber columns (Figure 21(a)) and connec-
tion parts between timber members and brick members
(Figure 21(b)) are most likely to decay in historic
brick-wood structures.
3.1.2.3 Insect damage
In Chinese historic brick-wood structures, timber
members often suffer from insects. Insects oviposit in
the timber members and then the eggs hatch into lar-
vae which eat timber, finally creating different sizes of
holes. Termites and carpenter bees are the most com-
mon insects eating timber members in China, as shown
in Figure 22 and Figure 23.
Figure 21. Decay of timber members.
Figure 22. Termites damage.
Figure 23. Carpenter bee damage.
3.1.2.4 Excessive deformation
In Chinese historic brick-wood structures, some tim-
ber members including timber beams and timber
purlins usually have the damages of excessive defor-
mation because of small depth-to-span ratio or large
load action.
3.2 Integrated damages of brick-wood structures
The main problem existing in Chinese historic brick-
wood structure is the material difference between
brick and timber. This difference brings the poor
collaborative work performance between these two
different materials which is bad for seismic resistance
of the structures. For example, a seriously earthquake
happened in Wenchuan, Sichuan Province in China on
12th May 2008 resulted in destroys of a large number
of houses, especially the brick-wood structures.
3.2.1 Brick-wood pagoda
Brick-wood pagodas general have greater height, with
the increase of height, the compression stress of
pagoda body decreases, the shear strength decreases
faster with the increase of height, the higher modes
49
Figure 24. Earthquake damage of Baita in Langzhong.
Figure 25. Damage of timber members of brick-wood
pagoda.
greatly influence the top of the tower when section
becomes smaller, due to the low tensile strength of the
binder material, the top of tower is prone to crack under
earthquake action, the cracks gradually develop and
cause the collapse of the top floor or several top floors.
When the bottom material strength of the ancient
pagoda degradates, and the bearing capacity is insuf-
ficient, seismic load even would cause the collapse
of whole structure. A large number of ancient pago-
das were collapsed in Wenchuan earthquake, including
Baita of Langzhong City in the Ming Dynasty (Figure
24), its top 6 floors collapsed in the earthquake, Its
Tacha is located at the top of the pagoda and plays
the function of decoration, leakproofing, its quality
is relatively concentrated, its height is large, a big-
ger earthquake force is generated due to the whiplash
effect under seismic action, resulting in particularly
severe damage to the top of the pagoda. In addition, the
damage of the timber members of brick-wood pagoda
body is also obvious due to natural and man-made
factors, as shown in Figure 25.
3.3 Watchtowers with brick wall and wooden
column
Taking Potala Palace in Lhasa as an example, which
is a huge building group lacks of repairs during over
300 years after being extended in 1645, a lot of dam-
ages occurred in this building, such as the wall cracks
and the partially collapses. Due to the displacement
of some timber members, and the bending fracture of

Figure 26. Earthquake damage of Lingbao monastery,
Sichuan.
Figure 27. Earthquake damage of Erwang Temple,
Sichuan.
Figure 28. Earthquake damage of Li Bais former residence,
Sichuan.
some timber members, the floor and the roof crack
and sink, and the roof leaks. The damages by worms
and decaying of wood are quite common, causing
some timber beams and timber rafters to fracture. In
addition, the sleeper wall under the Potala Palace bears
the whole weight of the superstructure, it has some
damages with weathering, deformation, and cracking,
these damages seriously decrease the aseismic per-
formance and structural safety of the whole Potala
Palace.
3.4 Earthquake damages of other kinds of
brick-wood structural heritages
The material difference between brick and timber, and
the poor connection between brick walls and timber
members are bad for aseismic performance of brick-
wood structures. Some typical earthquake damages
of the brick-wood structural heritages are shown in
Figure 26 Figure 28.
50
Cracking commonly begins at the position of stress
concentration or the position of weak strength of brick
walls in the earthquake. Under the reversed seismic
action, the wall crack is extended perpendicularly to
the maximum tensile stress direction which forms a
horizontal angle of 45 degrees. As the wall crack
extends, it dissipates earthquake energy until the crack
expands to a degree that the wall loses bearing capacity,
and the building would collapse. Roof deformation and
roof collapse can also occur in the earthquake, mainly
result from decay of timber beams or timber purlins or
poor connection behavior between them, which exac-
erbate the integral damages of the building. The main
factors influencing the damage of roof mainly includes
poor connection behavior between timber members
and brick walls, and decay degree of timber members.
Other factors such as roof weight and slope of roof
can also influence the damage of roof. In addition, the
poor construction quality, low strength of binder mor-
tar, poor connection between longitudinal walls and
transverse walls, and inadequate wall thickness, can
also lead to wall damages in different degrees.
4 STRENGTHENING AND REPAIRING
METHODS OF BRICK-WOOD
STRUCTURES
4.1 Strengthening and repairing principles
In China, most of these brick-wood architectural her-
itages are historical and cultural sites under govern-
ment protection, so their strengthening and repairing
methods must strictly observe the relative regulations
in Law of the Peoples Republic of China on the pro-
tection of cultural relics, Regulation for the imple-
mentation of law of the Peoples Republic of China on
protection of cultural relics and Principles for the
conservation of heritage sites in China. The strength-
ening and repairing treatments can not change the
initial faades, the initial patterns, the initial structures,
the initial materials and the initial crafts of these her-
itages. At the same time, the strengthening and repair-
ing treatments must ensure their structural safety.
4.2 Repairing methods of brick members
The main brick members include brick walls, brick
columns and brick arches, which mainly bear com-
pressive force.
If the brick wall cant meet the bearing capapcity
or its height-thickness ratio cant meet the require-
ment, the brick wall can be strengthened with the
steel-meshed cement mortar reinforcement method,
as shown in Figure 29. If the brick wall has a local
compression crack at the support position of the
timber beam or timber truss, the brick wall can be
strengthened with the additional counterfort column
reinforcement method, as shown in Figure 30. If the
integrity of brick wall is poor or the building lacks
of constructional columns and ring beams, the brick

Figure 29. Adding steel-meshed cement mortar layer
method.
Figure 30. Additional counterfort column reinforcement
method.
Figure 31. Adding constructional columns and ring beams
reinforcement method.
wall can be strengthened with the adding construc-
tional columns and ring beams reinforcement method,
as shown in Figure 31.
4.3 Repairing methods of timber members
4.3.1 Strengthening method of timber columns
For dry shrinkage cracks of timber members, if
the crack depth does not exceed 1/3 of diameter (or
the side size of rectangular section) of the column, the
column can be strengthened according to the following
methods:
(1) When the crack width is less than 3 mm, the crack
can be only filled by putty with wood sawdust.
51
Figure 32. Method of replacing rotten column with new
part.
(2) When the crack width is between 3 mm to 30 mm,
the crack can be filled by timber sheets with
structural glue adhesive.
(3) When the crack width is larger than 30 mm, the
crack needs to be filled by timber sheets with
structural glue adhesive firstly, then the cracking
area also needs to be strengthened by 2 to 3 steel
hoops, the distance of steel hoops should be not
larger than 0.5 m.
When the timber columns have different degrees of
decay problems, the following strengthening methods
can be adopted:
(1) When the timber column surface is decayed but the
column core is in good condition, and the residual
part still meets the structural safety requirement,
the decayed surface can be removed firstly, then
the dry timber sheets can be glued to the col-
umn with structural glue adhesive, repairing the
column to be the original size and shape.
(2) When the foot of timber column decays seriously,
and the decay part is not more than 1/4 of the
column height, the method of replacing rotten
column with new part can be adopted, as shown in
Figure 32.
(3) If the timber column decays in inner, or it is ver-
miculated empty, but the column surface is in
good condition and the surface thickness is larger
than 50 mm, the column can be strengthened by
grouting unsaturated polyester resin.
(4) If the decay depth of the timber column is more
than 1/2 of the diameter, the timber column needs
to be replaced with a new timber column with the
same material.
4.3.2 Strengthening method of timber beams
When timber beams have different degrees of decay
problems, some different strengthening methods
should be taken according to analysis of their
load-bearing capacity. If the residual timber part can
meet the structural safety requirement, the timber
beam can be repaired with the patching method. The
decayed timber part needs to be removed firstly, then
the dry timber part will be patched with the struc-
tural adhesive, repairing the beam to be the original
size and shape. If the residual timber part cant meet
the structural safety requirement, the timber beam can
be strengthened with the enlarging section method or
the adding steel plates method. If the decay depth of
Figure 33. Adding the support under timber beams.
Figure 35. Integral reinforcement method.

Figure 34. Adding the steel plates.

the timber beam is more than 1/5 of the height or the Figure 36. Joint reinforcement method.
diameter and its load bearing capacity can not meet
the structural safety requirement, then the timber beam
needs to be replaced with a new timber beam with the
same material.
The dry shrinkage cracks of timber beams should
be treated as follows:
(1) When the crack depth is smaller than 1/4 of the
width or the diameter of timber beam, the tim-
ber beam can be strengthened by the embedding
new timber plates with structural adhesive, and
two steel plates also need to be set to hoop the
cracking area.
(2) If the crack depth is larger than 1/4 of the width Figure 37. Adding affiliated purlins method.
or the diameter of timber beam, and the load-
bearing capacity cant meet the structural safety
requirements, the timber beam can be strength- 4.3.4 Strengthening method of timber purlins
ened by adding the support under timber beams When timber purlins have the damages of excessive
(Figure 33), or adding the steel plates (Figure 34). deformation because of small depth-to-span ratio or
large load action, timber purlins can be strengthened
4.3.3 Strengthening method of timber roof trusses with the methods of enlarging section, adding affili-
When timber roof trusses have the lateral stability ated purlins (Figure 37), gluing CFRP sheets, adding
problems, they can be strengthened with the integral steel plates, etc.
reinforcement method. Vertical support system can be
added to improve the lateral stability of timber roof 4.3.5 CFRP strengthening method of timber
trusses. The vertical support system can be the steel members
truss structure, and the steel plates and the timber The advantages of CFRP strengthening method of
members are connected with bolts and steel plates, timber members are described as follows (1) Bear-
as shown in Figure 35. ing capacity and stiffness of the timber member are
When the connection joints of timber members are increased without increasing the cross section size;
loosed, and the problem has influenced the structural (2) CFRP sheet is convenient to cut and construct;
safety, the steel plates can be used to strengthen these (3) Corrosion resistance of timber members is
joints, as shown in Figure 36. increased after CFRP strengthening.

52

Figure 38. CFRP strengthening methods of timber
members.
Figure 39. Timber members strengthened with CFRP
sheets.
Main CFRP strengthening methods of timber mem-
bers are shown in Figure 38, and an actual CFRP
strengthening case is shown in Figure 39.
5 CONCLUSIONS
Brick-wood structural heritages occupy a consider-
able proportion in Chinese architectural heritages and
east-asian architectural heritages. The study on the
structural performance and conservative techniques
of brick-wood structures contributes to their scientific
protection and strengthening. However, there are still
a lot of problems which are needed to be immediately
resolved. For example: (1) The material properties of
brick and timber are very different, how do brick mem-
bers and timber members work together in brick-wood
structure? (2) How to simulate the connection joints of
brick members and timber members in the calculation
models of brick-wood structures? (3) For the type of
gate towers on city gates with brick-wood structure,
what is the coupling effect between brick members
and timber members? (4) The damping ratio of timber
structure is often 0.07, and the damping ratio of brick
structure is often 0.05, but what is the damping ratio of
these brick-wood structures? (5) Due to the large dif-
ference of stiffness and material properties between
53
brick structure and timber structure, these brick-wood
structures are easy to occur torsional deformation and
have obvious weak parts when earthquake happens.
How to strengthen and repair them before earthquake
happens?
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This paper is written with support of National Natural
Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51138002 &
51578127).
REFERENCES
Aras, F., Krstevska, L., Altay, G. & Tashkov, L. 2011. Exper-
imental and numerical modal analyses of a historical
masonry palace, Construction and Building Materials.
99: 8191.
Bai, S., Cheng, S.G. & Huang, D.S. 2014. Seismic damage
and damage enlightenment of ancient masonry pagoda.
Build Structure, 44(1):450454.
Cao, P.N. 2011. Structural and seismic performance of embra-
sured watchtower atop Yongning gate of Xian ancient
city wall. Xian: Xian University of Architecture and
Technology.
Cui, S.S. 2009. Seismic damage analysis and seismic disaster
mitigation measures of rural construction in the wenchuan
earthquake. Xian: Changan University.
Li, G.J. & Ma, Q.H. 2007. The repairs to the Harbin modern
protective buildings. Earthquake Resistant Engineering
and Retrofitting, 25(5):626.
Li, N. 2013. The study on Chongqing modern brick architec-
ture construction technology and protection. Chongqing:
Chongqing University.
Liu, J.P. & Li, Y.J. 2011. Key technologies of rein-
forcement and reconstruction for Brick-wood struc-
ture. Earthquake Resistant Engineering and Retrofitting,
33(4): 105109.
Liu, C. 2014. Study on structure performance of traditional
load-bearing wall system house in central henan province.
Zhengzhou. Zhengzhou University.
Nakagawa, T. & Ohta, M. 2003. Collapsing process sim-
ulations of timber structure under dynamic loading II:
simplification and quantification of the calculating model.
Wood Science, 49: 499504.
Ping, C.D.Z. & Qiang, B.D.D. 2009. The damage reason and
repair skills of the Potala palace building. Study of Tibetan
art, 3:6062.
Uchida, A., et al. 1998. Dynamic characteristics in Japanese
traditional timer buildings. Proc. World Conf. on Timber
Engrg. Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Roman-
des, Montreux, Switzerland, 3441.
Wu, J. 2013. The pavilion-style brick-and-timber structure
of the six harmonies pagoda in Hangzhou. Art of China,
2:124125.
Xu, R.F. 2010. Resrarch on the conservation practices of
the Ruiguang pagoda in Suzhou (19791991). Nanjing.
Southeast University, 1113.
Zengyan CAO & Hiroyuki WATANABE. 2004. Earthquake
response predication and retrofitting techniques of a dobe
structures.The Proceedings of the JSCE Annual Meeting.
59(2):11007.
Zhang, M.Q. 2009. The architectural features research
of Bashu ancient pagodas. Chongqing: Chongqing
University.