Introduction

An electric bicycle, also known as an e-bike or booster

bike, is a bicycle with an integrated electric motor which
can be used for propulsion. There are a great variety of e-
bikes available worldwide, from e-bikes that only have a
small motor to assist the rider's pedal-power (i.e.,
pedelecs) to somewhat more powerful e-bikes which tend
closer to moped-style functionality: all, however, retain
the ability to be pedalled by the rider and are therefore not
electric motorcycles. E-bikes use rechargeable batteries
and the lighter varieties can travel up to 25 to 32 km/h (16
to 20 mph), depending on the laws of the country in
which they are sold, while the more high-powered
varieties can often do in excess of 45 km/h (28 mph). In
some markets, such as Germany, they are gaining in
popularity and taking some market share away from
conventional bicycles, while in others, such as China,
they are replacing fossil fuel-powered mopeds and small
motorcycles.
As we all know the fuel prices especially the
petrol is rising steadily day by day. Again the
pollution due to vehicles in metro cities &
urban areas is increasing continuously. To
overcome these problems, an effort is being
made to search some other alternative
sources of energy for the vehicles. Again, it is
also not affordable to purchase vehicles
(mopeds, scooters or motorcycles) for all the
class of society. Keeping this in mind, a search
for some way to cater these economically
poor people as well as to provide a solution
for the environmental pollution was in
progress. The solar assisted bicycle developed
is driven by DC motor fitted in front or rear
axle housing & operated by solar energy. The
solar panels mounted on the carriage will
charge the battery & which in turn drive the
hub motor. When the bicycle is idle, the solar
panel will charge the battery. This
arrangement will replace the petrol engine,
the gear box & the fuel tank in case of a two
wheeler or a chain sprocket, chain & gear
shifting arrangement of a conventional bicycle
being used by most common man. [9] As a
part of dissertation work, the solar assisted
bicycle is fitted with a dc hub motor on front
axle of a bicycle with power rating of 250W
and with a travelling speed of around 25-30
kmph. It is provided with a pair of lead acid
batteries of 35 Ah each, a photovoltaic solar
panel with capacity of 20 watt, a voltage
regulator of 24v 10 Amp, accelerator and
motor controller of 24v 25Amp. There is also a
provision for charging of the battery with 220-
240V, AC wall outlet supply, in case of poor
solar supply due to cloudy weather.

Block Diagram Of Solar Electric

Bicycle:-
 METHODOLOGY:-

The solar assisted bicycle consist of following

components- PMDC motor, solar panel,
voltage regulator, lead acid battery, motor
controller, accelerator, bicycle.

Solar Cells/ Panels :-

As the title suggests the bicycle is operated

by solar energy. The lead acid battery is
charged with solar energy with the help of a
solar cell. Solar cells convert the energy of
sunlight directly into electricity through the
use of the photovoltaic effect. The
photovoltaic effect involves the creation of a
voltage into an electro-magnetic radiation.
The photoelectric and photovoltaic effects are
related to sunlight, but are different in that
electrons are ejected from a materials
surface upon exposure to radiation of
sufficient energy in photoelectric, and
generated electrons are transferred to
different bands of valence to conduction
within the material, resulting in the build-up of
voltage between two electrodes in
photovoltaic.
Solar cells are electrically connected
and fabricated as a module with a sheet of
glass on top to allow light to pass and protect
the semiconductor from the weather. To
obtain a desired peak DC voltage we will add
solar cells in series, and to obtain a desired
peak current, the solar cells are put in parallel
position.
 Voltage Regulator:-

It is essential to regulate the voltage output

from the solar panel before it is supplied to
the battery. A voltage regulator is a power
converter with an output DC voltage greater
than the input DC voltage. This is used to
regulate an input voltage to a higher
regulated voltage. The output of the solar
panel is not always be stable due to
fluctuations in intensity of sunlight, angular
changes with respect to the direction of
 sunlight, as well as other environmental
factors. This is the voltage regulator/Boost
Converter comes into SAB. The output of the
solar panel is the input of the boost converter,
which then outputs into the battery for
charging. Because the output of the solar
panel will be varying constantly, we need a
voltage regulator/boost converter that will
take an input from a wide range of voltages
and output a specific, constant voltage value.

Lead Acid Battery:-

Lead acid batteries are one of the most
popular types of battery in electronics.
Although slightly lower in energy density than
lithium metal, lead acid is safe, provided
certain precautions are met when charging
and discharging. This have a many
advantages over other conventional types of
batteries, the lead acid battery is the
optimum choice for a solar assisted bicycle.
Current supplied from battery indicates the
 flow of energy from the battery and is
measured in amperes (or Amps). The higher
the current flow faster the battery will
discharge. A battery is rated in ampere-hours
(abbreviated Ah) and this is called the battery
capacity.

Motor Controller:-
The motor controller is an important component of the
system. It is essential to control the amount of power
supplied and to drive the BLDC hub motor. The controller
converts the DC voltage from battery to an alternating
voltage with variable amplitude and frequency that drive
the hub motor at different speeds. It basically consists of
MOSFET transistors and small microprocessor that vary
from detecting any malfunctions with the motor hall
sensors, the throttle, to protect functions against excessive
current and under-voltage, which are ideal for protecting
the system.

PMDC MOTOR:-

Like all electric motors or generators, torque is produced

by the principle of Lorentz force, which states
that any current-carrying conductor placed within an
external magnetic field experiences a torque or force
known as Lorentz force. Advantages of a brushed DC
motor include low initial cost, high reliability, and simple
Control of motor speed. Disadvantages are high
maintenance and low life-span for high intensity uses.
Maintenance involves regularly replacing the brushes and
springs which carry the electric current, as well as
cleaning or replacing the commutated. These components
are necessary for transferring electrical power from
outside the motor to the spinning wire windings of the
rotor inside the motor.

Accelerator:-

The maximum speed of a bicycle is 30 kmph.

It is required to vary the speed depending
upon the road conditions & traffic. Therefore
an accelerator or a throttle (Fig.13) is
necessary. Throttle allows us to drive the
motor from zero speed to full speed. The
throttle is fitted on right side of the handle bar
and is connected to controller. The throttle
converts DC voltage from battery to an
alternating voltage with variable amplitude
and frequency that drives the hub motor at
different speeds. It consists of MOSFET
transistors and a small microprocessor. This
throttle is technically referred to as a Hall
Effect type. The throttle has three wires
contains a black, red, and green. The supply
voltage is via red and black wires and is
usually around 4 volts. Green wire voltage
increases as the throttle is turned.

Dynamo:-
 In electric bicycle system we use a dynamo
for generation the electric power. A dynamo is
electrical generator they produce power with
use of a commutator. Here in electric bicycle
dynamo is placed on front wheel of the
bicycle and dynamo commutator is connected
with front wheel of bicycle. If bicycle is
running, at this condition by help of wheel the
commutator is rotating and it generates the
power. In dynamo use a rotating coil of wire
and magnetic, so it converts mechanical
rotation into an electric current through
Faradays law of induction. A dynamo is simple
generator that used to convert mechanical
motion into electrical motion with the help of
magnet. It consist of powerful magnet and
pole on which coil has been rotate about. The
rotating coil cuts the line of magnetic force,
there by inducing current to pass through the
wire. The mechanical energy produced by the
rotation is thus converted into electrical
current in the coil.
 Result:-

DC-DC Boost Converter:-

Including the solar panel into the electric

bicycle not only presents an extra source for
charging the battery, but also an extra
problem. The problem is that the output of the
solar panel will not always be stable due to
fluctuations in intensity of sunlight, angular
changes with respect to the direction of
sunlight, as well as other environmental
factors. This is where the Boost Converter
comes into our project. The output of the solar
panel will be the input of the boost converter,
which then outputs into the battery for
charging. Because the output of the solar
panel will be varying constantly, we need a
boost converter that will take an input from a
wide range of voltages and output a specific,
constant voltage value.
A boost converter is a step-up power
converter that will take in a DC voltage and
output a higher value DC voltage. Our boost
converter will require us to take in
the output of the solar panel, which can range
from 0V to 17.2V, and output 54.6V for
optimal charging of the battery.

Design of brake power:-

The torque is measured by the tachometer device is

7.65N/mm

=2NT/60

=2 300 7.65/60
 = 240

Applications
1. Travel for free with the power of the sun.
2. Provides free, 'green' transportation for short distances
(<10 miles), thus it must never plug into a wall socket,
or emit any pollutants.
3. Charges while at work
4. Is cheap, simple, and low maintenance.
5. Draws attention to the practical.

ADVANTAGES:-

Solar energy has been one of the most used, cleanest, and
sustainable forms of energy obtained through solar cells.
They are environmentally friendly with no use of any
fuels or release of toxic fumes that may cause global
warming. Solar cells are independent from a power source
and can charge constantly, which helps lower time to
charge through a high AC voltage charger. They also have
a long life span of at least twenty years and require little
to no maintenance.
 DISADVANTAGES
With all its advantages, there are some disadvantages to
solar cells as well. Solar cells are not easy to manufacture,
so their prices are high and increase with watt needed.
Sunlight is not always provided, especially at night, and
may not be evenly distributed where youre located, so it
cannot always provide the sufficient amount of power.
Therefore, it cannot be used as a primary source of
charging, sin c it is also not highly energy efficient.
Emapathy Mapping
 AEIOU Summary:
AEIOU stands
1.Activities 2.Environment 3.Interactions
4.Objects
5.Users
Ideation Canvas
Product Devloping Canvas

Conclusion
This project brought together several
components and ideas to achieve a common
goal: to prove that it is possible to build a
bicycle with 3 separate charging sources. We
put a lot of time into this bicycle to make sure
that it was performing the best it possibly
could. Now that the project as a whole is
finished, we hand it over to future generations
to design and improve each component.
Possibly future projects may include:
1) Design of a charge controller for the
battery: The battery management system
(BMS) built within the battery was very hard
to access, so we couldnt get an idea of how it
was designed. Having a BMS with the ability
to take in a wider range of voltages and
currents will be ideal.

2) Design of the motor controller: The current

motor controller is a very nice size and
weight, but the connections that it provides
are not as stable and protected as it can be.
Limiting the amount of wiring and connections
may also be desired.
4) Design of a more effective boost converter:
The current boost converter provides only
3mA from the solar panel to charge the
battery. That would take about 4000 hours to
fully charge the battery from an empty
charge. The design of a new boost converter
that will output 54.6V but also be able to
provide a higher current will be beneficial to
the life of the battery as well as how efficient
a single charge will last.