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1 :
India's blood banking system has serious shortcomings. The gap between demand
and supply of blood is continuously widening. India has an annual requirement of
approximately, 5.0 million units of blood. The actual collection is only
approximately 3.50 million units. A study conducted by the National AIDS Control
Organization (NACO), regarding blood banking services in India has revealed
many shortcomings, including the decentralized nature of blood services, a
shortage of human, technological and financial resources and a deficit in the
availability of blood, especially from voluntary donors. Paradoxically, very few
blood banks are operating to their full capacity. Inappropriate use of blood and
wastage is not an uncommon occurrence. Even during an emergency, the onus is
on the patient's relatives to arrange for replacement of blood.
Blood Bank Management System, the portal bridges the gap between the demand
and supply of blood. This portal aims to bring blood donors and recipients under a
common on-line platform. Donors can register themselves on the system after
going through the basic requirements for donating blood. This portal also has
useful information regarding blood donation.
Chapter 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND PROBLEM
DEFINATION
The manpower required for this kind of transaction and maintenance of data is
higher than the actual requirement.
Chapter 3 SYSTEM ANALYSIS
There is possibility that user might enter wrong data and wrong data may
cause inconsistency to the database and hence to the system. To avoid this,
The major purpose is to generate efficient reports on any user request. This
friendly, this not only improve interaction but also saves data entry time.
menus and drag & drop facilities, which reduce the data entry effort on the
a) Security:
All users are not allowed to access the database. Hence there is a need to
There are 2 main types of users who will be using the software
They are:-
1) Admin
2) User
Each user is given the specific rights to access the data in Read only,
a) Analysis Phase:
System Analysis:-
This refers to the gathering of system requirements, with the goal of determining
into representation of the software which can be assessed for quality before coding
begins. In the verifications, I have tried to ensure that the design is satisfying the
requirements and is of good quality. I have tried to find out if there is any
In this phase, we translated design of a system into code which can be compiled
and executed. In this phase we have done actual coding for all forms. In this we
tried to produce simple program which are clear to understanding and modify.
We have used dynamic method to verify the code. We have executed program on
some test data and output of the program examined to determine if there are any
error present. I have read the code carefully to detect any discrepancies between
d) Testing:
Testing plays a critical role in quality assurance for software. Due to limitations of
the verification methods for the previous phase, design and requirement faults also
appear in the code. Testing is used to detect these errors, in addition to the errors
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
Practical No. 2 :
Aim: Waterfall Model as the conventional process model to prepare the flow and
Gantt Chart.
To be done as per Software Engineering approach for any project preferably the
students project
using waterfall model as the process model and to prepare the scheduling chart
using Gantt chart.
Waterfall model: This model is called as the waterfall model, because in this
model the more emphasizes is on the complete phase development before
proceeding with the next phase of the development. With the combination with
some kinds phase completions, establishment of the baseline is done which freezes
the development products at such point. If the current requirement is identified in
order to change these products, then the process of formal change is followed in
order make the change. Such kind of phases graphic representation during the
software development resembling the waterfall model downward flow.
As we discussed the basic working this model in above section, in this section we
will take the overview of basic steps of the model in the software development:
Following figure shows the different phase in the development of the software. The
documentation included the documentation from each phase. The phases below the
detailed design phase include software as part of their output. Transition from
phase to phase is accomplished by holding a formal review that is attended by the
contractor and appropriate government agencies. These reviews provide the
government insight into the contractor's progress. At critical points on the waterfall
model, baselines are established, the last of which is the product baseline.
Grantt chart:
Practical No. 3 : Cost Estimation of the project Using Function Point Analysis
(FPA)
It is designed to estimate and measure the time, and thereby the cost, of
developing
new software applications and maintaining existing software applications.
The main other approach used for measuring the size, and therefore the time
required,
of software project is lines of code (LOC) which has a number of inherent
problems.
Working from the project design specifications, the following system functions are
measured
(counted):
Inputs-10
Login
Homepage
Donor details
Receptionist detail
Donation
Product
Update product
Blood bag sales
Product sales
Search
reports
Outputs-7
Donor details1
Receptionist detail1
Product 1
Update product 1
Blood bag sales 1
Product sales 1
Searchop
Files-17
Inquires-2
Interfaces-4
Connecton class
Purchase
bill
Simple Average
Complex
Inputs 2 4
6
Outputs 3 5
7
Files 5 10
15
Inquires 2 4
6
Interfaces 4 7
10
A simple example:
Inputs:-
4 simple X 2 = 8
5 average X 4 = 20
2 complex X 6 = 12
Outputs:-
2 simple X 3=6
3 average X 5 = 15
2 complex X 7 = 14
Files:-
12 simple X 5=60
17 average X 10=170
5 complex X 15 = 75
Inquiries:-
1 simple X 2=1
2 average X 4 = 8
1 complex X6=6
Interfaces:-
4 average X 7 = 28
data communications 3
performance criteria 4
on-line update 0
complex computation 3
reusability 4
ease of installation 4
ease of operation 5
portability 4
maintainability 4
TOTAL 46
Define Technical Complexity Factor (TCF):
TCF = 1.11
Function Point = 67
the programmers in our organization average 21 function points per month and
the Function Point is 67
the average programmer is paid $3,000 per month (including benefits), then the
[labor]
cost of the project will be . . .
3 man-months X $3,000=$9,000
The total cost for far estimated is $9,000
Practical No. 4 :
Cost Estimation of the project Using COCOMO Model.
1. Organic Mode:
In the organic mode the project is developed in a familiar, stable environment and
the
product is similar to previously developed products. The product is relatively
small, and
require little innovation. Most people connected with the project have extensive
experience
in working with related systems within the organization and therefore can usefully
contribute to the project in its early stages, without generating a great deal of
project
communication overhead. An organic mode project is relatively relaxed about the
way the
software meets its requirements and interface specifications. If a situation arises
where an
exact correspondence of the software product to the original requirements would
cause an
extensive rework, the project team can generally negotiate a modification of the
specifications that can be developed more easily.
The Basic COCOMO Effort and schedule equations for organic mode software
projects
are:
SM = 2.4 * ( KDSI )1.05
TDEV= 2.50 * ( SM )0.38
2. Semidetached Mode:
In this mode project's characteristics are intermediate between Organic and
Embedded.
"Intermediate" may mean either of two things:
1. An intermediate level of project characteristics.
2. A mixture of the organic and embedded mode characteristics.
Therefore in an Semidetached mode project, it is possible that:
o The team members all have an intermediate level of experience with related
systems.
o The team has a wide mixture of experienced and inexperienced people.
o The team members have experience related to some aspects of the system under
development, but not others.
The size of a Semidetached mode product generally extends up to 300 KDSI.
The Basic COCOMO Effort and schedule equations for organic mode software
projects
are:
SM = 3.0 * ( KDSI )1.12
TDEV= 2.50 * ( SM )0.35
Embedded Mode:
In this development mode Project is characterized by tight , inflexible constraints
and interface
requirements. The product must operate within a strongly coupled complex of
hardware, software,
regulations, and operational procedures. The embedded-mode project does not
generally have the
option of negotiating easier software changes and fixes by modifying the
requirements and
interface specifications.The project therefore need more effort to accommodate
changes and fixes.
The embedded mode project is generally charting its way through unknown
territory to a greater
extent than the organic mode project. This lead the project to use a much smaller
team of analyst
in the early stages, as a large number of people would get swamped in
communication overhead.
Once the embedded mode project has completed its product design, its best
strategy is to bring on
a very large team of programmers to perform detailed design, coding and unit
testing in parallel.
Otherwise the project would take much longer to complete. This strategy as we
will see leads to
the higher peaks in the personnel curves of embedded-mode projects, and to the
greater amount of
effort consumed compared to an organic mode project working to the same total
development
schedule.
The Basic COCOMO Effort and schedule equations for organic mode software
projects are:
SM = 3.6 * ( KDSI )1.20
TDEV= 2.50 * ( SM )0.32
Problem : An initial study has determined that the size of the program will be
roughly 52,000
delivered source instructions for ABC Inventory.
This project is a good example of an organic-mode software project. Using the
Basic COCOMO
equations for this development mode we have:
TABLE:-
Modes A B C
D
Effort :
SM = 2.4*(52)1.05 = 152 Staff-Months
Productivity:
52000DSI / 152 SM = 342 DSI / SM
Schedule:
Average Staffing:
152 staff-months / 17 months = 9 FSP ( Full Time Equivalent Software Personnel
)
Plans & 6% 6% 6% 6%
Requirements
Product 16 16 16 16
design
Detailed 26 25 24 23
Design
Integration & 16 19 22 25
Test
Product 19 19 19 19
Design
Detailed
Design &
Code & Unit 55
Test 63 59 51
Integration & 18 22 26 30
Test
Total 100 100 100 100
Using table 1 and table 2 we can calculate the number of staff needed for
programming ( Detailed
Design & Code and Unit Test ) phase of the previous example:
Programming Effort :
Plans & 7% 7% 7% 7%
Requirements
Product 17 17 17 17
Design
Detailed 27 26 25 24
Design
Integration & 19 22 25 28
Test
Total 100 100 100 100
Table 5 and Table 6 present the percentage distribution of the basic software effort
and schedule
within the development phases of an embedded mode product:
Bohem in Software Engineering Economics defines each of the cost drivers, and
defines the Effort
Multiplier associated with each rating ( Table 7 ).
Table 7 - Project Characteristic Table
Example:
If your project is rated Very High for Complexity (Effort Multiplier of 1.30), and
Low for Tools
Use (Effort Multiplier of 1.10), and all of the other cost drivers are rated to be
Nominal, these
Effort Multipliers are used to calculate the Effort Adjustment Factor, which is used
in the effort
equation:
EAF = 1.30 * 1.10 = 1.43
Effort = EAF * 3.2 * 31.05 = 14.5 SM
TDEV = 2.5 * 14.50.38 = 6.9 Months
Average staffing:
14.5 / 6.9 = 2.1 people
There are two reasons why Intermediate model produces better results than the
Basic Model. First,
It considers the effect of more cost drivers. Second, in the Intermediate mode the
system can be
divided into "components". DSI value and Cost Drivers can be chosen for
individual components,
instead of for the system as a whole.COCOMO can estimate the staffing, cost, and
duration of
each of the components--allowing you to experiment with different development
strategies, to find
the plan that best suits your needs and resources.
Practical No. 5
Description:
A class diagram describes the types of objects in the system and the
various kinds of static relationships that exist among them.i.e.,A graphical
representation of a static view on declarative static elements. A class is the
description of a set of objects having similar attributes, operations, relationships
and behavior.
The class diagrams are widely used in the modelling of object oriented systems
because they are the only UML diagrams which can be mapped directly with
object oriented languages.
Class Notation:
UML class is represented by the diagram shown below. The diagram is divided
into four parts.
The third section is used to describe the operations performed by the class.
To model a system the most important aspect is to capture the dynamic behaviour.
In UML there are five diagrams available to model dynamic nature and use case
diagram is one of them.
Use Case diagrams show the various activities the users can perform on the
system. The System is something that performs a function. They model the
dynamic aspects of the system. It provides a users perspective of the system.
Actor:
Use case:
Relationship:
Relationships are simply illustrated with a line connecting actors to use
cases.
In this use case diagram very first customer login to the page. After that customer
gets items lists with the select item or purchase item option..Then admin login in to
the page and add items selected by the customer to the purchase list.The list is
visible to the user.
Practical No. 7 : Acitvity description for the project
Aim : Derive an activity diagram from the narrative text by following the steps
outlined below.
A work breakdown structure (WBS) is a key project deliverable that organizes the
team's work into manageable sections. The Project Management Body of
Knowledge (PMBOK) defines the work breakdown structure as a "deliverable
oriented hierarchical decomposition of the work to be executed by the project
team." The work breakdown structure visually defines the scope into manageable
chunks that a project team can understand, as each level of the work breakdown
structure provides further definition and detail.
The project team creates the project work breakdown structure by identifying the
major functional deliverables and subdividing those deliverables into smaller
systems and sub-deliverables. These sub-deliverables are further decomposed until
a single person can be assigned.
The work breakdown structure has a number of benefits in addition to
defining and organizing the project work. A project budget can be allocated to the
top levels of the work breakdown structure, and department budgets can be quickly
calculated based on the each project's work breakdown structure.
By allocating time and cost estimates to specific sections of the work
breakdown structure, a project schedule and budget can be quickly developed. As
the project executes, specific sections of the work breakdown structure can be
tracked to identify project cost performance and identify issues and problem areas
in the project organization.
Step 1:
Launch WBS chart pro. Select the arrow shown below for inserting new task.
Step 2:
Double click on the task shown above and give the name for the task.
Step 3:
Continue to add the tasks. We can also add subtasks for a given task.