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Nutrition

& Disease
February 23, 2017
By: KSC Dietetic Interns, Zach N. & Aubrey S.

Aubrey
Introduction slide.

Today, we are going to have a lesson on Nutrition & Disease. We both know as high
school students, we dont really think about diseases that could affect us in the future.
In this lesson, we are going to talk about two examples of common diseases. We are
also going to talk about genes and how this relates to disease. We are also going to
touch on nutrition and what role this plays in everything. So, how do you feel after
eating certain foods? Does one thing make you feel energized over another? Do you
feel tired if you skip breakfast and then go run? Do you feel brain-tired when you have
a test but did not eat a healthy lunch? What foods make you feel what? THis can be
related to how nutrition and disease affect our quality of life.
Stand Up
If...
Stand up if the following statements apply to you.
Sit down if they dont!

Zach
First have the students clasp their hands together for the first set of questions.

1. You clasp your hands with your right thumb on top.


2. You clasp your hands with your left thumb on top.
3. You have blue eyes.
4.You have brown eyes.
5.You write with your left hand.
6. You write with your right hand.
7. You have freckles.
8. Your hair is naturally curly.
9. Your hair is naturally straight.
10. You can roll your tongue.

After the activity we will ask the students what all of these questions had in common.
We will use this to explain genetics is one of the major things that makes us all
different. We will then mention that in the 1940s people discovered that rolling your
tongue was actually genetic but this was later debunked. Although it does have a
genetic component like many things its a balance between genetics and
environment, so some people might naturally be able to roll their tongue but
EVERYONE can learn to if they try.

This is a callback moment that while there are many things that are genetic most thing
involve environmental factors as well.
Sources:
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/basics/observable/

Images:
https://nysgeneticstaskforce.files.wordpress.com/2015/01/dna-human-genome-and-g
enes-ownership.png?w=1180&h=610&crop=1
Today you will...
...relate quality of life to both genetics and diet.
...discuss two major nutrition related diseases and their
causes.
...come up with two ways you can positively influence your
quality of life with nutrition!

Aubrey
Learning objectives.

Images:
http://sevenstarsfitness.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/how-to-get-a-good-quality-o
f-life-and-happiness.jpg
GLOSSARY
We have included a glossary on our handout.
If you have any questions feel free to ask!

Zach
We will introduce our glossary that is on our hand out to clarify any words that we may
use. We will also take this time to inform the students if they have any additional
questions they may ask us at any time.

Images:
http://weareyellowball.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Index-08-08.png
1.
Nutrition & Genetics
How does this impact the quality of life?

Aubrey
We will ask the students what they know about genetics.
What is genetics?
How does it work?
Genetics is a large storage of information in each of your cells that tells your
body what to do, put simply genetics is a recipe for you.
Your genetic code determined what you looked like when you were born.
Your genetics are made up of DNA which is in all of our cells and it looks like
this.

Zach
We want to introduce genetics and talk about how genetics determines a lot about our
body. We will relate this back to our icebreaker where we discussed common genetic
traits. We will ask the students what are some things about them that might be
determined by genetics, simple things.

Images:
https://img.clipartfest.com/4ac207997b5aca5fdfbce707a5bd5d99_0037570c6dc4e864
1c4b964eec525a-dna-clipart-transparent_5000-2000.png
How do our jeans genes
impact quality of life?

Genetics have a lot to do with how we act. Genetics can determine a lot of
things such as:
Hair color How fast your metabolism is.
Eye color How hungry you get.
Height How easy it is for you to exercise.
Skin color and How long will you live.
complexion How susceptible you are to disease.

As you can see there are a lot of things that can affect your quality of life in
many ways.

Zach
Ask the audience are some genetic factors that change our quality of life.
Reveal some of the genetic factors that can affect our quality of life.

Images:
http://www.economicdevelopmentwinnipeg.com/img/circles/quality-of-life-green.png
How do our genes make us
more susceptible to disease?
Some diseases are genetic, which means they can be carried in your genes and you
can pass them down to your children.

An example would be sickle-cell anemia. Sickle-cell anemia results when the gene
responsible for making red blood cells is faulty. If you have this disease you can
pass it on.

Not all diseases are as easy as you either inherit it or you dont. For a lot of diseases
having family history of it just means you are a little more likely to get it yourself.
You cant control your genetics but you CAN control what you do with them.

Aubrey
Some genes can make us susceptible to certain diseases. For our example, we are
going to talk about sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell anemia has a fairly basic genetic
component of whether someone will have the disease or not.

This can affect your quality of life just as your traits can affect your quality of life.

I will use this to transition into the factor that you cant control your genetics but you
can control environmental factors such as diet which I will talk about next.

Abnormal hemoglobin, called hemoglobin S, causes sickle cell disease (SCD).


The problem in hemoglobin S is caused by a small defect in the gene that directs the
production of the beta globin part of hemoglobin. This small defect in the beta globin
gene causes a problem in the beta globin part of hemoglobin, changing the way that
hemoglobin works.

Image: http://www.scyss.org/content/ImageFile/sickle_cell_anemia-01-1.png
What is nutrition?
How does it impact our quality of life?
Genetics is only part of the equation!

A lot of what determines your health and quality of life comes from
environmental factors. Simply put, how you choose to live your life
affects your health.

One big environmental, or controllable, factor is your diet.

What types of food do you consider a healthy part or


unhealthy part of a diet?
Does eating a better diet improve quality of life?

Aubrey
We will introduce the idea of controllable risk factors. We want to introduce the idea of
nutrition as a major controllable risk factor. We will use this to launch into a discussion
about what are some ways that diet can impact our quality of life.

Images: http://www.precisionnutrition.com/all-about-genetic-testing
Quality of Life
Activity
In a group,
List one thing that might affect quality of life and...
Would this affect your life positively or negatively?
Are there genetic or hereditary factors? Are there environmental or
controllable factors? Both?
If there is a dietary cause, what could someone do about it?

Zach
Give an example first before groups break off.
2.
Nutrition & Disease
How does what you eat impact your health?

Zach
Health is the result of constant interaction between genes and environmental factors.
We just went over how genes can cause disease. Now we are going to talk about
nutrition which is the most significant environmental factor in our daily lifestyles.

Images: http://images.clipartpanda.com/apple-20clip-20art-eTMpzjqTn.png
Disease and
Nutrition
Some diseases are linked to nutrition.
A healthy diet and lifestyle reduces risk of chronic
diseases.
How do genetics play a role in these?
Genetics determine how susceptible a person is to
develop a disease.
Environmental factors (diet) determine which
susceptible people will actually develop the
disease.
General recommendations can be created based on
human genome.

Aubrey
97 to 99% of human genome base pairs are identical among any two people. Basic
processes of food metabolism in everyone is generally the same.
This is why some general recommendations, such as eating healthy and staying
active, are beneficial to everyone.
Recommendations can be made on certain sex, age, lifestyle group (elderly, pregnant
women, etc.).
However, the 1 to 3% genome difference among us makes us respond differently to
different types of food.
A mismatch between genes and diet could lead to negative effects on our health. This
could eventually lead to chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes,
cancer, obesity, autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma and depression.

Image: http://www.renalnetwork.on.ca/common/pages/UserFile.aspx?fileId=259268
Individual
Nutrition Choices
How do we choose food
Do you remember our last lecture?

Now based on this lecture


Current diagnoses may determine food
choices.
General risk factors for diseases may
determine food choices.

Aubrey
Recall throughout of how they choose food.
Culture, social, time, money, preference

Images:
http://orewa.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/healthy-fast-food-choices-for-kids.jpg
Type II Diabetes
What causes it?
Overview:
The body does not use or produce insulin properly.
The Pancreas makes extra insulin to try to make up for it.
Over time, the pancreas is not able to keep up and insulin production slows.
Glucose levels build up in the blood instead of going to the cells.
Cells are starved of energy
Can damage eyes, kidneys, and nerves
Risk Factors: African Americans, Latinos, Native Americans, increased risk with
age, poor dietary habits
Cause & Effect: Having diabetes can cause other complications in the body
A build up of glucose in the blood causes kidney failure, vision problems,
extremity amputation.

Zach
Recall back to first presentation of what insulin is and how it works in body. Its okay if
they dont remember.

Images:
http://www.diagnosisdiet.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/dieases_pancreas.png

How does ethnicity affect risk? People of ethnic and racial groups are more at risk for
type 2 diabetes because their weight is usually higher, it usually runs in the family,
and have high blood pressure.
Ask students which risk factors can we change/not change?
Type II Diabetes and
Nutrition
Some practical tips you can implement to prevent Type II
DM:
Physical activity
Healthy diet
Smaller, spaced out meals
Nutrition that can help prevent Type II DM:
Whole grains
Fiber from fruits and vegetables
Variety!
Avoid added sugar
Sodas, candy
Less salt
Processed food, salt shaker

Zach
Why do we want whole grains and fiber? Digestive enzymes have a hard time
breaking down the bran and fiber found in whole grain foods. This slow digestion
leads to a slow and steady rise in blood sugar and insulin. This decreases the stress
on the body. Whole grains, fruit, and vegetables also have vitamins, minerals, and
phytochemicals.

Simple sugars like soda and candy cause a big spike in blood sugar and insulin
production. Research studies have shown that an increase in refined sugars leads to
insulin resistance and chronic inflammation.

Describe why for each food. What is the impact of whole grains, fiber, etc. on type II
diabetes. Why should we avoid sugar, salt, etc.

Image:
http://static.wixstatic.com/media/bd1c23_acafbe7d7e3a4e07ad3880e3fafbc336~mv2.
png_srz_475_284_85_22_0.50_1.20_0.00_png_srz
Cardiovascular Disease
What causes it?
Overview:
Heart conditions that include diseased vessels,
dysfunction of the heart, and blood clots.
Cardiovascular disease usually develops over time
due to poor lifestyle choices.
Risk Factors: family history, age, ethnicity, tobacco,
high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, physical
inactivity, diabetes, unhealthy diet, stress.
Cause & Effect: Having cardiovascular disease
increases risk of having a cardiac event such as a stroke
or heart attack.

Aubrey
How do these risk factors cause heart disease?
Which risk factors can we change/not change?

Image: http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy-images/cardiovascular_system.png
Cardiovascular Disease and
Nutrition
Some practical tips you can implement to prevent CVD:
Healthy eating
Physical activity
Decreasing stress
Nutrition that can help to prevent CVD:
Fresh fruit and vegetables
High in vitamins and minerals
Decrease processed foods and extra salt
Food low in saturated fat
Saturated fat has shown to increase risk
High fiber
Decrease added sugars.

Aubrey
A study done in 2014 from the University of Oxford, UK presented findings that
eating fresh fruit daily can reduce risk of CVD by 40%.
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/281903.php

Decreasing sodium from diet prevents high blood pressure. High blood pressure
is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
Foods low in saturated fat decreases the risk of plaque formations in blood
vessels which can lead to blood vessel obstruction, heart attacks, and strokes.
An increase in added sugars in the diet leads to obesity, high cholesterol, and
high blood pressure.
http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/HealthyLiving/HealthyEating/Nutrition/Added-S
ugars-Add-to-Your-Risk-of-Dying-from-Heart-Disease_UCM_460319_Article.jsp#.
WKZLJvkrKt8

These are foods that research has shown influence risk factors and outcomes for both
diseases. When you work to prevent and manage these symptoms, you can improve
quality of life.
Image:
http://nutritionstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Abolishing-Heart-Disease.jpg

Do you see a similarity in both of these food choice slides? Does it seem like a
general healthy diet for the average population?
Nutrigenomics
New Nutrition Research
How you eat can influence your risk for disease but can it
actually influence your genes?

An experiment in 2000 at Duke University demonstrated this concept.


Obese mice who were fed a diet rich in B-vitamins and folic acid had
offspring that had that had repressed this gene, essentially changing how
they passed on their genetics.

This new area of research is called Nutrigenomics.

Zach
An experiment in 2000 at Duke University showed the large role that nutrition plays in
gene expression. Mice that carried the agouti gene were diabetic, obese,
yellow-haired, and at a high risk of developing cancer. But when they were fed a diet
of methyl-rich foods those high in B-vitamins and folic acid before and during
pregnancy, their offspring were thin and brown, with the agouti gene effectively
repressed.

The agouti mice experiment shows that what you eat can increase or decrease the
likeliness of your children suffering from certain diseases and conditions through a
process called DNA methylation. Methylation determines which genes are expressed
and is crucial in modifying the activity of bad genes.
http://mcb.asm.org/content/23/15/5293

Image:
https://www.geneticliteracyproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Screen-Shot-2016
-09-22-at-11.32.05-PM-405x405.png
Nutrition Choices
Activity
Brainstorm two ways you can positively influence your quality of life through
nutrition.

Try and be specific, what are some choices you may be able to make better?

Aubrey
WE WANT
YOU.

To positively
influence your
quality of life
through one
healthy
nutrition
choice.

Change background to relevant picture.

Come up with one other way they can affect their quality of life with nutrition? Ex: eat
breakfast to feel awake and focused.
Thanks!!
Any questions?
Resources
Duke Study: http://mcb.asm.org/content/23/15/5293
WHO:
http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/4_dietnutrition_prevent
ion/en/index4.html#diet4.4
WHF: http://www.world-heart-federation.org/
https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/diabetes-prev
ention/preventing-diabetes-full-story/#T2D_can_be_preven
ted
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/281903.php

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