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Archimedes' probably could not envisage ( imagine) an environment where both the water
and the boat would float in air!
Archimedes' principle is an application of a more general principle that systems seek the
lowest energy state (all other things being equal). On the earth's surface, a boat partially
sinking into the water is a lower energy state than either a boat floating above the water, or
a watertight boat completely submerged in the water.
However, when the water and the boat are both in orbit, there is no energy difference
between the boat floating "above" the water, or totally submerged in it (ignoring surface
tension). So there is no lower energy state in which Archimedes Principle could work.
To create such an energy difference, you could spin the experiment, and so centrifugal force
substitutes for gravity, and Archimedes Principle will work.
Another way: