Announcements

Announcements:
1st test at Lockett #6 (6:00PM,
Feb 3rd)
Formula sheet will be provided
No other m
materials is needed
Practice exam and answers are on
the web
 Uniform circular motion: Review
As you go around a circle, the velocity constantly changes direction in order to
change velocity, there must be an acceleration

A centripetal acceleration changes the direction of the objects velocity

without changing the object
objectss speed

G
v

G
acent
 What provides force for
centripetal
i l acceleration?
l i ?
A centripetal force accelerates a body by changing the direction
of the bodys velocity without changing the bodys speed

mv2
Fcentt = macentt =
r
because v and r are constant, magnitude of
Fcent (& acent) is constant.
direction of Fcent (& acent) towards center
(constantly changing direction!!)

- tension (points along the direction of string/rope)

-friction (points parallel to surface - opposes motion)

- gravity (points downward with magnitude g)

- normal (points perpendicular to surface)
 Uniform circular motion
v2
From before: a cent = centripetal acceleration
r

A centripetal force accelerates a body by changing the direction

of the bodys velocity without changing the bodys speed

mv2
Fcent = macent = because v and r are constant, magnitude
r of Fcent (& acent) is constant.
direction of Fcent (& acent) towards center
(constantly changing direction!!)

y
hockey puck on ice attached to string
what provides the centripetal force?
x
Answer: tension in string N

v2 T
T = macent = m (towards center)
r mg
 R t ti
Rotations on a table
t bl
A mass M is attached to a stringg that ppasses through
g a hole
in the center of a frictionless table. Attached to the other
end of the string is a mass m moving in circular motion
centered on the hole and a distance r from it.
(a) What velocity must the mass m have in order for mass M to remain
att a constant
t t height?
h i ht?
(b)What is the period of the mass m?
Turning a Corner
You turn a corner with your car --> How do you do that ?
(
(your speedd andd radius
di off motion
i are constant))
what friction is needed
for the car not to slip?

F i ti provides
Friction id the
h centripetal
t i t l acceleration
l ti

v2
x : Fx = f S = max = m
R
y : Fy = FN mg = may = 0 FN = mg

v2
m = f S
R
max
If we use f S then we can extract the maximum v that we can go:
v2
m = f Smax = S FN = S mg
R s >
v2
gR
what happens if v2
v max
= S g
gR s <
gR
 Can you guarantee NO SLIP? If S=0 BANK THE CURVE

What angle is needed to guarantee no-slip driving (here s=0) ?

v2
x : Fx = FN sin = max = m
R
centripetal
y : F y = FN cos mg = may = 0 acceleration

v2
FN sin = m
R
FN FN cos = mg
v 2
= tan 1
gR
centripetal
acceleration

W So for a 35 mph (15.6 m/s) suggested speed with a 50 m radius-of-

curvature exit ramp gives an angle of = 26.5
 Sample problem 6-8: The Rotor is a large hollow
cylinder
y of radius R that is rotated rapidly
p y around
its central axis with a speed v. A rider of mass m
stands on the Rotor floor with his/her back against
the Rotor wall. Cylinder
y and rider begin
g to turn.
When the speed v reaches some predetermined
value, the Rotor floor abruptly falls away. The
rider does not fall but instead remains pinned
against the Rotor wall. The coefficient of static
friction s between the Rotor wall and the rider is
given.
given

We draw a free-body diagram for the rider using the axes shown in the figure.
The normal reaction FN is the centripetal force.
force

mv 2
Fx,net
net = FN = ma = ( q 1))
(eq.
R
Fy ,net = f s mg = 0, f s = s FN mg = s FN (eqs. 2)
mv 2 R
Rg Rg
R
If we combine eq. 1 and eqs. 2 we get: mg = s v =
2
vmin = .
R s s
 Vertical Circular Motion
What happens in vertical circular motion? What is going on with the centripetal
acceleration?

ac

There must always be a centripetal acceleration pointed toward the axis of

rotation.

In a cyclist doing a loop-de-loop, the SUM OF FORCES provides the ac.

The two forces that provide ac include the WEIGHT and the NORMAL FORCE.
Since the FN is always to the surface, and W points down, the magnitude of FN
varies around the loop.

The same thing applies if you are swinging a pail of water holding on to the
handle Your TENSION T will vary around the orbit.
One last circular motion problem `
What minimum velocity (constant) must
the car have at the top of the loop to
remain on the track?

car
Use Newtons 2nd Law knowing
g the forces at the top
p of the loop
p
v2
y : N Fg = m
r FN = N
If car just
j t remains t k N 0 or
i on track,
v2
y : Fg = (mg) = m or v = gr so minimum velocity is vmin = gr
r

If constant v, how does N change around loop?

v2
At TOP y : N = m mgg N small
r
v2
At SIDES x : N = m
r
v2
At BOTTOM y : N = m + mg N large
r
 Swing a pail of Water over your Head
Whyy doesnt it fall out? What does a free bodyy diagram
g look like for this?

If the pail isnt moving, water falls out on your

h d
head
When you swing it around, you apply an
additional tension T, and when the pail is
above yyour head,, the free body
y diagram
g here
Tension T W=mg is complete.
WHY DOESNT IT FALL ON YOUR
HEAD??

These forces provide the centripetal acceleration for the circular motion the force
equation is: 2
v
m = T +W
r
The slowest speed you can swing it is the point where T = 0 (this is tension,
not p
period!).
) Then yyou must have a velocityy that is:

v2
m = mg an arm of 60 cm gives a period of the orbit
r 2r
v 2 = rg v = (0.6m)(9.8 sm2 ) = 2.4 ms T= =1.5s
v