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Abstract
Abstract
Transportation is an extremely important element for the day-to-day functioning of our life.
Vehicles play an important role around the world. Due to global energy concern, new forms
of clean energy technologies are favored. Green manufacturing is one of the most popular
topics nowadays. In a vehicle system energy is partially converted to move vehicles, the rest
of them are lost in other forms of waste such as heat, light, etc. Meanwhile, the vehicles
energy harvesting and the improvement of energy efficiency have been more concerned for
the last two decades. One of the important energy harvesting system (regenerative braking)
has become increasingly popular, recovering energy when break is applied. However, other
energy recovery mechanisms are that still in the research stages. In this paper expressed the
performance analysis of back and front type of regenerative suspension system by using
electromagnetic induction theory.
Keywords , Electromagnetic induction principle, vibration, battery
Introduction
The research about energy recovery from vehicle suspensions began more than ten
years ago, first as an auxiliary power source for active suspension control, and later also as
energy regenerating devices in their own accord. During the past ten years, energy recovery
from vehicle vibrations has achieved great commercialization success in hybrid or electric
vehicles. Some earlier efforts to recover energy from suspension are- Lei Zuo, et al. [1] have
worked on a prototype design of Electromagnetic energy harvester for vehicle suspension. In
this paper they have designed, characterized and tested a prototype retrofit regenerative shock
absorber.
Gupta et al, [2], (2003) has studied the available energy from shock absorbers as cars
and trucks are driven over various types of roads. They fabricated two prototypes of
regenerative electromagnetic shock absorber: a linear device (called as Mark 1) and a rotary
device (called as Mark 2) and installed them in vehicle to study energy recovery.
Goldner, et al. (2001) [3] have carried out a proof-of-concept - to evaluate the feasibility of
obtaining significant energy savings by using regenerative magnetic shock absorber in
vehicles. They proposed electromagnetic (EM) shock absorbers to transform the energy
dissipated in shock absorbers into electrical power.
1
P. Zhang et al. [4] have presented comprehensive assessment of the power that is
available for harvesting in the vehicle suspension system and the tradeoff among energy
harvesting, ride comfort, and road handing with analysis, simulations and experiments.
Zhen Longxin and Wei Xiaogang [5] have modeled the structure and dimensions of a
regenerative electromagnetic shock absorber in CAD software package.
S. Mirzaei.et al [6] introduced a passive suspension system for ground vehicles based
on a flexible Electromagnetic Shock Absorber (EMSA). They designed and provided a model
of passive suspension.
Bart Gysen et al., [7] have studied design aspects of an active electromagnetic
suspension system for automotive applications which combines a brushless tubular
permanent-magnet actuator with a passive spring.
N. Bianchi et al [8] have described the design criteria of a tubular linear motor, with
interior permanent magnets. They derived key equations for the analysis of the motor,
considering both slotted and slot less topologies.
Babak Ebrahimi et al., [9] presented the feasibility study of an electromagnetic
damper, as senor/actuator, for vehicle suspension application. They have optimized geometry
of shock absorber to achieve higher electromagnetic forces and magnetic flux induced in the
system.
2
ELECTROMAGNETIC TYPE SUSPENSION SYSTEM
menon by which an emf or current is induced in a conductor due to change in the magnetic
field near the conductor is known as electromagnetic induction.
2 3
The following parts are required to build a harvesting device in fork system.
Piston rod
Fork setup
PVC pipe
Copper coil
Clampers
The piston rod is inserting through the rare earth magnet (neodymium). A copper coil
is wrapped by PVC pipe. The load is given to the fork the rod moves towards PVC pipe.
When the piston rod is move to the PVC pipe it will produces a current due to magnetic flux.
Figure 4.2.2 Experimental setup of energy harvesting device
CHARACTERIZATION OF MAGNETS
In electric machines technology, the following PM materials are used
Alnico (Al, Ni, Co, Fe);
Ferrites (ceramics), e.g., barium ferrite BaO 6Fe O and strontium ferrite
SrO 6Fe O;
Rare-earth materials, i.e., samarium-cobalt SmCo and neodymium-iron-boron
Nd Fe B
-Nd-Fe-B
The material recommended for the model in this project is the Nd-Fe-B since it
considerably improves the performance to cost ratio. Ferrites are not used because they would
increase the size of the shock absorber.
DESIGN CALCUATION
From design perspective, the electromagnetic regenerative shock absorber
performance depending on the magnet area of the copper coil and distance travelled by piston
rod. The linear regenerative shock absorber is designed to have similar dimensions as
conventional shock absorber. It is based on the faradays law.
When a conductor of length l crossing a magnetic field B [T] at a constant velocity v,
the EMF voltage V is expressed as Bsin(90)
V =v n l B 6.1
I=V/R=B v AW 6.2
V= v n l B 6.5
v= 0.09966m/s
I=V/R=3/33 =0.0909amps
R- Resistance 33 ohms
Damping force
F = I l B=0.0909x.07x1.4=.00882N
The direction of the force is normal to the wire and field. The damping force developed on
the coil assembly of the EM shock is the sum of the forces exerted on each section.
Table No.6.1 Power generation depends on velocity variation
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
1.0000000000000023E-2 5.00000000000001E-2 9.0000000000000066E-2
In this project works we investigate the performance of the energy harvesting system
which working on the electromagnetic principle. By using this mechanism of suspension in
E-Bike we can calculate the following results below for 3 magnets with 1 setup.
Table No.9.1 Results
Velocity (m/s) Voltage (volts ) Power (watts)
0.01 0.301
0.002107
0.11 3.311
0.2549447
In this result shows one setup of harvesting system. In E- Bike there will be chance for
applying this mechanism in fork and rear suspension also. We can get more amount of energy
from device .However study of circuit design is also very important because it has direct
effects of charging efficiency. A battery is charged after going through AC-DC converter and
DC-DC booster. Yet there is still a blank space to explore the optimal circuit design to have
maximum power stored at high efficiency.
References