Yr09 Indices

NEW
CENTURY
MATHS Advanced
9
For the
australian
curriculum
NSW Stages 5.2/5.3
Sample Chapter
NEW CENTURY MATHS 9 ADVANCED
NSW STAGES 5.2/5.3
ISBN: 978 0 17 019308 5
Customer Service: 1300 790 853

www.nelsonsecondary.com.au
Klaas Bootsma
David Badger
Sarah Hamper
Robert Yen Series Editor

Preface
First published in 1996, New Century Maths Advanced 9 Stages 5.2/5.3 has now been completely
rewritten to reflect the spirit of the new Australian curriculum and the NSW syllabus.
For Years 9 and 10, we publish two levels of mathematics books:
t New Century Maths Stages 5.1/5.2
t New Century Maths Advanced Stages 5.2/5.3
The NSW mathematics syllabus describes Stage 5 (Years 910) as a continuum with content classified
into three sub-stages, Stage 5.1, Stage 5.2 and Stage 5.3, with each sub-stage including the content of
theprevious sub-stage. This book has been designed for students and classes progressing along Stages
5.2 or 5.3 of the continuum.
We have retained those familiar features that have made New Century Maths a leading series: clear
worked examples, graded exercises, multiple-choice questions, Investigation, Technology, Mental skills,
SkillCheck pre-chapter exercise, Power Plus extension exercise, Language of Maths, Topic overview
with mind map, glossary, video tutorials and worksheets.
New features include:
t )PNFXPSLTIFFUT
t 8PSLFETPMVUJPOTUPTFMFDUFERVFTUJPOT
t GeoGebra activities in our Technology sections
t $IBQUFSPVUMJOFTTIPXJOHDPWFSBHFPGUIF8PSLJOH.BUIFNBUJDBMMZQSPGJDJFODJFT
t NelsonNet student and teacher websites of print and multimedia resources
t NelsonNetBook digital version of this book with interactive features
We always aim to write textbooks to provide flexibility for teachers to plan and teach for a variety of
pathways. We thank our families and teaching colleagues for their continued support and patience, and
editors Anna Pang and Alan Stewart for transforming our manuscript into this fine text. Finally, we wish all
teachers and students using this book every success in embracing the new Australian mathematics curriculum.
About the authors

Klaas Bootsma XBTIFBEUFBDIFSPGNBUIFNBUJDTBU"NCBSWBMF)JHI4DIPPMJO$BNQCFMMUPXOBOE
IBTUBVHIUBU-VSOFBBOE(SBOUIBNIJHITDIPPMT)FXBTBTFOJPS)4$FYBNJOFSBOEIBTXPSLFEPO
UIF)4$"EWJDF-JOFBOE4DIPPM$FSUJGJDBUFNBSLJOH,MBBTIBTXJEFFYQFSJFODFUFBDIJOHBMMUZQFTPG
students, and his interests are in curriculum and the use of technology (ICT) in learning.
David Badger is principal of Toongabbie Christian School, was deputy principal at Mt Annan Christian
$PMMFHFBOEIFBEUFBDIFSPGNBUIFNBUJDTBU&BHMF7BMF)JHI4DIPPMJO$BNQCFMMUPXO)FIBTCFFO
JOWPMWFEJO)4$BOE4DIPPM$FSUJGJDBUFNBSLJOHBOEIBTXPSLFEPOUIF)4$"EWJDF-JOF%BWJET
passion is to make mathematics interesting, practical and accessible to all students.
Sarah Hamper teaches at Abbotsleigh School in Wahroonga and has taught at Meriden and Tara
"OHMJDBOTDIPPMT4IFIBTBOJOUFSFTUJOHJGUFEBOEUBMFOUFE ("5
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expertise is in using modelling, problem solving and ICT for the effective learning of mathematics, and
she has presented workshops for MANSW and nationally.
Series editor Robert Yen has UBVHIUBU)VSMTUPOF"HSJDVMUVSBM &BHMF7BMFBOE"NCBSWBMFIJHITDIPPMT
JOTPVUIXFTU4ZEOFZ)FDPXSPUFNew Century Maths Essentials 910 and Mathematics General 2,
writes and presents for MANSW, and has co-edited its journal, Reflections)FOPXXPSLTGPS$FOHBHF
Learning as an associate publisher.
SAMPLE CHAPTER
Contributing author
Megan Boltze wrote and edited many of the NelsonNet print resources (blackline masters) and is head
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9780170193085 iii
Contents
Preface iii Mental skills 2A: Squaring a

About the authors iii number ending in 5, 1 or 9 57
9NA211 2-05 Simple interest 59
Curriculum grids viii 8NA188 2-06 Ratios and rates 62
Users guide xii 9NA208 2-07 Converting rates 68
Acknowledgements xiv Mental skills 2B: Estimating
* STAGE 5.3
square roots 69
Power plus 69
Chapter 1: Pythagoras Chapter 2 review 71
theorem and Chapter 3: Products and
surds 2 factors 74
SkillCheck 4 SkillCheck 76
9MG222 1-01 Finding the hypotenuse 4 8NA192 3-01 Adding and subtracting
9MG222 1-02 Finding a shorter side 10 terms 77
10ANA264 1-03 Surds and irrational 8NA192 3-02 Multiplying and dividing
numbers* p 15 terms 79
Investigation: Proof that 2 10NA232 3-03 Adding and subtracting
is irrational 16 algebraic fractions 82
10ANA264 1-04 Simplifying surds* 18 10NA232 3-04 Multiplying and dividing
Mental skills 1A: Multiplying algebraic fractions 84
and dividing by a power of 10 20 Mental skills 3A: Multiplying
Investigation: A formula for and dividing by 5, 15, 25 and 50 85
calculating square roots 21 9NA213 3-05 Expanding expressions 87
10ANA264 1-05 Adding and subtracting 8NA191 3-06 Factorising expressions 90
surds* 22 9NA213 3-07 Expanding binomial
10ANA264 1-06 Multiplying products 93
and dividing surds* 23 Investigation: Expanding
9MG222 1-07 Pythagoras theorem perfect squares 97
problems 25 10NA233 3-08 Perfect squares* 97
9MG222 1-08 Testing for right-angled Investigation: Squaring a
triangles 31 number ending in 5 100
Mental skills 1B: Multiplying Mental skills 3B: Multiplying
and dividing by a multiple by 9, 11, 99 and 101 100
of 10 34 Investigation: Expanding
9MG222 1-09 Pythagorean triads 34 sums by differences 101
Power plus 37 10NA233 3-09 Difference of two squares* 101
Chapter 1 review 39 10NA233 3-10 Mixed expansions* 103
10ANA269 3-11 Factorising special
Chapter 2: Working with binomial products* 104
numbers 42 Investigation: Factorising
SkillCheck 44 quadratic expressions 106
8NA184 2-01 Terminating and 10ANA269 3-12 Factorising quadratic
recurring decimals 45 expressions* 107
NSW 2-02 Converting recurring Investigation: Factorising
SAMPLE CHAPTER
decimals to fractions* 47 quadratic trinomials by
8NA187 2-03 Operations with grouping in pairs 110
percentages 48 10ANA269 3-13 Factorising quadratic
8NA189 2-04 Percentages and money 53 expressions of the form
ax2 bx c* 110
iv 9780170193085
N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S A D V A N C E D
for the A ustralian Curriculum 9
10ANA269 3-14 Mixed factorisations* 114 Investigation: Negative powers 190
NSW 3-15 Factorising algebraic Technology: Negative powers 191
fractions* 116 9NA209 5-05 Negative indices 193
Power plus 118 10ANA264 5-06 Fractional indices n1* 197
Chapter 3 review 119 10ANA264 5-07 Fractional indices mn * 199
Mixed revision 1 122 9NA209 5-08 Summary of the index laws 202
NSW 5-09 Significant figures 204
Chapter 4: Trigonometry 126 9NA210 5-10 Scientific notation 206
SkillCheck 128 9NA210 5-11 Scientific notation on a
9MG223 4-01 The sides of a right- calculator 210
angled triangle 129 Investigation: A lifetime of
9MG223 4-02 The trigonometric ratios 132 heartbeats 213
9MG223 4-03 Similar right-angled Power plus 214
triangles 135 Chapter 5 review 215
Technology: Similar right-
angled triangles 138 Chapter 6: Geometry 218
9MG223 4-04 Trigonometry on a SkillCheck 220
calculator 140 7MG 165, 6-01 Triangle geometry 223
Mental skills 4: Estimating 166
answers 143 Technology: Sketching
9MG224 4-05 Finding an unknown side 144 parallelograms and rectangles 228
Investigation: Calculating the 7MG 165, 6-02 Quadrilateral geometry 230
166
height of an object 150
9MG224 4-06 Finding more unknown NSW Investigation: Angle sum of a
sides 151 polygon 238
Investigation: Finding an angle, NSW 6-03 Angle sum of a polygon 239
given a trigonometric ratio 155 NSW Investigation: Exterior angle
9MG224 4-07 Finding an unknown angle 156 sum of a convex polygon 243
10MG245 4-08 Angles of elevation and NSW 6-04 Exterior angle sum
depression 161 of a convex polygon 244
10MG245 4-09 Bearings 165 Mental skills 6: Dividing
Investigation: Compass walks 169 decimals 246
10MG245 4-10 Problems involving Power plus 247
bearings 169 Chapter 6 review 248
Power plus 172
Chapter 4 review 174 Chapter 7: Equations 252
SkillCheck 254
Chapter 5: Indices 178 8NA194 7-01 Equations with variables
SkillCheck 180 on both sides 254
Investigation: Multiplying and 8NA194, 7-02 Equations with
dividing terms with powers 180 9NA215 brackets 257
9NA212 5-01 Multiplying and dividing 8NA194 7-03 Equation problems 259
terms with the same base 181 10NA240 7-04 Equations with algebraic
Investigation: Powers of powers 184 fractions 263
9NA212 5-02 Power of a power 184 Mental skills 7A: Fraction of a
9NA212 5-03 Powers of products and quantity 266
quotients 186 Technology: Solving equations
SAMPLE CHAPTER
Investigation: The power of zero 188 on a graphics calculator 267
9NA212 5-04 The zero index 188 Investigation: Solving x2 c 267
Mental skills 5: Adding or 10NA241 7-05 Simple quadratic
multiplying in any order 190 equations ax2 c 268
9780170193085 v
Contents
NSW Investigation: Solving x3 c 270 Investigation: Australian

NSW 7-06 Simple cubic equations Bureau of Statistics 352
ax3 c* 270 9SP227 9-06 Bias and questionnaires 353
10NA234, 7-07 Equations and formulas 272 Investigation: Media reports of
235 surveys 356
NSW 7-08 Changing the subject of Investigation: Year 9 student
a formula* 275 survey 356
Mental skills 7B: Percentage of Power plus 358
a quantity 277 Chapter 9 review 359
Power plus 278
Chapter 7 review 279
Chapter 10: Surface Area
Mixed revision 2 284 and Volume 364
SkillCheck 366
Chapter 8: Earning 9MG219 10-01 Metric units 368
money 288 NSW 10-02 Limits of accuracy of
SkillCheck 290 measuring instruments 374
NSW 8-01 Wages and salaries 290 9MG216 10-03 Perimeters and areas of
NSW 8-02 Overtime pay 295 composite shapes 376
NSW Technology: Calculating incomes 299 8MG196 10-04 Areas of quadrilaterals 379
NSW 8-03 Commission, piecework Mental skills 10A: Finding
and leave loading 300 10%, 20% and 5% 383
NSW 8-04 Income tax 306 9MG216 10-05 Circumferences and
NSW Technology: Online income areas of circular shapes 384
tax calculators 308 9MG218 10-06 Surface area of a prism 391
NSW Mental skills 8: Percentage Investigation: Surface area
increase and decrease 309 of a cylinder 398
NSW 8-05 PAYG tax and net pay 310 9MG217 10-07 Surface area of a cylinder 399
NSW Technology: Online PAYG 8MG198 10-08 Volumes of prisms and
tax calculator 313 cylinders 401
Power plus 314 Investigation: Volume vs
Chapter 8 review 315 surface area 406
Technology: Drawing prisms
Chapter 9: Investigating and cylinders 407
Mental skills 10B: Finding
data 318 15%, 212%, 25% and 1212% 409
SkillCheck 320
7SP171, 9-01 The mean, median, Technology: Approximating
8SP207 mode and range 321 the volume of a pyramid 410
Technology: Most valuable 10AMG271 10-09 Volumes of pyramids
player 330 and cones* 413
9SP282, 9-02 Histograms Power plus 419
228 and stem-and-leaf plots 331 Chapter 10 review 421
Technology: Histograms 338
9SP282 9-03 The shape of a Mixed revision 3 426
distribution 340
9SP283 9-04 Comparing data sets 344 Chapter 11: Coordinate
Technology: Comparing
relative humidities 347 geometry
8SP284,
SAMPLE CHAPTER
Mental skills 9: Finding a
percentage of a multiple of 10
9-05 Sampling and types
348
9NA214
and graphs
SkillCheck
11-01 The length of an
430
432
9SP228 of data 349 interval 433

vi 9780170193085
Technology: The length of an 9SP225 12-05 Two-step experiments 511
interval 437 Power plus 517
Investigation: The midpoint of Chapter 12 review 518
an interval 438
Technology: The midpoint of Chapter 13: Congruent
an interval 439
9NA294 11-02 The midpoint of an
and similar
interval 440 figures 522
9NA294 11-03 The gradient of a line 444 SkillCheck 524
Technology: The gradient of Investigation: Congruent
collinear points 449 triangles 525
9NA215 11-04 Graphing linear 8MG201 13-01 Tests for congruent
equations 450 triangles 526
Technology: Graphing linear 10MG243 13-02 Congruent triangle
equations 456 proofs 531
Mental skills 11: Divisibility 10MG243 13-03 Using congruence to
tests 457 prove geometrical
Investigation: Comparing properties 536
gradients and y-intercepts 458 Investigation: Same shape,
NSW 11-05 The gradient-intercept different size 539
formula y mx b 459 9MG220 13-04 Similar figures 540
NSW 11-06 Finding the equation Mental skills 13: Simplifying
of a line 462 fractions and ratios 547
8NA194 11-07 Solving linear equations Investigation: Properties of
graphically 464 similar figures 548
9NA208 11-08 Direct proportion 465 9MG220, 13-05 Properties of
Investigation: Graphing 221 similar figures 549
y x2 and y ax2 468 Investigation: Are all shapes
Technology: Graphing similar? 554
y ax2 469 9MG221 13-06 Scale diagrams 554
Investigation: Graphing Investigation: Floor plans 559
y ax2 c 470 Investigation: Areas of similar
9NA296 11-09 Graphing quadratic figures 560
equations 471 Technology: Areas of similar
9NA296 11-10 Graphing circles 475 figures 561
Power plus 479 10MG244 13-07 Areas of similar
Chapter 11 review 480 figures* 563
Investigation: Similar triangles 566
Chapter 12: Probability 484 9MG220 13-08 Tests for similar
SkillCheck 486 triangles 567
8SP204 12-01 Probability 487 10MG244 13-09 Similar triangle proofs* 571
9SP226 12-02 Relative frequency 492 Power plus 576
Technology: Throwing a coin 497 Chapter 13 review 577
9SP226 12-03 Venn diagrams 500
9SP226 12-04 Two-way tables 506 Mixed revision 4 582
Investigation: Using two-way
tables 509 General revision 586
Mental skills 12: The unitary Glossary 592
SAMPLE CHAPTER
method with percentages 509 Answers 606
Investigation: Are the Lotto
numbers equally likely? 511 Index 00
9780170193085 vii
Curriculum grid: Australian curriculum
New Century Maths New Century Maths

Advanced 9 Advanced 10
Strand and substrand
Stages 5.2/5.3 Stages 5.2/5.3
chapter chapter
NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
Real numbers 1 Pythagoras theorem and surds 1 Surds

2 Working with numbers 7 Graphs
5 Indices 8 Equations and logarithms
11 Coordinate geometry and
graphs
Money and financial mathematics 2 Working with numbers 2 Interest and depreciation
Patterns and algebra 3 Products and factors 5 Products and factors

5 Indices 8 Equations and logarithms
7 Equations 14 Polynomials
Linear and non-linear relationships 7 Equations 3 Coordinate geometry

11 Coordinate geometry and 5 Products and factors
graphs 7 Graphs
8 Equations and logarithms
10 Simultaneous equations
11 Quadratic equations and the
parabola
14 Polynomials
MEASUREMENT AND GEOMETRY
Using units of measurement 10 Surface area and volume 4 Surface area and volume
Geometric reasoning 6 Geometry 13 Geometry

13 Congruent and similar figures 15 Circle geometry
Pythagoras and trigonometry 1 Pythagoras theorem and surds 9 Trigonometry

4 Trigonometry
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Chance 12 Probability 12 Probability
Data representation and interpretation 9 Investigating data 6 Investigating data
SAMPLE CHAPTER
viii 9780170193085
Curriculum grid: NSW syllabus
New Century Maths New Century Maths

Advanced 9 Advanced 10
Strand and substrand
Stages 5.2/5.3 Stages 5.2/5.3
chapter chapter
NUMBER AND ALGEBRA

Financial mathematics 2 Working with numbers 2 Interest and depreciation
(Stage 5.2) 8 Earning money
Indices (Stage 5.2) 5 Indices 5 Products and factors
Linear relationships 7 Equations 3 Coordinate geometry
(Stages 5.2, 5.3) 11 Coordinate geometry and
graphs
Non-linear relationships 7 Equations 3 Coordinate geometry
(Stages 5.2, 5.3) 11 Coordinate geometry and 7 Graphs
graphs 11 Quadratic equations and the
parabola
Ratios and rates 2 Working with numbers 7 Graphs
(Stages 5.2, 5.3) 11 Coordinate geometry and graphs
Algebraic techniques (Stages 5.2, 5.3) 3 Products and factors 5 Products and factors
Equations 7 Equations 8 Equations and logarithms
(Stages 5.2, 5.3) 10 Simultaneous equations
11 Quadratic equations and the
parabola
Surds and indices 1 Pythagoras theorem and surds 5 Products and factors
(Stage 5.3) 5 Indices
Polynomials (Stage 5.3) 14 Polynomials
Logarithms (Stage 5.3) 8 Equations and logarithms
Functions and other graphs (Stage 5.3) 16 Functions
Area and surface area 10 Surface area and volume 4 Surface area and volume
(Stages 5.2, 5.3)
Numbers of any magnitude 5 Indices
(Stage 5.1) 10 Surface area and volume
Right-angled triangles (Trigonometry) 1 Pythagoras theorem and surds 9 Trigonometry
(Stages 5.2, 5.3) 4 Trigonometry
Properties of geometrical figures 6 Geometry 4 Surface area and volume
(Stages 5.2, 5.3) 13 Congruent and similar figures 13 Geometry
Volume (Stages 5.2, 5.3) 10 Surface area and volume 4 Surface area and volume
Trigonometry and Pythagoras 9 Trigonometry
theorem (Stage 5.3)
Circle geometry (Stage 5.3) 15 Circle geometry
Single variable data analysis 9 Investigating data 6 Investigating data
(Stages 5.2, 5.3)
SAMPLE CHAPTER
Probability (Stages 5.1, 5.2) 12 Probability 12 Probability
Double variable data analysis 6 Investigating data
(Stages 5.2, 5.3)
9780170193085 ix
Curriculum grid: Year 9 content descriptions
This is an extract from the Australian Curriculum.
New Century Maths

Content description Advanced 9 Stages 5.2/5.3
chapter
NUMBER AND ALGEBRA

Real numbers
ACMNA208: Solve problems involving direct proportion. Explore the 11 Coordinate geometry and
relationship between graphs and equations corresponding to simple rate graphs
problems
ACMNA209: Apply index laws to numerical expressions with integer indices 5 Indices
ACMNA210: Express numbers in scientific notation 5 Indices
YEAR 10A ACMNA264: Define rational and irrational numbers and perform 1 Pythagoras theorem and
operations with surds and fractional indices surds
5 Indices
Money and financial mathematics
ACMNA211: Solve problems involving simple interest 2 Working with numbers
NSW STAGE 5.1: Solve problems involving earning money 8 Earning money
Patterns and algebra
ACMNA212: Extend and apply the index laws to variables, using positive 5 Indices
integer indices and the zero index
ACMNA213: Apply the distributive law to the expansion of algebraic 3 Products and factors
expressions, including binomials, and collect like terms where appropriate
YEAR 10 ACMNA233: Expand binomial products and factorise monic 3 Products and factors
quadratic expressions using a variety of strategies
YEAR 10 ACMNA234: Substitute values into formulas to determine an 7 Equations
unknown;
YEAR 10A ACMNA269: Factorise monic and non-monic quadratic 3 Products and factors
expressions and solve a wide range of quadratic equations derived from a
variety of contexts
Linear and non-linear relationships
ACMNA214: Find the distance between two points located on a Cartesian 11 Coordinate geometry and
plane using a range of strategies, including graphing software graphs
ACMNA215: Sketch linear graphs using the coordinates of two points and 7 Equations
solve linear equations 11 Coordinate geometry and
graphs
YEAR 10 ACMNA235: Solve problems involving linear equations, including 7 Equations
those derived from formulas
ACMNA294: Find the midpoint and gradient of a line segment (interval) on 11 Coordinate geometry and
the Cartesian plane using a range of strategies, including graphing software graphs
NSW STAGE 5.2: Interpret and graph linear relationships using the 11 Coordinate geometry and
gradient-intercept form of the equation of a straight line graphs
SAMPLE CHAPTER
ACMNA296: Graph simple non-linear relations with and without the use of 11 Coordinate geometry and
digital technologies and solve simple related equations graphs
x 9780170193085
NEW CENTURY MATHS ADVANCED
for the
9
A u s t ra l i a n C u r r i cu l u m
New Century Maths

Content description Advanced 9 Stages 5.2/5.3
chapter
Using units of measurement
ACMMG216: Calculate the areas of composite shapes 10 Surface area and volume
ACMMG217: Calculate the surface area and volume of cylinders and solve 10 Surface area and volume
related problems
ACMMG218: Solve problems involving the surface area and volume of right prisms 10 Surface area and volume
ACMMG219: Investigate very small and very large time scales and intervals 10 Surface area and volume
NSW STAGE 5.1: Round numbers to a specified number of significant 10 Surface area and volume
figures, describe the limits of accuracy of measuring instruments
Geometric reasoning
ACMMG220: Use the enlargement transformation to explain similarity and 13 Congruent and similar figures
develop the conditions for triangles to be similar
ACMMG221: Solve problems using ratio and scale factors in similar figures 13 Congruent and similar figures
YEAR 10 ACMMG243: Formulate proofs involving congruent triangles and angle 13 Congruent and similar figures
properties; ACMMG244: Apply logical reasoning, including the use of congruence
and similarity, to proofs and numerical exercises involving plane shapes
NSW STAGE 5.2: Apply interior and exterior angle sum results for polygons 6 Geometry
to find the sizes of unknown angles
Pythagoras and trigonometry
ACMMG222: Investigate Pythagoras theorem and its application to solving 1 Pythagoras theorem and
simple problems involving right-angled triangles surds
ACMMG223: Use similarity to investigate the constancy of the sine, cosine 4 Trigonometry
and tangent ratios for a given angle in right-angled triangles
ACMMG224: Apply trigonometry to solve right-angled triangle problems 4 Trigonometry
YEAR 10 ACMMG245: Solve right-angled triangle problems including those 4 Trigonometry
involving direction and angles of elevation and depression
Chance
ACMSP225: List all outcomes for two-step chance experiments, both with 12 Probability
and without replacement using tree diagrams or arrays. Assign probabilities
to outcomes and determine probabilities for events
ACMSP226: Calculate relative frequencies from given or collected data to 12 Probability
estimate probabilities of events involving and or or
ACMSP227: Investigate reports of surveys in digital media and elsewhere for 12 Probability
information on how data were obtained to estimate population means and medians
Data representation and interpretation
ACMSP228: Identify everyday questions and issues involving at least one 9 Investigating data
numerical and at least one categorical variable, and collect data directly
from secondary sources
SAMPLE CHAPTER
ACMSP282: Construct back-to-back stem-and-leaf plots and histograms and
describe data, using terms including skewed, symmetric and bi-modal
ACMSP283: Compare data displays using mean, median and range to describe
9 Investigating data
9 Investigating data
and interpret numerical data sets in terms of location (centre) and spread
9780170193085 xi
New Century Maths Users guide
Coverage of the Australian curriculum and NSW syllabus
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t SkillCheckBOEStartUp assignment Skillsheet a 232323232
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Indices 7
838 d 10 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x
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g a3b3b3b3a
f x3y3x3y3x
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t * NQPSUBOUGBDUTBOEGPSNVMBTBSF Generally, any number raised to the power of 1
n is the nth root of that number:
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Stage 5.3
Exercise 1-04 Simplifying surds
See Example 10 1 Simplify each expression.
p2
a 2
p2 b
p2
5
p
p
c 3 3 2 d
p2 BHFTDPOUBJOJOHStage 5.3 contentBSF
t 1
e 0:09 p2 5 10
f 2 7 2 p
See Example 11 2 Simpli
p
fy each surd.
g 3 5 h 5 2 2 NBSLFECZBTIBEFENBSHJO
p p
a
e
8
p
243
p

f
b 27
p c 24
p d
p
54
p
t (SBEFEFYFSDJTFTBSFMJOLFEUPXPSLFE
45
p g 48
p h
i
m 75
96
p
p
j
n
63
p k 288
p l
200
p
108
p
FYBNQMFTBOEJODMVEFNVMUJQMFDIPJDF
147
p o 32
q p
p
162
3 Simplify each expression.
r 245 s 125 t
242
p
512
RVFTUJPOT FYBNTUZMFQSPCMFNTBOE
p
a 5 50
p b 3
p
8
p c 4 27
p p SFBMJTUJDBQQMJDBUJPOT
e 40 243 p d 8 98
2
p
f
9
p
g
6
28 p
h 3 24 t 8PSLFETPMVUJPOTGPSTFMFDUFEFYFSDJTF
i 9 68 j 3125 1 p p
p
10
p
k
2 72 l 3 48
4
RVFTUJPOTBSFQSPWJEFE
m 10 160 n 3 75 p p
o 7 68 p 52
4 Decide whether each statem 6
p p ent is true (T) or false (F).
a 3 7 21 p p2
p p
b 12 6 c 9:4 9:4
d 75 5 3 p
e 3 17
Investigation: A lifetime of heartbeats

t I nvestigationsFYQMPSFUIF How many times does your heart beat in an average lifetime of 80 years?
TZMMBCVTJONPSFEFUBJM UISPVHI 1 Work in pairs and copy this table.
HSPVQXPSL EJTDPWFSZBOE Name Trial 1 Trial 2 Average beats per minute
NPEFMMJOHBDUJWJUJFT
2 Use two ngers to measure your pulse. Have your partner time you for a minute. Do this
twice, record your results in the table and nd the average.
Just for the record Hairy numbers
t J ust for the record DPOUBJOTJOUFSFTUJOHGBDUT

BOEBQQMJDBUJPOTPGUIFNBUIFNBUJDTMFBSOU
JOUIFDIBQUFS
SAMPLE CHAPTER Straight hair

+ round follicle
Wavy hair
oval follicle
Curly hair
flat follicle
There are about 110 000 hairs on your head. Each hair grows at the rate of about 1.3 3 103 cm
per hour. A single hair lasts about six years. Every day you lose between 30 and 60 hairs. Each
hair grows from a small depression in the skin called a follicle (a gland) After the hair falls out
9780170193085 xiii
New Century Maths Users guide
t T
echnology promotes ICT in the Technology Similar right-ang
led triangles
classroom, using spreadsheets, In this activity you will use GeoG
ebra to measure and calculate
trigonometric ratios.
GeoGebra and the Internet 1 a Before you start, set angle
s to measure in degrees. Click
Options, Rounding and
1 Decimal Place.
Mental skills 4 Maths without calculators
Estimating answers
t .
FOUBMTLJMMTSFJOGPSDFNFOUBM
A quick way of estimating an answer is to round each number in the calculation.
1 Study each example.
calculation strategies (maths
a 631 280 51 43 96 600 300 50 40 100 XJUIPVUDBMDVMBUPST
600 300 100 50 40

1000 90
1090 Actual answer 1101
NelsonNet resources
.BSHJOJDPOTMJOLUPQSJOU 1%'
BOENVMUJNFEJBSFTPVSDFTGPVOEPOUIF/FMTPO/FUXFCTJUF
www.nelsonnet.com.au. These include:
Worksheet Video tutorial Video tutorials of worked

Worksheets
Venn diagrams Negative indices
examples
Puzzle sheet Puzzle sheets of matching Worked solutions Worked solutions of selected
Geometry crossword activities and crosswords Exercise 8-10 exercise questions
Skillsheets of examples and

Skillsheet Technology worksheet Technology worksheets:
exercises of prerequisite skills Excel
Indices
Graphing data additional technology activities
and knowledge
Homework sheets for weekly
Homework sheet
practice and revision, including Quiz ExamView quizzes: interactive
Pythagoras
theorem 1 mental calculation, numeracy and Equations and self-marking
literacy questions
&BDISFTPVSDFIBTBVOJRVFJEFOUJFSDPEF'PSFYBNQMF UIFWJEFPUVUPSJBMA1ZUIBHPSBTUIFPSFN
has the code MAT09MGVT10001, which stands for Mathematics, Year 9, Measurement and
Geometry strand, Video Tutorial 10001.
SAMPLE CHAPTER
xiv 9780170193085
for the A u s t ra l i a n C u r r i cu l u m 9
At the end of each chapter
n Language of maths
t Power plus is an extension/challenge exercise base descending estimate
ascending
t Language of maths has a chapter word list expanded form exponent fractional power index
negative power
index notation indices
andliteracy questions index laws
power product quotient reciprocal
zero power
t Topic overview has reflection questions and an scientic notation signicant gures term
incomplete mind map 1

1 What does a power of 2 mean?
power?
t Chapter revision is a review exercise with links to 2 Which two words from the list mean
3 What is the or key on a calculator used for?

each exercise set of the chapter with the same base?
Wh i h i d law for dividing terms
t Mixed revision is a review exercise after every 34
chapters
At the end of the book

t General revision exercise
t Instructional and Mathematical glossaries (in this book, words printed in red also appear in the
glossary)
t Answers and Index
NelsonNetBook
t N elsonNetBook is the interactive digital version of this

textbook found on NelsonNet, containing margin icons that
link directly to NelsonNet resources
t 5PFBDIQBHFPG/FMTPO/FU#PPLZPVDBOBEEOPUFT WPJDF
and sound bites, highlighting, weblinks and bookmarks
t Zoom and Search functions
t $IBQUFSTDBOCFDVTUPNJTFEGPSEJGGFSFOUHSPVQTPGTUVEFOUT
SAMPLE CHAPTER
9780170193085 xv
Path: K:/CLA-NCM_09A-13-0303/Application/CLA-NCM_09A-13-0303-
005.3d
Date: 6th May 2013 Time: 16:32 User ID: elangok 1BlackLining
Disabled
Number and Algebra
5
Indices
The speed of light is about 300 000 000 metres per second.
In one year, light travels approximately 9 460 000 000 000 km.
Light from the stars travels for many years before it is seen on
Earth. Even light from the Sun takes eight minutes to reach
the Earth. Powers or indices provide a way to work easily with
very large and very small numbers.
SAMPLE CHAPTER
005.3d
Disabled
n Chapter outline n Wordbank

Proficiency strands base A number that is raised to a power, meaning it is multiplied
5-01 Multiplying and dividing by itself repeatedly, for example, in 25, the base is 2.
terms with the same base U F R C index laws Rules for simplifying algebraic expressions involving
5-02 Power of a power U F R C powers of the same base, for example, am 4 an amn.
5-03 Powers of products and index notation A way of writing repeated multiplication using
quotients U F R C indices (powers), in the form an, for example 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2
5-04 The zero index U F R C in index notation is 25.
5-05 Negative indices U F R C negative power A power that is a negative number, as in the
1 term 32.
5-06 Fractional indices * U F R C
n
power (or index or exponent) The number of times a base
m appears in a repeated multiplication, for example, in 25, the
5-07 Fractional indices * U F R C
n power is 5.
5-08 Summary of the index laws U F R C
scientific notation A shorter way of writing very large or
5-09 Significant figures U F R C very small numbers using powers of 10. For example,
SAMPLE CHAPTER
5-10 Scientific notation U F R C 9 460 000 000 000 in scientific notation is 9.46 3 1012.
5-11 Scientific notation on a
significant figures Meaningful digits in a numeral that tell how
calculator U F PS R C
many. For example, 28 000 000 has two significant figures:
*STAGE 5.3
2 and 8.
9780170193085
005.3d
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Indices
n In this chapter you will:

apply index laws to numerical expressions with integer indices
simplify algebraic products and quotients using index laws
express numbers in scientific notation
interpret and use zero and negative indices
(STAGE 5.3) interpret and use fractional indices
round numbers to significant figures
interpret, write and order numbers in scientific notation
interpret and use scientific notation on a calculator
solve problems involving scientific notation
SkillCheck
Worksheet
StartUp assignment 5
1 For each term:
MAT09NAWK10050
i state the base
ii state the index
Worksheet iii write the expression in words.
Powers review
a 84 b 48 c h5 d 5h
MAT09NAWK10051 2 Express each repeated multiplication in index notation.
Skillsheet a 232323232 b 3333333373737
Indices c 535353535353838 d 10 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x
MAT09NASS10020
e 636363k3k f x3y3x3y3x
g a3b3b3b3a h 53n353n3n
i q3p3q3p3q3q
3 Write each term in expanded form.
a 93 b 72 c d5 d k2
4 Evaluate each expression.
a 42 3 43 b 106 4 10 2 c 33 2 d 60
e 91 f 55 3 5 g 24 4 2 h 82
5 For each equation, find the missing power.
a 8 2? b 81 3? c 216 6? d 144 12?
e 4096 2? f 2401 7? g 64 2? h 625 5?
Investigation: Multiplying and dividing terms with powers

1 Write each expression in expanded form, then evaluate it.
SAMPLE CHAPTER
a i 22 3 23 ii 25 b i 34 3 33 ii 37
3 3 6
c i 4 34 ii 4 d i 55 3 53 ii 58
2 What do you notice about each pair of answers in question 1?
3 Is it true that 24 3 26 210? Give a reason for your answer.
180 9780170193085
005.3d
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4 Determine whether each equation is true (T) or false (F). Justify your answer.
a 25 3 25 210 b 63 3 67 621
3 9 27
c 4 34 4 d 35 3 310 315
5 Write in words and as a formula the rule for multiplying am and an, two terms with the
same base.
6 Use the rule to copy and complete each equation.
a 5 4 3 5 2 5 b 45 3 43 4 c 105 3 107
d 93 3 92 e n 3 3 n8 f p 3 3 p7
a i 36 4 33 ii 33 b i 28 4 26 ii 22
8 3 5 8 4
c i 5 45 ii 5 d i 10 4 10 ii 104
9 Is it true that 48 4 46 42? Give a reason for your answer.
a 310 4 36 34 b 48 4 42 44
c 212 4 23 24 d 610 4 65 65
11 Write in words and as a formula the rule for dividing am and an, two terms with the same
base.
a 26 4 23 2 b 108 4 106 10 c 37 4 32
11 6 8 5
d 4 44 e x 4x f g12 4 g10
Video tutorial
Multiplying and dividing terms with
5-01 the same base Simplifying with the
index laws
MAT09NAVT00002
Consider 5 4 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5
5353535353535
57
) 5 4 3 5 3 5 43
57
Summary
SAMPLE CHAPTER
When multiplying terms with the same base, add the powers:
am 3 an amn
9780170193085 181
005.3d
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Indices
The rule above is called an index law. Index is another name for power. The plural of index is
indices (pronounced in-de-sees).
Proof: a m 3 a n a|
3a3 3a} 3 a|
{z 3a3 3a}
{z
m factors n factors
a|
3a3 3a}
{z
m n factors
a mn
Example 1
Simplify each expression, writing the answer in index notation.
a 84 3 85 b 10 3 103 c d3 3 d5 d 4m 2 3 3m6 e 3r 2t 3 6r4t 3
Solution
a 8 4 3 8 5 8 45 b 10 3 10 3 101 3 10 3 c d 3 3 d 5 d 35
89 1013 d8
104
d 4m 2 3 3m6 4 3 3 3 m 2 3 m 6 e 3r 2 t 3 6rt 3 3 3 6 3 r 2 3 r 1 3 t 1 3 t 3
12m 26 18r 21 t 13
12m8 18r 3 t 4
6
Consider 56 4 54 54
5
653653653653535

65365365365
535
52
) 5 4 5 5 64
6 4
52
Summary
When dividing terms with the same base, subtract the powers:
m
a m 4 a n aa n a mn
This is another index law.

m
Proof: a m 4 a n aa n
6a36a3a3a3a3 3a m factors)

6a36a3a3 3a n factors)
SAMPLE CHAPTER a3a3 3a

a mn
m n factors]
182 9780170193085
005.3d
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Example 2
8
a 8 5 4 83 b 10 c d 20 4 d 4
10
8x 3 y7
d 20w 10 4 5w 2 e
24x 2 y
Solution
10 8 1081
a 8 5 4 83 853 b 10 c d 20 4 d 4 d 204
82 107 d 16
4
20w 10 8x 3 y 7 1
6 8x 32 y 71 xy 6
d 20w 10 4 5w 2 2 e
16 5w 24x 2 y1 3 24 3
4w 102
4w 8
Exercise 5-01 Multiplying and dividing terms

with the same base
1 Which expression is equal to 512 3 53? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D. See Example 1
A 59 B 515 C 2515 D 2536
2 Simplify each expression, writing the answer in index notation.
a 103 3 102 b 2 3 24 c 32 3 35
d 74 3 7 e 8 3 83 3 8 4 f 54 3 5 3 54
g 6 3 62 3 63 3 64 h 44 3 44 3 44 i 34 3 30 3 37
j x 3 x4 k g4 3 g4 l w7 3 w
m b3 3 b10 n p10 3 p10 o r3r
p y 3 y3 3 y2 q m 3 3 m 3 m4 r n8 3 n2
3 Which expression is equal to 104 3 10? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 100 5 B 100 4 C 10 4 D 10 5
a 3p2 3 2p5 b 4y10 3 3y 2 c 6m 3 3m8
d h3 3 5h8 e 3q 3 8q8 f 2a 2 3 5a 5
g 5n8t 3 6n8t 4 h 2ab3 3 15ab i 3e4g 3 3 e6g 2
j 8p4m5 3 4p3m5 k 16qr8 3 3q7 l 9u 3v 3 6uv 2w8
5 Which expression is equal to 512 4 5 3 ? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D. See Example 2
4 9 4 9
A 5 B 5 C 1 D 1
a 107 4 10 5 b 85 4 8 c 2015 4 20 5
SAMPLE CHAPTER
8 12 27
d 52 e 93 f 23
5 9 2
20
g 74 4 73 h 2 i 114 4 114
2
9780170193085 183
005.3d
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Indices
j p15 4 p10 k n7 4 n l w 24 4 w6
20 y8 12
m h4 n o a4
h y2 a
25
p b16 4 b15 q ww r m16 4 m16
7 Which expression is equal to 10 4 4 10? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.

A 10 4 B 14 C 13 D 10 3
a 10y15 4 5y 3 b 20w 9 4 4w 3 c 24r 8 4 3r
4 10 4g12
d 30x3 e 10m f
x 2m 8g 6
g 14d 4h10 4 7hd 2 h 15x6y8 4 15xy 4 i 6e 25d 40 4 18e 5d 4
12q 5 t 4 10 8 36pq3 r5
j k 45a 5b l
16q 4 t 3 5a 24qr
Investigation: Powers of powers

1 Write each expression in expanded form, then evaluate it.
a i (23)2 ii 26 b i (34)3 ii 312
2 3 6 5 4
c i (5 ) ii 5 d i (2 ) ii 220
3 Is it true that: (27)3 221? Give a reason for your answer.
a (35)3 315 b (23)2 25 c (210)4 214
2 5 10 3 6 18
d (4 ) 4 e (3 ) 3 f (52)4 56
5 Write in words and as a formula the rule for raising am to a power of n, that is, (am)n.
a (37)2 3 b (52)6 5 c (45)2 4
3 4 3 7
d (a ) a e (8 ) f (k4)6
Puzzle sheet
Indices puzzle 5-02 Power of a power

MAT09NAPS10053
Consider 5 3 4 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 3
Video tutorial
5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5
Simplifying with the
index laws 53535353535353535353535
MAT09NAVT00002 512
) 53 4 53 3 4
SAMPLE CHAPTER
512
184 9780170193085
005.3d
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Summary
When raising a term with a power to another power, multiply the powers:
a m n a m 3 n
Proof: a m n |
a m 3 a m 3 3 am}
{z
n factors
a|
3a3 3a} 3 a|
{z 3a3 3a} 3 |
{z 3 3a}
3 a 3 a{z
m factors m factors m factors
|{z}
n lots of m factors
am3n
Example 3
a (8 5)2 b (d 3)5 c (2g)4
d (5v4)3 e (n)6 f (3t 4)3
Solution
a 8 5 2 25 3 2 b d 3 5 d 3 3 5 c 2g4 24 3 g 4
210 d 15 16g 4
d 5v 4 3 5 3 3 v 4 3 e n6 16 3 n6 f 3t 4 3 33 3 t 4 3
125 3 v 4 3 3 1 3 n6 27 3 t 4 3 3
125v12 n6 27t 12
Exercise 5-02 Power of a power

1 Which expression is equal to (10 3)3? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D. See Example 3
A 30 3 B 100 C 109 D 106
a (43)2 b (52)8 c (33)4 d (27)4 e (21)2 f (9)3
g (100)2 h (64)5 i (53)5 j (e 2)4 k (t 5)5 l (y 3)7
m (c1)5 n (m7)5 o (y4)4 p (h0)6 q (q6)3 r (w4)1
s (2x)10 t (5n3)8 u (4d 3)3 v (k 5)9 w (d 3)4 x (2a8)8
3 Which expression is equal to (3)5? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 36 B 35 C 35 D 15
a (2d 3)4 b (5m 3)2 c (4y5)2 d (3x2)4 e (5u6)5 f (2w5)3
g (10d 5)4
m (2r)4
s (4w5)4
SAMPLE CHAPTER
h (3e)3
n (5t)3
t (3f )5
i (2b4)1
o (3m 3)2
u (3p2)3
j (6d 6)2
p (y 3)12
v (3h5)4
k (3f 4)5
q (x)3
w (10k)2
l (2c3)10
r (m 3)10
x (8y 3)1
9780170193085 185
005.3d
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Indices
Video tutorial
Simplifying with the 5-03 Powers of products and quotients

index laws
MAT09NAVT0002 Consider 2 3 53 2 3 5 3 2 3 5 3 2 3 5
Homework sheet 23232353535
Indices 1 23 3 5 3
MAT09NAHS10005 ) 2 3 53 23 3 5 3
Summary
When raising a product of terms to a power, raise each term to that power:
abn a n bn
Proof: abn ab 3 ab 3 3 ab
|{z}
n factors
a|
3a3 3a} 3 b|
{z 3b3 3b}
{z
n factors n factors
an bn
Example 4
Simplify each expression.
a (2gh2)5 b (p3q4)2
Solution
a 2gh5 25 3 g 5 3 h2 5 b p 3 q 4 2 p 3 2 3 q 4 2
32 3 g 5 3 h 2 3 5 p 3 3 2 3 q4 3 2
32g 5 h10 p6 q8
6
5 53535353535
Consider 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5
83838383838
6
5
6
8
6
5 56
) 6
8 8
SAMPLE CHAPTER
186 9780170193085
005.3d
Disabled
Summary
When raising a quotient of terms to a power, raise each term to that power:
n
a an
b bn
n
Proof: a a a a
3 3 3
b b|{z}
b b
n factors
a 3 a 3 3 a n factors

b 3 b 3 3 b n factors
n
a
n
b
Example 5
2 3
7c 4k 2
a d b
5
Solution
2 3
7c 7c2 4k 2 4k 2 3
a 2 b
d d 5 53
72 c 2 43 k 2 3
2
d
2
125
49c
2 6
d 64k
125
Exercise 5-03 Powers of products and quotients

1 Which expression is equal to 4 3 52 ? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D. See Example 4
A 16 3 25 B 16 3 25 C 8 3 10 D 8 3 10
a (ab)3 b (x 2y)5 c (l 3m 5)6 d (6dp2)4 e (8k 4y 5)2 f (3m 2n)5
g (ek 3)3 h (w 3x4)7i (8d 3y 5)2 j (4b2c 3)4 k (3a 3d)3 l (2p2q3)4
3
3 Which expression is equal to 3 ? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D. See Example 5
4
A 9 B 9 C 27 D 27
12 12 64 64
4 Simplify each expression. 5 4
2 3 4 5 8 2
a 6 b m c 5 d 2n e w f m2
7 2 x p 3 4n
SAMPLE CHAPTER
t
4 3 2 4
g 2 h 5h i 7k 4 j 3r 2 k a2 b l 2 5
3 6 10 t2 d5 3c 2
9780170193085 187
005.3d
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Indices
Worked solutions 5 Simplify each expression.

Exercise 5-03 a (2x10y15)3 3 5x 2y 3 b (2x10y15 3 5x 2y 3)3 c 18q5r 8 4 (3qr 2)2
3
MAT09NAWS10503 3a 5 x6 3a 5 x6
d (18q5r 8 4 3qr 2)2 e ax f
ax4
g (4p3h10)2 3 2p2h9 h (4p3h10)2 4 2p2h9 i (4p3h10 3 2p2h9)2
Investigation: The power of zero

What is the value of a number raised to a power of 0, for example, 20?
1 Copy and complete each table of decreasing powers. Notice the pattern in your answers.
a b
Power of 2 Number Power of 3 Number
25 32 35 243
4
2 16 34
23 33
2
2 32
1
2 31
20 30
2 Simplify each expression in index notation.
a 34 3 30 b 52 3 50 c 20 3 27 d 70 3 73 e 45 3 40 f 50 3 57
5 0 5 0 2 0 3 0 6 0
g 2 42 h 3 43 i 4 44 j 9 49 k 5 45 l 84 4 80
3 Any number will remain unchanged when multiplied by what?
4 Any number will remain unchanged when divided by what?
5 What is the answer when any number is raised to the power of 0, that is, a0? Justify your
answer.
5-04 The zero index

3
5
Consider 5 3 4 5 3 3
5
1 Any number divided by itself equals 1.
But also 5 3 4 5 3 533
50
) 50 1
Summary
Any number raised to the power of zero is equal to 1.
SAMPLE CHAPTER a0 1
188 9780170193085
005.3d
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Proof: am 4 am 1 Any number divided by itself equals 1.
m m mm
But also a 4a a
a0
) a0 1:
Example 6
a 110 b (8)0 c g0
d (3r)0 e 3r 0 f 80
Solution
a 110 1 b (8)0 1 c g0 1
d (3r)0 1 e 3r 0 3 3 r 0 f 80 1 3 80
331 1 3 1
3 1
Exercise 5-04 The zero index

1 Simplify each expression. See Example 6
a 20 b (2)0 c 20 d (m)0
0
2
e m0 f 4a0 g h 7x0
3
0
p
i 10000 j p 30 k l 2b0
3
m (9k)0 n (x 2y)0 o (xyw)0 p (ab)0
q (6r)0 r (6r)0 s 6r 0 t 6(r)0
u (cd)0 v (7x 2)0 w 3(a 2b3)0 x (5v 5w4)0
2 Simplify each expression. Worked solutions

a 70 20 b 70 20 c 2m0 (2m)0 d 2m0 (2m)0 Exercise 5-04
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MAT09NAWS10504
e (6a) 6a f (6a) 6x g (5y) 4 h (5y) 4
0 0 0
1 1 1 1
i 30 3 50 j 32 3 50 k y0 l y
2 2 2 2
m 2w0 3 3p0 n 12u0 4 3 o (5d 0)3 p 8b0 (3b0)2
12p0 12q 5
q r 6n3 4 2n3 s t 3x 3 3 4 x9
2p0 36q 5
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Mental skills 4 Maths without calculators
Adding or multiplying in any order

Numbers can be added or multiplied in any order.
We can use this property to make our calculations simpler.
1 Study each example.
a 19 5 5 1 19 1 5 5
20 10
30
b 13 8 20 27 80 13 27 20 80 8
40 100 8
148
c 2 3 36 3 5 2 3 5 3 36
10 3 36
360
d 25 3 11 3 4 3 7 25 3 4 3 11 3 7
100 3 77
7700
2 Now evaluate each sum.
a 45 16 45 4 7 b 38 600 50 12 40
c 18 91 9 20 d 75 33 7 25
e 24 16 80 44 10 f 56 5 20 15 4
g 100 36 200 10 90 h 54 27 9 16 3
i 70 50 30 25 25 j 32 120 40 80 40
3 Now evaluate each product.
a 83435 b 50 3 7 3 2 c 33536
d 5 3 11 3 40 e 12 3 2 3 3 f 2 3 4 3 25 3 8
g 3 3 20 3 7 3 5 h 6383532 i 2 3 3 3 2 3 11
Investigation: Negative powers

What is the value of a number raised to a negative power, for example, 21 or 22?
1 Copy and complete each table showing decreasing powers. Notice the pattern in your answers.
a Power of 2 Number b Power of 10 Number
23 8 103 1000
22 4 102
21 101
20 100
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21
22
23
101
102
103
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2 Copy and complete this table showing decreasing powers in expanded form. Notice the
pattern in your answers.
a Power of 5 Expanded form b Power of 5 Expanded form

33 33333 53 53535
32 333 52
31 3 51
30 1 50
31 1 51
3 52
32 1 1 53
3 3 3 32
54
33 1 1
3 3 3 3 3 33 55
34
35
3 If 32 12 and 53 13 , then write each negative power in a similar way.
3 5
1
a 4 b 74 c 26
4 Simplify each expression in index notation.
a 104 4 107 b 23 4 28 c 34 4 35 d 52 4 58 e a4 4 a6 f a 4 a4
104 10 3 10 3 10 3 10
5 Consider 107 10 3 10 3 10 3 10 3 10 3 10 3 10
1
10 3 10 3 10
13
10
104 47
But also 107 10
103
) 103 1 3
10
Use the method above to show that:
3 4 2 4
a 28 25 15 b 35 31 1 c 58 52 16 d a6 a2 12
2 2 3 3 5 5 a a
6 Write in words and as a formula the rule for raising a to a negative power n, that is, an.
Technology Negative powers

In this activity we will discover the pattern for negative powers. We will consider base values
from 2 to 10 shown in column A and indices (powers) 1, 2 and 3 shown in row 1. On a
SAMPLE CHAPTER
spreadsheet, the symbol for power is ^ (called a carat, press SHIFT 6). For example, 31 is
entered as 3^ 1.
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1 Create a spreadsheet as shown below.
2 We will first examine the power of 1. In cell B4, enter 5A4^ $B$1 to calculate 21.
$B$1 is an absolute cell reference, which ensures that the cell does not change when
a formula is copied. This means that in column B, the power will always refer to cell
B1 (1) only. Fill Down from cell B4 to B12.
3 Use Format cells to set column B decimals to Fraction and Up to three digits.
4 Compare your answers in column B with the original values in column A. Can you describe
the pattern when a base is raised to a power of 1?
5 Now consider powers of 2. Adapt steps from 1 to 3 for column C. Use Fill Down from
cell C4 to C12.
6 Compare your answers in column C with the original values in column A. Can you describe
SAMPLE CHAPTER
7 Now consider powers of 3. Adapt steps for column D. In cell D4, enter the formula
5A4^ $D$1.
Note: D12s fraction is missing as it has 4 digits in the denominator, which the spreadsheet
doesnt allow for. Can you figure out what the fraction should be?
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8 Compare your answers in column D with the original values in column A. Can you describe
9 Write a rule for negative powers, given the answers you have found in this activity. Discuss
with other students in your class.
Worksheet
5-05 Negative indices Power calculations
MAT09NAWK10056
0
2
Consider 20 4 23 3 Video tutorial
2
13
Negative indices
2 MAT09NAVT10010
But also 20 4 23 203

23
) 23 13
2
Summary
A number raised to a negative power gives a fraction (with a numerator of 1):
an a1n
0
Proof: a0 4 a n aa n
a1n
But also a0 4 a n a0n

an
) an a1n
Example 7
Simplify each expression using a positive index (power).
a 53 b 3n2 c 3n2 d p2q3
Solution
1 1
a 53 13 3n2 2 3 3
b 3n2 3 3 n2 c d p q p2 3 q
5 3n2
3 3 12 q3
1 n 12 2
9n p
23
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n
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Indices
The reciprocal as a power

1
Consider 91
9
1 is the reciprocal of 9.
9 1
2 1
Consider 3 2
3
14 2
3
13 3
2
3
2
11
2
Summary
A number raised to a power of 1 gives its reciprocal.
a1 1a
1
a ba
b
Example 8
1 1
4 y
a b
3 5
Solution
1 1
4 3 y 5
a b y
3 4 5
Stage 5.3 Negative powers of quotients

2
4 12
Consider 5
4
5
1

16
25
1 4 16
25
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1 3 25 Stage 5.3
16
25
16
2
52
4
2
5
4
Summary
A number raised to a power of n gives its reciprocal raised to the power of n.
n n n
a ba ba n
b
n
Proof:
a 1n
b a
b
n1
a
bn
bn
an
n
ba
Example 9
3 2
a 4 b 21 c 3a 2
3 2 b4
Solution
3 3 2 2 2 4 2
4 3 21 5 3a
a b c b
3 4 2 2 b4 3a
27 2
2 8
64
5 b2
9a
4
25
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Exercise 5-05 Negative indices

See Example 7 1 Simplify each expression using a positive index.
a 62 b 57 c 31 d 102
e g5 f z1 g n3 h t2
i a4 j 53 k yd l rm
2 Evaluate each expression, giving your answers in fraction form.
a 32 b 54 c 61 d 72
1 7
e 25 f 2 g 43 h 106
10 3
i 2 j 3 k 62 l 94
3 Write each expression using a negative index.
a 12 b 1n c 13 d 1
n 8 8
e 1 f 2 g 1 h 1
105 a4 3 b
i 6a j 42 k 25 l 53
t w d
Worked solutions 4 Simplify each expression using positive indices.
Exercise 5-05 a 5h1 b 2b5 c 3e3 d 4n2
MAT09NAWS10505 e pb2 f r 2s4 g w2y h d 3y 3
i (2m)1 j (xy)1 k (4h)2 l (5k)3
m 3m 3p2 n 15k1w4 o 12x2y3 p 12x2y 3
q (3h)2 r (4k)3 s (2c)4 t (8y)1
u 4pq3 v 4p1q3 w vm2 x v1m2
See Example 8 5 Simplify each expression.
1 1 1
a 2 b 8 c 9 1 d 3
7 5 10 2
1 1 1 1
e 3 f 5 g x h 5a
4 2 3
1 1 1 1
m 5r 2 1
i j k l v
2 4 3z
Stage 5.3 6 Simplify each expression.
2 2 3
See Example 9 a 1 b 2 c 1 6 d 5
4 3 10 2
5 4 2 3
4 5 1 2
e f g 2 h 1
3 4 4 5
2 3 4 2
k 3 a2 4
i j x k l
3 4 3g3
2
2 5 3 2 3 3
m 2d n h o 5d p 3c
5t m3 3p4 4a 2
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Stage 5.3
1
5-06 Fractional indices n
We know now the meaning of zero and negative indices, that is, a0, a1 and an.
1 1
What is the meaning of fractional indices, that is, a 2 and a n ?
1 2 1
Consider 25 2 25 2 3 2 Power of a power
1
25
25
p 2
but 25 25
1 p
) 25 2 25 5
Summary
Any number raised to the power of 1 is the square root of that number:
2
1 p
a2 a
1 2 1
Proof: a2 a232
a1
p 2 a
But a a
1 p
) a2 a
1 3 1
Now consider 27 3 273 3 3 Power of a power
271
p3
3 27
but 27 27
1 p
) 27 3 3 27 9
Summary
Any number raised to the power of 1 is the cube root of that number:
3
1 p
a3 3 a
1 3 1
Proof: a3 a333
a1
p 3 a
But 3 a a
1 p
) a3 3 a
1 5 1
Now consider 32 5 32 5 3 5 Power of a power
321
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32
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1 5 1 p
Stage 5.3 If 32 5 32, then 32 5 is called the 5th root of 32, written 5 32.
25 32
1 p
) 32 5 5 32 2
Summary
Generally, any number raised to the power of 1n is the nth root of that number:
1 p
an n a
1 n 1
Proof: an an 3 n
a1
a
p
n
But n a a
1 p
) an n a
Example 10
Evaluate each expression.
1 1 1
a 900 2 b 125 3 c 1024 10
Solution
1 p 1 p
3

a 900 2 900 b 125 3 125
30 5
1 p
c 1024 10 10 1024 Enter on calculator: 10 3
1024 =
2 because 2 10
1024
Summary
On a calculator, the nth root key is 3 or , found by pressing the SHIFT or 2ndF key
before pressing or yx respectively.
Example 11
Write each expression using a fractional index.
p p p p
7

a 8 b 3 36 c 4
n d ab
SAMPLE CHAPTER
Solution
p 1 p
3
1 p 1 p
7
1
4
a 8 82 b 36 36 3 c n n4 d ab ab7
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1 Stage 5.3
Exercise 5-06 Fractional indices n
1 Evaluate each expression. See Example 10
1 1 1 1
a 25 2 b 343 3 c 625 2 d 1000 3
1 1 1 1
e 32 5 f 0:027 3 g 0:04 2 h 64 3
1 1 1 1
i 83 j 7293 k 256 8 l 3125 5
2 Write each expression using a radical (root) sign.
1 1 1 1
a 10 2 b 12 3 c g2 1 d m4
1 1 1
e 8r2 f 6h6 g 5j 8 5 h 90ab 9
3 Write each expression using a fractional index. See Example 11
p p3
p p
a p5 b p 49
c p 20
d 5p400

e 6 66 f 4 64 g 8
p 144
h 10 1000
p p 7 p
6

i a j 3q k h l p w

p p p
m 5t n xy o 4
100f p 3 2mn
4 Evaluate each expression correct to 2 decimal places.
1 1 p
3
p
a 20 3 b 215
p
2
c p 144
d p2001

1
e 6663 f 4 1111 g 5 754 h 6 0:008
5 Simplify each expression. Worked solutions
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2
a b2 3 b2 b e3 3 e 33 e 3 c y3y5 d m5 3 m5 Exercise 5-06
1 2 3 2
12
1 1
e 2t 3 5t
3 3 f 6a 2 g n m 4 4 h 16a 2 b6 2 MAT09NAWS10506
1 1 1 1 3
i 8v 6 w 9 3
j 40a 10 4 8a 10 k 35x 4 5x 3 l 36y 4 4y4
m
5-07 Fractional indices n
2 3
What is the meaning of fractional indices such as a 3 and a 2 ?
3
1 3
Consider 32 5 32 5 Power of a power
p3
5 32
23
8
3 1
or consider 32 5 323 5 Power of a power
p5

323
p
5 32 768
8
Summary
SAMPLE CHAPTER
m p m p
an n
a or n a m
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Indices
m
1 m 1
Stage 5.3 Proof: an an or a m n
p m p
n a or n a m
Note: Taking the root first often makes the calculation simpler.
Example 12
Evaluate each expression.
2 4 1 3
a 83 b 27 3 c 643 d 164
Solution
p2 p4
643 1 1 d 164 1 3
2 3 4 3 1 3
a 83 8 b 27 3 27 c
64 3 16 4
22 34 1 1
p 3
p 3
4 81 64 4
16
1

4 13
2
1
8
Example 13
3
Evaluate 300 5 correct to two decimal places.
Solution
3
300 5 30:63887063 . . . Enter on calculator: 300 3 5 =
30:64
Example 14
Write each expression using a fractional index.
p p 1
a 4 p3 b b7 c p
3
q4
Solution
p 1 p 1 1 1
a 4
p3 p3 4 b b7 b7 2 c p
3 1
3 7
q 4 q 4 3
p4 b2
14 or q3
4
q3
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Stage 5.3
Example 15
q p 2 35
16r 2 3
4 3
a b 27k c 32a 5
Solution
q 3 p2 35
4 2 1
16r 2 3 16r 2 4 32a 5
3
a b 27k 27k 3 c 3
3 3 2 2
32a 5 5
16 r 4 234 27 k 3 3 3 3
3 2
32 5 a 5 3 5
8r 2 9k 3
8a3
m
Exercise 5-07 Fractional indices n
1 Evaluate each expression. See Example 12

3 5 5 2
a 4 2 b 8 3 c 128 7 d 27 3
3 4 3 3
e 1024 5 f 64 3 g 32 5 h 81 4
2 2 1 1
i 1000 3 j 125 3 k 83 l 814
3 3 3 4
m 252 n 362 o 2564 p 31255
4 3 4 7
q 10245 r 4002 s 1287 t 102410
2 Evaluate each expression correct to two decimal places. See Example 13

7
3 5
23
a 15 4 b 85 c 50 4 d 6
3 2
34 32
e 100 f 16 5 g 12 h 179 5
3 Write each expression using a fractional index. See Example 14

p p p 1
a 7 g2 b e5 c 6 x18 d p
4 16
y
p
3
p
5
1 1
e m5 f m3 g p
4 3
h p
3 4
n n
4 Simplify each expression. See Example 15
3 2
q p3
32d 10 3
4 4 5
a 16n b 8w 3 c d 64m8
p5 q 2
e 4
81r 4 f
4
81h12 3 1
g p h p 1

4 5
3
8s6 1024x15
2 34 3 2
i 125b6 3 j 625t 2 k 49p4 q10 2 l 1000x 3 y 6 3
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Indices
Worksheet
Index laws review 5-08 Summary of the index laws

MAT09NAWK10054
Puzzle sheet
Indices squaresaw
Summary
MAT09NAPS10055
am 3 an amn a0 1
m
Homework sheet
a m 4 a n aa n a mn a1 1a
Indices 2
MAT09NAHS10006 a m n a m 3 n an a1n

1
abn a n b n a ba
b
n n n
a an a ba ba n
n
b bn b
1 p 1 p 1 p m p m p
a 2 a, a 3 3 a, a n n a a n n a or n a m
Exercise 5-08 Summary of the index laws

a a4 3 a 3 b t8 3 t c n8 4 n2 d p3 4 p
e (w 2)4 f (g 3)6 g 2b 2 3 3b 5 h 4d 7 3 5d 6
12
i 30c 8 j (5b4)4 k 24m6 4 8m4 l (3a)2
5c
a 40 b (4)0 c 7 3 20 d (7 3 2)0
e (2)3 f (3)2 g (5 2)2 h 2 4 3 23
i (72)0 j 45 4 42 k 42 4 45 l 10 3 4 10 3
0
m 5 2 4 50 n 102 4 10 2 o 1 p 102 3 10 2
SAMPLE CHAPTER
2
3 Evaluate each expression, giving your answers in fraction form.
a 52 b 25 c 201 d 103
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4 Evaluate each expression. Stage 5.3
1 1 5 1 1
a 16 2 b 27 3 40 c 25 2 d 83 42
1 1 3 3
e 82 3 f 9 3 2 g 81 4 h 325
20p 3 q 8
a (3mn3)2 b 8a 2w 2 3 5a 3w 7 c (4a 2b 5)4 d
5p 2 q 6
3 2
4 48u 5 v 4 3x
e f 6c 2d 0 g h
5 16uv 10
4 5 2
7x 2 y 6 p
i (4n2t)3 j 2 k l
3 35x 5 y 3 9y
3 a 2 b4 3 a3
m (2p 3q2)5 n 1 o 2n0 p
7n b5
6 Simplify each expression using a positive index.
a 87 b 35 c y1 d x3
e (5b)2 f 5b2 g (ab)1 h ab1
i 11t3 j (11t)3 k p 3q5 i mw3
m 8u3v4 n 2r6y5 o 10e1f 3 p 1 k 4 n7
2
1 1 1 1
a 7 b 5 c 2 d 1
4 2 3 7
1 1 1 1
r 1 6y 2
e f g z h
8 10p 5a
8 Write each expression using a negative index.
1 1 1 1
a 3 b c d
4 2 10 4 92
1 9 1 5
e f g 7 h 3
k k4 x p
a q 5 3 q2 b d 3 3 d 7 c m6 4 m 5 d t 4 t1
64p1
e 5g 3 3 6g1 f 8a2 3 3a 3 g 7x2 3 4x h
16p 2
i 48q 4 3q2 j 5t 3 k 2(b1)4 l (3h)2
10t1
10 Write each expression using a fractional index. Stage 5.3
p p p p
a 5 b 3d c 3y d 4
10
p 2 q q q5 Worked solutions
y
xy5 5a3
4
e 3 p f g h
6 Exercise 5-08
11 Simplify each expression. MAT09NAWS10508
3
4 2
10 2 5
a b 8c 3 3 c d 25w 5 2
5a 7m
3 2 2
49 2 a3 b9 3 p 64 3
e f g 4 625m6 h
d2 c6 y3
2 4
p 5
2a3
SAMPLE CHAPTER
i 5
32m 10 j 1 k 16x 8 4 l
3g 2 c2
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Indices
NSW
5-09 Significant figures
Worksheet
A way of rounding a number is to give the most relevant or important digits of the number. For
Significant figures
example, a crowd of 47 321 people can be written as 47 000, which is rounded to the nearest
MAT09NAWK10058
thousand, or to two significant figures.
The first significant figure in a number is the
first non-zero digit. For example, the significant
figures are shown in bold in this table:
FPO
First Number of
significant significant
Number digit digits
47 321 4 5
47 000 4 2
0.000 159 2 1 4
0.000 2 2 1
When rounding to significant figures, start counting from the first digit that is not 0.
If it is a large number, you may need to insert 0s at the end as placeholders.
Zeros at the end of a whole number or at the beginning of a decimal are not significant: they
are necessary placeholders.
Zeros between significant figures or at the end of a decimal are significant. For example, the
significant figures are shown in bold in this table.
Number First significant digit Number of significant digits

809 000 8 3
0.020 70 2 4
Example 16
State the number of significant figures in each number.
a 63.70 b 0.003 05 c 7600
Solution
a The zero after 7 is significant.
[ 63.70 has four significant figures.
b The first significant figure is 3, and the zero between 3 and 5 is significant.
[ 0.003 05 has three significant figures.
c The zeros after 6 are not significant.
[ 7600 has two significant figures.
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Example 17
Round each number to three significant figures.
The zeros here are not
a 56.357 b 9.249 c 548 307 significant, but they are
placeholders that are
Solution necessary for showing the
a 56.357 56.4 b 9.249 9.25 c 548 307 548 000 place values of the 5, 4 and 8.
Example 18
Write each number correct to one significant figure.
a 0.007 39 b 0.025 c 0.963
The zeros at the beginning of
Solution a decimal are not significant:
they are placeholders.
a 0.007 39 0.007 b 0.025 0.03 c 0.963 1
Exercise 5-09 Significant figures

1 State the number of significant figures in each number. See Example 16
a 457 b 0.23 c 15 000 d 4.0004 e 0.0005 f 5000
g 0.002 07 h 89 072 i 0.040 j 76 000 000 k 0.000 328 l 169.320
2 Round each number to three significant figures. See Example 17
a 37.609 b 9435 c 168.39
d 2.813 e 15.99 f 60 522
g 1 769 000 h 385 764 i 10.2717
3 Write each number correct to two significant figures. See Example 18
a 0.0637 b 0.903 c 0.084 55
d 0.000 158 e 0.007 625 f 0.038 71
g 0.2795 h 0.018 944 i 0.3145
4 What is 45 067 853 rounded to 3 significant figures? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 45 167 853 B 45 100 000 C 45 067 900 D 45 070 000
5 What is 0.005 605 0 rounded to 2 significant figures? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 0.01 B 0.010 000 0 C 0.0056 D 0.005 600 0
6 Round each number to one significant figure.
a 9.478 b 57.12 c 0.0367
d 0.007 66 e 0.5067 f 10 675
g 1856.78 h 0.000 28 i 56 239 400
7 A company makes a profit of $35 754 125.
SAMPLE CHAPTER
a Round the profit to the nearest million and state the number of significant figures in the
answer.
b Round the profit to the nearest ten million and state the number of significant figures in
the answer.
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8 Australias population in 2010 was 21 387 000. To how many significant figures has this
number been written?
9 A total of 21 558 people attended a local football match. Express this number to three
significant figures.
10 Evaluate each expression, correct to the number of significant figures shown in the brackets.
a 45.6 3 8.7 2.75 3 78.32 (2) b 15.5 9.87 4 0.24 8.43 3 2.4 (1)
c (63.73 27.89) 4 5.82 (3) d 63:25 76:03 (4)
55:89 89:24
e 9:732 2:765 (1) f 78.91 4 (23.6 94.7) (2)
12:27 3 15:8
1 253 p
g (3) h 84:3 3 0:0715 (4)
0:941 0:0076
Just for the record Big numbers

The table below lists the names of some big numbers and their meanings.
Name Numeral
million 106 1 000 000
billion 109 1 000 000 000
trillion 1012
quadrillion 1015
quintillion 1018
sextillion 10 21
septillion 10 24
octillion 10 27
nonillion 10 30
decillion 10 33
According to the Guinness Book of Records, the largest number for which there is an
accepted name is the centillion, first recorded in 1852. It is equal to 10 303.
What special name for the number 10100?
Puzzle sheet
Scientific notation 5-10 Scientific notation

puzzle
MAT09NAPS10059 Scientific notation is a short way of writing very large or

very small numbers using powers of 10. It was invented
in the early twentieth century when scientists needed to
describe very large values, such as astronomical distances
and very small values such as the masses of atoms.
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Summary
Numbers written in scientific notation are expressed in the form
m 3 10 n
where m is a number between 1 and 10 and n is an integer.
Example 19
Video tutorial
Express each number in scientific notation. Scientific notation
a 764 000 000 000 b 6000 c 0.0008 d 0.000 000 472 MAT09NAVT10011
Solution
a Use the significant figures in the number to write a value between 1 and 10: 7.64
Count how many places the decimal point moves to the right to make 764 000 000 000.
11 places or count the number of
places after the first significant
figure, 7
764 000 000 000
[ 764 000 000 000 7.64 3 1011

b Use the significant figures in the number to write a value between 1 and 10: 6
Count how many places the decimal point moves to the right to make 6000.
3 places
or count the number of
places after the first significant
figure, 6
6000
[ 6000 6 3 10 3
c Use the significant figures in the number to write a value between 1 and 10: 8
Count how many places the decimal point moves to the left to make 0.0008.
4 places
decimal places to the first
significant figure, 8
0.0008
[ 0.0008 8 3 104
Note that small numbers are written with negative powers of 10.
d Use the significant figures in the number to write a value between 1 and 10: 4.72
Count the number of places the decimal point moves to the left to make 0.000 000 472.
7 places
decimal places to the first
SAMPLE CHAPTER
significant figure, 4
0.000 000 472
0.000 000 472 4.72 3 107
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Example 20
Express each number in decimal form.
a 2.7 3 10 4 b 3.56 3 102
Solution
a 2.7 10 4 = 2.7000 Move the decimal point 4 places to the right.
= 27000
b 3.56 10 2 = 0.0356 Move the decimal point 2 places to the left.
= 0.0356
Example 21
a Which number is the larger: 3.65 3 1012 or 8.1 3 1012?
b Write these numbers in ascending order: 4.3 3 10 6, 2.8 3 107, 1.9 3 107
Solution
To compare numbers in scientific notation, first compare the powers of ten.
If the powers of ten are the same, then compare the decimal parts.
a The powers of ten are the same. Compare the decimal parts: 8.1 > 3.65.
[ The larger number is 8.1 3 1012
b Compare the powers of ten: 10 6 < 107.
Then compare the two numbers with 107: 1.9 < 2.8.
[ The numbers in ascending order are 4.3 3 10 6, 1.9 3 107, 2.8 3 107.
Exercise 5-10 Scientific notation

See Example 19 1 Express each number in scientific notation.
a 2400 b 786 000 c 55 000 000 d 95
e 7.8 f 348 000 000 g 59 670 h 15
i 3 000 000 000 j 80 k 763 l 10
m 0.035 n 0.000 076 o 0.8 p 0.0713
q 0.000 003 r 0.913 s 0.000 007 146 t 0.009
u 0.000 000 1 v 0.000 89 w 0.000 000 078 x 0.1
2 Express each measurement in scientific notation.
a The worlds largest mammal is the blue whale,
which can weigh up to 130 000 kg.
b The diameter of an oxygen molecule
is 0.000 000 29 cm.
SAMPLE CHAPTER
c The thickness of a human hair is 0.000 08 m.
d Light travels at a speed of 300 000 000 m/s.
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e The nearest star to Earth, excluding the Sun, is Alpha Centauri, which
is 40 000 000 000 000 km away.
f The thickness of a typical piece of paper is 0.000 12 m.
g The small intestine of an adult is approximately 610 cm long.
h The diameter of a hydrogen atom is 0.000 000 0001 m.
i The diameter of our galaxy, the Milky Way, is 770 000 000 000 000 000 000 m.
j A microsecond means 0.000 001 s.
k The Andromeda Galaxy is the most remote body visible to the naked eye, at a distance of
2 200 000 light years away.
3 Express each number in decimal form. See Example 20

a 6 3 10 5 b 7.1 3 10 3 c 3.02 3 10 8
0
d 3.14 3 10 e 6 3 105 f 7.1 3 103
g 3.02 3 10 8
h 5.9 3 1010 i 1.1 3 1012
j 4 3 10 4
k 5 3 10 3 l 4.76 3 104
m 8.03 3 101 n 6.32 3 10 4 o 1.6 3 102
p 2.2 3 10 7
q 9.0 3 106 r 1.11 3 101
4 For each pair of numbers, write the larger one. See Example 21
5 5 5 6
a 3 3 10 or 4 3 10 b 8.4 3 10 or 2.7 3 10
c 8.4 3 100 or 1.3 3 107 d 3.6 3 107 or 6.3 3 107
e 9.3 3 109 or 7.6 3 109 f 3.5 3 106 or 9.3 3 10 2
g 3.04 3 100 or 3.04 3 104 h 4.5 3 105 or 3.7 3 107
i 2 3 1015 or 2 3 1017 j 6.23 3 105 or 9.7 3 105
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Indices
5 Write each set of numbers in ascending order.

a 3.8 3 109, 7.3 3 109, 5.5 3 109
b 2.2 3 104, 5.8 3 106, 7 3 104
c 3.5 3 100, 5.3 3 10 2, 4.9 3 10 2
6 Write each set of numbers in descending order.
a 6 3 10 5, 2.9 3 10 2, 1 3 10 2
b 1.2 3 109, 6.3 3 10 2, 8.1 3 104
c 4.1 3 101, 9.5 3 101, 6.4 3 103
Worksheet
Scientific notation 5-11 Scientific notation on a calculator

problems
MAT09NAWK10060 To enter a number in scientific notation on a calculator, use the or key.

Homework sheet
Indices 3 Example 22
MAT09NAHS10007
Evaluate each expression using scientific notation.
Homework sheet
a (4.25 3 107) 3 (8.2 3 106) b (1.08 3 1015) 4 (3 3 1011) c (4.9 3 107)2
Indices revision
MAT09NAHS10008 Solution
a Enter 4.25 7 8.2 6 =
(4.25 3 10 ) 3 (8.2 3 10 ) 3.485 3 1014
7 6
Note that with scientific
notation on a calculator, there
b Enter 1.08 15 3 11 =
is no need to enter brackets
(1.08 3 1015) 4 (3 3 1011) 3.6 3 1027 ( ) around the
numbers.
c Enter 4.9 7 =
(4.9 3 10 ) 2.401 3 1015
7 2
Example 23
Estimate the value of each expression in scientific notation, then evaluate it correct to three
9
a 9:2 3 10 5 b 8:5 3 10 4 3 6:3 3 107 c 6:08 3 10 3 2
2:7 3 10
Solution
Estimate Calculated answer
9:2 3 10 9 9 3 10 9 9:2 3 10 9 34 074:074 07
a 2:7 3 10 5
2:7 3 10 5 3 3 10 5
9 34 000
9 3 10 5
SAMPLE CHAPTER3 10
3 3 10 4
3:4 3 10 4
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Estimate Calculated answer
b 8:5 3 10 4 3 6:3 3 107 8:5 3 10 4 3 6:3 3 107 5:355 3 1012
9 3 10 4 3 6 3 107 5:36 3 1012
9 3 6 3 10 4 3 107
54 3 1011
5:4 3 10 3 1011
5:4 3 1012
c 6:08 3 10 5 3 6 3 10 5 3 6:08 3 10 5 3 2:24755 . . . 3 1017
6 3 3 10 5 3 2:25 3 1017
216 3 1015
2:16 3 10 2 3 1015
2:16 3 1017
Exercise 5-11 Scientific notation on a calculator

1 Evaluate each expression using scientific notation. See Example 22
a (2 3 10 3) 3 (3 3 10 5) b (8 3 107) 4 (4 3 10 2)
p
c (2 3 10 5)3 d 9 3 1012
7 8
e (4 3 10 ) 3 (6 3 10 ) f (1 3 108) 4 (2 3 10 3)
3 5
g (4 3 10 ) h 24.08 4 (8 3 106)
p
i 3:969 3 1019 j (2 3 10 5)2
p
9
k 3 8 3 109 l 7:62 3 10
2 3 104
2 Estimate the value of each expression in scientific notation, then evaluate correct to three See Example 23
a (5.7 3 10 3) 3 (2.3 3 10 5) b (8 3 10 5) 3 (3.7 3 107)
c (9.1 3 10 20) 4 (3.2 3 10 5) d (1.2 3 108)2
e (7.13 3 1010) 3 (9.8 3 108) f (1.9 3 1011) 4 (2.1 3 107)
g (5.85 3 10 4)3 h (6 3 1012) 4 (2.8 3 10 3)
3 The human body consists of approximately 6 3 109 cells, and each cell consists of 6.3 3 109 Worked solutions
atoms. Roughly how many atoms are there in a human body? Exercise 5-11
MAT09NAWS10511
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Indices
4 A telephone book is 4.5 cm thick. There are 2000 pages in it. Find the thickness, in
millimetres, of one page in scientific notation.
5 Evaluate each expression in scientific notation, correct to two significant figures.
p
a (7.4 3 10 30) (3.59 3 10 29) b (1.076 3 1017) (2.3 3 1016) c 6:6 3 1027
p
d (7.5 3 10 23) 4 (3.3 3 1013) e (8.17 3 1016)3 f 2:69 3 1045
5:6 3 10 4 3 3:9 3 105
g (7.05 3 10 3) 4 (3.9 3 107) h i 1595 3 1959
2:3 3 107
j 5 20 k 8011 l 310
m 99 n (0.7)5
Express the answers for questions 6 to 10 in scientific notation correct to two significant figures if
necessary.
Worked solutions 6 The Earth is 1.50 3 108 km from the Sun and the speed of light is 3 3 10 5 km/s. How long
Exercise 5-11
does it take for light to travel from the Sun to Earth? Express your answer in:
MAT09NAWS10511
a seconds b minutes.
7 The Sun burns 6 million tonnes of hydrogen a second. Calculate how many tonnes of
hydrogen it burns in a year (that is, 365.25 days).
8 Sound travels at approximately 330 metres per second. If Mach 1 is the speed of sound, how
fast is Mach 5? Convert your answer to kilometres per second.
9 The distance light travels in one year is called a light year. If the speed of light is approximately
3 3 10 5 km per second, how far does light travel in a leap year?
10 A thunderstorm is occurring 30 km from where you are standing. Use the speed of light
(3 3 10 5 km per second) and the speed of sound (330 metres per second) to calculate
in seconds:
a how long the light from the lightning takes to reach you
b how long the sound from the thunder takes to reach you.
11 a What is the largest number that can be displayed on your calculator?

b What is the smallest number that can be displayed?
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Investigation: A lifetime of heartbeats
How many times does your heart beat in an average lifetime of 80 years?
1 Work in pairs and copy this table.
Name Trial 1 Trial 2 Average beats per minute
2 Use two fingers to measure your pulse. Have your partner time you for a minute. Do this
twice, record your results in the table and find the average.
3 Repeat Step 2 for your partner.
4 Calculate how many times your heart (and your partners heart) beats in the following
periods. Write your answers in scientific notation correct to two significant figures.
a an hour b a day c a week
d a year (use 365.25 days) e an average lifetime of 80 years
Just for the record Hairy numbers
Straight hair Wavy hair Curly hair

round follicle oval follicle flat follicle
There are about 110 000 hairs on your head. Each hair grows at the rate of about 1.3 3 103 cm
per hour. A single hair lasts about six years. Every day you lose between 30 and 60 hairs. Each
hair grows from a small depression in the skin called a follicle (a gland). After the hair falls out,
the follicle rests for about three to four months before the next hair starts growing. Hair follicles
are either oval, flat or round in shape. How straight, wavy or curly your hair is depends on the
shape of your hair follicles.
How many hairs are on all the heads in China if its population is approximately 1.435 3 109?
Answer in both scientific notation and decimal notation.
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Indices
Power plus
Worksheet 1 Write each number in scientific notation.

Binary number system a 438.2 3 109 b 0.52 3 107 c 0.0004 3 1012
MAT09NAWK10057
d 2013 3 103 e 57.8 thousand f 57.8 thousandths
g 6.7 millionths h 3.2 billion i 3.2 billionths
2 Evaluate each expression. q
pp
pp
pp
p
p
5
a 81 b 625 c 256 d 1024
q
p p p
p 4 p p3
p
3 p

e 6561 f 256 g 1 000 000 h 1 000 000
3 Find values of a, m and n so that each equation is true.
m m m m
a an 2 b an 3 c a n 64 d a n 125
4 For how many values of a and b does ab ba?
5 The terms in the pattern 3, 5, 17, 257, 65 537, can all be generated by a simple
method, using only the numbers 1 and 2.
a What is this method?
b What is the next number in the sequence?
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Chapter 5 review
n Language of maths
Puzzle sheet
ascending base descending estimate
Indices crossword
expanded form exponent fractional power index MAT09NAPS10061
index laws index notation indices negative power
power product quotient reciprocal
scientific notation significant figures term zero power
1 What does a power of 12 mean?
2 Which two words from the list mean power?
3 What is the or key on a calculator used for?
4 What is the index law for dividing terms with the same base?
5 Which digits in 0.006 701 are significant figures?
6 What power is associated with the reciprocal of a term or number?
7 What type of numbers when written in scientific notation have negative powers of 10?
n Topic overview
What was this topic about? What was the main theme? Worksheet
What content was new and what was revision? Mind map: Indices
What are the index laws? MAT09NAWK10063
Write 10 questions (with solutions) that could be used in a test for this chapter.
Include some questions that you have found difficult to answer.
List the sections of work in this chapter that you did not understand. Follow up this work with
a friend or your teacher.
Copy and complete this mind map of the topic, adding detail to its branches and using pictures,
symbols and colour where needed. Ask your teacher to check your work.
Multiplying and Powers of

Power of
dividing terms products
a power
with the same base and quotients
Scientific Index or
INDICES Zero and
notation power
Base negative
indices
SAMPLE CHAPTER
Significant
figures
Fractional
indices
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Chapter 5 revision
See Exercise 5-01 1 Simplify each expression, writing the answer in index notation.
a 10 3 3 107 b 420 4 44 c a12 4 a 2
8 2
d h 3h e 3n3 3 4n f 10d 15 4 5d 3
g 20m9 4 4m h 3v4w 2 3 2v 3w 5 i 5x 5y 2 3 3xy
8 8 6 10
j 24t4 h2
p
k 2 2
q
l 100a 2 b4
3t h p q 5ab 2
See Exercise 5-02 2 Simplify each expression, writing the answer in index notation.
a (22)3 b (k 5)5 c (x)4
d (2y 3)10 e (5t 2)2 f (10g)3
g 25 h 2k 5 i 5m3 2
See Exercise 5-03 3 Simplify each expression.
a (ab 2)4 b (5x 3y 2)2 c (4t 2)3
4
d (4h2g)3 e a f (2pqr)5
7 4
5
g 3m h (3np2)4 i 2a7
2 8 6 3 b
b y
j (4t 4u 5)3 3 8t 2u k l 45c6d 8 4 (3cd 2)2
8b 2 y
a 70 b (7)0 c e0
d (e)0 e e0 f g0h
0
2p 2p0
g (gh)0 h i
3 3
See Exercise 5-05 5 Simplify each expression using a positive index.
a 83 b 192 c x1 d p5
e (4m)1 f (4m)2 g (5b)1 h 5b1
1
3 100 1
i 2x4 j k c4d 2 l
5a 9
See Exercise 5-05 6 Write each expression using a negative index.
a 13 b 15 c 1
r d 3
10 r b
2
Stage 5.3 7 Simplify 8 using a positive index.
3x
See Exercise 5-05 8 Write each expression using a radical (root) sign.
1 1 1 1
See Exercise 5-06 a q3 b u2 c 2q3 d ar2
See Exercise 5-07 9 Evaluate each expression.
2 3 3
a 64 3 b 325 c 362
4 1 2 p
3

a 125d 15 3 b 16y 20 4 c 32x 8 5 d 64n12
See Exercise 5-09 11 Round each value correct to the number of significant figures shown in the brackets.
SAMPLE CHAPTER
a 8.5678 (2)
d 0.007 126 6 (4)
g 4805.28 (3)
b 15 712 (3)
e 0.9041 (3)
h 0.000 87 (1)
c 476 (1)
f 301 378 (2)
i 67 000 000 (1)
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Chapter 5 revision
12 Express each number in scientific notation. See Exercise 5-10
a 37 000 b 0.61 c 250 000

d 0.000 49 e 13 f 0.000 000 000 08
13 Express each number in decimal form. See Exercise 5-10
a 8.1 3 10 3 b 6 3 107 c 3.075 3 100

d 8.1 3 103 e 6 3 107 f 3.075 3 102
14 Write these numbers in ascending order: 3 3 10 3, 9.1 3 108, 2.4 3 10 3. See Exercise 5-10
15 Evaluate each expression using scientific notation. See Exercise 5-11

22 8 10 4
a (3.65 3 10 ) 3 (7.4 3 10 ) b p
(1.44 3 10 ) 4 (3.6 3 10 )

c (5 3 10 5)3 d 6:25 3 108
16 Estimate the value of each expression in scientific notation, then evaluate correct to two See Exercise 5-09
a (8.9 3 109) 3 (1.1 3 107) b (9.3 3 1015) 3 (4 3 10 2) c (3.1 3 10 4)2
SAMPLE CHAPTER
9780170193085 217

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NEW

NSW Stages 5.2/5.3

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About the authors

Preface iii Mental skills 2A: Squaring a

NSW Investigation: Solving x3 c 270 Investigation: Australian

9SP228 of data 349 interval 433

New Century Maths New Century Maths

NUMBER AND ALGEBRA

Real numbers 1 Pythagoras theorem and surds 1 Surds

Patterns and algebra 3 Products and factors 5 Products and factors

Linear and non-linear relationships 7 Equations 3 Coordinate geometry

MEASUREMENT AND GEOMETRY

Geometric reasoning 6 Geometry 13 Geometry

Pythagoras and trigonometry 1 Pythagoras theorem and surds 9 Trigonometry

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Chance 12 Probability 12 Probability

Data representation and interpretation 9 Investigating data 6 Investigating data

New Century Maths New Century Maths

NUMBER AND ALGEBRA

This is an extract from the Australian Curriculum.

New Century Maths

NUMBER AND ALGEBRA

New Century Maths

Coverage of the Australian curriculum and NSW syllabus

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Working mathematically explained

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StartUp assignment 5 1 'PS FBDI UFSN

Investigation: A lifetime of heartbeats

HSPVQXPSL EJTDPWFSZBOE Name Trial 1 Trial 2 Average beats per minute

Just for the record Hairy numbers

t J ust for the record DPOUBJOTJOUFSFTUJOHGBDUT

SAMPLE CHAPTER Straight hair

Mental skills 4 Maths without calculators

600 300 100 50 40

Worksheet Video tutorial Video tutorials of worked

Skillsheets of examples and

incomplete mind map 1

3 What is the or key on a calculator used for?

At the end of the book

t N elsonNetBook is the interactive digital version of this

Number and Algebra

n Chapter outline n Wordbank

n In this chapter you will:

Investigation: Multiplying and dividing terms with powers

This is another index law.

SAMPLE CHAPTER a3a3 3a

Exercise 5-01 Multiplying and dividing terms

7 Which expression is equal to 10 4 4 10? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.

g 14d 4h10 4 7hd 2 h 15x6y8 4 15xy 4 i 6e 25d 40 4 18e 5d 4

Investigation: Powers of powers

Indices puzzle 5-02 Power of a power

Exercise 5-02 Power of a power

Simplifying with the 5-03 Powers of products and quotients

Exercise 5-03 Powers of products and quotients

Worked solutions 5 Simplify each expression.

Investigation: The power of zero

5-04 The zero index

Exercise 5-04 The zero index

2 Simplify each expression. Worked solutions

Mental skills 4 Maths without calculators

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StartUp assignment 5 1 'PS FBDI UFSN