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MANAGEMENT
Consider an investor who wants the right to sell reliance equity shares at Rs
135 after 2 months. He is to buy a 2 month put option with a Rs 135 exercise
price. In case the market price of the reliance share increases to Rs 150 (S1< E) the
put option will expire worthless as it will be more profitable for an investor to sell
in the open market at Rs 150 than to the put option writer at Rs 135.
If the market price falls below the sp say to Rs 125 it will be profitable for
the put option holder to excise his put option right as he get Rs 135 compared to Rs
125.
SWAPS
A swap is an agreement between two parties to exchange the cash flows in
the future. The agreement defines the dates when the cash flow are to be paid and
the way it has to be calculated.
There are two basic types of swaps : (1) Interest Rate Swap
(2) Currency Swap
From the given information, C enjoys absolute advantage over D in both the
$ and loan market. But the comparative advantage for C exists in the loan
market. So it is advisable for C to borrow funds and for D to borrow $ funds
from the market and then enter into a foreign currency swap deal to achieve their
preferred form of funding with a lower cost. Let us check how to construct a deal
between them. It is assumed that C needs $100 crores. The current spot $/ rate at
the time of entering into the swap is 1.80 $/.
The calculation of the benefit earned from the swap is :
Total cost of borrowing without the swap = 10 + 11 = 21%
Total cost of borrowing with the swap = 7+11 = 18%
Therefore, net savings = 3%
Therefore, to enter into the swap deal the following transactions are
required:
Exchange of Principal: C will borrow 55.55 (100/1.80) crore and
give it to D and D will borrow $100 crore and give it to C.
Interest Payments: C will pay 11% to D on the $100 crore borrowed
by D and D will pay 9.5% to C on the 55.55 crore borrowed by C.
Re-exchange of Principal: After the swap matures, the principal
amount exchanged between C and D will be re-exchanged between
them. That is, C will return $100 crore to D and D will return 55.55
crore to C.