..

1. Gravity Settling Chambers

( 1. Adsorption ()
)
2. Absorption ()
2. Cyclone ()
3. Incineration ()
3. Wet Collectors
(
4. Fabric Filter( )
5. (Electrostatic
precipitator, EP)
 1. Gravity Settling Chamber
()


residence time L / v g L v TS L p d p2 g
= = = =
settling time H / v TS H v g H v g 18
L v TS L p d p2 g
= 1 exp = 1 exp
H v g H v g 18

L vTS W L p d p2 g
= 1 exp = 1 exp
H Q Q 18
H W
 ( Collection Efficiency )
inlet loading outlet loading
collection efficiency = 100 %
inlet loading

= i mi

i
i
mi i
 2.


b/2
S pd p2vg
b = =
b / 2 9 b

S p p vg
d 2
1 = =
b/2 9 b

SNe p p vgNe
d 2

Ne = =
b/2 9 b
p d p2 vgNe
= 1 - exp
9 b

:
(Cyclone Arrangement)
/ Battery

1 H h 1 KH Kh
N e = h + = Kh +
a 2 Ka 2

S p d V N e
2
p g
Ne = =
b/2 9 b

Standard Cyclone Dimensions

:
a<S
b < (D-De)/2
Lb+Lc > 3D
Cone angle = 7o ~ 8o
De/D = 0.4~0.5, H/De = 8, S/D = 1
 Licht Theory (turbulent model)
1

= 1 exp Ad p = 1 exp 2(K )2 n + 2
1
n +1

0 .3 K: configuration factor
(
n = 1 1 0.67 D 0.14
)
T

p d p2Q
283
= (n + 1)
18 g D 3
vortex exponent (D in m, T in oK)
1
(impaction parameter)
KQ p (n + 1) 2 ( n +1)
A = 2
18D
3

1

n +1

n +1 d pj
0.693
j = 1 exp 0.693
d p 50% = d
A p 50%


Number of gas inlet velocity head Static pressure drop
ab 1
N H = Kc 2 P = gVi 2 N H
De 2
Kc = 16 for normal tangential inlet Power requirement
= 7.5 for one with an inlet vane
w& f = QP

8-12
3.Wet Collectors
nozzle

Interception Impaction



3.1 Spray Tower (Wet Collectors)

1/2-3
L/G = 0.5-20 gpm/1000 acfm
Liquid inlet pressure 10-400 psig
Cut diameter 2-8 m
3.2 Cyclonic (Wet Collectors)

1.5-10
L/G = 2-10 gpm/1000 acfm
Liquid inlet pressure 40-400 psig
Cut diameter 2-3 m
3.3 Venturi Scrubber (Wet Collectors)

5-100
L/G = 3-20 gpm/1000 acfm
Liquid inlet pressure 15-120 psig
Cut diameter 0.2 m
Demister
4. Baghouse Filter

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Baghouse Filter ()

 compartment


2. Reverse Air
1. Shaking
3. Pulse Jet
Filter Cleaning Method:

1.Reverse-Air
Filter Cleaning Method: Pulse-Jet
Filter Cleaning Method: Shaking
Air/Cloth Ratio
Q
V=
A

Filtration velocity
 Baghouse Filter
3. Electrostatic Precipitator, ESP

Gas Ionization
Particle Charging
Particle Collection
Dust removal (eg. Rapping)

 A
= 1 exp we
Q


Adsorption
()
Absorption
()
Incineration
()
1. Adsorption ()

 Adsorption ()
: (adsorbate)
(adsorbent)

1. (Physical Adsorption)
(van der Waals adsorption):

(~ 0.1 Kcal/mole);
(reversible)
2. (Chemisorption):

(10 Kcal/mole);
(irreversible)

2
1
3
(hole)
(Adsorbate) (monolayer)
(Adsorbent)
(Adsorbate)
 (Adsorbent)

, ,
(Raw Material)
, silica gel, molecular
sieve, zeolite, alumina)

(Activate)
(activated carbon)
activated charcoal, activated alumina,
(Adsorbent) activated silica gel, activated
molecular sieve (zeolite)
Carbon Adsorption

 Adsorption

Absorbent Solvents : Activated carbon (coal)

Mercaptans : Activated carbon ()
Adsorbate Amines : Activated carbon ()

-Concentration
Adsorbent -Isotherm

-
- Cycle Time (1-6 )
-
(Adsorber) - Loading
- activated molecular sieve
 Gas Absorption


Countercurrent packed tower

(Spray
nozzle)

Wet Scrubber

H = HOG x NOG
VG -
(flooding
velocity)

gas phase liquid phase;
liquid Gas phase
: spray tower (Tray) packed tower.
: Equilibrium line (Henrys law) operating line (mass
balance).
:
(a) liquid flow rate mass balance;
(b) tower diameter flooding condition;
(c) tower height mass transfer rate
 tower
:
tower

Packing Media (Telerette)

Spray Nozzle
 3. (Incinerator)





= 1-e(-kt)

-E/RT
k = Ae

Incinerators: Thermal & Catalytic


Incinerator
(Combustion Kinetics Parameters)
Incinerator



Incinerator
Catalytic Incinerator
 Thermal Incinerator Design

mwaste gas
mexhaust
mburner air
T2
mfuel
T1
 Catalytic Incinerator

(activation energy) .

Heat released from

reaction absorbed by air
Pt, Pd, Co, Cu, Cr, Mo on Alumina, Titania or porcelain support

Control Requirements Efficiency Operating Principles
Corrosion Prevention Flexibility Design Parameters
Energy Requirements Gas Previous Applications
Chemical Requirements Preconditioning
Reliability Load-handling
Maintainability Capacity

Device Device Technical

Characteristics Performance Feasibility

Select Available
Evaluation of Control
Control Devices
Source Regulations

Total Annual
Cost of
Alternatives

Select Best
Available Control
System
 Flue Gas Treatment for NOx
Gas reburning: injection of natural gas into the boiler above the
main burner to create a fuel-rich reburn zone; hydrocarbon
radicals react with NOx to reduce NOx to N2.
Flue Gas Treatment for NOx
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR): ammonia injection
4 NO + 4 NH 3 + O2 TiO
2 4 N 2 + 6 H 2O
or V2 O 5 supported catalyst

2 NO2 + 4 NH 3 + O2 TiO
2 3 N 2 + 6 H 2O
or V2 O 5 supported catalyst

Temperature ~ 300 - 400 oC

Flue Gas Desulfurization: FGD
Dry scrubbing
pulverized lime limestone,
trona ( Na2CO3) nahcolite (NaHCO3 )

Ca2+ CaO
Ca2+

SO2 CaO
CaSO4
CaSO4
,
Acid Gas Plant, Degreasing Plant

: multi-cyclone