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Tribology for Scientists and Engineers

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Tribology for Scientists and Engineers
Pradeep L. Menezes Sudeep P. Ingole
Michael Nosonovsky Satish V. Kailas
Michael R. Lovell
Editors

Tribology for Scientists

and Engineers
From Basics to Advanced Concepts
Editors
Pradeep L. Menezes Sudeep P. Ingole
Department of Industrial Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Texas A&M University
Milwaukee, WI, USA Galveston, TX, USA

Michael Nosonovsky Satish V. Kailas

Department of Marine Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Indian Institute of Science
Milwaukee, WI, USA Bangalore, India

Michael R. Lovell
Department of Industrial Engineering
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Milwaukee, WI, USA

ISBN 978-1-4614-1944-0 ISBN 978-1-4614-1945-7 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-1945-7
Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2013954410

Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013

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Preface

Tribology is an interdisciplinary field enjoying increased attention in research fields

from engineering to life sciences. Despite growing attention towards this field and
its demonstrated applications and usefulness, there are not many devoted degree
programs focusing on it. In several university education programs specialized
courses on topics are offered. As it is not a traditional area of teaching, there are
not many textbooks developed for this subject matter. Additionally, the advance-
ment in nanoscience and technologies opened new avenues for higher educational
initiatives (graduate programs in nanoscience, nanotechnology, nanomanu-
facturing, etc.). Many books are focused on advanced topics and easily adopted
by the readers who are already exposed to the field. There is growing need for a
textbook that can be adopted for undergraduate or graduate classroom and for the
professionals newly entered in the field of tribology. The goal of this book is to
bridge this gap and serve as tabletop quick reference guide as well as the problem-
solving resource.
Early career track professionals and university students need the concise infor-
mation of various disciplines under the broader area of surface science, tribology,
and lubrication science which this book will precisely provide. This book
showcases latest knowledge and technologies available in the field that will benefit
targeted reader from education, engineering industry, and scientific disciplines
including but not limited to mechanical, materials, manufacturing, automotive,
aerospace, chemical, and biomedical.
The editors of this book are from the education industry and are closely working
on industry problems. Contributors chosen for this book are authoritative expertise
in the field and across the world. This book will find a place in middle way between
the reference resources such as encyclopedia or handbooks and the regular research
books. Twenty-seven chapters are divided into seven distinct sections for the
purpose of strategically individuating the major focus of the aspect in a detailed
and vivid manner. The unique feature of this book is that each chapter consists of
exercise problems and/or case studies that will relate the knowledge gained to the
current real-life applications. Due to the unique design of each chapter, this book

v
vi Preface

serves as a good resource until there is a major breakthrough in the field of surface
science and tribology. It consists of 948 total pages with 200 illustrations.

Key Features
This will be the book that serves as textbook and concise reference.
The case studies and/or solved problems for each chapter are the key factor for
the readers.
The current fundamental understanding, applications, and advancement in the
field of surface science, materials and manufacturing, tribology, and lubrication
science are elucidated with sufficient schematics and diagrams and serve as a
perfect handbook for targeted readers.
All editors of this book are from the education industry with expertise in the field
and are well experienced in publishing and knowledge creation through scien-
tific enquires.
Part I, Fundamental Science in Tribology, encompasses five chapters which
provide basic knowledge on the subject matter that is required to follow the rest of
the textbook and quick start in the field of tribology. Chapter 1 (Fundamentals of
Engineering Surfaces) deals with the basic information about the surfaces and
surface textures and presents the quantitative measurements of surfaces. Informa-
tion on friction and wear, various theories, mechanisms, and factors affecting
friction and wear are discussed in Chap. 2 (Friction and Wear). When two surfaces
interact during relative motion or when at stationary, the forces acting and stresses
developed at the interface play a vital role. Chapter 3 covers these aspects of contact
mechanics in a very vivid manner. Quantitative expression of parameters that define
the performance of sliding interfaces is equally important; therefore, we have
included this information in Chap. 4 (Experimental Methods in Tribology). This
chapter describes various test configurations for measurement of tribological
parameters. It is well known that heat energy is generated during rubbing of two
surfaces; therefore, temperature at these sliding interfaces is one of the important
parameters. We have included one devoted chapter for it which is Chap. 5 (Inter-
face Temperature of Sliding Surfaces).
Part II, Tribology of Engineering Materials, is divided into four chapters.
These chapters discuss tribological phenomenon for different material systems such
as tribology of metals and alloys in Chap. 6, tribology of ceramics and ceramic
matrix composites in Chap. 7, tribology of metal matrix composites in Chap. 8, and
coating tribology in Chap. 9. The metals and alloys differ from the ceramics and
thus their tribological performances. When composites are made involving these
materials interesting phenomenons are observed at their interfaces. Further this
knowledge applies to a wider variety of engineering application.
Dry sliding of the materials system discussed in Part II limits their applications.
These limitations are often overcome by using external agent as lubrication.
Part III, Lubrication Science, consists of five chapters covering basic information
in Chap. 10 (Fundamentals of Lubrication). Advanced mechanisms to mitigate
higher friction using self-lubricating graphite-reinforced composites are discussed
Preface vii

in Chap. 11. Several industrial applications utilize functional particles as

lubricating agents. The latest information on this subject is presented in Chap. 12
on Particle Tribology. Sometimes usage of liquid lubrication is not permitted at the
sliding interfaces; therefore, solid lubrication is used to provide required lubrication
which is discussed in Chap. 13 (Tribology of Solid Lubricants). Commercial
lubrication available poses some serious threat to the environment; therefore,
there is worldwide initiative to develop and study sustainable and environmentally
friendly lubrication. Readers are provided with the current status on this topic in
Chap. 14 (Tribology of Green Lubricants).
Focus of Part IV, Tribology at Nanometer Length Scale, is on the latest field of
tribology, i.e., nanotribology and tools required for its study. Chapter 15
(Nanotribology) consists of recent development of nanotribology which is different
from the conventional tribology with the fact that the surface forces interact
differently at nanometer length scale. Special tool requires conducting the study
at nanometer length. Techniques to study these issues are included in Chap. 16
(Surface Probe Techniques).
As we know the nature has engineering wonders that are yet to understand
completely. Understanding the natures engineering and applying the knowledge
gained to solve real-life problems have gained attentions in recent times and
benefited mankind to improve the life. Also, understanding of tribology in
biological system has prime importance for example in human joint application.
Part V, Tribology in Nature, deals with information on such topics. Chapter 17,
Biotribology and Human Tribology, focuses on the human tribology fields, slip-
and-fall accidents, handobject interaction, and biotribology fields, ocular and oral
tribology. Chapter 18, Green and Biomimetic Tribology, discusses areas and
principles of green tribology and current developments in biomimetic materials
and surfaces. Chapter 19, Fundamentals of Linking Tribology and Corrosion for
Medical Applications, describes some fundamental aspects about this new research
area and focuses on its significances in biomedical application, namely, orthopedics
and dentistry. Chapter 20, Wear of Biomedical Implants, is focused on the wear of
biomedical implants, its causes and concerns, and critical issues related to these
problems, enabling a neophyte to understand the current scenario.
The information on the engineering application of tribology, especially in
manufacturing, is covered in Part VI, Tribology in Manufacturing. This section
has four chapter contributions. Chapter 21, Tribology in Metal Cutting, reviews the
information in terms of process parameters that can affect the performance and
have tribological importance, primarily coefficient of friction. When two surfaces
interact the thermodynamically favorable condition occurs. Chapter 22, Tribo-
chemistry and Tribo-corrosion, discusses such parameters that can affect the sliding
condition and performance of the sliding surfaces. One of the successful commer-
cial applications of tribological process is discussed in Chap. 23, Tribology in
ChemicalMechanical Planarization, and it discusses evolution, roles, and effects
of tribology in this important industrial process. Further, Chap. 24, Tribology in
Metal Forming, introduces the fundamental concept of forming processes and the
influence of coefficient friction in metal-forming process.
viii Preface

In the end one of the important applications of tribology in engineering

components is described in Part VII, Applications and Components. Chapter 25,
Tribology in Machine Components, include concise information on the design and
performance of some machine components where tribology is crucial. Chapters 26
and 27 discuss macroscale and microscale applications in tribology, respectively.
We thank all the authors for their valuable contributions. We are confident that
you will find this book enough of interest to refer for your learning needs and
hopefully guide you through your adventures in tribology in years to come.

Milwaukee, WI, USA Pradeep L. Menezes

Galveston, TX, USA Sudeep P. Ingole
Milwaukee, WI, USA Michael Nosonovsky
Bangalore, India Satish V. Kailas
Milwaukee, WI, USA Michael R. Lovell
Contents

Part I Fundamental Science in Tribology

1 Fundamentals of Engineering Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Pradeep L. Menezes, Satish V. Kailas, and Michael R. Lovell
2 Friction and Wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Pradeep L. Menezes, Michael Nosonovsky, Satish V. Kailas,
and Michael R. Lovell
3 Contact Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Robert L. Jackson, Hamed Ghaednia, Hyeon Lee,
Amir Rostami, and Xianzhang Wang
4 Experimental Methods in Tribology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Nicholas X. Randall
5 Interface Temperature of Sliding Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
R. Arvind Singh

Part II Tribology of Engineering Materials

6 Tribology of Metals and Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Sudeep P. Ingole
7 Tribology of Ceramics and Ceramic Matrix Composites . . . . . . . . . 211
Prasanta Sahoo and J. Paulo Davim
8 Tribology of Metal Matrix Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Pradeep K. Rohatgi, Meysam Tabandeh-Khorshid,
Emad Omrani, Michael R. Lovell, and Pradeep L. Menezes
9 Coatings Tribology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Sudeep P. Ingole

ix
x Contents

Part III Lubrication Science

10 Fundamentals of Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

Pradeep L. Menezes, Carlton J. Reeves, and Michael R. Lovell
11 Self-Lubricating Behavior of Graphite-Reinforced Composites . . . . 341
Pradeep L. Menezes, Carlton J. Reeves, Pradeep K. Rohatgi,
and Michael R. Lovell
12 Particle Tribology: Granular, Slurry,
and Powder Tribosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
C. Fred Higgs III, Martin Marinack Jr., Jeremiah Mpagazehe,
and Randyka Pudjoprawoto
13 Tribology of Solid Lubricants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Carlton J. Reeves, Pradeep L. Menezes, Michael R. Lovell,
and Tien-Chien Jen
14 Tribology of Green Lubricants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
Jagadeesh K. Mannekote, Pradeep L. Menezes, Satish V. Kailas,
and Sathwik Chatra K.R.

Part IV Tribology at Nanometer Length Scale

15 Nanotribology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Seung Ho Yang and Eui-Sung Yoon
16 Surface Probe Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
K. Anantheshwara and M.S. Bobji

Part V Tribology in Nature

17 Biotribology and Human Tribology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583

Kurt E. Beschorner
18 Green and Biomimetic Tribology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
Michael Nosonovsky, Vahid Hejazi, and Vahid Mortazavi
19 Fundamentals of Linking Tribology
and Corrosion (Tribocorrosion) for Medical Applications:
Bio-tribocorrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
V.A. Barao, C. Sukotjo, and M.T. Mathew
20 Wear of Biomedical Implants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657
P.S. Rama Sreekanth and S. Kanagaraj
 Contents xi

Part VI Tribology in Manufacturing

21 Tribology in Metal Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677

Valentino Anok Melo Cristino, Pedro Alexandre
Rodrigues Carvalho Rosa, and Paulo Antonio Firme Martins
22 Tribo-chemistry and Tribo-corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729
Sudeep P. Ingole and John Valdes
23 Tribology in ChemicalMechanical Planarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747
Sukbae Joo and Hong Liang
24 Tribology in Metal Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783
Pradeep L. Menezes, Carlton J. Reeves, Satish V. Kailas,
and Michael R. Lovell

Part VII Applications and Components

25 Tribology in Machine Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821

Satish C. Sharma
26 Macroscale Applications in Tribology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881
Carlton J. Reeves, Pradeep L. Menezes, Michael R. Lovell,
and Tien-Chien Jen
27 Microscale Applications in Tribology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921
Carlton J. Reeves, Pradeep L. Menezes, Michael R. Lovell,
and Tien-Chien Jen

Erratum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E1

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