Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Sole S
If you need it, we have it! AERO is the leader in
affordable ground support equipment available
GPUs ACUs
+1 208-378-9888 | www.aerospecialties.com
Source
n supplying the highest quality and most
e. Make it easy on yourself and contact us first.
PUBLISHER
Brett Ryden Aviation Publisher
847.454.2715 brett@aviationpros.com
Missy Zingsheim Ground Support Worldwide
Publisher
920.563.1665 missy@aviationpros.com
EDITORIAL
Barb Zuehlke Editor
920.563.1641 barb@AviationPros.com
SALES
Missy Zingsheim National Accounts Manager
920.563.1665 missy@AviationPros.com
Michelle Kohn National Accounts Manager
800.547.7377 x3344 michelle@aviationpros.com
Stephanie Painter International Sales
UK, France, Netherlands, Spain, Ireland, Italy
+44 1634 829386 Fax +44 1634 281504
stephanie@painter-lowe.com
Published by
Reverse Engineering:
How to Reconstruct Aircraft Parts
BY MARINO BORIC
I
n the aerospace world, the On the recovery path, from a the condition of the original part and
procurement of spare parts is damaged or no longer existing part, many other factors.
not always easy and is usually many problems have to be solved, This text describes a vintage air-
expensive, especially for older air- because such a process is not simply plane, engine crankcase remanufactur-
craft. At some point, when it comes to a copy of the original part. Thanks ing done with a highly digitized process
vintage aircraft, spare parts become to modern technologies such as of two French companies: Ventana and
rare, or in a worst case they simply 3-D scanning and new design soft- Vintair. It is just an example of new
dont exist anymore. A historically sig- ware, almost everything has become remanufacturing possibilities offered
nificant airplane disappears from the doable, even with much better
airfield and becomes in a best case a properties than the original part. An
static exhibit in the museum. improvement of the properties is
Today, with a help of reverse engi- usually not (always) desired in avia-
neering technology the active life of tion, since the parts have to meet the
such an airplane or entire fleet can be original certification standards. If
extended at a reasonable price. reverse engineering is used for the
Sheet metal parts are easier to commercial reproduction of parts,
reconstruct, engine parts, specially the extensive industrial property rights and
big ones like engine blocks, are one the corresponding licensing laws must
much different and complicated story. also be observed. Parts for experimen-
This is mainly, because after decades tal aircraft can be reproduced in
casting molds dont exist anymore better quality, can be lighter, and
usually the original manufacturer cheaper, since less legal standards
went out of business decades ago have to be met. A certified part has to
and a new series production is not be restored according to OEM (original
feasible for reasons of cost. In this equipment manufacturer) specifica-
case, reverse engineering technology tion, as the original part was. It could,
now helps to reconstruct parts. This however, also be improved by more
process makes it possible to re-create modern technology/materials, but this
a product, which exactly equals the has to be coordinated by and with the
original part, using an existing (broken) OEM and the aviation authorities, oth-
The Stampe SV4
part, a piece of it, or a blueprint. In erwise the certification may be lost.
doing so, reverse engineering must In a concrete example, which I
go through a certain process, which discovered at the last AirVenture
includes the strategic consideration of in Oshkosh, I would like to explain
how this restoration has to happen the reverse engineering process. It
where a specific succession of does not always have to include all
steps is required. This reverse engi- the described steps, some may be
neering has many similarities with the obsolete but sometimes some may be
design of a new part. added all taking into consideration
AviationPros.com 7
F E AT U R E
Material Analysis
In a case that the original material/
alloy is not known a mass spectrometer
is used. Yield samples are used to
assess the mechanical resistance of
the material. This analysis allows the
choice of the closest alloy amongst
referenced materials. For this Renault
crankcase as no exact material
match was found a high resistance When drawings arent available, a new design can be established by using all
aluminum alloy was chosen. This available clues like pictures, location of adjacent parts, and a functional analysis.
is animprovement but only pos-
sible for vintage planes under EASA 3D-Printing of Sand Cores Sand printing of the mold sand
Annex II rules, and under the owners The cores which constitute the mold cores is done by additive layer deposit
responsibility. are then 3-D printed with a 3-D, S15 (ALD) or additive manufacturing (AM).
sand-printing machine. One layer of It works like a big jet printer
Casting, Solidification sand to which one component of working over a vertically moving (lower-
Simulation resin has been added after another ing) flat job box.
The crankcase is a sand casting made is applied on the job box a vertically A thin layer of sand is spread on the
product, so the following step is per- moving table. Each layer of sand/resin job box. This sand has been previously
formed in a foundry. is then polymerized sprayed by a mixed with one of two components of a
Once validated, the CAD model is print head with a catalyst compo- special resin. The sand thickness may
directly used to design the casting nent that binds the sand to a solid vary between 0.3 and 1 mm, depending
mold. In this process a new simula- structure in a required form. When on the accuracy and speed required.
tion software is used, which helps to the mold is printed, the loose sand The process is very sensitive to the
predict molten metal flow in the mold, is mechanically removed (air blasted, type and amount of resin, and very
temperature gradients, and metal brushed away) and the different cores specific sand is used, which allows a
shrinkage. This software simulation are assembled to make the final mold. controlled thickness and granulometry
allows to avoid real-life testing and When using this fully digital, tool- of the layer. This is a part of Ventanas
dramatically reduces development less process, complexity is no more a know-how, that has been developed
costs and time. determining factor. Any part that has through a long setup, to be applied to
This phase ends with the sand been cast can be easily remanufac- widely used aeronautical magnesium-
casting mold design, where exten- tured. 3-D sandprinting allows a high and aluminum-based alloys.
sive foundry know-how is necessary, degree of shape complexity. This thin layer of sand is then
specially for parts with thin walls or sprayed through the printer head with
relevant variations in wall thicknesses. the resins catalyzer to build up the
core where the sand has to remain
solid. The loose sand that has not
been sprayed is kept in place during
the process to support the next layers
and allows vaults and arch type geom-
etries to be easily built.
This iterative cycle is repeated until
the cores are completely built.
Multiple imbricated cores can be
printed during the same session,
permitting the full box volume use and
JU52 original brake drum. Ju52 new brake drum. reducing the (expensive) sand losses.
AAR can provide CLS & PBL solutions to do more with less.
SEE HOW
W W W.A ARCORP.COM
+1 800.422.2213 WORLD HQ
PBL | C L S | C O M P O N E N T R E P A I R | A I R L I F T S U P P O R T | S H E LT E R S & C O N T A I N E R S
F E AT U R E
The mold is usually printed in digital scanning, radiography, and methods for limited quantities as no
several parts to allow a perfect clean- other checks. The process is similar specific tooling is required, and real-life
ing (loose sand removal) and assem- to the one used for the aeronauti- casting testing is dramatically reduced.
bled before pouring. cal jet engine parts manufactured by Traditional, negative forms are not nec-
After each layer has been sprayed, Ventana. essary, which for large series can cost
the box lowers from the sand layer several hundred thousand dollars.
thickness, and another layer spreading Heat Treatment Cost level is a function of part com-
and spraying cycle is started. To achieve the desired mechanical plexity and size, as well as NDT and
Printing can last from several hours properties, light alloys are heat treated. alloy requirements.
to one or more days depending on mul- Through this process, as it is identi- Cost is split between nonrecurrent
tiple factors like requested accuracy, cal to traditional foundry, the mechani- reverse engineering and mold design
cores volume, etc. cal properties and resistance are costs, and part production cost. Lead
strictly identical to a casting that would time can vary from several weeks for
Casting have been obtained through a tradi- simple parts to three to six months
Molten metal is poured into the mold tional (not 3-D) pattern casting. when complex reverse engineering is
on a low-pressure casting station via a required; much faster than the stan-
complex feeding network that ensures Testing dard foundry part development time.
the integral filling of the mold. The complete range of NDT (non- AM of the above described part is
Once the mold has cooled down, it destructive testing) is being imple- somewhat simpler, since no molds are
is shot blasted to remove the remain- mented, from X-ray to automated (PT) necessary. At a current cost of $500
ing sand from the metal part, and the fluorescent dye penetrating test all per cubic inch of a structure, a motor
feeding network is cut away. according to the specifications of the housing would cost about $50,000 per
contracting parties. Parts are checked piece, a lot more than this method.
Inspection for internal defects and correct metal- So far, the absence of spare parts
The part then follows an inspection lurgical characteristics, all according to in the past meant a sure death of
process that includes geometrical the specifications that are part of the an aircraft. With this reverse engineer-
reverse engineering process. ing, the operational life of an historical
aircraft can be extended at a manage-
Ventana and Vintair
Mechanical Machining able cost. Smaller batches are also
A Renault engine housing is being remanu- The cast, if defect-free, is machined affordable. The engine crankcase is
factured for a Stampe SV4 airplane, with on fully digital, high-precision CNC only one example, a remanufactured
French certification. In this example, the
machines at the Ventana facility with brake drum of the Junkers JU52, which
French companies Ventana and Vintair
the help of data obtained in the digiti- was no longer available, was also built.
cooperate and manufacture a crankcase
using a highly digitalized process. zation process. There are just a few similar projects
If needed, high-precision line boring in the USA and Europe that will lead
Ventana is a major French aerospace sub-
can be performed, in its own tradi- to whole aircraft in the next two to
contractor. With its four foundry facilities,
high precision machining and sheet metal tional engine machining shop. This can three years with the use of reverse
capabilities, Ventana serves customers include main and rod bearings boring. engineering.
worldwide, including Airbus, Rolls-Royce, Currently the maximum possible
and Pratt & Whitney. Cost and Time size of a part depends on the dimen-
The costs and time exposure are sion of a job box what still limits the
difficult to determine in most reverse production of some parts. Software
engineering processes because those and testing techniques must also be
figures are influenced by a number of further developed and adapted. So far,
factors. This depends on the nature there are only a handful of companies
and complexity of the part to be in the world that use this method.
restored and the quality of delivered/ With the fast growth of 3-D printing
available original part and blueprints. technologies and machines, this will
Vintair is a small company dedicated to This process uses costly equipment hopefully change soon.
vintage and collection aircraft. It specializes and requires considerable design and
in restoration of vintage engines and has MARINO BORIC has degrees in
engineering effort. While costs are
developed reverse engineering skills useful aeronautic engineering, business
higher than those of original parts that
in that field. development/trade and commerce
were manufactured in large quantities and in journalism. He is a civil
For more information visit www.vintair.com with a high degree of industrialization, and military pilot and has built
or www.ventana-group.eu. they are much lower than traditional experimental aircraft.
Flush Cutter
XURON CORPORATION
The Xuron LX-Micro-Shear Flush Cutter is an
ergonomic hand tool that employs bypass cutting
technology to produce a clean, square cut on soft
wire up to 16 AWG (1.29 mm) with minimal squeezing.
Featuring an ultra slim profile, this flush cutter is Aircraft Refuelers
ideally suited for jobs requiring an extremely sharp tip PROFLO INDUSTRIES LLC
to let users reach into highly restricted areas. Easy ProFlo Industries manufactures and
to maneuver with far less effort than a compression- refurbishes a complete line of aircraft
type cutter, it has precision ground cutting edges and refuelers ranging from 500 gallons
0.100 inch thick high carbon steel blades that are (1,800 liters) to 10,000 gallons
polished for a bright, glare-resistant finish. Cushioned rubber grips and a Light (40,000 liters) in capacity for fueling a
Touch return spring facilitate user comfort and this tool is capable of making wide range of aircraft from helicopters
millions of cuts. For more information call (207) 283-1401 or visit www.xuron.com. to wide-body jets. For more information
aviationpros.com/12302917 call (419) 436-6008 or visit www.
profloind.com.
Hands-Free Communication aviationpros.com/12302921
VIKING ELECTRONICS INC.
The E-30-IP is designed to provide reliable hands-
free communication for SIP VoIP phone systems with
PoE. The unit is constructed of heavy-duty Marine
grade 316 stainless steel and features a five-number
rollover dialer, blue Call LED, plus an onboard 2-amp
relay. The E-30-IP can be programmed from a touch
tone phone, PC, or remote connection. For outdoor
applications, enhanced weather protection (EWP)
models are available, designed to meet IP66 Ingress Protection rating. For more
Fractional Stud Puller and
information visit www.vikingelectronics.com.
Installer Set
ASSENMACHER SPECIALTY
aviationpros.com/12306004
TOOLS
Military Vehicle Lift This seven-piece fractional stud puller
MOHAWK LIFTS and installation set includes 1/4-,
Mohawk Lifts offers two post, four post, 5/16-, 3/8-, 7/16-, 1/2-, 9/16- and
mobile column, and parallelogram lifts 5/8-inch sockets. Works for removing
ranging from 7,000- through 240,000- and installing studs on multiple
pound capacities to accommodate all types applications. Includes durable plastic
of military vehicles. All lifts, in addition storage case. Warning: Not to be used
to Hunter Engineering wheel service with electric or pneumatic impact
equipment, are available under GSA contract #GS-07F-207AA, with effective dates wrenches. Hand use only. Part No.
of 7/1/2013-6/30/2018. All Mohawk lifts are designed, welded and manufactured 203. For more information call (800)
in the USA. For more information call (800) 833-2006 or visit www.mohawklifts. 525-2943 or visit www.ASTtool.com.
com/gov/gsa. aviationpros.com/12303638
aviationpros.com/12302865
Maintenance Stands
JETECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS INC.
JETechnology Solutions,Inc. (Orlando, FL) has designed and delivered its custom maintenance
stands for the A-10 Aircraft at Nellis Air Force Base (Las Vegas, NV). They provide fall protection
for the leading and trailing edges of the wing as well as special stands designed for engine
access. The A-10 Phase Maintenance Stands come with a host of available features and
options including pneumatic and electrical lines, removable rail, a translating staircase, and
sliders with protective bumpers. The stands are rugged and are made to last. Visit www.
aircraftmaintnenancestands.com or call (888) 510-0389 for more information.
aviationpros.com/12311820
VIDEO BORESCOPES
In stock, ready for overnight delivery!
Hawkeye V2 Video Borescopes are fully portable,
finely constructed, and deliver clear, bright high
resolution photos and video! The 5 LCD monitor
allows comfortable viewing, and intuitive, easy-to-use
controls provide photo and video capture at the touch
of a button! V2s have a wide, 4-way articulation range,
and are small, lightweight, and priced starting at only
$8995. V2s are available in both 4 and 6 mm diameters.
Optional 90 Prism and Close-Focus adapter tips.
Made in USA
TRY
BEFORE
YOU BUY!
(US ONLY)
800.536.0790 gradientlens.com/V2
Packaged Tank & Fueling Systems
Phone: 443-838-9550
Email: msintl@rcn.com
www.millenniumsystemsintl.com
Truck Fillstands
e
le refueling
(MARS) are
P RO D U C T WA R E H O U S E
AviationPros.com 17
Central Alaska Metalworks Inc. introduces a
I n the field of aviation, whether civil or military, cold weather climates present significant challenges
for the personnel charged with maintaining airfield lighting systems. Fully functioning airfield
lights can mean the difference between life and death. Nowhere is this truer than in Alaskas rural
towns and remote villages, the majority of which are accessible only by air. When theres a medical
crisis, emergency aircraft depend on an airport with working lights. Shutting down an airport because
of runway light failure caused by ice-filled in-pavement runway lights is not an option.
HISTORY
In Alaska and other Northern climates, airport
maintenance personnel face extreme cold and short days.
Repairing ice-filled light canisters in such harsh conditions
can be miserable work. When the Alaska Department
of Transportation, Northern Region, decided to procure
equipment or a system that enabled more efficient winter
lighting maintenance and repairs at Alaskas rural airports,
they went to Cameron Gackstetter of Fairbanks Alaska.
Cameron had expertise in building custom equipment
and a reputation for thinking outside of the box. They
needed a portable, self-contained unit small enough to be
reasonably transportable to Alaskas rural airports in the
winter.
Solution
At 40 inches tall, 11 inches in diameter and less than
pressure washer, generator, water pump,
electric heater, battery charger, polyethylene
water tank, antifreeze storage tank and The
40 pounds, The ThawHead is a portable apparatus ThawHead apparatus itself. Designed to
that, when connected to a standard pressure washer, be towed behind an ATV or a snowmobile,
is placed on top of the exposed, ice-filled canister. The Thaw Rig generates its own heat and
Phase one, the thawing stage, directs targeted jets electricity. The complete unit fits in a CASA
of high-pressure hot water through nozzles in the cargo airplane rear door.
P RO D U C T WA R E H O U S E
AviationPros.com 21
We keep you informed in
all segments of aviation!
Com
tion me
via rc
A
s
ia
es
l/
sin
MR
Bu
Gene O
aft
r
r
al
rc
Av
oto iat
R ion