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By
Ric Soulis, et. al
1.1 Flat CLASS 3.3
Overland flow is generated if the depth of the ponded water goes above a hard-coded
limit of 10 cm (in APREP). Excess water is put directly into runoff (in ICEBAL and
TMCALC).
1.2.1 Definitions
B = Area
L(iv ) = length of stream segment i' in the grid
(i )
Q (i ) = flow entering a channel of length Lv from both banks.
L(vi )
Dd = Drainage Density
B
= slope
n = Mannings n
S = storage
h = height above max ponded water (S = Bh)
q* = Manning approximation of the kinematic wave velocity
1.2.2 Derivation
2/3
q* h (1) units: LT-1
n
In the code:
Equation (1) is calculated directly to simplify the writing of equations (15) and (29),
which are calculated later in the code.
(i )
Q (i ) is the flow entering a channel of length Lvfrom both banks. Assuming a stream is
not on the grid-square boundary, which doesnt happen because the grid square is really
just an approximation of a mini-sub-watershed, we can assume that two hill-slopes are
contributing to the flow entering the channel.
(2)
Q (i ) *
q hL (i )
v 2
(area of one bank = area of flux boundary at one bank a diagram would be useful)
units: L3T-1
2 5 / 3 (i )
Q (i ) h Lv (3)
n
Q Q ( i ) 2 L(vi ) 5/ 3
n
h (4)
5/3
Q 2 Dd B h (5)
n
Q 2 Dd 5 3
qover h (6)
B n
(equation 7 in Rics article in the 2000 AO paper)
t1 t1
S t1 S t 0 Qdt qover Bdt (7)
t0 t0
t1
S t1 S t0 Qdt
An explanation of why to
Let St1 be the storage at the end of time step, t1 , and Sto be the storage at the beginning
of time step, to . Additionally, storage refers to the volume of water on the land surface
beyond the ponding limit, so Q refers to flow
Assumption: because of the model dynamics, we assume that all water (rain, snowmelt) is
dumped onto the land surface prior to runoff. Therefore, the storage at the beginning of
the time step will always be greater than the storage at the end of the time step.
In reality, the flow could be doing a lot of things within a time step. Here are a few
options:
Qo Q1
Qo, Q1
Q1 Qo
Qo
Q1 Qo, Q1
to t1 time to t1 time
Non-Linear Decline Non-Linear
Figure 1: Types of flow
The areas under the curves represent how much water constitutes overland flow.
Unconstrained overland flow assumes constant flow throughout the time step.
Constraining the flow by available water simple limits the overland flow by what is
available.
Using mannings approximation of the kinematic wave velocity, we may assume that the
flow decreases predictably from the beginning of the time step to the end
Qo Predictable curve
(Manning approx of Kinematic wave)
Q1
to t1 time
Figure 2: Manning approximation of a kinematic wave Predictable curve.
The flow cumulated over the time step (which is the area under the curve) represents a
decrease in storage.
t1
Therefore: S t1 S t0 Qdt , where the negative sign is because the flow is being
to
removed from storage.
t1 t1
S t1 S t 0 Qdt qover Bdt (7)
t0 t0
Hence
dS
q over B (8) and S q over t 0 Bt S u
dt
(9)
(unconstrained change in storage)
d hB
q over B (10)
dt
dh
q over (11) and
dt
S u
h q over t 0 t qu (12)
B
(unconstrained Mannings overland flow)
dh 2 Dd 5 3 2 Dd 5 / 3
h (13) and h h0 t hu (14)
dt n n
(unconstrained Mannings overland flow)
Note that hu qu
In the code:
hu 2 Dd q * h0 t (15)
Within the model, it is important to constrain the amount of flow that goes to the stream.
With unconstrained flow, we assume a constant flow rate throughout the timestep,
making it possible to calculate more overland flow than is physically available or
possible.
There are two ways in which the overland flow can be constrained in this version of
sloped CLASS 3.3. The first is that flow is constrained by the available water. Within the
code, constraining the flow by the available water is done by using either the amount of
water available (h), or the amount of flow calculated (-hu).
2 Dd
A and b = 5/3
n
b
dh
A h (17)
dt
dh
A dt (18)
hb
1 1b
h At C (19)
1 b
1 1b
At h = h0 and t = t0, C h0 At 0 (20)
1 b
1 1b 1 1b
h At h0 At 0 (21)
1 b 1 b
1 1b 1 1b
h A t t 0 h0 (22)
1 b 1 b
1 1b
h1b 1 b A t t 0 h0
1 b
h01b A t t 0 1 b (23)
1
h h01b A t t 0 1 b 1 b
1
1b A t t 0 1 b 1b
h0 1
h01b
1
A t t 0 1 b
1 b
h0 1 (24)
h01b
h h0 h (25)
2 Dd
Substituting A and b = 5/3 into equation (27) gives
n
1
2 Dd h05 / 3 t 1 5 / 3 1 5 / 3
h h0 1 1
n h0
4 Dd h 2/3
t
3 / 2
h h0 1 1 0
3 n
3/ 2
1
h h0 1 (28)
1 4 Dd h02 / 3 t
3 n
In the code:
Normalizing equation (14), the unconstrained Mannings overland flow, to avoid division
by numbers close to zero in the code results in
hu 2 Dd 2 / 3
Nhu h0 t (29)
h0 n
3/ 2
1
h0 1 (30)
2
1 Nhu
3
1.3 Implementation Sloped CLASS 3.3
The code for overland flow is implemented directly into WATROF.
DO 100 I=IL1,IL2
IF(FI(I).GT.0.0) THEN
IF(ZPOND(I).GT.ZPLIM(I))THEN
C Calculate the depth of water available for overland flow. Units: L
DOVER(I)=ZPOND(I)-ZPLIM(I)
IF(RUNOFF(I).GT.1.0E-08) THEN
TRUNOF(I)=(TRUNOF(I)*RUNOFF(I)+(TPOND(I)+TFREZ)*
1 DODRN(I))/(RUNOFF(I)+DODRN(I))
ENDIF
RUNOFF(I)=RUNOFF(I)+DODRN(I)
IF(DODRN(I).GT.0.0)
1 TOVRFL(I)=(TOVRFL(I)*OVRFLW(I)+(TPOND(I)+TFREZ)*
2 FI(I)*DODRN(I))/(OVRFLW(I)+FI(I)*DODRN(I))
OVRFLW(I)=OVRFLW(I)+FI(I)*DODRN(I)
ZPOND(I)=ZPOND(I)-DODRN(I)
ENDIF
ENDIF
100 CONTINUE
Table 2: Overland code for sloped CLASS 3.3