Tutorial 3 Sequences and Series

3.1 Sequences and Series

r
ur
r 1
1. (a)

1 1
u1
11 2
2 2
u2
2 1 3
3 3
u3
3 1 4
4 4
u4
4 1 5
5 5
u5
5 1 6

1 2 3 4 5
, , , ,
2 3 4 5 6
Hence, the first five terms of the sequence are .

ur 2r 3
(b)

u1 2 1 3 5
u2 2 2 3 7
u3 2 3 3 9
u4 2 4 3 11
u5 2 5 3 13

Hence, the first five terms of the sequence are 5, 7, 9, 11, 13.

1
ur r r 1
2
(c)
 1
u1 1 1 1 1
2
1
u2 2 2 1 3
2
1
u3 3 3 1 6
2
1
u4 4 4 1 10
2
1
u5 5 5 1 15
2

Hence, the first five terms of the sequence are 1, 3, 6, 10, 15.

ur 2 3r 1
(d)

u1 2 311 2
u2 2 321 6
u3 2 331 18
u4 2 341 54
u5 2 351 162

Hence, the first five terms of the sequence are 2, 6, 18, 54, 162.

u1 2 ur 1 3ur 1
(e) ,

u11 3u1 1 u2 3 2 1 5
u21 3u2 1 u3 3 5 1 14
u31 3u3 1 u4 3 14 1 41
u41 3u4 1 u5 3 41 1 122

Hence, the first five terms of the sequence are 2, 5, 14, 41, 122.

u1 1 ur 1 ur 2 3
(f) ,

u11 u12 3 u2 12 3 4
u21 u2 2 3 u3 4 2 3 19
u31 u32 3 u4 192 3 364
u41 u4 2 3 u5 364 2 3 132 499
 Hence, the first five terms of the sequence are 1, 4, 19, 364, 132 499.
1 3 5 7
, , , ,K
5 8 11 14
2. (a)

2r 1
ur
3r 2

2r 1
lim ur lim
r r 3r 2

2r 1
lim r
r 3r 2

r
1
2
lim r
r 2
3
r
20

3 0
2

3

2r 1 2
ur
3r 2 3
Hence, the rth term of the sequence is , which is convergent with limit of .

3 5 7 9
, , , ,K
2 4 6 8
(b)

2r 1
ur
2r
 2r 1
lim ur lim
r r 2r

2r 1
lim r
r 2r
r
1
2
lim r
r 2
20

2
1

2r 1
ur
2r
Hence, the rth term of the sequence is , which is convergent with limit of 1.
1 1 1 1
3 , 3 , 3 , 3 , K
4 5 6 7
(c)

1
ur 3
r 3

1
lim ur lim 3
r r
r 3
1
lim3 lim
r r r 3

1
3 lim r
r r 3

r
1
3 lim r
r 3
1
r
0
3
1 0
3 0
3

1
ur 3
r 3
Hence, the rth term of the sequence is , which is convergent with limit of 3.

an n 1
3. (a)
 a1 1 1 2
a2 2 1 3
a3 3 1 4
a4 4 1 5
a100 100 1 101

Hence, the sequence is 2, 3, 4, 5, , 101.

1
n

an
n2
(b)

1
1

a1 1
12
1
2
1
a2 2

2 4
1
3
1
a3 2

3 9
1
4
1
a4 2

4 16
1
100
1
a100 2

100 10000

1 1 1 1
1, , , , K,
4 9 16 10000
Hence, the sequence is .

an n n
(c)

a1 11 1
a2 22 4
a3 33 27
a4 44 64
a100 100100

1, 4, 27, 64, K , 100100

Hence, the sequence is .

1 1 1 1
, , ,
3 9 27 81
4. (a)
 1
n

an
3n

0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, K
(b)

an 1 1
n

k
k 1
2
12 22 32 42
5. (a)
1 4 9 16
30

i2 2 2 2 3 2
i 1
i 1 2 3

(b)
2 8 24
34

1 3 5 7 K 99
6. (a)

ur 2r 1

Let 2r 1 99
2r 100
r 50

50

2r 1
r 1
Hence, the sum of the series in sigma notation is .

1 1 1 1
1 K
2 4 8 512
(b)

ur 21 r
 1
Let 21 r
512
29
1 r 9
r 10

10

2
r1
1 r

Hence, the sum of the series in sigma notation is .

1 1 1 1 1
1
3 9 27 81 243
(c)

ur 1
r 1
3
1 r

1
1
r 1
3 243
1 r

1
31r
243
35
1 r 5
r 6

1 3
r 1 1 r

r 1
Hence, the sum of the series in sigma notation is .
1 2 2 3 3 4 K 29 30
(d)

ur r r 1

29

r r 1
r 1
Hence, the sum of the series in sigma notation is .

1 1 1 1
K
2ln 2 3ln 3 4ln 4 100ln100
7. (a)

1
r 1

ur
r 1 ln r 1
 Let r 1 100
r 99

1
99 r 1

r 1 r 1 ln r 1
Hence, the sum of the series in sigma notation is .

1 2 x 3x 2 4 x 3 5 x 4 K 100 x99
(b)

ur 1
r 1
rx r 1

100

u 1
r 1
r rx r 1
r 1
Hence, the sum of the series in sigma notation is .
12

8 r
r 1
8. (a)

u1 8 1 7
u2 8 2 6
u3 8 3 5
u12 8 12 4

7 6 5 K 4
Hence, the series is .
15

r r 1
r 1
(b)

u1 1 1 1 0
u2 2 2 1 2
u3 3 3 1 6
u15 15 15 1 210

0 2 6 K 210
Hence, the series is .
10

1 3r
r 1

r 1
(c)
 u1 1 3 1 3
11

u2 1 3 2 6
2 1

u3 1 3 3 9
31

u10 1 3 10 30
10 1

3 6 9 K 30
Hence the series is .
20

3r 2
r 1
(d)

u1 3 1 2 3
u2 3 2 2 8
u3 3 3 2 11
u20 3 20 2 62

3 8 11 K 62
Hence, the series is .

1 1 1 1
2 , 2 , 2 , 2 ,
4 5 6 7
9. (a)

1
an 2
n3

1
lim an lim 2
n n
n 3
1
lim 2 lim
n n n 3

20
2

1
an 2
n3
Hence, the nth term of the sequence is . The sequence is convergent with its
limit of 2.

1 1 1 1
3 , 6 , 9 , 12 ,
2 3 4 5
(b)
 1
an 3n
n 1

1
lim an lim 3n
n n
n 1
1
lim 3n lim
n n n 1

1
an 3n
n 1
Hence, the nth term of the sequence is . The series is divergent.

5 8 11 14
, , , , K,
6 11 16 21
10.

3n 2
an
5n 1

3n 2
lim an lim
n n 5n 1

3n 2
lim n
n 5n 1

n
2
3
lim n
n 1
5
n
30

50
3

5

3n 2
an
5n 1
Hence, the nth term of the sequence is . The sequence is convergent with its limit of
3
5
.
3.2 Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression
 55 7
u10 u2
2 2
11. ,

55
u10
2
55
a 10 1 d
2
55
a 9d
2

7
u2
2
7
ad
2
63
9a 9d
2

1
8a 4 a
2
,

1
2
Hence, the first term of the sequence is .

a 1 d 4
12. ,

Let un 11937
1 4 n 1 11937
4 n 1 11936
n 1 2984
n 2 985

Hence, 11937 is a term of the sequence at 2 985th term.

13. (a) The arithmetic sequence where the positive integers are multiple of 3 is 3, 6, 9, , 99.

Let un 99
3 3 n 1 99
3 1 n 1 99
n 33
 Sum of the sequence
33
3 99
2
33
102
2
1 683

The arithmetic sequence where the positive integers are multiple of 5 is 5, 10, 15, , 95.

Let un 95
5 5 n 1 95
5 1 n 1 95
n 19

Sum of the sequence

19
5 95
2
19
100
2
950

The arithmetic sequence where the positive integers are multiples of 3 and 5 is 15, 30, 45, ,
90.

Let un 90
15 15 n 1 90
15 1 n 1 90
n6

Sum of the sequence

6
15 90
2
3 105
315

Sum of the positive integers less than 100 which are multiples of 3 or 5 or both
1 683 950 315
2 318

(b) The arithmetic sequence where the positive integers are less than 150 is 1, 2, 3, , 149
Sum of the sequence
149
1 149
2
149 75
11 175

The arithmetic sequence where the positive integers are multiple of 5 is 5, 10, 15, , 145.

Let un 145
5 5 n 1 145
5 1 n 1 145
n 29

Sum of the sequence

29
5 145
2
29 75
2 175

The arithmetic sequence where the positive integers are multiple of 7 is 7, 14, 21, , 147.

Let un 147
7 7 n 1 147
7 1 n 1 147
n 21

Sum of the sequence

21
7 147
2
21 77
1 617

The arithmetic sequence where the positive integers are multiples of 5 and 7 is 35, 70, 105,
140.

Sum of the sequence

4
35 140
2
2 175
350
 Sum of the positive integers less than 150 which are not multiples of 5 or 7
11 175 2 175 1 617 350
7 733

a2
14.

un 32 S n 357
(a) ,

un 32
2 n 1 d 32
d n 1 30

S n 357
n
2 2 n 1 d 357
2
n 4 d n 1 714
n 4 30 714
34n 714
n 21

d n 1 30
d 21 1 30
20d 30
d 1.5

n 21
Hence, .

uk 100
(b)
2 1.5 k 1 100
1.5 k 1 98
196
k 1
3
k 66.33

k 67
Hence, .

15. Sum of 20 consecutive odd numbers is 1 120.

 n, 2n, 3n, K , 40n
Let the arithmetic series of the positive integers is , where n can be any
positive integers.

n, n 2, n 4, K , n 38
Let the arithmetic series of the even numbers is , where n can be any
even numbers.

S n 2n 2 n
16.

un S n S n1
2n 2 n 2 n 1 n 1
2

2 n 2 n 2 n 2 4 n 2 n 1
2n 2 n 2n 2 3n 1
2n 2 n 2n 2 3n 1
4n 1

un un 1 4n 1 4 n 1 1
4n 1 4n 4 1
4 n 1 4n 5
4n 1 4n 5
4

un 4 n 1 un un1
Therefore, . The value of is a non-zero constant, showing that the series is
d 4
arithmetic with common difference, .

a u1
4 1 1
3
 S n 1000
2n n 1000
2

2n 2 n 1000 0
n
2 n 2 1000 0
2
1
2
1
2

n
2 n2 2 2 1000 0

2 2 2

1
2
1
2 n 1000 0
4 16
2
1 1
2 n 1000 0
4 8
2
1 8001
2 n
4 8
2
1 8001
n
4 16
1 8001
n
4 16
1 8001
n
4 16

8001

16
Since the values of n is always positive, hence, the values of is ignored.
1 8001
n
4 16
8001 1
n
16 4
n 22.11

n 23
Hence, .

Sn pn qn 2
17.

S3 6 S5 11
(a) ,
 S3 6
p 3 q 3 6
2

3 p 9q 6
5 p 15q 10

S5 11
p 5 q 5 11
2

5 p 25q 11

1
10q 1 q
10
,

5 p 15q 10
1
5 p 15 10
10
3
5 p 10
2
17
5p
2
17
p
10

17 1
p q
10 10
Hence, and .

17 1
Sn n n2
10 10
(b)
 un S n S n1
17
n 1 n 1
17 1 1 2
n n2
10 10 10 10
17 1 17 17 1
n n2 n n 2 2n 1
10 10 10 10 10
17 1 17 17 1 1 1
n n2 n n2 n
10 10 10 10 10 5 10
17 1 17 17 1 1 1
n n 2 n n2 n
10 10 10 10 10 5 10
1 16
n
5 10
1
n 8
5
d un un1
1 1
n 8 n 1 8
5 5
1
n 8 n 7
5
1

5

1 1
un n 8 d
5 5
Hence, and .
1
u n 5n 3
10
18.

1 1
u1 5 1 3
10 5
1 7
u2 5 2 3
10 10
 d un un1

5n 3 5 n 1 3
1 1

10 10
1
5n 8
1
5n 3
10 10
1
5n 3 5n 8
10
1
5
10
1

2

1 7 1
u1 u2 d
5 10 2
Hence, , and .

19. The arithmetic series where the positive integers is less than 200 is 1, 2, 3, 199.

Sum of the series

199
1 199
2
199 100
19 900

The arithmetic series where the positive integers are multiple of 4 is 4, 8, 12, , 196.

un 196
4 4 n 1 196
4 1 n 1 196
n 49

Sum of the series

49
4 196
2
49 100
4 900

The arithmetic series where the positive integers are multiple of 7 is 7, 14, 21, , 196.
 un 196
7 7 n 1 196
7 1 n 1 196
n 28

Sum of the series

28
7 196
2
14 203
2 842

The arithmetic series where the positive integers are multiples of 4 and 7 is 28, 56, 84, , 196.

un 196
28 28 n 1 196
28 1 n 1 196
n7

Sum of the series

7
28 196
2
7 112
784

Sum of the positive integers less than 200 which are not multiples of 4 or 7
19 900 4 900 2 842 784
12 942

u10 67 u20 137

20. (a) ,
u10 67
a 10 1 d 67
a 9d 67

u20 137
a 20 1 d 137
a 19d 137

10d 70 d 7
,
 a 9d 67
a 9 7 67
a 63 67
a4

a4 d 7
Hence, and .

un 4 n 1 7
(b)
4 7n 7
7n 3

n
Sn 2 4 n 1 7
2
n
8 7n 7
2
n
7 n 1
2
1
7 n 2 1
2

1
un 7 n 3
Sn
2
7 n 2 1
Hence, and .

2 5
r u4
5 2
21. ,
5
u4
2
5
ar 3
2
5
ar 3 2

r 2
5
25
ar 2
4
25
u3
4

22. 2, 6, 18,
 a2 r 3
,

Let un 118098
2 3
n 1
118098
3n1 59049
lg 59049
n 1
lg 3
10
n 11

Hence, 118 098 is at 11th term of the geometric sequence.

23. (a) 0.777

0.07
r 0.1
a 0.7 0.7
Let and .

0.7
0.777...
1 0.1
0.7

0.9
7

9

2.1125
(b)

0.000025
r 0.01
a 0.0025 0.0025
Let and .

0.0025
0.0025
1 0.01
0.0025

0.99
1

396

0.112
(c)

0.000112
r 0.001
a 0.112 0.112
Let and .
 0.112
0.112
1 0.001
0.112

0.99
112

999

a b, a 2 2b, a 3 3b, a 4 4b, K

24.

u n a n nb

Sum of the first ten terms of the sequence

a a10 1 10
2 b 10 1 b
a 1 2

a11 a
5 2b 9b
a 1
a11 a
5 11b
a 1
a11 a
55b
a 1

S3 52 r 3
25. ,

S3 52
a 33 1
52
3 1
a 27 1
52
2
26a
52
2
13a 52
a4

Sum of the geomeric progression Sum of the arithmetic progression

26.
 3 6
192 1
2 21 2a 21 1 3

3
1 2 2
2
1995 21
2a 30
1 2
2
3990 21 a 15
a 15 190
a 175
l u21
a 20d
3
175 20
2
175 30
205

Hence, the first term and the last term of the arithmetic progression is 175 and 205 respectively.

2 4 8
1 K
5 25 125
27. (a)

2
r
a 1 5
,

1
S
2
1
5
1

7
5
5

7

a ab 2 ab 4 ab6 K b2 1
(b) ,

u1 a r b 2
,

a
S
1 b2
 b2 1
b2 1
1 b 1

1 1 1
K
2 6 18
28.

1 1
a r
2 3
(a) ,

1
n

1
1
2 3
Sn
1
1
3
1 1
n

1
2 3

2
3
3 1
1 n
4 3

1
0
n 3 3n n

(b) As , , , hence,
S lim S n
n

3
1 0
4
3

4

S n 99.99% of S
(c)
 3 1 3
1 n 0.9999
4 3 4
1
1 n 0.9999
3
1
n 0.0001
3
1
0.0001
3n
3 n 0.0001
lg 0.0001
n
lg3
lg 0.0001
n
lg 3
n 8.384

n9
Hence, for the sum of the geometric series to exceeds 99.99% of sum to infinity.

S16 3S8
29.

r2 1
(a)

S16 3S8
a 1 r 16 a 1 r 8
3
1 r 1 r
a 1 r16 3a 1 r 8
1 r16 3 1 r 8
1 r16
3
1 r8
r16 1
3
r8 1
r 8 1 r 8 1 3
r 8 1
r8 1 3
r8 2
1
r 2 8

1
2 8
 1
r 28
(b) Let .

S 24
Ratio
S16
a 1 r 24
1 r
a 1 r16
1 r
a 1 r 24

a 1 r16
1 r 24

1 r16
24

1
1 2 8

16
18
1 2

1 23

1 22
7

3
7

3

. . .
0.0 75 0.075075K
30.

0.000075
r 0.001
a 0.075 0.075
Let and .

. . . 0.075
0.075
1 0.001
0.075

0.999
75

999
25

333

a 5 r 1.5
31. ,
 S n 200
5 1.5 1
n
200
1.5 1
5 1.5 1
n
200
0.5
10 1.5 1 200
n

1.5 1 20
n

1.5 21
n

ln 21
n
ln1.5
n 7.509

n8
Hence, .

log a log c 2log b

32. (a)
log ac log b 2
ac b 2
ac
1
b2
a c
1
b b
c 1

b a
b
c b

b a
b c

a b
r1 r2

r1 r2
Since , it is shown that a, b and c form a geometric progression.

log a log b log c K

(b) The series where the logarithm of the terms in part 31(a) is . But first
log a log ar log ar K
2

term is a and the common ratio is r, hence, the series is .

 Let d1 log ar log a
ar
log
a
log r

Let d 2 log ar 2 log ar

ar 2
log
ar
log r

d1 d 2 u1 log a
Since , the series is an arithmetic progression with first term, and common
d log r
difference, .

11
S6 to 10
S5 44 8
33. ,

S5 44
a 1 r5
44
1 r
a 44

1 r 1 r5
 11
S6 to 10
8
11
S10 S5
8
a 1 r10 11
44
1 r 8
a 1 r 10 341

1 r 8
a 341
1 r
1 r10
8
44 1 r10 341

1 r 5
8
44 r10 1 341

r5 1 8
44 r 5 1 r 5 1 341

r 5
1 8
341
44 r 5 1
8
31
r5 1
32
1
r5
32
1
r
2

a 44

1 r 1 r5
a 44

1 5
1 1 1
2 2
a 44

3 33
2 32
32 3
a 44
33 2
64
 a
S
1 r
44

1 r5
44
5
1
1
2
128

3

1 128
d S
a 64 2 3
Hence, , and .
2
1 1
1 K
2 2
34.

1
r
a 1 2
,

Sn 99.99% of S
a 1 rn a
0.9999
1 r 1 r
a a
1 r
1 r n 0.9999
1 r

1 r n 0.9999
r n 0.0001
ln 0.0001
n
ln r
ln 0.0001

1
ln
2
n 13.29

n 14
Hence, .

a 2 r 0.95
35. ,
 S S n 1

a a 1 r n
1
1 r 1 r

a
1 1 r n 1
1 r
1 r
1 1 rn
a
1 0.95
1 1 r n
2
0.95 0.025
n

ln 0.025
n
ln 0.95
n 71.92

n 72
Hence, .

3.3 Binomial Theorem

3 3
2a 3b 2a 2a 3b 2a 3b 3b
3 3 2 2 3

1 2
36. (a)
8a 3 3 4a 2 3b 3 2a 9b 2 27b 3
8a 3 36a 2b 54ab 2 27b3

4 4 2 4
3x y 3x 3x y 3x y 3x y y
4 4 3 2 3 4

1 2 3
(b)
81x 4 4 27 x3 y 6 9 x 2 y 2 4 3x y 3 y 4
81x 4 108 x 3 y 54 x 2 y 2 12 xy 3 y 4

5 2 3 4 5
2 5 4 2 5 3 2 5 2 2 5 2 2
x x
5
x x x x
x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x x
(c)
2 4 8 16 32
x5 5 x 4 10 x3 2
10 x 2 3 5 x 4 5
x x x x x
80 80 32
x5 10 x 3 40 x 3 5
x x x

6 6 2 6 3 6 4 6
1 2x 1 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x
6 5 6

1 2 3 4 5
(d)
 1 6 2 x 15 4 x 2 20 8 x3 15 16 x 4 6 32 x5 64 x6
1 12 x 60 x 2 160 x3 240 x 4 192 x5 64 x 6

4 4 2 4
x 2y x 4 x 2 y x 2 y x 2y 2y
4 3 2 3 4

1 2 3
37. (a)
x 4 4 x 3 2 y 6 x 2 4 y 2 4 x 8 y 3 16 y 4
x 4 8 x 3 y 24 x 2 y 2 32 xy 3 16 y 4

4 4 2 4
2 A B 2 A
2 4
2 A B 2 2 A B 2 2 A B 2 B 2
4 3 2 3 4

1 2 3
(b)
16 A4 4 8 A3 B 2 6 4 A2 B 4 4 2 A B 6 B8
16 A4 32 A3 B 2 24 A2 B 4 8 AB 6 B8

x
18
2
1
38. There are 19 terms in the expansion of as the number of terms of an expansion
a b
n
n 1
is terms. Therefore, the middle term of the expansion is the 10 th term. Thus,
r 9
.

18
x2
18 r
ur 1
r r
,

18
x2
189
The middle term, u91
9
48620 x 2
9

48620 x18

ab 1 1 1 ab
20 20

39.
1 1 ab
20 20

1 ab
20

20
ab
20 r
ur 1
r r
,
 20
ab
20 4
The fifth term, u41
4
4845 ab
16

4845a16b16

8
1
8x
2 x
40.

8
ur 1 8 x 21 x 1
8 r r r

r
8
8 x 2 x
8 r 8 r r r

r
8
8 2 x
8 r r 8 2 r
, r
r

8 2r 0 r 4
The term does not contain x, or independent of x, when . Thus, it is the fifth
term that does not contain x.

8
The fifth term, u41 8 2
8 4 4

4
1
70 4096
16
17920

x 4 4 x 3 y 6 x 2 y 2 4 xy 3 y 4 x y
4

41. (a)

4
x8 4 x 6 y 6 x 4 y 2 4 x 2 y 3 y 4 x 2 y
(b)

1 2x x 1 2 x x 2
7
2 7

42.
7 7 2 7
1 2 x x 2 2 x x 2 2 x x 2 K
3

1 2 3
1 7 2 x x 2 21 4 x 2 4 x 3 35 8 x3 K
1 14 x 7 x 2 84 x 2 84 x 3 280 x3 K
1 14 x 91x 2 364 x3 K
 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 2
1
1 2 2 2 2 2
1 2x 1 2x 2x 2x
3
2 K
2 2! 3!
43. (a)
1 1
1 x
8
4 x 2 8 x3 K
16
1 1
1 x x 2 x3 K
2 2

The expansion is valid when 2x 1

2 x 1
2 x 1
1
x
2
1 1
x
2 2

1
1 2x
1

1 2x
(b)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
1 1 2 x 2 x 2 x K
2 3

2! 3!
1 2 x 1 4 x 1 8 x K
2 3

1 2 x 4x 2 8x3 K

The expansion is valid when 2 x 1

2 x 1
2 x 1
1
x
2
1 1
x
2 2

1 1
1 x 2

1 x
(c)
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 2
1 2 2
1 x x 2 2 2
x
2 3
K
2 2 1 3 2 1
1 3 5
1 x x 2 x3 K
2 8 16
 The expansion is valid when x 1
1 x 1

x2 1
x 2 1 3x 2

1 3x
(d)
1 1
1
1 2 2
1 3 x
2
3 x
2 2 1
x 2
1 1 1
1 2
2 2 2
3x K
3
3 2 1
3 27 2 135 3
x 2 1 x x x K
2 8 16
3 27 3 27 2 135 3
x x2 x 2 3x x x K
2 8 4 8
33 81
2 4 x x 2 x3 K
4 4

The expansion is valid when 3 x 1

3 x 1
3 x 1
1
x
3
1 1
x
3 3

1 1 1 1 1
1 1 2
1
1 3 3 3 3 3
1 2x 1 2 x 2 x 2 x
2 3
3 K
3 2! 3!
44. (a)
2 1 5
1 x 4 x 2 8 x 3 K
3 9 81
2 4 40 3
1 x x2 x K
3 9 81
 The expansion is valid when 2 x 1
2 x 1
2 x 1
1
x
2
1 1
x
2 2

(b) Refer to 43(c).

(c) Refer to 43(d).

10 10 10
1 x
10
1 x x 2 x3 K
1 2 3
45.
1 10 x 45 x 2 120 x3 K

x 0.01
When ,

1 0.01 1 10 0.01 45 0.01 120 0.01

10 2 3
K
1.01 1 0.1 0.0045 0.00012
10

1.10462
1.1046 correct to 4 decimal places

x 0.01
When ,

1 0.01 1 10 0.01 45 0.01 120 0.01 K

10 2 3

0.99 1 0.1 0.0045 0.00012

10

0.90438
0.9044 correct to 4 decimal places

9
1
2x 2
x
46. (a)
 9
ur 1 2 x x 2
9 r r

r
9
2 x x
9 r 9r 2 r

r
9
2 x
9 r 9 3 r

9 3r 0 r 3
The term is independent of x when . Thus, the term that is independent of
x is the 4th term.

9
The forth term, u31 2
93

3
84 2
6

5376

16
1
x 2
2

2x
(b)

16
x 2 1 21 x 2
16 r r r r
ur 1
r
16
x 1 21 x
32 2 r r r 2 r

r
16
1
r
2
1 r
x
32 4 r

32 4r 0 r 8
The term is independent of x when . Thus, the 9th term is independent of
x.

16
1 21
8 8
The ninth term, u81
8
1
12870 1
256
6435

128

24
1
x
3

x
47.
 24
x3 1 x 1
24 r r r
ur 1
r
24
x 1 x
72 3 r r r

r
24
1 x x
r 72 3 r r

r
24
1 x
r 72 4 r

r

72 4r 0 r 18
The term is independent of x when . Thus, the 19th term does not contain x.

24
1
18
The nineteenth term, u181
18
134596 1
134596

1 x 2x 1 x 2 x 2
7
2 7

48.
7 7 2 7
1 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2x
2 3
K
1 2 3
1 7 x 2 x 2 21 x 2 x 2 35 x 2 x 2 K
2 3

1 7 x 2 x 2 21 x 2 4 x3 35 x3 K
1 7 x 14 x 2 21x 2 84 x 3 35 x 3 K
1 7 x 35 x 2 119 x3 K

1 x 2x 1 x 2 x 2
5
2 5

49.
5 5 2 5 3 5
1 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
4
K
1 2 3 4
1 5 x 2 x 2 10 x 2 4 x3 4 x 4 10 x 3 6 x 4 5 x 4 K
1 5 x 10 x 2 10 x 2 40 x3 40 x 4 10 x 3 60 x 4 5 x 4 K
1 5 x 30 x 3 15 x 4 K

x2
Hence, it is shown that coefficient of is zero from the binomial expansion.

x 0.01
By substituting ,
 5
1 0.01 2 0.01 2 1 5 0.01 30 0.01 15 0.01 K
3 4

0.9898
5
1 0.05 0.00005 0.00000015
0.950050 correct to six decimal places

7 1
2 1 0.02 2

5
50.

7 1
1 0.02 2

RHS
5
1

7 49 2

5 50
1
7 50 2

5 49
7 50

5 49
7 5 2

5 7
2 shown

1 1 1 1 1
1 1 2
1
1 2 2
1 x 1 x x 2 2 2
x
2 3
2 K
2 2 1 3 2 1
1 3 5
1 x x 2 x3 K
2 8 16

x 0.02
By substituting ,
 1
1 3 5
1 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 K
2 3
2 1
2 8 16
1

49 2
1.0101525
50
1
50 2
1.0101525
49
5 2
1.0101525
7
7
2 1.0101525
5
1.41421 correct to five decimal places

1 2x 1 1
1 2x 2 1 2x 2

1 2x
51.
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 2
1 2 2 2 2 2
1 2x 2x
2 3
2 x K
2 2! 3!

1 1 1 1 1
1 1 2
1 2 2
1 2 x 2 x 2 2 2
2 x
2 3
K
2 2! 3!

1 1 3 5
1 x x 2 x 3 K 1 x x 2 x3 K
2 2 2 2
3 5 3 1 1 1
1 x x 2 x 3 x x 2 x3 x 2 x 3 x 3 K
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2x 2x 4x K
2 3

The expansion is valid when 2 x 1

2 x 1
2 x 1
1
x
2
1 1
x
2 2

1
x
10
By substituting ,
 1
1 2 2 3
10 1 2 1 2 1 4 1 K

1 10 10
10
1 2
10
6
5 153
4 125
5
6 153

4 125
6 153

2 125
153
6 2
125
306

125

1 1
1
1
1 4 4
1 x 1 x x K
2
4
4 2!
52.
1 5
1 x x 2 K
4 32

1 1

3 1 4 3 81 4
1
2 80 2 80

1
3 80 4

2 81
1

3 2 5
4 4

2 34
1

3 2 5 4

2 3

3 2 14
5
2 3
1
54

1
x
80
By substituting ,
 1
2
1 4 1 1 5 1
1 1 K
80 4 80
32 80
0.9968994141

1
1
3 1 4
5 1
4
2 80
3
0.9968994141
2
1.49535 correct to five decimal places

1 1
1 2 675
2
26 1 2 26
26 676
53.
675
26
676
225 3
26
26
15 3
26
26
15 3

1 1
1
1
1 2 2
1 x 1 x x K
2
2
2 2 1
1 1
1 x x2 K
2 8

1 1 1
1 2
1
2
K
26 2 26

1351

1352
 1
15 3 26 1 2
26
26 1
3 1 2
15 26
26 1351

15 1352
1351

780

1 1
1
1 1
4 4
1 x x K
2
4 1 x
4 2!
54.
1 3
1 x x 2 K
4 32

1
2
1 4 1 1 3 1
1 1 K
16 4 16
32 16
1
17 4 8317

16 8192
4
17 8317

4
16 8192
4
17 8317

2 8192
8317
4
17 2
8192
8317

4096

1 A B C

1 x 1 3x 1 x 1 3x 1 3x 2
2

55.
1 A 1 3x B 1 x 1 3x C 1 x
2

1 1 2 3
When x , 1 C 1 C C
3 3 3 2
1
When x 1, 1 A 1 3 4 A A
2

4
1 2 3 7 3
When x 0, 1 1 B 1 1 1 B B
4 2 4 4
 1 1 3 3

1 x 1 3x
2
4 1 x 4 1 3x 2 1 3x 2
Therefore, .

1
1 x 1 3x
1 2

1 x 1 3x
2

1 1 1 2 2 1 2
1 1 x x K
2
1 2 3 x 3 x K
2 1 2 1
1 x x2 K 1 6 x 27 x 2
K
1 6 x 27 x 2 x 6 x 2 x 2 K
1 7 x 34 x 2 K

1 A B C

1 x 1 2 x 1 3x 1 x 1 2 x 1 3x
56.
1 A 1 2 x 1 3x B 1 x 1 3x C 1 x 1 2 x

1 1 2 2 9
When x , 1 C 1 1 C C
3 3 3 9 2
1 1 3 1
When x , 1 B 1 1 B B 4
2 2 2 4
1
When x 1, 1 A 1 2 1 3 2 A A
2

1 1 4 9

1 x 1 2 x 1 3x 2 1 x 1 2 x 2 1 3x
Therefore, .

1 1 4 9

1 x 1 2 x 1 3x 2 1 x 1 2 x 2 1 3x
21 1 x 4 1 2 x 9 2 1 1 3 x
1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
1 x 1 1 x x x K
1 2 3

2! 3!
1 x x x K
2 3

1 2x 1 2x 2x 2x K
1 2 3
Replacing x with 2 x,
1 2 x 4 x 2 8 x3 K
 1 3x 1 3 x 3x 3x K
1 2 3
Replacing x with 3x,
1 3x 9 x 2 27 x 3 K

1
1 x 1 2 x 1 3x
1 4 9

2 1 x 1 2 x 2 1 3x
21 1 x x 2 x 3 K 4 1 2 x 4 x 2 8 x 3 K 9 2 1 1 3x 9 x 2 27 x 3 K
1 1 1 1 9 27 81 243 3
x x 2 x3 4 8 x 16 x 2 32 x3 x x2 x K
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 6 x 25 x 2 90 x3 K

1
1 6 x 25 x 2 90 x 3 K
1 x 1 2 x 1 3x
Hence, .