W-CDMA

W-CDMA or WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access), is an air

interface standard found in 3G mobile telecommunications networks. It supports
conventional cellular voice, text and MMS services, but can also carry data at high
speeds, allowing mobile operators to deliver higher bandwidth applications including
streaming and broadband Internet access. It uses the DS-CDMA channel access
method and the FDD duplexing method to achieve higher speeds and support more
users compared to most previously used time division multiple access (TDMA)
and time division duplex (TDD) schemes.

While not an evolutionary upgrade on the airside, it uses the same core network as
the 2G GSM networks deployed worldwide, allowing dual mode mobileoperation
along with GSM/EDGE

The world's first commercial W-CDMA service, FOMA, was launched by NTT
DoCoMo in Japan in 2001.

Elsewhere, W-CDMA deployments are usually marketed under the UMTS brand. W-
CDMA has also been adapted for use in satellite communications on the U.S. Mobile
User Objective System using geosynchronous satellites in place of cell towers.

W-CDMA is a spread-spectrum modulation technique; one which uses channels

whose bandwidth is much greater than that of the data to be transferred. Instead of
each connection being granted a dedicated frequency band just wide enough to
accommodate its envisaged maximum data rate, W-CDMA channels share a much
larger band. In Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) message signal is used to
modulate a bit sequence known as Pseudo Noise code (PN code consists of pulses of a
much shorter duration than the pulse duration of the message signal). The modulation
technique encodes each channel in such a way that a decoder, knowing the code, can
pick out the wanted signal from other signals using the same band, which simply
appear as so much noise.

Codes in W-CDMA

Channelization Codes(Short Code)

Used for channel separation from the single source in downlink.

Used for separation of data & control channels from each other in uplink.

Same channelization codes in every cell/mobile, therefore, the additional

scrambling code is needed.
Scrambling Codes (Long Code)

Very long- One frame length is of 38400 chips & time period of 10 ms.

Many codes available

Uplink- to separate the different mobiles

Downlink- to separate the different cells.

The correlation between two codes is low, i.e., they are not fully orthogonal.

W-CDMA air interface- Channels

There are two typesof channels:

Dedicate Channels - specific for one user terminal.

Common Channels- only use the address of user terminal if it isnecessary.

Dedicate Channels
Only exist one dedicate channel (DCH). This channels, is used in the uplinkchannel
and the downlink channel. DCH is transmitted to the entire cell.

Utilizes fast power control

Better link performance

Small interference

Suitable for large & continuous blocks of data

Variable bit rate in a frame-by-frame basis.

Common Channels
There are seven common transport channels: BCH, FACH, PCH, RACH,CPCH,
DSCH and HS-DSCH.

BCH (Broadcast Channel) - BCH Channel is one downlink channel is used to

transmit specific information(random access codes and access slots in the cell,
 or the types of transmitdiversity methods) for the UTRAN system.BCH is
transmitting to the entire cell and it have only one format packet.

FACH (Forward Access Channel) - FACH is one downlink transport channel

and it is transmit to the entire cell.It carries control information to known
terminals to locate it in the cell.

PCH (Paging Channel) - PCH is one channel for downlink and is transmit to
the entire cell.It carries data relevant to the paging procedure (when the base
station wants toinitiate communication with the terminal)

RACH (Random Access Channel) - RACH is the transport channel for the
uplink, all the cell received this channelbut is probably the collision.It carries
control information from the terminal (such as request to set up aconnection).

CPCH (Common Packet Channel) - CPCH is an extension to the RACH

channel that carry packet data user in theuplink direction.

DSCH (Downlink Shared Channel) - DSCH is one transport channel for the
downlink and is shared for some usersystem. DSCH is associates with one or
some DCH. This channel is transmittedto all the cell o one part of the cell
using beam forming antennas. It carriesdedicated user data and control
information

HS- DSCH (High Speed Downlink Shared Channel) - HS DSCH is a

transport channel for the downlink; this channel is shared for some users. The
HS-DSCH is associate with one DPSH and one or somecontrol shared
channels. HS- DSCH is transmitting to the entire cell or to onlyone part using
beam forming antennas.
UMTS, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System is an evolution of servicesand
data speeds from 2G.UMTS uses Wideband CDMA - WCDMA - as the radio
transmission standard. It employs a 5 MHz channel bandwidth. Using this bandwidth
it has the capacity to carry over 100 simultaneous voice calls, or it is able to carry data
at speeds up to 2 Mbps in its original format.

Many of the ideas that were incorporated into GSM have been carried over and
enhanced for UMTS. Elements such as the SIM have been transformed into a far
more powerful USIM (Universal SIM). In addition to this, the network has been
designed so that the enhancements employed for GPRS and EDGE can be used for
UMTS. In this way the investment required is kept to a minimum.

A new introduction for UMTS is that there are specifications that allow both
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) modes. The
first modes to be employed are FDD modes where the uplink and downlink are on
different frequencies. The spacing between them is 190 MHz for Band 1 networks
being currently used and rolled out.
However the TDD mode where the uplink and downlink are split in time with the
base stations and then the mobiles transmitting alternately on the same frequency is
particularly suited to a variety of applications. Obviously where spectrum is limited
and paired bands suitably spaced are not available. It also performs well where small
cells are to be used. As a guard time is required between transmit and receive, this will
be smaller when transit times are smaller as a result of the shorter distances being
covered. A further advantage arises from the fact that it is found that far more data is
carried in the downlink as a result of internet surfing, video downloads and the like.
This means that it is often better to allocate more capacity to the downlink. Where
paired spectrum is used this is not possible. However when a TDD system is used it is
possible to alter the balance between downlink and uplink transmissions to
accommodate this imbalance and thereby improve the efficiency. In this way TDD
systems can be highly efficient when used in pico-cells for carrying Internet data. The
TDD systems have not been widely deployed, but this may occur more in the future.
In view of its character, it is often referred to as TD-CDMA (Time Division CDMA).

3G UMTS / WCDMA technologies

There are several key areas of 3G UMTS / WCDMA. Within these there are several
key technologies that have been employed to enable UMTS / WCDMA to provide a
leap in performance over its 2G predecessors.

Some of these key areas include:

Radio interface: The UMTS radio interface provides the basic definition of
the radio signal. W-CDMA occupies 5 MHz channels and has defined formats
for elements such as synchronisation, power control

CDMA technology: 3G UMTS relies on a scheme known as CDMA or code

division multiple access to enable multiple handsets or user equipments to
have access to the base station. Using a scheme known as direct sequence
spread spectrum, different UEs have different codes and can all talk to the
base station even though they are all on the same frequency

UMTS network architecture: The architecture for a UMTS network was

designed to enable packet data to be carried over the network, whilst still
enabling it to support circuit switched voice. All the usual functions enabling
access to the network, roaming and the like are also supported.

UMTS modulation schemes: Within the CDMA signal format, a variety of

forms of modulation are used. These are typically forms of phase shift keying.

UMTS channels: As with any cellular system, different data channels are
required for passing payload data as well as control information and for
 enabling the required resources to be allocated. A variety of different data
channels are used to enable these facilities to be

UMTS TDD: There are two methods of providing duplex for 3G UMTS. One
is what is termed frequency division duplex, FDD. This uses two channels
spaced sufficiently apart so that the receiver can receive whilst the transmitter
is also operating. Another method is to use time vision duplex, TDD where
short time blocks are allocated to transmissions in both directions. Using this
method, only a single channel is required

3G UMTS / WCDMA Network Architecture

The UMTS 3G architecture is required to provide a greater level of performance to

that of the original GSM network. However as many networks had migrated through
the use of GPRS and EDGE, they already had the ability to carry data. Accordingly
many of the elements required for the WCDMA / UMTS network architecture were
seen as a migration. This considerably reduced the cost of implementing the UMTS
network as many elements were in place or needed upgrading.

With one of the major aims of UMTS being to be able to carry data, the UMTS
network architecture was designed to enable a considerable improvement in data
performance over that provided for GSM.

The UMTS network architecture can be divided into three main elements:

1. User Equipment (UE): The User Equipment or UE is the name given to what
was previous termed the mobile, or cell phone. The new name was chosen
because the considerably greater functionality that the UE could have. It could
also be anything between a mobile phone used for talking to a data terminal
attached to a computer with no voice capability.

2. Radio Access Network (RAN): The RAN also known as the UMTS Radio
Access Network, UTRAN, is the equivalent of the previous Base Station
Subsystem or BSS in GSM. It provides and manages the air interface for the
overall network.

3. Core Network: The core network provides all the central processing and
management for the system. It is the equivalent of the GSM Network
Switching Subsystem or NSS.

The core network is then the overall entity that interfaces to external networks
including the public phone network and other cellular telecommunications networks.
 -

CN CS- Core Network for Circuit Switching

CN PS - Core Network for Packet Switching

User Equipment(UE)

The USER Equipment or UE is a major element of the overall 3G UMTS network

architecture. It forms the final interface with the user. In view of the far greater
number of applications and facilities that it can perform, the decision was made to call
it user equipment rather than a mobile. However it is essentially the handset (in the
broadest terminology), although having access to much higher speed data
communications, it can be much more versatile, containing many more applications. It
consists of a variety of different elements including RF circuitry, processing, antenna,
battery, etc.

Universal Subscriber Identity Module, USIM: The UE also contains a SIM

card, although in the case of UMTS it is termed a USIM (Universal Subscriber
Identity Module). This is a more advanced version of the SIM card used in
GSM and other systems, but embodies the same types of information. It
contains the International Mobile Subscriber Identity number (IMSI) as well
as the Mobile Station International ISDN Number (MSISDN). Other
information that the USIM holds includes the preferred language to enable the
correct language information to be displayed, especially when roaming, and a
list of preferred and prohibited Public Land Mobile Networks (PLMN).

The USIM also contains a short message storage area that allows messages to
stay with the user even when the phone is changed. Similarly "phone book"
 numbers and call information of the numbers of incoming and outgoing calls
are stored.

3G UMTS Radio Network Subsystem

This is the section of the 3G UMTS / WCDMA network that interfaces to both the UE
and the core network.

Radio Network System (RNS): The Access network UTRAN is composing

forone or several RNSs that can be connected to each other through the Iur
interface. The RNS makes the allocation and liberation of radio resources
toallow the communication with MSs in a one area. A RNS is composing for
aRNC, and one or several nodes B.

Radio Controller Network (RNC): The RNC is the organization controller

ofone RNS and have the function to radio resources control. It is provided by
oneor several nodes B. the RNC is the handover responsible that
requiressignalling to e MS. The RNC is connecting to the CN through the Iu
interface. There is the Iu interface for the applications CS denominated Iu-CS
and another rone for applications PS denominated Iu-PS.

Node B: Is the responsible component for the transmission / reception

radioFrom/to MSs in one or more cells UMTS. A B node supports the mode
FDD,TDD, or dual way. Nodes B are connected to the RNCs through the
Iubisinterfaces and to the MSs through the Uu interfaces.

3G UMTS Core Network

The 3G UMTS core network architecture is a migration of that used for GSM with
further elements overlaid to enable the additional functionality demanded by UMTS.

In view of the different ways in which data may be carried, the UMTS core network
may be split into two different areas:

Circuit switched elements: These elements are primarily based on the GSM
network entities and carry data in a circuit switched manner, i.e. a permanent
channel for the duration of the call.

Packet switched elements: These network entities are designed to carry

packet data. This enables much higher network usage as the capacity can be
shared and data is carried as packets which are routed according to their
destination.

Some network elements, particularly those that are associated with registration are
shared by both domains and operate in the same way that they did with GSM.
Circuit switched elements - The circuit switched elements of the UMTS core
network architecture include the following network entities:

Mobile switching centre (MSC): This is essentially the same as that within
GSM, and it manages the circuit switched calls under way.

Gateway MSC (GMSC): This is effectively the interface to the external

networks.

Packet switched elements - The packet switched elements of the 3G UMTS core
network architecture include the following network entities:

Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN): As the name implies, this entity was
first developed when GPRS was introduced, and its use has been carried over
into the UMTS network architecture. The SGSN provides a number of
functions within the UMTS network architecture.

o Mobility management When a UE attaches to the Packet Switched

domain of the UMTS Core Network, the SGSN generates MM
information based on the mobile's current location.

o Session management: The SGSN manages the data sessions providing

the required quality of service and also managing what are termed the
PDP (Packet data Protocol) contexts, i.e. the pipes over which the data
is sent.

o Interaction with other areas of the network: The SGSN is able to

manage its elements within the network only by communicating with
other areas of the network, e.g. MSC and other circuit switched areas.

o Billing: The SGSN is also responsible billing. It achieves this by

monitoring the flow of user data across the GPRS network. CDRs (Call
Detail Records) are generated by the SGSN before being transferred to
the charging entities (Charging Gateway Function, CGF).

Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN): Like the SGSN, this entity was also
first introduced into the GPRS network. The Gateway GPRS Support Node
(GGSN) is the central element within the UMTS packet switched network. It
handles inter-working between the UMTS packet switched network and
external packet switched networks, and can be considered as a very
sophisticated router. In operation, when the GGSN receives data addressed to
a specific user, it checks if the user is active and then forwards the data to the
SGSN serving the particular UE.
Shared elements - The shared elements of the 3G UMTS core network architecture
include the following network entities:

Home location register (HLR): This database contains all the administrative
information about each subscriber along with their last known location. In this
way, the UMTS network is able to route calls to the relevant RNC / Node B.
When a user switches on their UE, it registers with the network and from this
it is possible to determine which Node B it communicates with so that
incoming calls can be routed appropriately. Even when the UE is not active
(but switched on) it re-registers periodically to ensure that the network (HLR)
is aware of its latest position with their current or last known location on the
network.

Equipment identity register (EIR): The EIR is the entity that decides whether
given UE equipment may be allowed onto the network. Each UE equipment
has a number known as the International Mobile Equipment Identity. This
number, as mentioned above, is installed in the equipment and is checked by
the network during registration.

Authentication centre (AuC): The AuC is a protected database that contains

the secret key also contained in the user's USIM card.
Cdma2000

CDMA2000 is based on IS-95 (2G). CDMA2000 is an evolution of an

existentwireless standard in 2G.CDMA2000 offers the services of third generation.
Therefore CDMA2000provides the services of 3G, wireless services with great
profitability and morecontained, to consent to any service, in any place, at any hour
from a terminal.

CDMA2000 is designed to diminish the risks, to protect the investment and toprovide
significant acting to the operators as its nets evolve to offer services 3G.The nets
CDMA2000 are compatible with the nets cdmaOne, that whichprotects the
investments of the operators cdmaOne and it provides a simpleand economic
migration to the following generation. Also, the nets CDMA2000offers improvements
in the voice quality and support for data multimediaservices.

Evolution of Cdma2000

CDMAOne (IS-95A):

2G Technology with voice capacity.

It provides data transmission speeds up to 14.4 Kbps.

CDMAOne (IS- 95B):

2G Technology with voice capacity that offers bigger data, transmissionspeed

can offer up to 115 kbps.

CDMA2000:

Common denomination for IMT-2000 CDMA Multi-Carrier.

CDMA2000 1X (October 2000):

3G Technology that it duplicates the voice capacity.- It provides data

transmission speeds up to 307 kbps in a single carrier (1.25MHz, or 1X).

CDMA2000 1xEV:

Evolution of CDMA2000 1X that it offers bigger data transmission speed

canoffer up to 2.4 Mbps in a single carrier the same as the previous one
(1.25 MHz).

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (firsts of 2002):

3G Technology that only uses a carrier of 1.25MHz for data.

It reaches transmission speeds of up to 2.4 Mbps.

CDMA2000 1xEV-DV:

3G Technology that integrates voice and data in the same carrier

It reaches transmission speeds of up to 3.09 Mbps.

Multi-Carrier Mode

Uplink Spreading and modulation - The uplink spreading is done with Walsh
functions. The uplink code usedfor scrambling a period of 242 -1 chips. And the
access channels have aspecific scrambling code with a period of 215 chips.

Downlink Spreading and modulation - Multi carrier nature is the characterised of

downlink, the downlink carriescan be operated independently or in the same time. As
each carries havea pilot channel, they can be sent from different antennas to
allowadditional diversity.

The channel on each carrier is spread with Walsh functions using a constantspreading
factor during the connection, it separate channels from the samesource. The spreading
factors for data transmission range from 256 down to4.Downlink modulation
consisting of three carriers. Downlink scrambling ischaracterised by the use of a
single code. MC mode is a synchronised basestation, a single code is used and the
different base station uses the same codewith different phase (512 different phases).

The single carrier bandwidth discussed has often been 1.25 MHz; thebandwidth that
has been defined for a single carrier spectrum mask with 40 dBattenuation for the
power level is 1.48 MHz for the base station transmission.