Yarmouk University

Hajjawi faculty for Engineering Technology

Department of Civil Engineering

Name: Ashraf Smadi

ID: 2011888019

Sanitary laboratory

Experiment #3: Acid-Base Titration

Eng. Saja al Theeb

Course no: CE 453

Section: #3
Group #
Date of Submission: 14-3-2017
 Titration curve (sample 1)
14
12
10 11.22 11.61
8 7
PH 6
4
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

Volume of Base

Titration curve (sample 2)

14
12
10 11.22 11.61
8 7
PH 6
4
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

Volume of Base
Discussions
1- An Arrhenius acid:is a substance that dissociates in water to form hydrogen ions
(H+). In other words, an acid increases the concentration of H+ ions in an aqueous
solution.

An Arrhenius base is a substance that dissociates in water to form hydroxide (OH-)

ions. In other words, a base increases the concentration of OH- ions in an aqueous
solution.

2- An acidbase titration : is the determination of the concentration of an acid or

base by exactly neutralizing the acid or base with an acid or base of known
concentration.
This allows for quantitative analysis of the concentration of an
unknown acid or base solution. It makes use of the neutralization reaction that
occurs between acids and bases.
Acidbase titrations can also be used to find percent purity of chemicals.

Types of Titrations based on type of reaction involved:

1- Acid-Base Titration
2-Complexometric titrations
3-Redox titrations
4-Zeta potential Titration
5-Gas phase Titration
6- Assay Titration

3-
4- Main causes of error in this experiment are:
1- Error in calculation
2- Using a contaminated solutions
3- Not filling the burette exactly the volume of base that should be
4- Using a little quantity of indicator

5-
indicator Acid color Base color PH range of color
change
Alizarine Yellow R yellow Red 10.2-12
Azolitmin Red Blue 4.5-8.3
Bromocresol green Yellow Blue 3.8-5.4
Bromocresol purple Yellow Purple 5.2-6.8
Bromophenol blue yellow blue 3-4.6
Bromothymol blue yellow blue 6-7.6
Congo red Blue-violet red 3-5
Cresol red yellow Reddish-purple 7.2-8.8
Cresolphthalein colorless purple 8.2-9.8
Gentian violet yellow Blue-violet 0-2
(Methyl violet 10B)
Indigo carmine blue yellow 11.4-13
Malachite green (first yellow green 0-2
transition)
 Malachite green green colorless 11.6-14
(second transition)
Methyl orange red yellow 3.1-4.4
Methyl purple purple green 4.8-5.4
Methyl red red yellow 4.4-6.2
Methyl yellow red yellow 2.9-4
Naphtholphthalein Pale red Greenish-blue 7.3-8.7
Neutral red red yellow 6.8-8
Phenol red yellow red 6.4-8
Phenolphthalein colorless Purple-pink 8.3-10
Screened methyl red grey 0-3.2
orange (first
transition)
Screened methyl grey green 3.2-4.2
orange (second
transition)
Thymol blue (first red yellow 1.2-2.8
transition)
Thymol blue (second yellow blue 8-9.6
transition)
Thymolphthalein colorless blue 9.3-10.5

When the color is change that mean we reach the point that equivalent quantities of
base and acid have been mixed.
Phenolphthalein was used in this experiment because it is slightly soluble
in water and usually is dissolved in alcohols for use in experiments.

6- The equivalence point, or stoichiometric point, of a chemical reaction is the

point at which chemically equivalent quantities of acids and bases have been
mixed. In other words, the moles of acid are equivalent to the moles of base.
The endpoint (related to, but not the same as the equivalence point) refers to the
point at which the indicator changes color in a colorimetric titration.