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Prof. Ming C. Wu
wu@eecs.berkeley.edu
511 Sutardja Dai Hall (SDH)
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 1
gm RL RL
AV ,t = AV ,t = AV ,t = gm RL
1+ gm RE 1
+ RL
gm 1
Ri = r + ( +1)RE Ri =
Ri = r + ( +1)RL gm
Ro = "#ro (1+ gm RE )$%
r + Rth 1 Rth Ro = !"ro (1+ gm RE )#$
AI,t = Ro = +
1+ gm AI,t 1
AI,t = +1
Without degeneration:
Simply set RE = 0
For the gain, Ri, Ro of the whole amplifier, you need to include voltage/
current dividers at input and output stages
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 2
1
Terminal Gain and I/O Resistances of MOS Amplifiers
gm RL RL AV ,t = gm RL
AV ,t = AV ,t =
1+ gm RS 1
+ RL
Ri = gm 1
Ri = Ri =
Ro = #$ro (1+ gm RE )%& gm
1
AI,t = Ro = Ro = !"ro (1+ gm RE )#$
gm
AI,t 1
AI,t =
Without degeneration:
Simply set RS = 0
For the gain, Ri, Ro of the whole amplifier, you need to include voltage/
current dividers at input and output stages
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 3
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 4
2
Need for Multistage Amplifiers
Typical spec for a general purpose operational amplifier
Input resistance ~ 1M
Output resistance ~ 100
Voltage gain ~ 100,000
No single transistor amplifier can satisfy the spec
Cascading multiple stages of amplifiers to meet the spec
Usually
An input stage to provide required input resistance
A middle stage(s) to provide gain
An output stage to provide required output resistance
It is important to note that the input resistance of the follow
-on stage becomes the load of the previous stage
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 5
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 6
3
A 3-Stage ac-coupled Amplifier Circuit
Input and output of overall amplifier is ac-coupled through capacitors C1 and C6.
Bypass capacitors C2 and C4 are used to get maximum voltage gain from the two
inverting amplifiers.
Interstage coupling capacitors C3 and C5 transfer ac signals between amplifiers but
provide isolation at dc and prevent Q-points of the transistors from being affected.
In the ac equivalent circuit, bias resistors are replaced by RB2 = R1||R2 and RB3 = R3||R4
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 7
dc Equivalent Circuit
Transistor Parameters
M1 : Kn = 10 mA/V 2 , VTN = 2 V , = 0.02V 1
Q2 : F = 150, VA = 80V , VBE = 0.7V
Q3 : F = 80, VA = 60V , VBE = 0.7V
Q - Points
M1 : (5.00 mA, 10.9 V)
Q2 : (1.57 mA, 5.09 V)
Q3 : (1.99 mA, 8.36 V)
At dc, the capacitors isolate each
individual transistor stage from the Small - Signal Parameters
others. Thus, the bias point for each M1 : g m1 = 10.0 mS, ro1 = 12.2 k
transistor may be found using the Q2 : g m2 = 62.8 mS, r 2 = 2.39 k,
single transistor analysis methods ro2 = 54.2 k
already discussed. Q3 : g m3 = 79.6 mS, r 3 = 1.00 k,
ro3 = 34.4 k
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 8
4
ac and Small-Signal Equivalent Circuits
ac Equivalent
Small-signal Equivalent
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 9
v2
Avt1 = = g m1 RL1 = 0.01S (0.478k) = 4.78
v1
Rin 1M
v1 = vi = vi = 0.990vi
RI + Rin 10k + 1M
RL2 = RI 2 Rin3 = RI 2 [r + (
3 o3 ]
+ 1) RL3 =3.54k
RI1 = 620 17.2k = 598 v3
Avt2 = = g m2 RL2 = 62.8S (3.54k) = 222
RI 2 = 4.7k 51.8 = 4.31k v2
RI 3 = 3.3k 250 = 232
RL1 = RI1 Rin2 = 598 r 2 =598 2390 = 478 Avt3 =
vo
=
( o3 + 1) RL3 = 0.950
v3 r 3 + ( o3 + 1) RL3
Rin = RG = 1M
RG
Av = Avt3 Avt2 Avt1 = +998
RI + RG
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 10
5
Output Resistance
r + Rth 1 Rth
Ro3 = +
1+ gm
Rth = RI 2 || ro2 = 4.31k || 54.2k = 4k
1 4k
Ro3 = + = 12.6 + 50 = 62.6
79.6mS 80
Rout = RE 3 || Ro3 = 3.3k || 62.6 = 61.3
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 11
io
The input signal current delivered to the amplifier Current Gain: Ai = = 4.03x10 6 (132 dB)
ii
from source vi is
vi
ii = = 9.90x10 7 vi Voltage Gain: Av =
vo
= 9.98x10 2 (60 dB)
RI + Rin vi
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 12
6
Input and Output Signal Range
0.2 (1+ 2 ) V
For the first stage: v1 0.2 (VGS VTN ) vi = 0.202 V
0.99
For the second stage: vbe2 = v2 = Av1v1 5mV
5mV 5mV 1.05mV
v1 = = 1.05mV vi = 1.06 mV
Av1 4.78 0.99
v3 A A ( 0.990vi )
For the third stage: vbe3 = v1 v2 5mV
1+ gm3 RL3 1+ gm3 RL3
1+ gm3 RL3
vi 5mV = 92.7 V
Av1 Av2 ( 0.990 )
Overall: vi min ( 202mV,1.06mV, 92.7V ) = 92.7V
vo Av ( 92.7V ) = 998 ( 92.7V ) = 92.5 mV
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 13
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 14
7
SPICE Simulation Results
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 15
vin = 100 V
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 16
8
SPICE Simulation Results
vin = 750 V
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 17
1 n 1
fL
2 i=1 RiS Ci
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 18
9
Short-Circuit Time Constant Estimate for fL
1 1 1 1 1
fL [ + + +
2 1.01M ( 22 F ) 66.7 ( 22 F ) 2.72k ( 22 F ) 19.2 ( 22 F )
1 1
+ + ] = 511 Hz
18.9k ( 22 F ) 315 ( 22 F )
fL fH
Lecture21-Multistage Amplifiers 20
10