Ahmad Nayfeh

Intern/Mentor Pd. 5/6

Annotated Source List

"A.JamesClarkSchoolofEngineering."UniversityofMaryland,
www.enme.umd.edu/.Accessed29Oct.2016.Web.

ThisisthehomewebsitefortheUniversityofMarylandsmechanicalengineering
department.Ithousesvariousinformativepagesrelatingtobothundergraduateandgraduate
studies,aswellasacontactpageforthedepartmentsfaculty.Thedepartmentoutlinesits
missionstatement,anddefinesthetopicsunderwhichstudentsresearch.TheseincludeDesign
andReliabilityofSystems,ElectronicProductsandSystems,Thermal,Fluid,andEnergy
Sciences,andMechanicsandMaterials.Itprimarilyshowcasestheworkstudentsarepursuing,
suchastinyrobotsandracecars.Thisisaccomplishedthroughmeansofwritingandphoto,with
alargeandextensivegalleryshowcasingeachandeveryprojectthedepartmenthas
completed.Thewebsitealsohousesjournalsandotherrelatedarticlespertainingtovariousfields
ofmechanicalengineering.Lastly,thewebsiteincludeslinkstoitssocialmedia,effectively
resultinginincreasedinvolvementinstudentlife.
Thisisthehomewebsiteformynewinternshipatthemechanicalengineering
departmentatUMD.formyresearch,itwillassistmeinlocatingcrediblehumansources,as
wellasprovidemewiththenecessaryinspirationtodevelopaprojectofmyown.Thedaily
newsincludedonthewebsitewillhelpmemaintainuptodateknowledgeofnewideas,
research,andultimately,engineeringcompetitionslikethesolardecathlon.Whileitdoesnot
particularlycontainextensivejournals,itwillprovidemewithameansoflocatingandaccessing
journalsthroughthedepartmentsfaculty.Iwillnotbedirectlycitingthiswebsiteinmy
research,butwillindeedconsultittofindnewsourcestoanalyze.

Agarwal,Vipin.Personalinterview.Unspecified.

Mr.VipinAgarwalisathirdyeargraduatestudentattheUniversityofMaryland:
CollegePark.Heiscurrentlystudyingtheeffectofnoiseondifferentchaoticsystemstoidentify
ameansofchaoscancellation.Hisprimaryfocusishisdoctoratedegreeinmechanical
engineering,andspreadshisunderstandingofvibrationsbyteachingundergraduateclassesand
experimentingatthevibrationslab.HeworkswithProfessorBalakumarBalachandran,
travellingtodifferentuniversitiesandexplaininghisresearchinasimilarfashiontothe
intern/mentorprogram.Heisveryknowledgeableinthefieldofphysics,andisabletocompute
andsolvecomplexscenarioswithease.
Mr.VipinisoneofmymentorsatCollegePark,andIspendmostofmytimewithhim.
Heexplainsthephysicsandmathematicsbehindthesecomplexnonlinearsystemstome,and
helpsmeapplysuchideastonotonlymysimulationexperiment,butmyschoolwork.Heisan
 Nayfeh 2

opentextbookofknowledge,andanswersanyquestionsIaskhimwhetheritbethroughemailor
inperson.Whilehehasalotofworktodo,hetakesthetimeoutofhisstressfuldaytoassistme,
andhishumbleapproachtoeducationmakesmefeelcomfortableandwelcomedinastrict
collegeenvironment.Overall,hisacademictalentandwelcomingpersonalitywillimprovemy
abilitytounderstandcomplexvibrationsandchaos.
AmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers.www.asme.org/.Accessed27Oct.
2016.Web.

TheAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineersisaparticularlyreputableassociation,
withpresenceinboththerealandonlineworld.Theirpurposeistosimplyspreadideasrelating
tothefieldofmechanicalengineeringthroughtheconsistentreleaseofrelevantandinteresting
articles,includingbiotechnology,wearabletechnology,3dprinting,automotiveengineering,and
severalotherrelatedsubjects.Thewebsitecategorizesitsarticlesunderseveraldifferenttopics,
rangingfromDesignandManufacturingtoPowerandEnergy.Eacharticleisbackedwith
logicallysoundevidence,andeditedbyprofessionalmechanicalengineers,ensuringthe
credibilityofeachpiece.Additionally,thewebsitehousescomprehensivejournalspertainingto
thefieldofmechanicalengineering;however,theymustbepurchasedforanunreasonable
expensiveprice,rangingfrom$50$99.Overall,thiswebsiteprovidesalocalizedhubfor
articlesandcurrenteventsrelatedtoengineeringandmoderntechnology.
Thiswebsitewillplayapivotalroleinmyresearch,asitconsistentlyuploadsnew
informationandarticlestostudyandeventuallyapplytomyresearch,ultimatelyallowingme
expandintodifferentpathsofamechanicalengineer.WhileIrealizethatmytopicsurrounds
mechanicalengineering,IamstillunsureastowhataspectofthefieldIwillbefocusingon.This
websitewillcertainlyguidemetomyresearchdecisionwithitsbroadrangeofarticleand
journaltopics.

Balachandran,Balakumar,Prof.PersonalInterview.Unspecified.

ProfessorBalakumarBalachandranismynewmentor,andisthedepartmentchairof
MechanicalEngineeringattheUniversityofMaryland,CollegePark.Hehasapersonalhistory
withmyfamily,havingbeenagraduatestudentofmygrandfather,AliNayfeh.Withregardsto
education,Dr.BalachandranrecievedhisB.TechinnavalarchitecturefromtheIndianinstitute
ofTechnologyinIndia.HethenacquiredhisM.SandPh.Dinaerospaceengineeringand
engineeringmechanicsunderthewisdomofmygrandfatheratvirginiatech.Hehasbeena
professorofmechanicalengineeringatUMDsince1993,atotalof24years.Hisinterests
includenonlinearphenomena,dynamics,vibrations,andcontrol.Hehasalsoacquiredseveral
patentspertainingtofiberopticsensorsandatomicforcemicroscopy.
Dr.Balachandraniscertainlymorepromisingthanmypreviousmentor,andhisrich
backgroundinmechanicalengineeringcanindeedassistmeinthedevelopmentofmyresearch
andultimatesynthesispaper.

BrasherDesign.BrasherDesign,www.brasherdesign.com/.Accessed29Sept.2016.
Web.
 Nayfeh 3

ThisistheprimarywebsiteusedbyBrasherDesign.Thiswebsiteservesasthe"home
base"ofthefirmitself,showcasingitslargeandexpansiveportfolioofprojects,rangingfrom
small,residentialprojectstomassiveindustrialstructures.Thesebuildingsarenotrestrictedto
UnitedStates,assomeprojectsarelocatedincountriesasfarastheMiddleEast.Theshowcased
portfolioisorganizedthoughtfully,withseparatedcategoriesthatdistinguishvariousfields
BrasherDesignspecializesin.Thewebsiteprovidesthecontactinformationofallemployees
workingunderthesmall,localarchitecturefirm.Overall,BrasherDesignswebsiteservesasan
introductiontothefirmforpotentialclients.
ThisistheWebsiteoftheFirmIinternat.Asitdoesnotprovideanyinformationthatis
relatedtomyresearchtopic,Iwillnotbeusingthissourceformyresearchproject.

"BuildingOwnersandManagersAssociationInternational."BOMA,
boma.buildings.com/.Accessed29Sept.2016.

Thisassociationprioritizesontheeconomicalaspectsofarchitecture,implicitlystatingin
theirmissionstatementthattheywishtoadvanceavibrantcommercialrealestateindustry
throughadvocacy,influenceandknowledge.Itessentiallyprovidesinformationastowhatreal
estatemarketsapotentialinvestorshouldinvestinbasedofflocation,buildingtype,andother
relatedfactors.Thewebsitealsopresentsinformationrelatingtomaximizingorminimizing
buildingcostsandefficiently,includingmaterialsandHVAC(HeatingVentilationandAir
Conditioning)systems.Thewebsiteiscategorizedintoseveraltopics,withthemostimportantof
whichbeingitsresearchandresourcespage.Thisincludespurchasablewhitepages,or
journals,andcasestudies,whicharefreeofcharge.Thesecasestudiesmainlyhighlightthe
relationshipbetweenclientsandconsumers,rangingfromtenantsatisfactiontoproperty
management.Withtheirmissionstatementinmind,thiswebsiteworkstoensureprofitsare
maximizedwhilekeepingconsumershappyandcontentinallsituations,usingacombinationof
business,economics,andarchitecturalknowledge.
Thetopicsandideaspresentedwithinthisassociationwillcertainlyassistmeinmy
research,asitdirectlyrelatestomyinterestsatthearchitecturefirm.Usingthisinformation,I
canapplythearchitecturaldesignprocessandoverallknowledgeofbuildingandstructuresto
therealestatemarket,whereprofitandsuccessreliesheavilyuponinformationsimilartothat
whichIpossess.Unfortunately,BOMArequiresasubscriptiontoaccessitsprofessional
journals,restrictingmyabilitytogathercredibleinformationandsourcesfromthiswebsite.For
thisreasonIwillbeunabletoutilizethisasasourceformysynthesispaper.

Carptintero,Guillermo,andHoracioLamela."NonlinearDynamicsPoseChallengeand
Opportunity."LaserFocusWorld,vol.36,no.10,Oct.2000.Print.

Thisarticlehighlightsoneofseveralapplicationsofthefieldofnonlineardynamics,the
studyoflasers.Theauthorsbeginbydescribingabriefhistoryofthedevelopmentandstudyof
laserdiodesandfurtherexplainthemeansandmethodsusedtostudythebehaviorofthe
oscillationsofalaser.Theythenproclaimthatitwasonlyaftertheintroductionofnonlinear
equationsanddynamicsdidscientistbegintorealizethattherewassomelevelofchaos,that
systemsthatarehighlysensitivetoinitialconditionstendtoresultinawiderangeofoutcomes
 Nayfeh 4

basedsolelyofftheseinitialinputs.Becausethelightwavesoflasersaresinusoidal,thischaos,
orvariation,occursmostlynearthepeakandtroughofeachwave.Whilelasersmayseemtobe
relativelystableandlineartothehumaneye,theyareincontinuousoscillation,asprovenby
nonlineardynamics.Followingthisconclusion,theauthorsdescribehowtheyformulatedtheir
experiments.Theydefineroutestochaosasameansofdeterminingwhenchaosappearsina
nonlinearsystem.Additionally,thewritersexplainthefactthatchaoscanonlybesuspected,and
theonlywaytodeterminechaosinasystemisthroughtheapplicationofrigidlystructured
experimentscoupledwithassumptionsgiveninthechaostheory.
Thisarticle,whileitsrelationtolasersmaynotapplytomyresearch,isextremely
beneficial,asitdefinesmanyofthetermsIwillbeusingformyresearch,includingchaos,
deterministicchaos,routestochaos,perioddoubling,andotherimportanttermsrelatedto
nonlineardynamics.Thearticlealsoincludesseveraldiagramsthatexplainandportraychaos
amongsinusoidalfunctions,andallowsforamuchclearerrepresentationoftheseabstractand
theoreticalideas.

Crawford,Mark."BoostingSolarCellEfficiency."AmericanSocietyofMechanical
Engineers,www.asme.org/engineeringtopics/articles/renewableenergy/
boostingsolarcellefficiency.Accessed30Oct.2016.

Thisonlinearticlehighlightsthecontinuingadvanceinthedevelopmentofsolarenergy
asaviableyetaffordablemeansofenergyproduction.Theyapproachedtheissuethatcheaper
solarpanels,dyesensitizedsolarpanels(DSSC)arenotefficientlycapturingoptimalamountsof
light,producinglessenergythantheycaninreality.Tocombatthisissue,engineersbegan
focusingoneachcellofasolarpanelatamicroscopiclevel,maximizingacellsabilityto
captureandutilizephotons,ultimatelyboostingtheefficiencyofthesecheaper,moreaffordable
solarpanelsbyapproximately26%.Followingthedescriptionoftheirdesignprocess,the
engineersexplainthestructureofasolarpanel,andthematerialsusedtoproducetheseenergy
gatheringdevices,statingthattheyareproducedbylayeringaphotoanode,orthemeansof
capturingsolarenergy,intoatitaniumcompound.Byincreasingthelevelofprecisioninthe
composureofthesephotoanodeonananometriclevel,theefficientlywillincreasegreatly.
Whilethisarticledoesnotrelatetomytopic,theprocessesdescribedthroughoutthe
articledemonstratethefactorsoftheengineersdesignprocess.Byreferringtothisarticle,Iam
abletounderstandthedesignprocessapplicationtorealproductdevelopment.Notonlywillthis
improvemyunderstandingoftheproductionofnewproducts,butitwillallowmetoimprove
thestructure,accuracy,andprecisionofmyownexperimentsatthenonlineardynamicslabat
CollegePark.

"Chaos."TheGaleEncyclopediaofScience,editedbyK.LeeLernerandBrenda
WilmothLerner,4thed.,vol.2,Gale,2008,pp.871874.

Thisencyclopediaentrybeginsbydefiningchaoswithrespecttoitsapplicationonthe
analysisofcomplexsystems.Heelaborates,andspecificallystatesthatmechanical,nonlinear
chaosisknownasdeterministicchaosduetothefactthatitcanbecalculatedusingcomplex
mathematicalequations.Theauthorthenintroducesthenewtonianview,whereanythingcanbe
 Nayfeh 5

solvedusingequations;however,hefurtherstatesthatwithchaos,thatisnotthecase,asitis
unpredictableandcannotbereplicated.Thesupportthisidea,thepoincaresystemmodelsthe
peakandtroughofvibrationalwaves,andalwayschangeswithoutanychangeintheinputsof
theequationitself.Healsoexplainsthatweatherisacommonexampleofchaosinnatural
systems,duetotheirregularmotionoftheEarth.Bythenewtonianview,somemaybelievethat
theweatherforanydaycanbecalculatedthroughequations,wheninactualityitisnot.The
authorconcludesbyreflectinguponthebutterflyeffect,ortheideathattheflappingwingsofa
butterflyinchinamayresultinextremewindsintheUnitedStates.
Thissourcecanaidme,asIcanunderstandopposingviewsregardingtheprediction
andcalculationsofchaos.Becausemyresearchhasleadmetobelievethatchaosis
unpredictable,anopposingargumentmayallowmetoimprovemyskillsinargument,refuting
thisNewtonianmathematicalideology.Additionally,theexampleoftheunpredictabilityof
weatherhascertainlyinspiredme;Icanusethisexampletoexplainmyresearchandexperiment
tothosewhomaynotnecessarilyunderstandthejargonassociatedwithnonlineardynamicsand
vibrations.Icanrelatemycomplexworktocommon,naturaloccurrenceswhileapplyingmy
ideastotheconversation,allowingforanoverallimprovedunderstandingofmyfield.

Chen,Guanrong."ControllingChaosandBifurcationsinEngineeringSystems."

CRCPress,1999.

Thisjournalpublicationconcernsthetheissuesassociatedwiththecontrolofchaos,
definedasrandomresponseinasystemwhererandomnessisnotexpected,onbifurcation
systems.Hedefinesabifurcationsystemasamathematicalstudyofchangesinamechanical
system.Tobeginhispaper,GuanrongChenrelatesthedevelopmentofunderstandingofchaosto
theageofdiscoveryandageofenlightenment,ultimatelyemphasizingtheimportanceofan
understandingofthechaostheory.Hecontinuesbyexplainingtheapplicationsofchaoticcontrol
onseveralfields,providingexamplesofitsuseinmedicine,treatingarrhythmia,andepilepsy.
Healsoapplychaostheorytosimpleactivities,suchasthemixingofpaintandchemical
compoundstoensureathoroughblendofingredients.Lastly,heexplainstheapplicationof
chaostoaviation,explainingthatfuelcanbesavedandsmoothertripsmaybeachieved.
Whiletheabstractforthisjournalisrathershort,itpacksalotofinformation,andallows
metobroadenmyapproachtovibrationsandchaos,seeingasitcanbeappliedtomuchmore
thansimplestructuralengineering.Iplanonusingtheknowledgegainedfromthisjournalto
solidifymyargument,thatvibrationscanbeexploitedtoenhancehumanengineering,qualityof
life,andotherrelatedmatters.

Frederick,Daniel,andTienSunChang.ContinuumMechanics.Cambridge,

ScientificPublishers,1972.Print.
 Nayfeh 6

Forthepurposeofthiscitation,IwillonlybereferencingtheIntroductorychapter.This
bookpresentsthefundamentallawsofphysics,andwheretheselawsapplytothedevelopment
ofthelineartheory.Chapter1,theintroduction,presentstheprimarymeansofmathematics
behindthelawsofphysics,calculus.Theauthorsthendefinecartesiantensorsasarepresentation
ofatensorinEuclideanspaceintheformofcomponents,notedthroughvectornotation.
Followingtheintroductionofthesebasicmathematicalterms,aseriesofequationsarepresented
thatexplainstherelationshipbetweentrigonometricfunctionsandthemagnitudeanddirectionof
vectors.Theauthorselaborateonthisbydemonstratingthepropernotationofvectors,acapital
baseletterwithanarrowaboveit.Theequationtocalculatemagnitudeisalsointroducedasthe
squarerootofthesumofthesquareofeachofthe3dimensionalvectorsinthex,y,andz
directions.Thesetermscanberewrittenincartesianformasthecapitalbaseletterofavector
followedbyavariablesubscripttoindicatedimensions.Theauthorstransitiontoidentifyingand
explaintherulesofvectors,includingthetransformationlawofavector,whereavectorisonly
classifiedassuchaftersatisfyingthegivenequationsbasedoffanarbitrarysetofpoints,which
aredifferentiatedthroughsubscriptandprimenotation.Thechapterendsbyreviewingseveral
basicrulesofvectors,includingscalars,dotproducts,crossproducts,andvectormultiplication,
allofwhichbuilduponeachothertodemonstratethefundamentalsofcartesiantensorcalculus.
Byprovidingmyselfwithasolidfoundationinlineartheory,Iwillbeabletoexpandinto
nonlineardynamics,atopicthatIwillberesearching.Whilethisbookreviewsbasicconcepts
pertainingtovectorsthatIhavepreviouslyknown,itrelatestheseconceptstoaperspectiveof3
dimensionalphysics,afieldIamunfamiliarwith,havingonlybeenstudyingmechanicalphysics
intwodimensions.IunderstandthatIcanapplythisnew,logicallysoundapproachtothe
mathematicsinvolvedinmyresearch,andthereforeseethissourceasoneofvalue.Additionally,
whilethetextwaspublishedin1972,theinformationencasedwithinthebookhasnotchanged
astimehasprogressed,ensuringtheultimatecredibilityofthissourcewithapplicationtomy
research.

Glass,Brendan.PersonalInterview.Unspecified

BrendanGlasshasbeentheVicePresidentatBrasherDesignsince1994,atotalofnearly
23years.HeisaregisteredarchitectandLEED(LeadershipinEnergyandEnvironmental
Design)accreditedprofessionalwhoreceivedhiscertificationthroughvocationalpractice.Heis
passionateabouttheminimizationofwasteinprojectdevelopment,andhopestoimprovethe
efficiencyofarchitecturalprojectswhileeliminatingexcess,unnecessarywork.Glassspecializes
inGreenBuilding,HistoricPreservation,AdaptiveReuse,andNewConstructionforvarious
structuresincluding:residentialhomes,retailspaces,andeducationalbuildings.Asamentor,he
providesassistancewithtasksandresearchconsistently,andalwaysprovidespertinentinputand
relevantinformationaccordingtothetaskathand.
BrendanGlassismymentor,andprovidesmewithtasksthatrelatetothedevelopmentof
aspiringarchitectsanddesignerslikemyself.Heisparticularlyinterestedinmyresearchproject,
andcritiquesmyideasconstructively.Heallowsmetoexpressmyopinionsregardingthefield
ofarchitectureanditsissues,andprovidesmewithvaluableinput.Hispersonalityassuresmeof
 Nayfeh 7

asafeandcomfortableexperienceatthefirm.Hisknowledgeofthefieldofarchitectureisdeep,
allowingmetoaskquestionsandreceiveaccurateandwellsupportedanswers.Overall,Ican
reallytellthatheispassionateabouthisjob,andiswillingtoprovidemewithanyhelp
necessarytoaccomplishthegoalssetformyresearchproject.

Kapland,Karen.PersonalInterview.Unspecified.

KarenKaplandisthereceptionistatBrasherDesign,andhasworkedtheresincethe
architecturalfirmsoriginalconception.Shehandlesthemajorityofthecustomercomplaints,
andschedulesmeetings,sitevisits,andotherrelatedmattersforthefirm.Herpersonalityis
wonderful,andalwaysworkswithabrimmingsmileonherface.Whileshedoesnotspecifically
workinthearchitecturaldepartment,sheconsistentlyprovidesinputandmanagesdocuments,
includingconstructiondocumentsandCADdrawings.Herjobispivotaltothefirmssuccess,as
sheensuresallmaterialsarepresentfordiscussionandrevision,whicharemajorfactorsofthe
architecturaldesignprocess.Inadditiontoherworkrelatedduties,Mrs.Kaplandisinchargeof
thefoodinthebreakroom,andalwaysbringssweets,fruits,pastries,andothergoodsinorderto
maintainanactive,productiveworkenvironment.Whilethetasksofareceptionistarenot
particularlydifficult,itisevidentthatMrs.Kaplandtakesherjobveryseriouslyandensuresa
perfectqualityofwork.
Karenthenicest,mostgenuinepersonatBrasherDesign.Shealwaystalkstomeand
givesmeallkindsofdeliciousfood.Whenihavequestionspertainingtothefirmitself,she
providesmewithherfullattentionandanswersmyquestionsasaccurateaspossible.Workingat
Brasherisverystressfulforme,andshecertainlylightensmymood,allowingmetowork
efficiently.Overall,Mrs.Kaplandisaprimesourceofinformationrelatingtothefirmandits
files,makingheranoptimalpersontoaskwheninsearchofitemswithintheBrasherlibrary.

Platt,MarjorieB."TheImpactofIndustrialDesignEffectivenessonCorporate
FinancialPerformance."JournalofProductInnovationManagement,vol.22,
no.1,21Dec.2004.Print.

Thisjournalabstractfocusesontherelationshipbetweendesignandfinancial
performance,andseekstodeterminehowimportantdesignistothesuccessofacompanys
product.Thearticlebeginsbydescribingitsprocedure,statingthattheyrankedtheeffectiveness
offirmsinvariousmanufacturingfieldsusinganextensivepanelof138industrialdesign
experts.Followingthisranking,atotalof92firmswereselectedanddividedintogroupsthat
reflectedhighandlowindustrialdesigneffectiveness.Withindustrialperformancedetermined,
financialperformancewasconductedthroughauditeddataoverasevenyearperiod.Afterthe
datawasgathered,researchershypothesizedthatthosewithhigherindustrialdesigneffectiveness
sawhigherprofitreturns,andwerethereforemoreeffectivefinanciallywhencomparedtofirms
 Nayfeh 8

withlowindustrialdesigneffectiveness.Thejournalconcludesthatfirmswithhigherdesign
effectivenesswerestrongerthanfirmswithlowdesigneffectiveness,andthatindustrialdesignis
indeedpivotalinacompanysperformance.

Ifindthisarticletobemildlyinteresting,especiallyasIcontinuetosearchforaviable
topictostudy.Iparticularlyenjoythebusinessaspectsofthisjournal,asIhaveseennoarticle
thathighlightsfinanceasadependentvariableofdesignasofyet.Theinformationused
throughoutthejournalisbackedwithstatisticalsupport,andthejournalscitedcouldbeof
particularusetome.Thoughonlytheabstractiscited,Iplanonreadingtheentirejournaland
usingittoaidmeinmyresearch.Overall,thisarticlehascertainlyprovidedmewithanewtopic
toconsiderbasingmyresearchoffof,andIwillnotifymymentorofmyideas.

Nayfeh,AliH.,andDeanT.Mook.NonlinearOscillations.Canada,JohnWiley&Sons,

1979.Print.

Forthepurposeofthiscitation,onlythefirstchapterwillbesummarized.Thisbook
developsthebasicconceptscenteredaroundnonlinearoscillations,primarythosewith12
degreesoffreedom.Thefirstchapteressentiallyhighlightsthekeypointspresentedinthe
subsequentchaptersbydividingeachsectionofthechapterintosubsections.Theauthorsbegin
bydefiningtheprimaryequationusedforsolvingconservativenonlinearsystems,1/2u^2=h
f(u),wheref(u)isanonlinearrestoringforce,F(u)ispotentialenergy,and1/2u^2isthekinetic
energy.Throughthegraphofthisequation,theauthorsconcludethatmotioninanonlinear
systemisonlypossibleifthepotentialenergyislowerthanthekineticenergy.Followingthis,
theauthorsdefineseveralterms:trajectory,saddlepoints,cols,centers,equilibriumpoints,and
separatrices.Theythenexplaintheirgraphsusingtheseterms,andstatethatinagraphwitha
singledegreeoffreedom,theonlyparameteraffectingthetrajectoriesofparticlesistime.The
subsectionfollowingthatofconservativesystemswithsingledegreesissimplythenon
conservativecounterpartofthesesingledegreeoffreedomsystems.Theyexplainthatthemotion
occurringwithinthesesystemsisduetofreeoscillationaffectingthetrajectoryofaparticle,
whichincludesdryfriction,radiation,andformdrag.Anexampleofanonconservativesystemis
apendulum,whereaparticlerotatesinafigure8duetothesefreeoscillations.Lastly,the
authorsintroducevanderPolsequation,whichdescribesthemotionofpendulumsandother
nonlinearsystems.Thefollowingcategoriesareexplainwithintheremainderofthetext,simply
buildinguponthebasicconceptsintroducedinthefirsttwosubsections.Theseincludeforced
oscillations,quadraticnonlinearities,multifrequencyexcitations,parametricallyexcitedsystems,
finitedegreesoffreedom,andtravellingwaves.
Thisbookwaswrittenbymygrandfather,ahighlyaccreditedprofessorofnonlinear
dynamicsandvibrations.Usinghiswork,Iwillbeabletodevelopmyresearchwithgreat
 Nayfeh 9

accuracy.TheequationspresentedthroughoutthisbookbuildupontheprojectIwillbepursuing,
recordingandanalyzingtheeffectsoffreeoscillationslikenoiseandfrictiononamagnet.Using
bothhishelpandtheexplanationsprovidedwithinthisbook,analysisoftheseabstract
movementsandtheorieslikechaoswillbesimplifiedandcomprehendedwithadirectrouteto
theapplicationofmydatatomysynthesispaper.Iwillbeconsistentlyreferringtothisbookto
clarifyanyquestionsregardingnonlinearitieswhenawayfromthelab.

Nayfeh,Ali,andBalakumarBalachandran.AppliedNonlinearDynamics.Canada,

JohnWiley&Sons,1995.

Forthepurposeofthiscitation,onlythefirstchapterwillbesummarized.Thisbook
expandsuponthefundamentalideasofnonlineardynamics,andexplainstheirapplicationsin
theperspectiveofamechanicalengineer.Thefirstchapterintroducestheideasoftimesystems,
dividingthechapterbyvariousexamplesofatimesystem,includedthatofdiscrete,and
continuoussystems,whicharethendividedintocategoriespertainingtononautonomous
systems,autonomoussystems,phaseportraits,andflows.Theybeginbydefiningseveralterms
suchas:euclidianspace,homeomorphism,andsteadyandtransientstates,inadditiontothe
termsdefinedinNonlinearOscillations.Theauthorsdescribemathematicalevolutionasasetof
rulesthatspecifythestateofasystemforbothdiscreteandcontinuousvaluesoft,time.They
thendifferentiatethisstatementbyexplainingthatdiscretetimeevolutioninvolvesalgebraic
equationswhilecontinuoustimeevolutioninvolvesdifferentialequations.Followingthe
introductionofequationsthatdescribediscreteandcontinuoussystems,theauthorstransition
intoexplainingtheapplicationsoftheseequations.Theyintroducetheideasofcylindricalspace
andtoroidalspace,andapplythemtotheideaofparticleorbit.Theyconcludethechapterby
definingphaseportraitsasthecollectionoftrajectorieswithinaparticlesorbitinphasespace.
Thisbook,likethepreviousoneonnonlineardynamics,ishelpfulforthereasonthatit
introducesmoreterminologyassociatedwiththisfieldofstudyandresearch.Bybecoming
familiarwiththesetermsandgraphs,Icanmoreeasilyunderstandthejargonatthelab.Because
Iamcurrentlyunfamiliarwithmyareaofwork,Imusteducatemyselfwiththebasicsinorderto
beginworkingwithcomplexideasderivedfromthesefoundations.Overall,thisbookwill
continuetoprovidemewithaccurateinformationpertainingtothefoundationofnonlinear
dynamics,whilesavingworkwithvibrationsandchaosforthelab.

"Oscillations." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science, edited by K. Lee Lerner and Brenda
Wilmoth Lerner, 4th ed., vol. 4, Gale, 2008, pp. 3134-3135.

This encyclopedia entry defines oscillations, pertinent terminology, and certain real-life
applications of harmonic motion. Oscillations are defined as a form of motion in which a particle
repeats the same movement over and over on a set time clock, or period. This applies primarily
to harmonic functions, as a chaotic function is still an oscillation without a consistent period.
Examples of oscillations include a boy on a swing, a pendulum, and a bungee jumper, where the
 Nayfeh 10

particle (in this case, the individual), returns to its original position after a certain amount of
time. The article further explains that anything has the ability to oscillate, provided it has a time
period and point of equilibrium, or the location a particle must always return to during its
movement. They identify a marbles attraction to the center of a smooth bowl as a point of
equilibrium, because the marble will always return to that point as it decelerates and slows down.
This is known as stable equilibrium, where the particle and its motion is considered to be one
unit. Unstable equilibrium, however, is a point where a particle may balance at, but cannot return
to after beginning its motion.
This article is crucial to my research, as oscillations are the foundation of my experiment.
In order to establish credibility in my work, I must define oscillations, periods, and points of
equilibrium. Additionally, the real-world examples included within the article serve to explain
the idea of harmonic motion in a comprehensible way.

Richardson,Pikay."BusinessSuccess,MarketingandtheEngineer."
EngineeringScienceandEducationJournal,1997.Print.

Thisjournalexplorestherelationshipbetweenmarketingandengineering,twounique
factorsofbusinesssuccess.Thearticlebeginshighlightsseveralquestions,includingwhatare
challengesandopportunitiesfortodaysengineersastheydevelopgoodsandservicesforan
everdiscerningclientele?whichareansweredthroughoutthearticle.Theoverallpurposeofthe
articleistosimplyprovideengineerswithenhancedmanagementskills.Tobegin,Pikaydefines
thebusinesssystemasaprocessthatseekstoobtainarewardfromanideaandthemost
directwaytodoso.Hethenidentifiesseveralcategoriesabusinesssystemmustsatisfy,
includingthequalityofproductandlowopportunitycosts.Byaccomplishingthis,Pikay
establishesthekeypointshisargumentfortherestofthearticle.Followingthedefinitionofa
businesssystem,Pikayintroducesanddefinestheroleofmarketingandengineersinthe
businesssystem,andrelatesthesefactorstothepreviouslystatedcategories.Heultimatelystates
thatengineerswithtraininginmarketinghavethehighestchanceofsuccess,astheyaremore
suitedtoadapttoacustomersrequirements,andareabletoappealtoaconsumersexpectation
throughadvertising.
Thisjournalexpandsuponmyinterestintherelationshipbetweendesignandproduct
success,onlythistimeincludingtheroleofamarketingteam.Irealizethatmarketingpossesses
animportantroleinproductperformance,butunderstandthatanengineerwithanunderstanding
ofmarketingandadvertisingwillresultinahighermarginofsuccess.Icanusethisformy
researchbecauseitrelatestothegeneraltopicofdesignwhilealsohighlightingtheimportance
ofbusiness.Asmypotentialtopicfocusesonbothdesignandbusiness,thisjournalwillprovide
mewithessential,factualinformation.Hissourcesarealsoparticularlyhelpful,astheyexpand
intoeithermarketingorengineering,givingmetheopportunitytodelveintothespecificfactors
ofabusinesssystem.

Tseng,ZacharyS."MechanicalVibration."MechanicalVibrations,2008.Print.

Thisjournalpresentsthemainthemeunderlyingthestudyofnonlineardynamicsand
vibrationsformechanicalengineers.Itbeginsbyaskingaquestion,andevaluatesthisquestion
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byintroducingvariousequationsandconstantsusedinnonlinearcalculations.Firstly,hedefines
equationsthatgovernamassspringsystem,andprovidesexamples.Anexampleofwhich
wouldbeHookesLaw,wheremass(m)multipliedbyagravitationalconstant(g)wouldbeequal
toHookesconstantmultipliedbytheelongationofaspring.Hethendescribesundampedfree
vibration,andhighlightsharmonicmotionanditsgraph(asinusoidalfunction).Followingthis,
Tsenghighlightsdampedvibrationandprovidesarepresentationofitsgraph.Heendsthepiece
bydescribingseveralcasesinwhichtheseeventsoccur,andliststheirpertinencetothefieldof
engineering.
Byreadingthisjournal,myinterestsparks,asnotonlydidmygrandfatherstudy
vibrationsrelatedtothese,butmynewmentor,Dr.Balachandran,isassigningmetoperform
experimentsandcalculationswiththesenewfoundformulas.Iwillcertainlybeusingthisarticle
formyresearch,asitencasesthebasicformulasregardingnonlineardynamics.Whileiamstill
rathernewtothisfield,Ipredictthatjournalssimilartothisoneandtheworkinlabswill
providemewiththeproperinformationtocomposeamasterfulsynthesispaper.

Washington State Department of Transportation. WSDOT, 2005, www.wsdot.wa.gov/

TNBhistory/Machine/machine3.htm.

This government publication outlines the history surrounding the Tacoma Narrows
Bridge, covering its construction, damages, and cause of collapse in 1940. They begin by stating
that at its construction, the bridge was the third largest suspension bridge in the world. The
article then transitions into the issues concerning the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, citing faulty
cables, towers, floor systems, piers, and other related structural materials. These problems
allowed the bridge to sway in a chaotic fashion, resulting in its tragic collapse. Following these
explanations, the article describes the mathematical and physics-related factors that played a role
in the bridges destruction. These include: little tolerance to torsional forces, poor aerodynamic
engineering, torsional flutter, and a matched resonance frequency to high wind speeds.
This article provides me with a solid hook to grab my audiences attention. By relating
my topic of study to the intriguing motion of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, I can explain the
importance of nonlinear dynamics to a much broader audience, ultimately allowing me to spread
my research and ideas regarding a means to counteract the effects of chaos on structures. I can
also use this bridge as a source to model my product, where I plan to apply vibrational forces on
structures like bridges and skyscrapers on a small scale. I will certainly refer to this source to
guide me in the construction of an exciting, yet educational product.
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