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{\huge \textbf{ \vspace{2mm}PROCESS CONTROL USING IoT}}
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{\large \vspace{5mm} \textbf{ B. Tech Seminar Report }
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\textbf {\large \hspace{5mm} Submitted in partial fulfillment \newline of the
requirements for the award of the degree of \newline \vspace{5mm}}

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{ \large \textbf{ \hspace{0.2cm} Bachelor of Technology \newline
\hspace{7cm} in \newline
\hspace{2cm} Electrical and Electronics Engineering \newline }}

\hspace{2cm} By \newline
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\centering
\hspace{2cm} \textbf{ NITHIN LOOKOSE} \newline
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\hspace{2cm} \textbf{ B130043EE} \newline

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Department of Electrical Engineering \newline

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CALICUT \newline
NIT Campus P.O., Calicut - 673601, India \newline
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February 2017
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\centering{\textbf{{\Huge \hspace{1.9cm}} \textbf{CERTIFICATE}}}\newline
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{\large
This is to certify that the Seminar report entitled \textbf{"PROCESS CONTROL
USING IoT"} is a bona fide record of the
seminar presented by \textbf{ NITHIN LOOKOSE (B130043EE)}, in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering from National Institute of Technology, Calicut for the year
2017. \newline
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{
\vspace{7mm}

\hspace{7cm} Dr. Ashok S

\hspace{10cm} Professor \& Head \newline
Dept. of Electrical Engineering \newline
\vspace{3mm}
}\end{flushright}

\begin{flushleft}
{Place : \newline
Date : \newline

}
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}
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\centering{\textbf{{\huge ABSTRACT}}}\newline
\newline
\begin{flushleft}

{\large The Internet of things is the inter-networking of physical devices, vehicles

(also referred to as "connected devices" and "smart devices"), buildings, and
other itemsembedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and
network connectivity that enable these objects to collect and exchange data.The
IoT allows objects to be sensed and/or controlled remotely across existing network
infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical
world into computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency,
accuracy and economic benefit in addition to reduced human intervention.
\bigskip
IoT basically provides remote access to data and analytics. Online availability of
support from a device or process expert is essential for a quick resolution of
unwanted situations. Coupling remote access with new technologies allows earlier
detection, better diagnostics, and therefore facilitates faster service resulting in
better planning and an increase in
\bigskip efficiency.

IoT promotes a heightened level of awareness about our world, and a platform
from which to monitor the reactions to the changing conditions that said
awareness exposes us to. And, like the advent of the Internet itself, the IoT
enables myriad applications ranging from the micro
\bigskip to the macro, and from the trivial to the critical.
\vspace{0.7mm}
There are various innovative applications of IoT which automates a lot of
processes and \vspace{0.7mm} ensures an efficiency higher than what can be
achieved by humans. In this \vspace{0.7mm} seminar the applications of IoT will
be looked into, the pros and cons of using \vspace{0.7mm} this technology, it's
working and its future scope in everyday lives. An \vspace{0.7mm} application of
IoT will also be modelled.
}
\end{flushleft}
\bigskip
\flushleft \textbf Keywords:
\pagebreak
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\centering{\textbf{{\huge CONTENTS}}}\newline
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{\large
\textbf{Contents \hspace{5cm} Page Number}
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\textbf{Abstract \hspace{8 cm} 6} \newline
\newline
\textbf{List of figures \hspace{6.9 cm} 7}\newline
\newline
\textbf{1 INTRODUCTION \hspace{5.6 cm} 8}
\newline
1.1 Blood Clotting............................................................9
\newline

\textbf{2 PRINCIPLE \hspace{6.8 cm} 12}\newline

2.1 Block Diagram...........................................................14 \newline
2.2 System Hardware.......................................................15 \newline
\newline
\textbf{3 SYSTEM PROCESS \hspace{5.1cm} 18}\newline
3.1 Circuit........................................................................20 \newline
\newline
\textbf{4 APPLICATIONS \hspace{5.9 cm} 24}\newline
\newline
\textbf{5 PROGRAM \hspace{6.9cm} 25}\newline
\newline
\textbf{Conclusion \hspace{7.7cm} 26}\newline

\textbf{References \hspace{7.7cm} 27}\newline

\end{flushleft}

}
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\newpage
\centering{\textbf{{\huge LIST OF FIGURES}}}\newline
\newline
\par
\begin{flushleft}
{\large 2.1 Block Diagram....................................................................14 \newline
\newline
3 Graph showing variation between time and resistance of
blood.........................................................................................18 \newline
\newline
3 Graph showing relation between capillary and proposed
system.......................................................................................19 \newline
\newline
3.1 Circuit Diagram..................................................................20 \newline
\newline
3.1 CRO output of Wein Bridge...............................................20 \newline
\newline
3.1 CRO output of second
opamp............................................21 \newline
\newline
3.1 CRO output of fourth opamp.............................................21 \newline
\newline
3.1 CRO output of the bridges................................................21 \newline
\newline
}
\end{flushleft}
\newpage
\begin{flushleft}

{\textbf{{\huge Chapter 1 }}}\newline

\newline
\par
{\textbf{{\huge INTRODUCTION}}}\newline
\par
\par
\bigskip
{\textbf{ \LARGE 1.1 Introduction} \newline}

{\large The automated control of a process. Process control is used extensively in

oil refining, chemical processing, electrical generation and the food and beverage
industries where the creation of a product is based on a continuous series of
processes being applied to raw materials.
\par
\bigskip
\linespread{1.6} {Such systems typically deal with analog signals from sensors
and meters that are transmitted to specialized computers which cause the
temperature, pressure and flow to be continually adjusted . Process control makes
extensive use of analog/digital and digital/analog conversion. See process
controller, control loop and industrial automation. \newline } }
\bigskip
\par
{\textbf{ \LARGE 1.2 Internet of Things(IoT)} \newline}
\par
{\large The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the ever-growing network of physical
objects that feature an IP address for internet connectivity, and the
communication that occurs between these objects and other Internet-enabled
devices and systems.
\par
\bigskip
The Internet of Things extends internet connectivity beyond traditional devices
like desktop and laptop computers, smartphones and tablets to a diverse range of
devices and everyday things that utilize embedded technology to communicate
and interact with the external environment, all via the Internet.}
\bigskip
\newpage
\bigskip
\par
{\textbf{ \LARGE 1.3 IoT based on SCADA} \newline}
\par
{\large IoT is complimentary to SCADA and DCS. Information generated from
SCADA systems acts as one of the data sources for IoT. SCADAs focus is on
monitoring and control. IoTs focus is firmly on analyzing machine data to improve
your productivity and impact your top line.
\par

SCADA systems consist of:

\bigskip
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) and Remote Terminal Units (RTUs): These
are hardware components that interface with the machines and control them.
They are responsible for interfacing with sensors in the machines. All parameters
that require monitoring are available here. PLCs and RTUs are your interface to
the machine world.\newline
\par
Data Acquisition Systems: These are centralised systems that collect data from
PLCs and RTUs. The connectivity could be wired (Modbus, TCP) or wireless. OPC
(OLE for Process Control) is a recommended way to connect to your
hardware.\newline
\par
Supervisory Systems: Systems that allow supervisors to monitor their machines.
These systems do real-time condition monitoring, raise alarms when thresholds
are breached and ensure that your machinery works optimally.}
\bigskip
\par
{\textbf{ \LARGE 1.3 IoT applications} \newline}
\par
{\large There are various applications of IoT ranging across many fields which
include Smart homes,wearable technology,connected cars,industrial internet,
smart cities, energy engagement}
\bigskip
\newpage
\bigskip
\par
{\textbf{ \LARGE 1.3 IoT based on SCADA} \newline}
\par
{\large The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing devices,
mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided
with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network without
requiring human-to-human or human-\bigskip -computer interaction.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing devices,

mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided
with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network without
requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.}
\end{flushleft}
\newpage
\begin{flushleft}
{\textbf{{\huge Chapter 2 }}}\newline
\newline
\par
{\textbf{{\huge LITERATURE SURVEY}}}\newline
\par
\par
\bigskip
\bigskip
{\textbf{ \LARGE 2.1 Introduction} \newline}
\par
{\large This chapter briefly describes the information gathered from different
papers,journals and articles. The methodologies used for gathering information
from various resources are also mentioned.}
\bigskip
\bigskip
\par
{\textbf{ \LARGE 2.2 Literature Review} \newline}
\par
\bigskip
{\large [1]In this paper an up-and-coming technological paradigm for monitoring,
optimization, and control in the Internet of Things (IoT) that achieves improved
levels of operational efficiency is defined. This paper first defines the envisioned
ET(Event Triggering) architecture for the IoT domain. It then classifies and reviews
the various different ET approaches obtained from the available literature for the
three phases of ET, namely behavior modeling, event detection, and event
handling. Thereafter, a novel data-driven technique is developed to address all
three phases of ET in an efficient and reliable manner. Finally, the applicability of
the proposed data-driven technique is showcased in a real-world public transport
scenario, demonstrating a substantial improvement in energy and spectrum
efficiency compared to existing periodic techniques.}
\bigskip
\par
{\large This paper[2] shows how to monitor solutions using the Internet of Things
(IoT) techniques, continuously gather sensory data, such as temperature and
pressure, and provide abundant information for a monitoring center. The
heterogeneous and massive data bring significant challenges to real-time
monitoring and decision making, particularly in time-sensitive industrial
environments. This paper presents an online monitoring system based on an IoT
system architecture which is composed of four layers: 1) sensing; 2) network; 3)
service resource; and 4) application layers. It integrates various data processing
techniques including protocol conversion, data filtering, and data conversion. The
proposed system has been implemented and demonstrated through a real
continuous steel casting production line, and integrated with the TeamCenter
platform. Results indicate that the proposed solution well addresses the challenge
of heterogeneous data and multiple communication protocols in real-world
industrial environments.}
\bigskip
\newpage
{\large Machine-to-machine (M2M) communications enables networked devices to
exchange information among each other as well as with business application
servers and therefore creates what is known as the Internet-of-Things (IoT). It is
expected that cognitive M2M communications will be indispensable in order to
realize the vision of IoT. However cognitive M2M communications requires a
cognitive radio-enabled protocol stack in addition to the fundamental
requirements of energy efficiency, reliability, and Internet connectivity. The main
objective of this paper[3] is to provide the state of the art in cognitive M2M
communications from a protocol stack perspective. This paper covers the
emerging standardization efforts and the latest developments on protocols for
cognitive M2M networks. In addition, this paper also presents the authors' recent
work in this area, which includes a centralized cognitive medium access control
(MAC) protocol, a distributed cognitive MAC protocol, and a specially designed
routing protocol for cognitive M2M networks. These protocols explicitly account for
the peculiarities of cognitive radio environments. Performance evaluation
demonstrates that the proposed protocols not only ensure protection to the
primary users (PUs) but also fulfil the utility requirements of the secondary M2M
networks.}
\bigskip
\par
{\large The Internet of Things (IoT) is projected to soon interconnect tens of
billions of new devices, in large part also connected to the Internet. IoT devices
include both high-end devices which can use traditional go-to operating systems
(OSs) such as Linux, and low-end devices which cannot, due to stringent resource
constraints, e.g., very limited memory, computational power, and power supply.
However, large-scale IoT software development, deployment, and maintenance
requires an appropriate OS to build upon. In this paper[4], we thus analyze in
detail the specific requirements that an OS should satisfy to run on low-end IoT
devices, and we survey applicable OSs, focusing on candidates that could become
an equivalent of Linux for such devices, i.e., a one-size-fits-most, open source OS
for low-end IoT devices.}
\bigskip
\bigskip
\par
{\textbf{ \LARGE 2.3 Conclusion} \newline}
\par
\bigskip
{\large The topic of processautomation using IoT was explored by reading
different research papers, journals and articles, online and offline. The technical
terms included in the literature needed a basic level of understanding,
which came through Wikipedia articles and other online resources.}
\end{flushleft}
\newpage
\begin{flushleft}
{\textbf{{\huge Chapter 3 }}}\newline
\newline
\par
{\textbf{{\huge SEMINAR DESCRIPTION}}}\newline
\par
\par
\bigskip
\bigskip
{\textbf{ \huge 3.1 Introduction} \newline}
\par
{\large The Internet of Things is the concept of connecting any device, as long as
it has an on/off switch to the Internet and to other connected devices. The IoT is a
giant network of connected things and people all of which collect and share data
about the way they are used and about the environment around them.
That includes an extraordinary number of objects of all shapes and sizes from
smart microwaves, which automatically cook your food for the right length of
time, to self-driving cars, whose complex sensors detect objects in their path, to
wearable fitness devices that measure your heart rate and the number of steps
youve taken that day, then use that information to suggest exercise plans
tailored to you.
\bigskip
Devices and objects with built in sensors are connected to an Internet of Things
platform, which integrates data from the different devices and applies analytics to
share the most valuable information with applications built to address specific
needs.
These powerful IoT platforms can pinpoint exactly what information is useful and
what can safely be ignored. This information can be used to detect patterns, make
recommendations, and detect possible problems before they occur.
\bigskip

The information picked up by connected devices enables companies to make

smart decisions about which components to stock up on, based on real-time
information, which helps save time and money.
With the insight provided by advanced analytics comes the power to make
processes more efficient. Smart objects and systems mean you can automate
certain tasks, particularly when these are repetitive, mundane, time-consuming or
even dangerous. The working of IoT, along with its different applications in various
fields inculding industrial automation is discussed in this seminar}
\end{flushleft}
\bigskip
\newpage
\begin{flushleft}
\bigskip
{\textbf{ \Huge 3.2 IoT Ecosystem} \newline}
\par
{\large Similar to the way in which Internet has changed the way we work and
communicate by connecting us (humans) through World Wide Web, IoT aims to
take this connectivity to next level by connecting various devices to the internet
facilitating human-machine, machine-machine interactions also.

The visionaries have also realized that this IoT ecosystem has business
applications in areas of Home Automation, Automotive, Factory/assembly line
automation, Retail, Medical/Preventive healthcare and more.

It would be worthwhile to deep dive in order to get familiar with the building
blocks of IoT:}
\par
\bigskip
\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{
\includegraphics[width=15 cm]{IoT1}
}
\par
\bigskip
{\large 1.) Sensors and Sensor technology They will sniff a wide variety of
information ranging from Location, Weather/Environment conditions, Grid
parameters, Movement on assembly lines, Jet engine maintenance data to Health
essentials of a patient
\par
\bigskip
2.) IoT Gateways IoT Gateways, as the name rightly suggests, are the gateways
to internet for all the things/devices that we want to interact with. Gateways help
to bridge the internal network of sensor nodes with the external Internet or World
Wide Web. They do this by collecting the data from sensor nodes and transmitting
it to the internet infrastructure.
\par
\bigskip
3.) Cloud/server infrastructure and Big Data The data transmitted through
gateway is stored and processed securely within the cloud infrastructure using Big
Data analytics engine. This processed data is then used to perform intelligent
actions that make all our devices Smart Devices.
\newpage
\par
\bigskip
4.) End-user Mobile apps The intuitive mobile apps will help end users to control
and monitor their devices (ranging from room thermostat to jet engines and
assembly lines) from remote locations. These apps push the important
information on your hand-held devices and help to send commands to your Smart
Devices.
\par
\bigskip
5.) IPv6 IP addresses are the backbone to the entire IoT ecosystem. Internet is
concerned about IP addresses only and not if you are a human or a toaster. With
IPv4 we were running out of IP addresses and to solve this issue IPv6 was
launched in 2012.}
\par
\bigskip
\par
\bigskip
\bigskip
{\textbf{ \LARGE 3.2.1 IoT Software} \newline}
\par
{\large IoT software addresses its key areas of networking and action through
platforms, embedded systems, partner systems, and middleware. These individual
and master applications are responsible for data collection, device integration,
real-time analytics, and application and process extension within the IoT network.
They exploit integration with critical business systems (e.g., ordering systems,
robotics, scheduling, and more) in the execution of related tasks.
\par
\bigskip
{\textbf {Data Collection}} \newline
This software manages sensing, measurements, light data filtering, light data
security, and aggregation of data. It uses certain protocols to aid sensors in
connecting with real-time, machine-to-machine networks. Then it collects data
from multiple devices and distributes it in accordance with settings. It also works
in reverse by distributing data over devices. The system eventually transmits all
collected data to a central server.
\par
\bigskip
{\textbf{Device Integration}} \newline
Software supporting integration binds (dependent relationships) all system
devices to create the body of the IoT system. It ensures the necessary
cooperation and stable networking between devices. These applications are the
defining software technology of the IoT network because without them, it is not an
IoT system. They manage the various applications, protocols, and limitations of
each device to allow communication.
\par
\bigskip
\newpage
{ \textbf{Real-Time Analytics}} \newline
These applications take data or input from various devices and convert it into
viable actions or clear patterns for human analysis. They analyze information
based on various settings and designs in order to perform automation-related
tasks or provide the data required by industry.
\par
\bigskip
{\textbf{Application and Process Extension}} \newline
These applications extend the reach of existing systems and software to allow a
wider, more effective system. They integrate predefined devices for specific
purposes such as allowing certain mobile devices or engineering instruments
access. It supports improved productivity and more accurate data collection.
\par
\bigskip
\bigskip
{\textbf{ \LARGE 3.2.2 IoT - Technology and Protocols} \newline}
\par
IoT primarily exploits standard protocols and networking technologies. However,
the major enabling technologies and protocols of IoT are RFID, NFC, low-energy
Bluetooth, low-energy wireless, low-energy radio protocols, LTE-A, and WiFi-Direct.
These technologies support the specific networking functionality needed in an IoT
system in contrast to a standard uniform network of common systems.
\par
\bigskip
\bigskip
{\textbf {NFC and RFID}} \newline
RFID (radio-frequency identification) and NFC (near-field communication) provide
simple, lowenergy, and versatile options for identity and access tokens,
connection bootstrapping, and payments.

RFID technology employs 2-way radio transmitter-receivers to identify and track

tags associated with objects.

NFC consists of communication protocols for electronic devices, typically a mobile

device and a standard device.
\par
\bigskip
\bigskip
{\textbf {Low-Energy Bluetooth}} \newline
This technology supports the low-power, long-use need of IoT function while
exploiting a standard technology with native support across systems.
\par
\bigskip
\bigskip
\newpage
{\textbf {Low-Energy Wireless}} \newline
This technology replaces the most power hungry aspect of an IoT system. Though
sensors and other elements can power down over long periods, communication
links (i.e., wireless) must remain in listening mode. Low-energy wireless not only
reduces consumption, but also extends the life of the device through less use.
\par
\bigskip
\bigskip

{\textbf {Radio Protocols}} \newline

ZigBee, Z-Wave, and Thread are radio protocols for creating low-rate private area
networks. These technologies are low-power, but offer high throughput unlike
many similar options. This increases the power of small local device networks
without the typical costs.
\par
\bigskip
\bigskip
{\textbf {LTE-A}} \newline
LTE-A, or LTE Advanced, delivers an important upgrade to LTE technology by
increasing not only its coverage, but also reducing its latency and raising its
throughput. It gives IoT a tremendous power through expanding its range, with its
most significant applications being vehicle, UAV, and similar communication.
\par
\bigskip
\bigskip
{\textbf {WiFi-Direct}} \newline
WiFi-Direct eliminates the need for an access point. It allows P2P (peer-to-peer)
connections with the speed of WiFi, but with lower latency. WiFi-Direct eliminates
an element of a network that often bogs it down, and it does not compromise on
speed or throughput.}
\par
\bigskip
\bigskip
{\textbf{ \huge 3.3 SCADA} \newline}
\par

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