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CELLULAR / MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATIONS (HTTP://WWW.RADIO-ELECTRONICS.COM/INFO/CELLULARTELECOMMS/)

GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications Tutorial


- tutorial about the basics of GSM - Global System for Mobile communications (originally Groupe Special Mobile) the first global
digital cellular telecommunicatiosn system.

GSM TUTORIAL INCLUDES

GSM tutorial / introduction (gsm_introduction.php) Network architecture (gsm_architecture.php) Interfaces (gsm_interfaces.php)


Radio access network (gsm-radio-air-interface-slot-burst.php) Frames (frames-structure-super-hyper.php)
Frequency bands and allocations (gsm-frequency-frequencies-bands-allocations.php) Power class, control & amplifiers (power-control-classes-amplifier.php)
Physical & logical channels (gsm_channels.php) Codecs / vocoders (audio-codecs-vocoders-amr-celp.php) Handover / handoff (handover-handoff.php)

The GSM system is the most widely used cellular technology in use in the world today. It has been a particularly successful cellular phone technology for a variety of
reasons including the ability to roam worldwide with the certainty of being able to be able to operate on GSM networks in exactly the same way - provided billing
agreements are in place.

The letters GSM originally stood for the words Groupe Speciale Mobile, but as it became clear this cellular technology was being used world wide the meaning of GSM was
changed to Global System for Mobile Communications. Since this cellular technology was first deployed in 1991, the use of GSM has grown steadily, and it is now the most
widely cell phone system in the world. GSM reached the 1 billion subscriber point in February 2004, and is now well over the 3 billion subscriber mark and still steadily
increasing.

GSM - Global System for Mobile Co...

What is GSM - system overview


The GSM system was designed as a second generation (2G) cellular phone technology. One of the basic aims was to provide a system that would enable greater capacity to
be achieved than the previous first generation analogue systems. GSM achieved this by using a digital TDMA (time division multiple access approach). By adopting this
technique more users could be accommodated within the available bandwidth. In addition to this, ciphering of the digitally encoded speech was adopted to retain privacy.
Using the earlier analogue cellular technologies it was possible for anyone with a scanner receiver to listen to calls and a number of famous personalities had been
"eavesdropped" with embarrassing consequences.

GSM services
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Speech or voice calls are obviously the primary function for the GSM cellular system. To achieve this the speech is digitally encoded and later decoded using a vocoder. A
variety of vocoders are available for use, being aimed at different scenarios.

In addition to the voice services, GSM cellular technology supports a variety of other data services. Although their performance is nowhere near the level of those provided
by 3G, they are nevertheless still important and useful. A variety of data services are supported with user data rates up to 9.6 kbps. Services including Group 3 facsimile,
videotext and teletex can be supported.

One service that has grown enormously is the short message service. Developed as part of the GSM specification, it has also been incorporated into other cellular
technologies. It can be thought of as being similar to the paging service but is far more comprehensive allowing bi-directional messaging, store and forward delivery, and it
also allows alphanumeric messages of a reasonable length. This service has become particularly popular, initially with the young as it provided a simple, low fixed cost.

GSM basics
The GSM cellular technology had a number of design aims when the development started:

It should offer good subjective speech quality


It should have a low phone or terminal cost

Terminals should be able to be handheld


The system should support international roaming

It should offer good spectral efficiency


The system should offer ISDN compatibility

The resulting GSM cellular technology that was developed provided for all of these. The overall system definition for GSM describes not only the air interface but also the
network or infrastructure technology. By adopting this approach it is possible to define the operation of the whole network to enable international roaming as well as
enabling network elements from different manufacturers to operate alongside each other, although this last feature is not completely true, especially with older items.

GSM cellular technology uses 200 kHz RF channels. These are time division multiplexed to enable up to eight users to access each carrier. In this way it is a TDMA / FDMA
system.

The base transceiver stations (BTS) are organised into small groups, controlled by a base station controller (BSC) which is typically co-located with one of the BTSs. The BSC
with its associated BTSs is termed the base station subsystem (BSS).

Further into the core network is the main switching area. This is known as the mobile switching centre (MSC). Associated with it is the location registers, namely the home
location register (HLR) and the visitor location register (VLR) which track the location of mobiles and enable calls to be routed to them. Additionally there is the
Authentication Centre (AuC), and the Equipment Identify Register (EIR) that are used in authenticating the mobile before it is allowed onto the network and for billing. The
operation of these are explained in the following pages.

Last but not least is the mobile itself. Often termed the ME or mobile equipment, this is the item that the end user sees. One important feature that was first implemented
on GSM was the use of a Subscriber Identity Module. This card carried with it the users identity and other information to allow the user to upgrade a phone very easily,
while retaining the same identity on the network. It was also used to store other information such as "phone book" and other items. This item alone has allowed people to
change phones very easily, and this has fuelled the phone manufacturing industry and enabled new phones with additional features to be launched. This has allowed
mobile operators to increase their average revenue per user (ARPU) by ensuring that users are able to access any new features that may be launched on the network
requiring more sophisticated phones.

GSM system overview


The table below summarises the main points of the GSM system specification, showing some of the highlight features of technical interest.

SPECIFICATION SUMMARY FOR GSM CELLULAR SYSTEM


Multiple access technology FDMA / TDMA
Duplex technique FDD
Uplink frequency band 890 - 915 MHz
(basic 900 MHz band only)
Downlink frequency band 933 -960 MHz
(basic 900 MHz band only)
Channel spacing 200 kHz
Modulation GMSK
Speech coding Various - original was RPE-LTP/13
Speech channels per RF channel 8
Channel data rate 270.833 kbps
Frame duration 4.615 ms

Further developments of GSM


GSM was a particularly successful mobile telecommunications system. Initially it had been intended for use within Europe, but within a relatively short while the system
was being used well beyond the borders of Europe, becoming an internationally accepted system.

In addition to its success as a voice communications system, it was developed beyond the basic voice capability to be able to carry data. With the Internet becoming more
widely used, GSM was developed to provide a packet data capability. The first major development was in the form of GPRS.

Note on GPRS:
GPRS, the General Packet Radio Service was an evolution of the GSM 2G cellular telecommunications system. Using packet data rather than circuit switched data circuits, it enabled speeds similar
to those experienced using dial up networking services to be achieved under ideal conditions.

Click for a GPRS tutorial (http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/cellulartelecomms/gprs/gprs_tutorial.php)

http://www.radioelectronics.com/info/cellulartelecomms/gsm_technical/gsm_introduction.php 2/4
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As data and Internet usage started to increase, speed soon became an issue and further developments were introduced in the form of GSM EDGE which increased the
performance beyond that of GPRS.

Note on EDGE:
GSM EDGE, Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution, was the evolution of GSM, & GPRS which used 8PSK modulation to achieve data transfer rates up to 384 kbps..

Click for a EDGE tutorial (http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/cellulartelecomms/gsm-edge/basics-tutorial-technology.php)

In this way, GSM started to see the introduction of proper data services and the foundations of a mobile broadband service were started. These foundations formed the
basis of the next 3G services that started to be launched as the appetite for data increased.

By Ian Poole (https://plus.google.com/104687638164370436625?rel=author)

. . . . | Next >> (gsm_architecture.php)

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