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Since it was not possible to solve the equations which involve square root of negative numbers,
mathematicians introduced a new type of numbers called Imaginary Numbers. For example 1 , 2 ,
3, 4 , .. are Imaginary Numbers. Generally Imaginary numbers are in the form n . 2
n2 = n 2 (1) = n 2 1 = n, where 2 = 1.
Complex Numbers:
The sum/difference of real number and Imaginary number is called Complex number or
| = { a + ib | a, b , i = 1 }
C
Complex number can be added, subtracted, divided and multiplied. A complex number can be
written in the form z = x + y where x and y are real numbers. This is called Cartesian Form.
ARGAND DIAGRAM:
A complex number z = x + y represent a point (x, y) on the Argand Plane. Plotting / showing a
complex number on the Argand Plane is called Argand Diagram, where x-axis represent the real
part and y-axis represent the imaginary part. For example a complex number z = 3 5 can be shown as
iy iy
0
0 x x
3
OR
z
5
z
iy
iy
x
0 2 4
Locus of z
iy
iy
0
x
1 2 4 5
6
iy
0
x
2 4
Case 7: Locus of z when | z | = | z 2 + 3i |. Write it in the
form | z (0 + 0i) | = | z (2 3i) |. Then it may be
read as z is equidistant from (0,0) and (2, 3). Hence 3 P
it will be a perpendicular bisector of (0, 0) and (2, 3).
iy
0 x
Case 8: Locus of z when | z | | z 2 + 3i |. Write it in the 2 4
form | z (0 + 0i) | | z (2 3i) |. Then it may be
read as the distance of z from O(0,0) is greater than its
distance from P (2, 3) i.e. OZ PZ 3 P
iy
iy
Case 10: Sketch the locus of z such that | z | 2 and
| z (0+2i) | | z (1 i) | and shade the region
which satisfy both inequalities. 2
0
x
2 2
| z (0+2i) | < | z (1 i)
|z|<2
iy
r
Case 11. Sketch r( cos + i Sin )
x
0
iy
Case 12. Sketch arg z = .
5
Write it in the form arg [z ( 0 + 0i )] = .
5
This means angle will be made at (0, 0) 5
x
0
iy
2
Case 13. Sketch arg z = .
3
2 0 x
Write in the form arg [z ( 0 + 0i )] = .
3 2
3
This means angle will be made at (0, 0)
iy
3 3
Case 14. Sketch arg (z 1 2i ) = . 4
4 2
Write in the form arg [z (1 + 2i)]. This means the x
iy angle
will be at (1, 2) anti-clockwise from the horizontal.
x
0 1
iy
Case 15. Sketch 0 < arg z < .
3
Write in the form 0 < arg [z (0 + 0i)] < . This means
3
3
the region between the positive x-axix and angle of /3. x
0
2 iy
Case 16. Sketch < arg ( z + 1 i ) 2
6 3 3
2
Write in the form < arg [ z (1 + i )]
. This means
6 3
the region between the angle greater than /6 and less than 2/3
made at point (1, 1) with horizontal. 1
6
x
1 0