DEVELOPMENT OF SKELETAL

SYSTEM
BONE DEVELOPMENT
After Fertilization- ~25yrs
Regulated by hormones & nutrition
Growth hormone
Sex hormones
Thyroxine
Stimulates Bone growth
Parathyroid
Stimulates osteoclast & osteoblast activity
Calcitonin
Inhibits osteoclast
2 main categories
Osteogenesis
Maintenance & replacement in adults
BONE GROWTH
OSSIFICATION:
Formation of Bone
Replacement of existing tissue with bone
Fibrous CT or Cartilage, Mesenchymal Tissue.

CALCIFICATION:
Deposit of calcium salts w/in tissue
Any tissue
OSSIFICATION
OSSIFICATION OF BONE

Ossification (or osteogenesis) is

the process of laying down new
bone material by cells called
osteoblasts. It is synonymous with
bone tissue formation.
Two types of ossification

1. Intramembranous Ossification
2. Endochondral Ossification
INTRAMEMBRANOUS
OSSIFICATION

Intramembranous ossification mainly occurs

during formation of the flat bones of the skull
but also the mandible, maxilla, and clavicles;
the bone is formed from connective tissue.

The steps in intramembranous ossification are:

Development of ossification center
Calcification
Formation of trabeculae
Development of periosteum
INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION
INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION

Mesenchymal cells (aka stem cells)

develop into osteoblast
Embryonic in developing fetus
Fibrous connective tissue in adult.
Bone & cartilage develop in existing
embryonic connective tissue
Remnant mesenchymal cells persist in
adult tissue
INTRAMEMBRANOUS
OSSIFICATION
Dermal bones aka membrane bones
Roofing bones of skull (frontal, parietal)
Mandible
Clavicle
Patella
Sesamoid bones
Typically develop deep in dermis
Membrane bones may develop in other CT
under chronic mechanical stress
Ex Heterotropic bones
INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION

REGULATION

Fetus- hormonal cues

Mechanical stress
Connective tissue injury
Bone Injury
Maintenance
INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION

Vascularization: Blood supply to tissue

Differentiation: Mesenchymal cells proliferate, aggregate &
differentiate into osteoprogeniter cells
Osteoprogenitor cells will differentiate to supply
osteoblasts
Matrix Secretion: Clustered osteoblast secrete matrix (collagen
fibers & ground substance)
Ossification center
Trapped osteoblasts differentiate into osteocytes
Calcium salts from blood supply calcify osteoid
Spicule Formation: Spicules form out from ossification center
Spongy Bone Formation: Mesenchymal cells continually
differentiate forming multiple ossification sites
Ossification proliferates in areas of vascularization
Spicules from adjacent ossification sites join to form
Trabeculae
Remodeling: Conversion of spongy bone to compact bone by
osteoclasts
Formation of Haversion Canal System
 ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION

SECONDARY CENTER OF
OSSIFICATION:

Appears in each end (epiphysis)

of long bones.
The cartilage between the primary
and secondary ossification
centers is called the epiphyseal
plate.
Growth continues until the
individual is about 21 years old or
until the cartilage in the plate is
replaced by bone.
The point of union of the primary
and secondary ossification
centers is called the epiphyseal
line.
STAGES IN ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION

Figure 6.10
ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION

Endochondral ossification, on the other hand,

occurs in long bones and most of the rest of the
bones in the body; it involves an initial hyaline
cartilage that continues to grow.
The steps in endochondral ossification are:
Development of cartilage
Growth of cartilage
Development of the primary ossification center
Development of the secondary ossification center
Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate.
ENDOCHONDRIAL OSSIFICATION
DEVELOPMENTAL CLSSIFICATION

Long, short, and irregular

bones develop by
endochondral ossification,
where cartilage is replaced by
bone.

Flat bones develop by

intramembranous
ossification, where bone
develops within sheets of
connective tissue.
GERM LAYERS

A germ layer, occasionally

referred to as a germinal
epithelium, is a group of cells,
formed during animal
embryogenesis. Germ layers are
particularly pronounced in the
vertebrats
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