Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
4
2008
District heating
from a CO2
perspective
4
Sthr Johansens Vej 38
THE CHAIRMANs COLUMN DK-2000 Frederiksberg
Phone +45 3818 5440
6 District heating built of Lego Fax +45 3818 5444
dbdh@dbdh.dk
8 VEKS - How to attract capital to a large district www.dbdh.dk
heating system
Editorial Committee:
30 List of members
In the district heating (DH) sector we are very good at speak- plants, heat from production of electricity, geothermal energy
ing with each other we speak technician to technician about from deep beneath the surface of the ground, and solar energy
boilers, fuel mix, pipes, SCADA systems, heat exchangers, pumps, from large solar panels connected to the DH system.
ball valves, radiator thermostat valves, hot-water tanks etc.
For many years we been so convinced about the superiority of Flexibility is the knowledge or feeling of Well, what is flexibility
DH that we have almost forgotten that people outside the DH actually and how many of us have met the word for the first time
sector (including our politicians) simply do not know the differ- without realizing the scope and the meaning of it?
ence between DH and the fuels oil, coal, natural gas and other
terms of the energy area. Many of us learned about flexibility for the first time, when we,
years ago, were playing with little bricks of plastic. The bricks
When asked what DH can offer a modern society we have used were in different colors (red, white, blue, green, yellow, black); of
technical terms such as environmentally friendly; fuel flex- different sizes some were round, others were rectangular and
ibility; energy efficiency and sustainability. These words some thick, some tiny. They could be put together in numerous
describe correctly what DH gives to a modern society, but they ways and create mansions, castles, churches, high-rise blocks,
do not create pictures to ordinary people. pirate ships, ferries, speed boats, F-1 racer cars, trucks, robots,
elephants there were no limitations. After the castles and the
To those people who have their homes and workplaces heated palaces had been built, the bricks could be separated and new
by DH, DH means comfort, security, safety, simplicity, clean air, models could be built. Concept and design of the models played a
responsibility to the environment and flexibility. part in the development of our creative skills and the conscious-
ness of the need of thinking in more dimensions.
Comfort is the knowledge that there is always hot water in the
radiators, when the need for heating is there, as well as hot wa- Yes correct: we played with LEGO bricks, which in 2008 cel-
ter for the shower or the hot tub. Moreover, the consumers are ebrated its 50 years anniversary. Just before the millennium
not burdened with the requirement for maintenance of boilers or the bricks were made Toy of the Century, one of the highest
the purchase of fuels: everything is secured from the utility. distinctions in the toy industry. The story behind the name LEGO
is rather simple it is a merger of the Danish words LEg and
Safety is the knowledge that there is no risk of discharge of GOdt (which means: play well).
inflammable fluids or gas. When it comes to security there is no
need for an annual check-up of the heat system, but it might be An energy system as flexible as LEGO bricks must be ideal. And
a good idea to ensure that the DH system is optimized for the that is exactly what DH is.
present needs parameter at certain intervals.
DH is not just a fuel such as biomass, solar, oil or gas, but a
Simplicity is the knowledge that the heat system is simple and concept that makes it possible to utilize surplus heat from
easy to regulate without a need for great technical under- the industry and waste incineration plants, geothermal energy,
standing. large-scale solar heating, and heating from CHP plants using
bio-oil, straw pellets, wood chips, olive see, oil, natural gas or
Clean air is the knowledge that there are no emissions from coal as fuel.
many small chimneys of particles, CO2 and unburned gasses. The
production of heat takes place on large central plants where it In other words: DH is a flexible, integrated part of the infrastruc-
is possible to clean the flue gasses effectively and, consequently, ture in any modern society, where focus lies on minimizing the use
reduce the emissions to the surroundings. of fossil fuels. Without a well-functioning DH infrastructure it
would not be possible to utilize the low-grade energy resources
Responsibility to the environment is the knowledge that DH of the society. Like LEGO, DH also acts as an integrator: it inte-
utilizes the low-grade energy resources that exist in all modern grates the opportunities to utilize available resources and waste
societies, prior to utilizing biomass or fossil fuel for production into one system, thereby facilitating cities and municipalities to
of DH. Some of these low-grade energy resources are surplus become sustainable and carbon-neutral.
heat from industries, surplus heat from waste incineration See also District Humor on page 27.
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ADVERT
Companies are often able to reduce
energy consumption in the data centre
by 50 to 60% if they choose energy-
efficient equipment,
Keld Jersild Olsen,
Managing Director of HP Danmark.
HP focuses on green IT
Eco-consciousness regarding choice of IT equipment is be-
green effort
coming increasingly important for Danish companies. But
HP has more EnergyStar-rated computer products
even though you can take better care of the environment
than any other IT company in the world. By 2010, HP
while saving money on IT at the same time, only less than
plans to reduce energy consumption in computers by
half of the IT managers in Denmark think in terms of the
25%, in printers by 30% and in servers by 50%.
environment when they buy computer equipment.
The leading IT provider in Denmark, Hewlett-Packard (HP), also become greener both in terms of energy consumption
is experiencing an increasing demand for green IT especially and production methods. You can for example make a major
from the business sector: environmental effort while saving on power by using com-
puters and printers with a low energy consumption, says
Danish companies have become greener partly because Keld Jersild Olsen.
eco-consciousness is an important element in their repu-
tation and partly because they realize that green IT makes It is easy to change to green IT
a difference on the bottom line in terms of energy savings, HPs development department, HP Labs, has conducted re-
and we are talking about a considerable amount of money, search on sustainable IT since the 1990s. This means that
explains Keld Jersild Olsen, Managing Director of HP Dan- HP is currently able to provide a number of intelligent, green
mark. technologies both for private consumers and for large,
professional IT intensive companies.
Half of them dont know
Unfortunately, all the companies in Denmark have not yet It is very important for HP to be in the lead when it comes
realized the benefits of green IT. According to a recent Ser- to development of energy-efficient products with the same
mo survey made for HP Danmark, half of the IT managers high quality and user-friendliness as traditional IT products.
in Denmark do not attach sufficient importance to energy- It should also be easy to see how much energy our products
efficiency when they buy new IT equipment even though they use thus facilitating selection of an energy-efficient product
could save a lot of money: when you buy IT equipment, says Keld Jersild Olsen.
J O U R N A L N 0 . 4 / 2 0 0 8 www.dbdh.dk
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17
phere for
itable in the
the park. That
Danish is also
society. why it
Accord- Therefore everything, from the number For further information
Waste in Denmark 1980 2000 2005 2010 2020 2030
did not
ingly, make sense building
Vestforbrnding the power
is only allowed to of window bars to the tiny lamp at the please contact:
Status Statistics Forecast
plant in
invest inEsbjerg as heating
a district it looks like
pipeone
to large
sup- door, is reproduced as accurately as The Danish District Heating
Recycling 1000 t 1,600 8,461 9,454 9,752 10,600 11,753
brick, even if it plays a central
ply a consumer in the natural gas zone part in possible. Association
Incineration 1000 t 1,900 3,064 3,473 3,607 4,047 4,592
the real world. There are many things Att.: Flemming Linnebjerg Rasmussen
if it can be justified that the economic Landfill deposit 1000 t 5,000 1,426 981 950 900 900
that have to be considered: the look of Peter Christensen stresses that the Merkurvej 7
internal rate of return for the society Waste in total 1000 t 8,500 12,951 13,999 14,309 15,547 17,245
the buildings, the size and their mutual model designers are not allowed to DK-6000 Kolding
for this investment is somewhat larger Energy content per ton MWh/t 2,200 2,917 2,917 3,000 3,000 3,000
placement, and how they can be fit into cheat and have special bricks made for Phone: +45 7630 8000
than 6% (in fixed prices). Electricity production GWh 0 849 1,519 1,818 2,792 3,444
the energy area as a whole. their Legoland models. That is why the Fax: +45 7552 8962
Utililized heat GWh 1,756 5,912 6,640 7,763 9,349 10,608
more 1.6 million people visiting Legoland fr@danskfjernvarme.dk
The procedure, which is described in a Cooling of surplus heat GWh 1,170 657 349 158 0 0
When it comes to the general impres- each year are actually capable of going
secondary act and in guidelines issued Energy content GWh 4,180 8,937 10,821 10,821 12,141 13,776
sion, it is also important that the en- home and rebuild the entire area. That
by the Energy Authority, outlines the
ergy area not just becomes a bunch of is, if they have the abilities, the time and
requirements to the project propos-
energy plants. The buildings surrounding the 900,000 bricks.
als and the procedure for the municipal
the area must be part of the creation
approval. That includes a 4-weeks pub-
of the environment and atmosphere,
lic hearing in which e.g. the natural gas
and they are also models of buildings
company can complain and question the
from the local areas of the energy
analysis, and it includes the possibility
plants in the real world. One example is
that one of the parties after the mu-
Braedstrup District Heating Plant and
nicipal approval, with a 4-weeks notice,
the large solar panel which are situated
can appeal the decision of the munici-
next to the church of Braedstrup, the
pality to The Energy Board of Appeal.
old pharmacy of the town and some of
the towns houses.
For further information:
see News from DBDH 4/2006
Details, details, details
or contact:
One of the most eye-catching things
about the energy area and the mini-
Vestforbrnding
ature country is the level of details.
Att.: Per Wulff
Peter Christensen points out a lot of
Ejby Mosevej 219
little things which all are of great sig-
DK-2600 Glostrup
nificance: The cyclist over there il-
Phone: energy,
lustrates +45 4485 7000
and that is also the
Fax:
case for+45
the4485 7001
windsurfers on the beach
pw@vestfor.dk
over there, he says. In a small bush a
lego man is sitting on a branch holding
Rambll
a chain saw. Next to him there is a truck
withAtt.: Anders
small logs.Dyrelund
That is also energy
Teknikerbyen
biomass 31 the picture. When-
comes into
DK-2830
ever we haveVirum
thought of something, we
Phone:
have +45
thrown 4598
ideas 8766our brainstorm
from
intoFax:
the+45 4598 6700
exhibition.
ad@ramboll.dk
The level of details can also be seen in
the individual buildings: the gas plant
Nybro is for example a study of pipes
in all directions. The details are in-
credibly important. We want to do as
much as possible as precisely as pos-
sible. I can search a long time for that
brick which illustrates something to the
point. It is fun.
JJ OOu U
R NR ANL AN L0 . 3N/02 0. 0 4
8 / 2 0 0 8 www.dbdh.dk
www.dbdh.dk
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assessment at Moodys the Japanese company NOMURA also made by Japanese housewifes. One of the loan conditions was
went over VEKS project description, and NOMURA confirmed that the documents were signed in Tokyo. This did not, however,
the fine rating. lead to any extra expenses on the part of VEKS, as the profit
exceeded the travel expenses by far.
Creditors
Up until 1988 VEKS borrowing requirement was covered by At the end of the 90es the Danish interest level had fallen to
payment of the municipalities, the European Investment Bank the same level as abroad, which meant that old loans were re-
(EIB) with a loan of approx. DKK 1,350 millions (Euro 180 mil- scheduled and new loans were raised in DKK. It also meant that
lions), the Nordic Investment Bank (NIB) with a loan of ap- the exchange risk was no longer an issue.
prox. DKK 200 millions (Euro 27 millions) and a long-term loan
in Danske Bank of DKK 35 millions (Euro 4.6 millions) all in all As a consequence of the municipal freeze on new construc-
approximately 1,600 million DKK (Euro 213 millions). The possi- tion work in Denmark in 1986 VEKS carried out the extension
bilities of EIB for granting long-term exchange loans with an of some municipal distribution systems, given that the invest-
interest as favorable as 7-8% were thus emptied. With Danske ments were paid interest and paid back in a way that would not
Bank as adviser creditors on the international market had to have an impact on VEKS economy. In this way the heat supply
be found for refinancing and new investments. Optimization of from VEKS to the local distribution companies was secured, and
interest and rate risk, loan period etc. were all considered. In any losses due to delays of the extension could be avoided.
the period 1986-1990 the Danish interest was about 13%, so
currency loans with interests down to 6% could carry a certain In order to encourage the connection of heating customers
rate risk. By making some loan replacements to DKK, VEKS ac- VEKS established a scheme with favorable conditions. VEKS
tually ended up with a profit on the exchange. would grant a loan corresponding to the cost of changing the
heat system and expenses and connecting it to DH. The loan
To obtain the most favorable terms the loans were divided was granted with no secured guarantee, but with a small extra
in portions of DKK 300-450 millions. The risk of losing on the interest in the case of losses. The losses, by the way, have been
exchange rate was counteracted by swapping from loans in quite modest, which means that so far the scheme has yielded
Japanese Yen and American dollars to West German D-mark or a small profit.
Swiss CHF. Surplus liquidity (up to DKK 400 million) was placed
in DKK on an investment account in Danske Bank at a higher Summary
interest, until it was to be spent. That means there was no ex- By choosing a municipal partnership as the company form the
change speculation. The risk of these dispositions had to be most attractive loaning conditions were secured. Without this
assessed as minimal, since the successive Danish governments funding the project most likely would not have been realized,
maintained a consequent fixed exchange rate policy towards and the Danish society would not have achieved the large re-
Western European currency. ductions in the emission of CO2 caused by the realization of
the project. On December 31, 2009 all loans will have been paid
With Danske Bank as guide VEKS chairman and management back, and the company will be free from debt. The 11 munici-
had several road shows to London, where VEKS was present- palities that own VEKS can rightly be proud of the fact that 25
ed to the most interesting divisions of the large international years ago visionary politicians decided to establish part of one
finance companies. Here contact was made to e.g. the Japa- of Europes largest coherent DH systems.
nese broker company NOMURA, which offered to carry out a
loan in VEKS name of 7.5 billion Yen (approx. Euro 40 millions). For further information please contact:
The loan was made in the shape of Samurai bonds at an end VEKS
interest after a SWAP over dollars to CHF at 7.68%. A large Att.: Lars Gullev, lg@veks.dk
part of the loan amount actually consisted of investments Roskildevej 175, DK-2620 Albertslund
Electricity supply
Water supply
Wastewater treatment
Production of heat and power
Energi Viborg A/S I Bssemagervej 8 I DK-8800 Viborg I Tel.: +45 8929 2929 I Fax. +45 8929 2939 I www.energiviborg.dk
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The study compares three cases for the development after ceeds 25%. However, further savings may be needed in a long-
2020: term perspective in which Denmark is heading for an energy
system based 100% on renewable energy.
Case A: A 70% district heating market share and constant
heat demand from 2020, taking into account the effects of
electricity savings and increasing comfort, which could be a re-
alistic alternative in case of increasing fuel prices, cost-based
price signals to the consumers and a strong heat planning.
District heating shifts to more efficient and environment friendly The total results of end-user savings and development of the district
heat sources heating is a significant reduction of the CO2 emission.
Moreover, compared to individual heat pumps, district heating The figures show the heat market development from 1980 to
will further strengthen the reliability and flexibility of the sup- 2050: heated floor area, heat demand, share of the heat mar-
ply of the overall energy system, not least for integrating large ket, district heating demand, district heating production and
amounts of wind energy (e.g. up to a market share of 70 % CO2 emissions. We note that the CO2 emission from waste to
wind energy in the electricity market), by combining CHP, large energy is assumed to be zero, as waste to energy is a great
thermal storages, heat pumps and electric boilers, which can deal more environmentally sustainable than landfilling waste
absorb excess wind energy and balance the fluctuating wind and that utilization of the excess heat does not contribute to
energy. CO2 emissions. We consider that the fossil fuel components
in the waste are used by industries which produce plastic or
With regard to new buildings and new city districts, our analy- utilize plastic in their products, not by those who utilize waste
sis shows that district heating combined with CHP and renew- heat from the most environmentally friendly treatment of the
able energy is more cost-effective than individual solutions waste.
based on more investments in the building envelope and/or
investments in individual renewable energy solutions. Thus our
analysis confirms that it is a very good idea that the EU direc-
tive on energy performance of buildings requires that the CO2
emission shall be reduced in a cost effective way, taking into
account local conditions and options for utilizing district heat-
ing, block heating and CHP.
The fossil fuel consumption to produce the district heating, (in terms of Fuel consumption and costs for alternative options show that district
MWh fossil fuel per supplied MWh) is significantly reduced. The market heating is an option compared to individual heat supply
share of CHP will be reduced in order to absorb excess wind energy
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The very comprehensive heat plan for Denmark has been pre-
pared by experts from Rambolls district heating services de-
partment and Aalborg University, Department of Development
and Planning. The work was commissioned by the DDHA and can
be downloaded from www.danskfjernvarme.dk
Costs and CO2 emissions for supply of a new city district with semi-
detached houses show that district heating to normal houses can be
more cost effective than low energy houses supplied with individual
heat sources.
J O U R N A L N 0 . 4 / 2 0 0 8 www.dbdh.dk
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District heating
is tomorrows
heat market By Halldor Kristjansson,
Consultant of Applications,
Danfoss District Heating
The last decades and the world outlook tell a story of rising pared to pure power production with the same power rate. The
energy prices and increasing strain on the environment. At the amount of extra fuel needed to make the heat recoverable is
same time heat consumers demand comfort, simplicity, sta- much less than the amount of heat recovered.
ble prices, supply safety and conservation of the environment.
The solution that meets all those requirements is now ready, Other primary heat sources suitable for DH include waste heat
and it has been thoroughly tested with great success. The so- from industrial processes, household or industry waste incin-
lution is called district heating. eration; biomass (including wood, straw and vegetable oils);
biogas from farming and waste; geothermal heat, solar heat,
The district heating (DH) system has a unique flexibility for wind surplus electricity, or it might even be waste heat from
heat consumers as it can utilize most kinds of waste heat nuclear CHP plants.
and primary energy sources. This is important in case of fuel
shortages, or for the purpose of reducing fuel costs or for The potential of the DH system can be illustrated using the
gradually reducing environmental impact in the future. Also, all concept of a town food market.
modifications and fuel replacements can take place without
disturbing the DH consumers at all!
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The opportunity for heat storage has now become a major ad-
vantage of DH. Excess green energy / cheap energy is stored in
the traditional aerial DH accumulators as short-term storage
for a day or a week, or it is stored in much bigger underground
basins as a long-term or seasonal storage.
J O U R N A L N 0 . 4 / 2 0 0 8 www.dbdh.dk
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District heating is tomorrows heat market
A future potential of the DH network, which is associated with Conversion to DH normally reduces air pollution (Fig 7). Even
flexibility, is local heat sharing (Fig. 6). Future renovations of in the case of fossil fuels, one large heat production unit in
buildings will likely involve conversion of the whole roof into a a DH system pollutes less, compared to thousands of small
solar heating panel. Some of the houses in the local community individual house boilers of different qualities and conditions.
will be renovated, whereas others will not. Then, according to Cleaning technologies for large production units are more ad-
economists, the DH network can be a local market for the sur- vanced, and subsequent maintenance and improvements are
plus solar heat, or, according to technicians, a local heat ac- both more economical and more flexible, because private con-
cumulator for the surplus solar heat. Surplus solar heat from sumer installations are not involved at all.
those particular houses is put back into the DH network. This
is probably much more economical than storing heat inside the It can be concluded that the flexibility of the DH system pro-
houses. Storing tanks in private houses consumes space in the vides fantastic opportunities for the future. It has a unique
region of one thousand Euro per square metre. Furthermore, ability to utilise the potential of both green energy sources
they involve extra investment, maintenance, and heat losses. and cheap energy sources. Its robustness against fuel crisis is
also unique. It is now a reliable and a well proven technology. Yet
The surplus heat may either be transferred to the return still, it is just another kind of infrastructure - one of the main
service pipe or put back into the forward service pipe. The characteristics of modern society (Fig 8).
first option involves the lowest investment. The second option
is usually more energy-saving, but it includes an extra pump
in the consumer unit. The latter case also requires a system
design with low temperature and low differential pressure in a
local / secondary pipe network. Secondary pipe networks with
heat sharing should probably be designed with co-insulated
pex pipes to cope with frequent temperature variations mainly
caused by local green energy.
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example: Investment expenses are reduced if the installation system. Connecting most or all consumers drastically reduces
of new district heating pipes and renovation of existing sew- the investment per consumer. Due to reasonable planning in
age and water pipes takes place at the same time. Denmark, new DH networks have already replaced existing gas
networks - even if the gas networks still run on 100% domes-
tic gas which is not likely in Europe, especially not in the near
future.
ABB A/S, Meterbuen 33, DK-2740 Skovlunde, Phone: +45 4450 4450, e-mail: abb.dk@dk.abb.com
J O U R N A L N 0 . 4 / 2 0 0 8 www.dbdh.dk
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By Benny Bhm1, Heimo Zinko (Project leader)2, Kari Sipil3, Halldor Kristjansson4, Ulrika Ottosson2, Miika Rm3
1) Danish Technological Institute, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark. 2) ZW Energiteknik AB, Box 137, S-611 23 Nykping,
Sweden. 3) VTT, Energy and Pulp & Paper, Espoo, Finland. 4) Danfoss District Heating, 6430 Nordborg, Denmark.
cost.
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Figure 3. The DH network in Neidonkallio, Finland. Figure 5. A cost comparison for Peter Freuchensvej for different pipe systems.
J O U R N A L N 0 . 4 / 2 0 0 8 www.dbdh.dk
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District heating distribution in areas with low heat demand density
Chapter 7 -Increased use of district heat instead of electric- Final conclusions
ity in households shows how the load of detached houses can A main conclusion of this report is that a number of techniques
be increased, partially by shifting the energy use from electric- and measures are available to help reduce costs for heat distri-
ity to district heating. The chapter describes methods for in- bution in areas with low heat demand density. Expressed in terms
creased utilisation of district heating that were demonstrated of heat densities, we believe that areas with a heat density of
in a project in Gothenburg, Sweden, cf. figure 6. 10 kWh/m2,yr or with line heat demand of 0.3 MWh/m,yr can be
Chapter 8 -Improved system solutions describes results of economically served by district heating. Based on a number of
system analyses performed to illustrate eventual cost saving projects, it has been determined that district heating, in order
that can be received by careful system design. Two systems, to achieve good economy for low heat demand density, requires
one in Finland (Neidonkallio) and one in Denmark (Nykbing Fal- more careful planning than traditional district heating. In many
ster) are investigated. cases, alternative solutions that do not follow the traditional
district heating manuals can be successfully applied and will
give lower costs. Some of these alternative solutions may in the
future find their way into handbooks for sparse district heat-
ing design, while others for now must be considered as unusual
measures and analysed carefully before being applied.
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District heating pipes Reduced ground cover can be applied in piping without traffic
Pipes have a twofold impact on the system costs: Investment loads. Hence, the routing should take advantage of such pos-
and heat losses. All measures that can reduce one of these are sibilities (parks, gardens, sidewalks).
of interest, such as good insulation performance and advanced
pipe design. - Drainage bed pipes can often be omitted, especially in trench-
es for service pies.
The thermal conductivity of polyurethane insulation depends
on the temperature as well as on the time elapsed since the New loads
foam was produced (ageing). Heat losses and heat loss coef- District heating systems should be marketed to new customers
ficients can be accurately calculated for single, twin and triple with an additional benefit: District heating can deliver part of
buried heating pipes. the energy, which to date has been supplied by electricity. Even-
tually, this could cover a broad spectrum of applications. In the
New types of pipe systems are compared in respect to their beginning, new applications could be the white goods washing
possible installation costs and heat losses. For an 80 mm (nomi- machine, disk washer and tumble dryer. Small absorption cooling
nal) distribution pipe, we compared a pair of single pipes with a for air conditioning systems and heating of pools and spa-tubs
circular twin pipe and with an egg-shaped twin pipe. We found are other potential applications. An example is a demonstration
that the egg-shaped pipe reduces the heat loss by 37 % and of new loads in Gothenburg (Sweden): There it was shown that
the investment index by 12 % compared with the pair of single 7500 kWh of district heating could replace 5500 kWh of elec-
pipes. tricity. This application resulted in 35 % reduction of primary en-
ergy (based on power generated from a coal condensing power
For service pipes a pair of single pipes 25/77 mm is the ref- plant).
erence case. We found that the triple pipe (a system with two
smaller supply pipes and one return pipe, one of them used in the Evaluation and system analysis
case of high hot water consumption) reduces the heat loss by System analyses have been verified with system simulations for
45 % compared with the reference case and by 24 % compared Neidonkallio and Nykbing Falster. The analyses compare the
with a circular twin pipe. The reduction in investment index can total cost for different pipe systems and district heating solu-
be up to 20 %. New alternative designs of service pipes, involving tions, such as: single pipes, twin pipes, triple pipes, reduced pipe
a combination of co-insulation, asymmetric insulation, and dis- dimensions, systems with booster pumps in service pipes and
similar dimensions of two or three media pipes, have the poten- systems with hot water accumulator instead of direct hot wa-
tial to achieve saving of roughly 50 % compared with traditional ter heat exchanger.
pair of pipes.
The results of these analyses conclude that costs could be re-
Service pipes should be as small as possible and no reserve ca- duced by about 25 % in smaller systems (Nykbing Falster) and
pacity should be calculated for. Similar holds also for the distri- by 40% in larger systems (Neidonkallio).
bution pipes. Taken future energy saving measures into account,
reserve capacity should only be taken into consideration if it is For further information please contact
obvious that additional loads will be connected in the future. Danish Technological Institute
Att.: Benny Bhm, Senior Consultant, D.Sc.
Civil works Gregersensvej
The classical trench design is for double pipes with drainage DK-2630 Taastrup
bed. In accordance with local conditions, the trench can be made Phone: +45 7220 2570
smaller with corresponding reduction of excavation work and Benny.Bohm@teknologisk.dk
handling of soil volumes. The following measures are possible:
The use of twin pipes is mandatory in systems with low heat Reference
demand density. The reduction of excavation work is a clear cost Heimo Zinko et al: District Heating Distribution in Areas with
advantage. Low Heat Demand Density. IEA-Report. IEA-DHC Annex VIII,
2008:8DHC 08-03.
Reduction of pipe dimension may in many applications result
in a smaller trench, which should be taken advantage of if pos- This work is based on the presentation at the IEA session at
sible. the International Symposium on District Heating in Reykjavik,
Iceland, September 2, 2008.
J O U R N A L N 0 . 4 / 2 0 0 8 www.dbdh.dk
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By Michael Poulsen,
Operating Manager
Albertslund district
heating power plant
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Choosing a Lifetime
Partnership in Energy
A Lifetime Investment
Our objective is to become your lifetime partner for customized boiler
plants. Our Package Boilers and Heat Recovery Steam Generators are
based on reliable solutions. Each individual boiler design is unique
and offers the level of customization, efficiency, environmental
protection and maintenance required for your plant.
J O U R N A L N 0 . 4 / 2 0 0 8 www.dbdh.dk
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Maintenance of district heating pipelines
Every year the costs of maintenance total 2.2% of the value of thermography by aeroplane over other thermographic meth-
the entire pipe system. ods are that a large area is covered: when the weather condi-
tions are optimal, the angle to the ground is 900, which is the
Good treated system water, pipes and casing joints that have optimal angle to find leakage in the ground - especially where
been welded and installed by professional persons are the best the ground does not transmit heat losses very well, e.g. grass-
guarantee of a long service life of the pipes. Supervision dur- grown areas. Another advantage is the quality inspection of
ing the work and final inspection are inevitable for the suc- the contractors work: defects will become apparent and the
cess of a pipe system installation. X-ray is another possibility problem can be dealt with.
of inspecting the quality in order to make sure that the welds
comply with the quality, agreed upon. An optimal overview is provided on a CD and an A1 map in black/
white and another in colours, showing the thermal difference
in the range of 16C. The area is split up into thermal pictures
in A3 format, covering 350x250 m, with an overlay of a thermal
map. In this way leaks are easily detected. Normally we use a
hand-held camera for inspections and to pinpoint the exact
area of the leak. Another way is to mount manometers on the
flow and return pipes of a specific area, close the valves to the
section and check how fast the pressure falls. If it falls rapidly,
there is a basis for further examination.
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Grundfos district heating and cooling
Red + Blue = Green
Very few people think about the distribution of heating and cooling under ground,
yet most are aware that temperatures above ground are rising due to increased CO2
emissions. At Grundfos, our most important goal is to ensure that our wide range
of products for district heating and cooling has the lowest possible environmental
impact. We strive to turn the hot red and the cold blue into green, sustainable
solutions. We do that by producing intelligent pumps with highly efficient motors
and variable speed that comply with the variations in heating and cooling load.
Grundfos covers all district heating and cooling requirements from large-scale
circulation pumps to inline and end-suction pumps, so visit www.grundfos.com to
see our extensive product line and discover how a Grundfos solution can save you
energy and help save the environment.
DBDH c o - o p e r a t i o n
The Mongolian District Heating Association
Danish district heating solution providers have been active in Therefore Danish companies have been invited to frequently
Mongolia for more than 10 years. Participating in large multi- visit Mongolia. On October 4, 2006 DBDH signed an agreement
lateral programs funded by the Asian Development Bank and of cooperation with the Mongolian District Heating Association
also through direct financed projects the Danish companies with the aim of establishing a formal framework for exchange
have cooperated with Ulaanbaatar district heating company. of information on district heating and CHP in both countries.
According to the Asian Development Bank this has helped in-
crease the citys energy efficiency by at least 50%, thereby In 2006, 2007 and 2008 large Danish business delegations on
also cleaning the air in the heavily polluted capital. district heating and renewable energy visited Mongolia. These
visits give leverage to the cooperation within development of
Mongolia is experiencing double digit economic growth rates, district heating that includes training of Mongolian operators
and the economy is projected to grow over the coming 15 years and engineers in Denmark. In August 2008 H.R.H. Crown Prince
with an unprecedented rate of 15 times compared to the level Frederik of Denmark headed a business delegation consisting
today. These exorbitant growth rates are expected to materi- of ABB, Danfoss, EKF, Hydro-X, IFU, Kamstrup, Nordea, VEKS,
alize from mining of cobber, iron gold and coal. Vast resources VKR Holding and Vestas. The visit was very successful, not only
have been identified and a bright future can be expected for establishing new business ties and maintaining old ones; Den-
Mongolia, if done right. mark and Mongolia also commemorated the 40th Anniversary
of Diplomatic Relations with an official dinner banquet hosted
The primary resource for the energy sector in Mongolia is coal by the President.
by far. The World Bank estimates that the country has around
150 billion tons of coal reserves at its disposal. Therefore, DBDH highly values the professional cooperation and close
coal will inevitably continue being the most important fuels friendship shared with the Mongolian District Heating Asso-
source for producing heat and power. Denmark boasts some ciation, and the respect for each others expertise in providing
unique technologies for combined heat and power production environmentally sustainable and energy efficient systems will
based on coal. This is important for the future energy supply surely prevail for many years ahead, creating business oppor-
in Mongolia, since the technologies used today all impose high tunities while combating climate changes.
degrees of pollution during the long winter months. However,
utilizing renewable resources is a political priority, which is For further information please contact:
why the National Renewable Energy Center was established in DBDH
2005. One important reason is of course to decrease the rapid Att.: Jes B. Christensen
urbanization and social inequality by providing power to the no- Sthr Johansens Vej 38
madic families. Another reason is the desire to improve the air DK-2000 Frederiksberg
quality of Ulaanbaatar. According to the World Bank as much Phone: +45 3818 5440
as 90% of the ground-level pollution originates from individual Fax: +45 3818 5444
household stoves. Thus by centralizing the heat production and jbc@dbdh.dk
utilizing the surplus heat from the power plants, Ulaanbaatar
can reduce the air pollution significantly.
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dbdh
wishes
you a
happy
new
The supply of
year The fuTure
Do the right thing - pick the low-hanging fruits.
When you choose district heating you are on
the road towards a zero carbon heat supply.
Heat Plan Denmark is a strategic study
identifying the solutions of the future.
WWW.ramboll.Dk
District
humor
District heating:
future city planning
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DBDH m e m b e r
company profile DANFOSS
Danfoss district heatinG regulation technology, and also Danfoss district heating 100%, as this is the only
a short history as overall company supplies well proven long lasting sustainable solution for
It all began with a thermostat valve for products (frequency converters, heat heating cities anyway. And it should not
cooling. With the breakthrough of dis- pumps, etc.) all of which are vital to be forgotten that district heating pro-
trict heating in Denmark return ther- the complicated energy supply systems vides the best comfort of all heat sup-
mostats entered the market in the of tomorrow. Besides supplying com- ply methods, and people demand better
beginning of 1960. However, due to the ponents, Danfoss has also become a and better comfort. Comfort is by the
energy crisis and the consequent inter- system supplier; Danfoss supplies solu- way our specialty.
est in energy saving, radiator thermo- tions for Build to site as well as Build
stats took over the market from the on Site. However, it is of utmost importance to
return thermostats. In order to have a look at the entire system: all the way
well-functioning system a differential According to Halldor Kristjansson, ap- from energy resource to consumer. How
pressure regulator was needed, and plications consultant at Danfoss Dis- do the different parts play together in
hence, such a regulator was developed. trict Heating, who is interviewed for the best possible way? According to
Together with thermostatic valves for this article, this extended role is a nat- Halldor this is increasingly getting our
hot-water tanks this marked the en- ural consequence of the rising energy attention. Danfoss is a large company
trance into a new business area in dis- prices, the increasing fuel dependency, able to combine the different areas for
trict heating regulation equipment, but the increased danger of fuel scarcity, the development of new solutions to
it was not until the 70es that district the adverse impact on the environment the benefit of the energy area; in prac-
heating became a separate business and the increased technological capaci- tice it means that Danfoss is active all
area in Danfoss. Now, however, Dan- ty, all of which make the energy systems the way right from the primary energy
foss is one of the few companies on the more and more complicated. Also, there resource to the last radiator thermo-
market with products entirely dedicat- are more and more energy sources that stat, or in fact, to the comfort of the
ed to district heating, and the company can be combined, and in order to utilize last consumer.
is the only total supplier of substations the RE market optimally, the operation
and automatic controls for the district or regulation gets far more compli- Comfortable and green
heating market. This, fully-integrated cated. One example of this two-edged Converting to district heating will make
business approach is the result of more sword is solar and wind energy, both of the energy consumption a lot greener.
than 30 years of specialization within which offer degrees of exploitation and Another advantage, which is perhaps
the DH market, and is based on an un- load variation so vast that their use has often forgotten, is the fact that the
paralleled range of competencies. to be controlled carefully. But that is majority of the customers will only be
the premise if one wishes for oil and gas disturbed once, and this is during the
Danfoss a supplier of solutions to be put into the background. And that switch to district heating, where the
Danfoss district heating business is a realistic goal. Halldor Kristjansson district heating unit is installed and the
area boasts an extensive experience says that he is pretty sure that in the oil and gas burners are removed. After
with components and has a very large foreseeable future most European cit- this the conversion can take place at
technology span, from heat transfer to ies of a certain size will be supplied by the power plants etc., where the mix of
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fuel and/or production capacities can have to be done with. Many of these are systems keep getting better. The ad-
be developed according to development technical, but also commercial or may- vantage is of course that it reduces the
in energy crisis, and the heat production be even psychological barriers play a heat loss from the district heating net,
here can become more environmentally part (people do not know what district but it also means that the substations
sound all of this without disturbing heating is; it might prove problematic must be made even better and more
people. getting capital; local decision-makers advanced. Another challenge according
do not want to see to Halldor Kristjans-
It is important for Danfoss to communi- the streets being Danfoss A/S is one of Den- son is the possibility
cate the advantages of district heating excavated; etc.). It marks largest industrial groups of using the district
and this is one of the reasons why the might seem over- with annual net sales of approx. heating network as a
company is an active participator in the whelming convert- 3.0bn EUR and around 22,500 market. That means
Euroheat and Power workshop program ing an entire city to employees, of which 6,500 work that the heat can be
DHC Technology Platform. Here utili- district heating, and in Denmark. We produce approx. sold and bought (to
ties, the industry, universities, consult- Halldor Kristjansson 250,000 components every day and from the trans-
ants, and associations meet to identify suggests starting at 61 factories in 25 countries. mission network) as
important areas of research and devel- with one district all other goods, max-
opment of DH. Three so-called dimen- or neighborhood at imizing the utilization
sions have been identified as focus ar- a time, and then, later on, all the local of domestic and green energy. This is
eas; the technical and heat distribution networks can be connected in an even already a reality to the large units now
dimension, the demand and resource more flexible system. (i.e. the industry), and in the future this
dimension, and the institutional dimen- will probably also be possible to normal
sion. The aim of the program it is to find Future households without, of course, caus-
methods that support and promote One big challenge to the business is the ing the customers any nuisance what-
district heating internationally. Be- fact that the temperature in the dis- soever.
cause there certainly are barriers that trict heating systems is falling as the
heat metering
cators in apartments in
five Romanian cities has
delivered energy savings
Allowing households to
A recent project in Romania proves once control their heat con-
again that individual heat metering makes sumption and pay accord-
both environmental and financial sense. ingly is common sense.
Call us on tel.
+45 7777 7000 or visit
www.brunata.com to
learn more about Brunata
and the Phare project in
Romania.
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List of members
Aalborg Engineering A/S Phone +45 9631 3950
Supplier of boilers and boiler systems Fax +45 9631 3951 Energi Viborg A/S Phone +45 8929 2929
ae@aalborg-engineering.dk Municipal district heating supply Fax +45 8929 2939
www.aalborg-engineering.com energi@energiviborg.dk
www.energiviborg.dk
ABB A/S Phone +45 4450 4450 Fjernvarme Fyn Phone +45 6547 3000
Monitoring and control for Fax +45 4450 4311 Municipal district heating supply Fax +45 6547 3001
district heating networks abb@dk.abb.com kontakt@fjernvarmefyn.dk
www.abb.com www.fjernvarmefyn.dk
Albertslund Fjernvarme Phone +45 4364 8692 Focus Energy A/S Phone +45 9714 2022
District heating company Fax +45 4364 3888 Biomass-based boiler systems Fax +45 9714 2686
michael.poulsen@albertslund.dk post@focusenergy.dk
www.focusenergy.dk
APV Phone +45 7027 8444 Forsyningen Esbjerg Kommune Phone +45 7614 2414
Plate heat exchangers Fax +45 7632 4110 Municipal district heating supply Fax +45 7614 2511
per.f.hedegaard@invensys.com forsyningen@esbjergkommune.dk
www.apv.invensys.com www.esbjergkommune.dk
Bredahl ApS Phone +45 7555 1250 Frederiksberg Forsyning Phone +45 3818 5100
Steel compensators Fax +45 7555 4140 Municipal district heating supply Fax +45 3818 5199
hensgen@webspeed.dk ff@frb-forsyning.dk
www.frb-forsyning.dk
Broen A/S Phone +45 6471 2095 Grontmij | Carl Bro Phone +45 4348 6060
Ballomax valves Fax +45 6471 2195 Consulting engineers and planners Fax +45 4348 6660
broen@broen.dk cbg@carlbro.dk
www.broen.com www.carlbro.com
Brunata A/S Phone +45 7777 7000 Grundfos A/S Phone +45 8750 1400
Heat cost allocators, heat meters, Fax +45 7777 7001 Submersible pumps, centrifugal Fax +45 8750 1490
water meters and heat and water brunata@brunata.dk pumps and circulators tkynden@grundfos.com
accounting service www.brunata.com www.grundfos.com
BWSC Phone +45 4814 0022 Houe & Olsen A/S Phone +45 9619 5300
Heat & power plant developer, turnkey Fax +45 4814 0150 Consulting engineers specialising in Fax +45 9619 5311
and operation contractor sales@bwsc.dk geothermal energy ho@houe-olsen.dk
www.bwsc.dk www.houe-olsen.dk
Cowi Phone +45 4597 2211 Huhnseal ApS Phone +45 4390 4720
Consulting engineers and planners Fax +45 4597 2212 Mechanical seals Fax +45 4390 4775
cowi@cowi.dk huhnseal@huhnseal.dk
www.cowi.dk www.huhnseal.dk
CTR Phone +45 3818 5777 Hydro-X A/S Phone +45 9828 2111
Metropolitan Copenhagen Fax +45 3818 5799 Boiler water treatment Fax +45 9828 3021
Heating Transmission Company ctr@ctr.dk info@hydro-x.dk
www.ctr.dk www.hydro-x.dk
Dall Energy Phone +45 2987 2222 Kamstrup A/S Phone +45 8993 1000
New Biomass Technologies info@dallenergy.com Supplier of energy meters & automatic Fax +45 8993 1001
www.dallenergy.com meter reading systems for heat, cooling, energi@kamstrup.dk
water and gas www.kamstrup.com
Danfoss A/S Phone +45 7488 2222 Korsr Forsyning A/S Phone +45 5836 2500
Heating controls, metering Fax +45 7449 0949 Municipal district heating supply Fax +45 5836 2501
and pump speed control danfoss@danfoss.com info@korsoerforsyning.dk
www.danfoss.com www.korsoerforsyning.dk
DONG Energy Phone +45 7622 2301 Kbenhavns Energi Phone +45 2795 2750
Fax +45 7622 1980 Copenhagen Energy Fax +45 2795 2012
market@dongenergy.dk ke@ke.dk
www.dongenergy.dk www.ke.dk
DTI
Phone +45 7220 2000 Logstor A/S Phone +45 9966 1000
info@teknologisk.dk Preinsulated transmission Fax +45 9966 1180
www.teknologisk.dk and distribution pipes lr@logstor.com
www.logstor.com
Energi Randers Phone +45 8911 4811 OKR Cleaning ApS Phone +45 8692 4422
Energy company producing and selling Fax +45 8911 4800 Boiler cleaning Fax +45 8692 2919
heat and power energiranders@energiranders.dk okr@email.dk
www.energiranders.dk www.okrcleaning.dk
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Rambll Phone +45 4598 6000 Uno Transport Phone +45 7020 8011
Consulting engineers and planners Fax +45 4598 6700 Transports Fax +45 7020 8012
ramboll@ramboll.dk uno@unotransport.com
www.ramboll.dk www.unotransport.dk
7-Technologies A/S Phone +45 45 900 700 VEKS Phone +45 4366 0366
Quality software for profitable Fax +45 4590 0701 West Copenhagen Heating Fax +45 4366 0369
operation of industriel plants sales@7t.dk Transmission Company veks@veks.dk
and utilities www.7t.dk www.veks.dk
Siemens Flow Instruments A/S Phone +45 7488 5252 Vestforbrnding Phone +45 4485 7000
Flow measurement Fax +45 7488 5250 Power and heat supply based on Fax +45 4485 7001
bent.vestergaard@siemens.com waste incineration vestfor@vestfor.dk
www.siemens.com/flow www.vestfor.dk
TVIS Phone +45 7594 0711 Vestforsyning A/S Phone +45 9612 7319
Heat transmission company tvis@tvis.net Municipal district heating supply Fax +45 9612 7301
of Denmarks triangle area. www.tvis.net ss@vestforsyning.dk
www.vestforsyning.dk
CTR
Sthr Johansens Vej 38
DK 2000 Frederiksberg
Phone +45 3818 5777
Fax +45 3818 5799
ctr@ctr.dk
www.ctr.dk
J O U R N A L N 0 . 1 / 2 0 0 8
4 www.dbdh.dk
Theres more to LOGSTOR technology
than meets the eye
pipe systems
One pre-insulated district heating pipe looks much like any other.
Beneath the surface, however, there can be a world of difference
in their insulation, protection and monitoring technologies. These
differences are crucial for energy efficiency.
LOGSTOR A/S
Danmarksvej 11 DK-9670 Lgstr Denmark
Tel. +45 9966 1000 Fax +45 9966 1180
logstor@logstor.com www.logstor.com