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in a Fluid
2.1For the twodimensional stress field
inFig.P2.1,let Fig.P2.1
xx 3000psf yy 2000psf
xy 500psf
Findtheshearandnormalstressesonplane
AAcuttingthroughat30.
Solution:MakecutAAsothatitjust
hitsthebottomrightcorneroftheelement.
This gives the freebody shown at right.
Nowsumforcesnormalandtangentialto
sideAA.DenotesidelengthAAasL.
Fn,AA 0 AA L
(3000 sin 30 500 cos30)L sin 30
(2000
Solvefor AA cos30 500 sin
2683lbf/ft 2 30)L cos 30
Ans.(a)
Ft,AA 0 AA L (3000 cos30 500 sin 30)L sin 30 (500 cos30 2000 sin 30)L cos30
Solvefor AA 683lbf/ft 2 Ans.(b)
2.2ForthestressfieldofFig.P2.1,changetheknowndatato xx2000psf,yy3000
psf,andn(AA)2500psf.ComputexyandtheshearstressonplaneAA.
Solution:SumforcesnormaltoandtangentialtoAAintheelementfreebodyabove,
withn(AA)knownandxyunknown:
Fn,AA 2500L ( xy cos30 2000 sin 30)L sin 30
( xy sin 30 3000 cos30)L cos30 0
Solvefor xy (2500 500 2250)/0.866 289lbf/ft 2 Ans.(a)
2 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition
Inlikemanner,solvefortheshearstressonplaneAA,usingourresultforxy:
Ft,AA AA L (2000 cos30 289sin 30)L sin 30
(289 cos30 3000 sin 30)L cos30 0
Solvefor AA 938 1515 577lbf/ft 2 Ans.(b)
ThisproblemandProb.2.1canalsobesolvedusingMohrscircle.
2.3Averticalcleanglasspiezometertubehasaninsidediameterof1mm.Whena
pressure is applied, water at 20C rises into the tube to a height of 25 cm. After
correctingforsurfacetension,estimatetheappliedpressureinPa.
3
Solution:Forwater,letY0.073N/m,contactangle0,and9790N/m .The
capillaryriseinthetube,fromExample1.9ofthetext,is
2Y cos 2(0.073N /m)cos(0)
hcap 0.030m
R (9790N /m3 )(0.0005m)
Thentheriseduetoappliedpressureislessbythatamount:hpress0.25m0.03m0.22m.
3
Theappliedpressureisestimatedtobephpress(9790N/m )(0.22m)2160PaAns.
? Bourdon
P2.4 Pressuregages,suchastheBourdongage W gage
IftheBourdongageisdesignedtorotatethepointer 2cm
diameter
10 degrees for every 2 psig of internal pressure, how
manydegreesdoesthepointerrotateifthepistonand
Fig. P2.4
weighttogethertotal44newtons?
Solution: The deadweight, divided by the piston area, should equal the pressure applied
to the Bourdon gage. Stay in SI units for the moment:
F 44 N lbf
pBourdon 2
140, 060 Pa 6894.8 20.3 2
A piston ( / 4)(0.02m) in
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 3
At 10 degrees for every 2 psig, the pointer should move approximately 100 degrees. Ans.
________________________________________________________________________
2.5Denver,Colorado,hasanaveragealtitudeof5300ft.OnaU.S.standardday,pres
suregageAreads83kPaandgageBreads105kPa.Expressthesereadingsingageor
vacuumpressure,whicheverisappropriate.
Solution:WecanfindatmosphericpressurebyeitherinterpolatinginAppendixTableA.6
or,moreaccurately,evaluateEq.(2.27)at5300ft1615m:
g/RB 5.26
Bz (0.0065 K/m)(1615 m)
pa po 1 (101.35 kPa) 1 83.4 kPa
To 288.16 K
Therefore:
Gage A 83 kPa 83.4 kPa 0.4 kPa (gage) .4 kPa (vacuum)
Gage B 105 kPa 83.4 kPa 21.6 kPa (gage) Ans.
Solution:Takethespecificweights, g,fromTableA.3,dividepatmby :
2 3
(a)Glycerin:h(2116lbf/ft )/(78.7lbf/ft )26.9ftAns.(a)
2 3
(b)Mercury:h(2116lbf/ft )/(846lbf/ft )2.50ft30.0inchesAns.(b)
2 3
(c)Water:h(101350N/m )/(9790N/m )10.35mAns.(c)
2 3
(d)Ethanol:h(101350N/m )/(7740N/m )13.1m13100mmAns.(d)
P2.7 LaPaz,Boliviaisatanaltitudeofapproximately12,000ft.Assumea
standardatmosphere.Howhighwouldtheliquidriseinamethanolbarometer,assumed
at20C?[HINT:Dontforgetthevaporpressure.]
Solution:Convert12,000ftto3658meters,andTableA.6,orEq.(2.20),give
B z g /( RB ) (0.0065)(3658) 5.26
pLaPaz po (1 ) 101350[1 ] 64, 400 Pa
To 288.16
4 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition
FromTableA.3,methanolhas=791kg/m3andalargevaporpressureof13,400Pa.
Thenthemanometerrisehisgivenby
2.8Adiamondmineis2milesbelowsealevel.(a)Estimatetheairpressureatthis
depth.(b)Ifabarometer,accurateto1mmofmercury,iscarriedintothismine,how
accuratelycanitestimatethedepthofthemine?
Solution:(a)Convert2miles3219mandusealinearpressurevariationestimate:
Then p pa h 101,350Pa (12N/m 3 )(3219m) 140,000Pa 140kPa Ans.(a)
Alternately,thetroposphereformula,Eq.(2.27),predictsaslightlyhigherpressure:
p pa (1 Bz/To )5.26 (101.3kPa)[1 (0.0065K/m)( 3219m)/288.16K]5.26
147kPa Ans.(a)
(b)Thegagepressureatthis depthis approximately 40,000133,100 0.3mHgor
300mmHg1mmHgor0.3error.Thustheerrorintheactualdepthis0.3of3220m
orabout10mifallotherparametersareaccurate.Ans.(b)
P2.9 Astoragetank,26ftindiameterand36fthigh,isfilledwithSAE30Woilat
20C.(a)Whatisthegagepressure,inlbf/in 2,atthebottomofthetank?(b)Howdoes
yourresultin(a)changeifthetankdiameterisreducedto15ft? (c)Repeat(a)if
leakagehascausedalayerof5ftofwatertorestatthebottomofthe(full)tank.
Solution:Thisisastraightforwardprobleminhydrostaticpressure.FromTableA.3,the
densityofSAE30Woilis891kg/m3 515.38 =1.73slug/ft3. (a)Thusthebottom
pressureis
(b)Thetankdiameterhasnothingtodowithit,justthedepth:pbottom=13.9psig.Ans.(b)
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 5
(c) If we have 31 ft of oil and 5 ft of water ( = 1.94 slug/ft3), the bottom pressure is
2.10Aclosedtankcontains1.5mofSAE30oil,1mofwater,20cmofmercury,and
anairspaceontop,allat20C.Ifpbottom60kPa,whatisthepressureintheairspace?
Solution:Applythehydrostaticformuladownthroughthethreelayersoffluid:
p bottom pair oil h oil water h water mercury h mercury
or: 60000Pa pair (8720N/m 3 )(1.5m) (9790)(1.0m) (133100)(0.2m)
Solveforthepressureintheairspace:pair10500PaAns.
2.11InFig.P2.11,sensorAreads1.5kPa
(gage).Allfluidsareat20C.Determine
the elevations Z in meters of the liquid
levels in the open piezometer tubes B
andC.
Solution:(B)LetpiezometertubeBbe
anarbitrarydistanceHabovethegasoline
glycerin interface. Thespecificweightsare
air12.0N/m3,gasoline6670N/m3,and
glycerin 12360 N/m3. Then apply the Fig.P2.11
hydrostaticformulafrompointAtopoint
B:
Solution(C):LetpiezometertubeCbeanarbitrarydistanceYabovethebottom.Then
150012.0(2.0)6670(1.5)12360(1.0Y)12360(ZCY)pC0(gage)
6 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition
SolveforZC1.93m(93cmabovethegasolineglycerininterface)Ans.(c)
2.12InFig.P2.12thetankcontainswater
andimmiscibleoilat20C.Whatishin Fig.P2.12
centimeters if the density of the oil is
3
898kg/m ?
2.13InFig.P2.13the20Cwaterandgasolineareopentotheatmosphereandareat
thesameelevation.Whatistheheighthinthethirdliquid?
3 3
Solution:Takewater 9790N/m andgasoline 6670N/m .Thebottompressure
mustbethesamewhetherwemovedownthroughthewaterorthroughthegasolineinto
thethirdfluid:
Fig.P2.13
oil,
P2.14 Forthethreeliquidsystem SG=0.78
water
shown,computeh1andh2. mercury
h2
Neglecttheairdensity.
27cm
Fig.P2.14
8cm
h1 5cm
Solution:Thepressuresat
atmospheric,orzerogagepressure.Computeoil=(0.78)(9790)=7636N/m3.Also,
fromTable2.1, water =9790N/m3 and mercury = 133100N/m3 . Thesurfacepressure
equalityis
N N N N N
(9790 3 )(0.27 m) (133100 3 ) h1 (133100 3 )(0.08m) (7636 3 ) h2 (133100 3 )(0.05m)
m m m m m
or : 2643 133100 h1 10648 Pa 7836 h2 6655
Solve for h1 0.060m 6.0 cm , h2 0.523m 52.3 cm Ans.
2
2.15InFig.P2.15allfluidsareat20C.GageAreads15lbf/in absoluteandgageB
2
reads1.25lbf/in lessthangageC.Compute(a)thespecificweightoftheoil;and(b)
2
theactualreadingofgageCinlbf/in absolute.
Fig.P2.15
8 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition
3
Solution:Firstevaluateair(pA/RT)g[15144/(1717528)](32.2)0.0767lbf/ft .
3
Takewater62.4lbf/ft .ThenapplythehydrostaticformulafrompointBtopointC:
p B oil (1.0ft) (62.4)(2.0ft) pC p B (1.25)(144)psf
Solvefor oil 55.2lbf/ft 3 Ans.(a)
Withtheoilweightknown,wecannowapplyhydrostaticsfrompointAtopointC:
pC p A gh (15)(144) (0.0767)(2.0) (55.2)(2.0) (62.4)(2.0)
or: p C 2395lbf/ft 2 16.6psi Ans.(b)
P2.16 Iftheabsolutepressureattheinterface
betweenwaterandmercuryinFig.P2.16is93kPa,
surface,and(b)thepressureatthebottom 75 75
32cm
Solution: Do the whole problem in SI units and then convert to BG at the end. The bottom
width and the slanted 75-degree walls are irrelevant red herrings. Just go up and down:
_____________________________________________________________________
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 9
2.17AllfluidsinFig.P2.17areat20C.Ifp 1900psfatpointA,determinethe
pressuresatB,C,andDinpsf.
3
Solution:Usingaspecificweightof62.4lbf/ft forwater,wefirstcomputepBandpD:
Fig.P2.17
p bottom p top h,
2.18AllfluidsinFig.P2.18areat20C.
Ifatmosphericpressure 101.33kPaand
the bottom pressure is 242 kPa absolute,
whatisthespecificgravityoffluidX?
2.19TheUtubeatrighthasa1cmID
3
andcontainsmercuryasshown.If20cm
ofwaterispouredintotherighthandleg,
whatwillbethefreesurfaceheightineach
legafterthesloshinghasdieddown?
Solution:Firstfiguretheheightofwater
added:
20cm 3 (1cm)2 h, or h 25.46cm
4
Then,atequilibrium,thenewsystemmusthave25.46cmofwaterontheright,anda
30cmlengthofmercuryissomewhatdisplacedsothatLisontheright,0.1monthe
bottom,and0.2Lontheleftside,asshownatright.Thebottompressureisconstant:
patm 133100(0.2 L) patm 9790(0.2546) 133100(L), or: L 0.0906m
Thusrightlegheight9.0625.4634.52cmAns.
leftlegheight20.09.0610.94cmAns.
2.20ThehydraulicjackinFig.P2.20is
3
filled with oil at 56 lbf/ft . Neglecting Fig.P2.20
piston weights, what force F on the
handleisrequiredtosupportthe2000lbf
weightshown?
Solution:FirstsummomentsclockwiseaboutthehingeAofthehandle:
M A 0 F(15 1) P(1),
or:FP/16,wherePistheforceinthesmall(1in)piston.
Meanwhilefigurethepressureintheoilfromtheweightonthelargepiston:
W 2000 lbf
poil 40744psf,
A3in ( /4)(3/12ft)2
2
1
Hence P p oil A small (40744) 222lbf
4 12
ThereforethehandleforcerequiredisFP/16222/1614lbfAns.
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 11
2.21InFig.P2.21allfluidsareat20C.
GageAreads350kPaabsolute.Determine Fig.P2.21
(a)theheighthincm;and(b)thereading
ofgageBinkPaabsolute.
Solution:Applythehydrostaticformula
fromtheairtogageA:
p A pair h
180000 (9790)h 133100(0.8) 350000Pa,
Solvefor h 6.49m Ans.(a)
Then,withhknown,wecanevaluatethepressureatgageB:
p B 180000+9790(6.49 0.80)=251000Pa 251kPa Ans.(b)
2.22Thefuelgageforanautogastank
reads proportional to the bottom gage Fig.P2.22
pressure as in Fig. P2.22. If the tank
accidentally contains 2 cm of water plus
gasoline,howmanycentimetershofair
remainwhenthegagereadsfullinerror?
3
Solution:Givengasoline0.68(9790)6657N/m ,computethegagepressurewhenfull:
pfull gasoline (fullheight) (6657N/m 3 )(0.30m) 1997Pa
Setthispressureequalto2cmofwaterplusYcentimetersofgasoline:
pfull 1997 9790(0.02m) 6657Y, or Y 0.2706m 27.06cm
Thereforetheairgaph30cm2cm(water)27.06cm(gasoline)0.94cmAns.
2.23InFig.P2.23bothfluidsareat20C.
If surface tension effects are negligible, Fig.P2.23
3
whatisthedensityoftheoil,inkg/m ?
Solution:MovearoundtheUtubefrom
leftatmospheretorightatmosphere:
pa (9790N/m 3 )(0.06m)
oil (0.08m) pa ,
3
oil 7343/9.81
or: solvefor 748kg3m
oil 7343N/m , Ans.
2.24InProb.1.2wemadeacrudeintegrationofatmosphericdensityfromTableA.6
andfoundthattheatmosphericmassisapproximately m 6E18kg.Canthisresultbe
usedtoestimatesealevelpressure?Cansealevelpressurebeusedtoestimatem?
*P2.25 AsmeasuredbyNASAsVikinglanders,theatmosphereofMars,where g=
3.71m/s2,isalmostentirelycarbondioxide,andthesurfacepressureaverages700Pa.The
temperatureiscoldanddropsoffexponentially:TToe Cz,whereC1.3E5m1andTo
250K.Forexample,at20,000maltitude,T193K.(a)Findananalyticformulafor
thevariationofpressurewithaltitude.(b)FindthealtitudewherepressureonMarshas
droppedto1pascal.
Solution:(a)TheanalyticformulaisfoundbyintegratingEq.(2.17)ofthetext:
p g z dz g z dz g
ln( ) Cz
(eCz 1)
po R 0 T R 0 To e RTo C
g
or, finally, p po exp[ (eCz 1)] Ans.(a )
RTo C
(b)FromTableA.4forCO2,R=189m2/(s2K).Substitutep=1Patofindthealtitude:
g 3.71 m / s 2
p 1 Pa po exp[ (eCz 1)] (700 Pa) exp[ {e(1.3E 5) z 1}]
RTo C (189)(250)(1.3E 5)
1
or : ln( ) 6.55 6.04{e(1.3E 5) z 1} , Solve for z 56, 500 m Ans.(b)
700
________________________________________________________________________________________
P2.26 Forgasesoverlargechangesinheight,thelinearapproximation,Eq.(2.14),is
inaccurate.Expandthetropospherepowerlaw,Eq.(2.20),intoapowerseriesandshow
thatthelinearapproximationppaagzisadequatewhen
Solution:ThepowerlawterminEq.(2.20)canbeexpandedintoaseries:
2 To g
z , where n
(n 1) B RB
Bz n Bz n( n 1) Bz 2 g
(1 ) 1 n ( ) ...... where n
To To 2! To RB
Multiplybypa,asinEq.(2.20),andnotethatpanB/To=(pa/RTo)gz=agz.Thentheseries
mayberewrittenasfollows:
n 1 Bz
p pa a gz (1 ..... )
2 To
14 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition
Forthelinearlawtobeaccurate,the2ndterminparenthesesmustbemuchlessthanunity.If
thestartingpointisnotatz=0,thenreplacezbyz:
n 1 B z 2 To
1 , or : z Ans.
2 To (n 1) B
___________________________________________________________________________
2.27Thisisanexperimentalproblem:Putacardorthicksheetoveraglassofwater,
holdittight,andturnitoverwithoutleaking(aglossypostcardworksbest).Letgoofthe
card.Willthecardstayattachedwhentheglassisupsidedown?Yes:Thisisessentiallya
waterbarometerand,inprinciple,couldholdacolumnofwaterupto10fthigh!
P2.28Acorrelationofnumericalresultsindicatesthat,allotherthingsbeingequal,
thehorizontaldistancetraveledbyawellhitbaseballvariesinverselyasthecuberootof
theairdensity. IfahomerunballhitinNewYorkCitytravels400ft,estimatethe
distanceitwouldtravelin(a)Denver,Colorado;and(b)LaPaz,Bolivia.
Solution: NewYorkCityisapproximatelyatsealevel,sousetheStandardAtmosphere,
TableA.6,andtakeair=1.2255kg/m3.ModifyEq.(2.20)fordensityinsteadofpressure:
Bz ( g / RB ) 1 0.0065 z 4.26
(1 ) (1 )
a To 288.16
Usingnominalaltitudesfromalmanacs,applythisformulatoDenverandLaPaz:
( a ) Denver, Colorado : z 5280 ft 1609 m ; 1.047 kg / m 3
(b) La Paz, Bolivia : z 12000 ft 3660 m ; 0.849 kg / m 3
Finallyapplythistothe400fthomerunball:
1.2255 1 / 3
(a) Denver : Distance traveled ( 400 ft ) ( ) 421 ft Ans.( a )
1.047
1.2255 1 / 3
(b) La Paz : Distance traveled ( 400 ft ) ( ) 452 ft Ans.(b)
0.849
InDenver,ballsgo5%further,asattestedtobymanyteamsvisitingCoorsField.
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 15
P2.29 AnairplanefliesataMachnumberof0.82atastandardaltitudeof24,000ft.
(a) What is the planes velocity, in mi/h? (b) What is the standard density at that
altitude?
Solution: (a) Convert 24,000 ft to 7315 m. Find the standard temperature from Eq.
(2.19):
From the (absolute) temperature, we compute the speed of sound and hence the velocity:
(b) Given o = 1.2255 kg/m3, the power-law density formula is evaluated at T = 240.6 K:
g
T 1 240.6 5.26 1
o ( ) RB (1.2255)( ) 0.568 kg / m3 Ans.(b)
To 288.16
P2.30 ForthetraditionalequallevelmanometermeasurementinFig.E2.3,waterat
20Cflowsthroughtheplugdevicefromatob.Themanometerfluidismercury.IfL=
12cmandh=24cm,(a)whatisthepressuredropthroughthedevice?(b)Ifthewater
flowsthroughthepipeatavelocityV=18ft/s,whatisthedimensionlesslosscoefficient
ofthedevice,definedbyK=p/(V2)?WewillstudylosscoefficientsinChap.6.
Solution: Gather density data: mercury = 13550 kg/m3, water = 998 kg/m3. Example 2.3,
by going down from (a) to the mercury level, jumping across, and going up to (b), found
the very important formula for this type of equal-leg manometer:
(b) The loss coefficient calculation is straightforward, but we check the units to make sure.
Convert the velocity from 18 ft/s to 5.49 m/s. Then
p 29600 N / m2 29600 N / m 2
K 0.98 Ans.(b)
V 2 (998 kg / m 2 )(5.49 m / s ) 2 30080 N / m 2
________________________________________________________________________
2.31InFig.P2.31determinepbetweenpointsAandB.Allfluidsareat20C.
Fig.P2.31
Solution:Takethespecificweightstobe
3 3
Benzene:8640N/m Mercury:133100N/m
3 3
Kerosene:7885N/m Water:9790N/m
3
andairwillbesmall,probablyaround12N/m .WorkyourwayaroundfromAtoB:
p A (8640)(0.20m) (133100)(0.08) (7885)(0.32) (9790)(0.26) (12)(0.09)
p B , or,aftercleaningup, p A p B 8900Pa Ans.
3 3
Solution:Gamma 9790N/m forwaterand133100N/m formercuryand(0.827)
3
(9790)8096N/m forMeriamredoil.WorkyourwayaroundfrompointAtopointB:
p A (9790 N/m3 )(H meters) 8096(0.18)
133100(0.18 H 0.35) p B p A 97000.
Solvefor H 0.226m 22.6 cm Ans.
Fig.P2.32
2.33InFig.P2.33thepressureatpointAis25psi.Allfluidsareat20 C.Whatisthe
airpressureintheclosedchamberB?
3 3
Solution:Take9790N/m forwater,8720N/m forSAE30oil,and(1.45)(9790)
3 2
14196N/m forthethirdfluid.ConvertthepressureatAfrom25lbf/in to172400Pa.
ComputehydrostaticallyfrompointAtopointB:
18 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition
Fig.P2.33
pa water (L h h) oil (H h h) p b ,
or: pa pb h water oil Ans.(a)
wherewehaveusedEq.(1)abovetoeliminateHandL.Puttinginnumberstocompare
laterwithpart(b),wehaveph(97908720)1070h,withhinmeters.
Case(b),d0.15D.Herewemustaccountforreservoirvolumechanges.Forarise
2
h h, a volume ( /4)d h of water leaves reservoir (a), decreasing L by
2
h(d/D) ,andanidenticalvolumeofoilentersreservoir(b),increasingHbythe
2
sameamount h(d/D) .Thehydrostaticrelationbetween(a)and(b)becomes,for
thiscase,
whereagainwehaveusedEq.(1)toeliminate HandL.Ifdisnotsmall,thisisa
considerabledifference,withsurprisinglylargeerror.Forthecased0.15D,withwater
andoil,weobtain p h[1.0225(9790) 0.9775(8720)] 1486 hor 39%more
than(a).
2.35Water flows upward in a pipe
slanted at 30, as in Fig. P2.35. The Fig.P2.35
mercurymanometerreadsh12cm.What
is the pressure difference between points
(1)and(2)inthepipe?
2.36InFig.P2.36boththetankandtheslantedtubeareopentotheatmosphere.IfL
2.13m,whatistheangleoftiltofthetube?
Fig.P2.36
Solution:Proceedhydrostaticallyfromtheoilsurfacetotheslantedtubesurface:
pa 0.8(9790)(0.5) 9790(0.5) 9790(2.13sin ) p a ,
or: sin 0.4225, solve 25 Ans.
2.37TheinclinedmanometerinFig.P2.37
contains Meriam red oil, SG 0.827. Fig.P2.37
Assumethereservoirisverylarge.Ifthe
inclinedarmhasgraduations1inchapart,
whatshouldbeifeachgraduationrepre
sents1psfofthepressurepA?
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 21
3
Solution:Thespecificweightoftheoilis(0.827)(62.4)51.6lbf/ft .Ifthereservoir
leveldoesnotchangeandL1inchisthescalemarking,then
lbf lbf 1
p A (gage) 1 2 oil z oil L sin 51.6 3 sin ,
ft
ft ft 12
or: sin 0.2325 or: 13.45 Ans.
P2.38 IfthepressureincontainerA
Fig.P2.38 B
is150kPa,computethepressurein
Water 18cm
containerB. A
Oil,
Solution:Thespecificweightsare SG=0.8
16cm
oil=(0.8)(9790)=7832N/m3,
22cm
Mercury
mercury=133,100N/m3,and
8cm
water=9790N/m3.
Godown16cmfromAtothemercuryinterface,jumpacrossandgoup14cm(22cm
8cm)totherightsidemercuryinterface,andthenup18cmofwatertopointB. Of
course,youcouldalsogostraightdowntothebottomofthetubeandthenacrossandup.
Calculate
2.39InFig.P2.39therightlegofthemanometerisopentotheatmosphere.Findthe
gagepressure,inPa,intheairgapinthetank.Neglectsurfacetension.
Solution:The two 8cm legs of air are negligible (only 2 Pa). Begin at the right
mercuryinterfaceandgototheairgap:
Fig.P2.39
2.40In Fig. P2.40 the pressures at A and B are the same, 100 kPa. If water is
introducedatAtoincrease pA to130kPa,findandsketchthenewpositions ofthe
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 23
mercurymenisci.Theconnectingtubeisauniform1cmindiameter.Assumenochange
intheliquiddensities.
Fig.P2.40
Solution:Since the tube diameter is constant, the volume of mercury will displace a
distancehdowntheleftside,equaltothevolumeincreaseontherightside;hL.Apply
thehydrostaticrelationtothepressurechange,beginningattheright(air/mercury)interface:
p B Hg (L sin h) W (h L sin p with h L
or: 100,000 133100( h)(1 sin15) 9790(h)(1 sin15) p A 130,000Pa
Solvefor h (30,000Pa)/[(133100 9790N/m 2 )(1 sin15)] 0.193 m Ans.
Themercuryintheleft(vertical)legwilldrop19.3cm,themercuryintheright(slanted)
legwillrise19.3cmalongtheslantand5cminverticalelevation.
2.41ThesysteminFig.P2.41isat20C.
Determine the pressure at point A in Fig.P2.41
poundspersquarefoot.
2.42SmallpressuredifferencescanbemeasuredbythetwofluidmanometerinFig.
P2.42,where 2 isonlyslightlylargerthan 1.DeriveaformulaforpA pB ifthe
reservoirsareverylarge.
Solution:ApplythehydrostaticformulafromAtoB:
Fig.P2.42
p A 1gh1 2 gh 1g(h1 h) p B
Solvefor p A pB 2 1 gh Ans.
If(21)isverysmall,hwillbeverylargeforagivenp(asensitivemanometer).
2.43Thetraditionalmethodofmeasuringbloodpressureusesa sphygmomanometer,
firstrecordingthehighest(systolic)andthenthelowest(diastolic)pressurefromwhich
flowing Korotkoff sounds can be heard. Patients with dangerous hypertension can
2 2
exhibitsystolicpressuresashighas5lbf/in .Normallevels,however,are2.7and1.7lbf/in ,
respectively,forsystolicanddiastolicpressures.Themanometerusesmercuryandairas
fluids.(a)Howhighshouldthemanometertubebe?(b)Expressnormalsystolicand
diastolicbloodpressureinmillimetersofmercury.
Solution:(a)Themanometerheightmustbeatleastlargeenoughtoaccommodatethe
2
largestsystolicpressureexpected.Thusapplythehydrostaticrelationusing5lbf/in as
thepressure,
h p B /g (5lbf/in 2 )(6895Pa/lbf/in 2 )/(133100N/m3 ) 0.26m
Somaketheheightabout 30cm Ansa
(b)Convertthesystolicanddiastolicpressuresbydividingthembymercurysspecific
weight.
hsystolic (2.7lbf/in 2 )(144in 2 /ft 2 )/(846lbf/ft 3 ) 0.46ftHg 140mmHg
h diastolic (1.7lbf/in 2 )(144in 2 /ft 2 )/(846lbf/ft 3 ) 0.289ftHg 88mmHg
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 25
Thesystolic/diastolicpressuresarethus140/88mmHg.Ans.(b)
2.44Waterflowsdownwardinapipeat45 ,asshowninFig.P2.44.Themercury
manometerreadsa6inheight.Thepressuredropp2p1ispartlyduetofrictionandpartly
duetogravity.Determinethetotalpressuredropandalsothepartduetofrictiononly.
Whichpartdoesthemanometerread?Why?
Fig.P2.44
Solution:Lethbethedistancedownfrompoint2tothemercurywaterinterfacein
therightleg.Writethehydrostaticformulafrom1to2:
6 6
p1 62.4 5sin 45 h 846 62.4h p 2 ,
12 12
p1 p2 (846 62.4)(6/12) 62.4(5sin 45) 392 221
.... friction loss... .. gravity head..
lbf
171 Ans.
ft 2
2
Themanometerreadsonlythe frictionloss of392lbfft ,notthegravityheadof
221psf.
26 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition
2.45DeterminethegagepressureatpointAinFig.P2.45,inpascals.Isithigherorlower
thanPatmosphere?
3 3
Solution:Take 9790Nm forwaterand133100Nm for mercury. Write the
hydrostaticformulabetweentheatmosphereandpointA:
patm (0.85)(9790)(0.4m)
(133100)(0.15m) (12)(0.30m)
(9790)(0.45m) p A ,
Fig.P2.45
or: p A patm 12200Pa 12200 Pa (vacuum) Ans.
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 27
Solution:Thepressureatthebottomofthe
manometermustbethesameregardlessof
whichlegweapproachthrough,leftorright:
2.47ThecylindricaltankinFig.P2.47
isbeingfilledwith20Cwaterbyapump Fig.P2.47
developing an exit pressureof 175kPa.
Attheinstantshown,theairpressureis
110kPaandH35cm.Thepumpstops
when it can no longer raise the water
pressure.EstimateHatthattime.
Solution:Attheendofpumping,thebottomwaterpressuremustbe175kPa:
pair 9790H 175000
Meanwhile,assumingisothermalaircompression,thefinalairpressureissuchthat
pair Vol old R 2(0.75m) 0.75
110000 Vol new R (1.1m H) 1.1 H
2
whereRisthetankradius.CombiningthesetwogivesaquadraticequationforH:
0.75(110000)
9790H 175000, or H 2 18.98H 11.24 0
1.1 H
ThetworootsareH18.37m(ridiculous)or,properly,H0.612mAns.
28 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition
Air
P2.48ThesysteminFig.P2.49 A
C
(b)Conversely,ifpA=135kPa, z=0
Mercury Water
whatisthelengthL?
Solution: (a)Theverticalelevationofthewatersurfaceintheslantedtubeis(1.2m)
(sin55)=0.983m.Thenthepressureatthe18cmlevelofthewater,pointD,is
N
p D p atm water z 101350 Pa (9790 )(0.983 0.18m) 109200 Pa
m3
GoingupfromDtoCinairisnegligible,lessthan2Pa.Thus pC pD=109200Pa.
GoingdownfrompointCtothelevelofpointBincreasesthepressureinmercury:
N
p B pC mercury z C B 109200 (133100 )(0.32 0.18m) 131800 Pa Ans.( a )
m3
Onceagain,pCpD112400Pa,jumpacrossthewaterandthengouptothesurface:
2.48Conductanexperiment:Placeathinwoodenruleronatablewitha40%
overhang,asshown.Coveritwith2fullsizesheetsofnewspaper.(a)Estimatethetotal
forceontop
ofthenewspaperduetoairpressure.(b)Witheveryoneoutoftheway,perform
akaratechopontheouterendoftheruler.(c)Explaintheresultsinb.
Results:(a)Newsprintisabout27in(0.686m)by22.5in(0.572m).Thustheforceis:
F pA (101325Pa)(0.686m )(0.572m)
39700N! Ans.
Fig.P2.48
(b)Thenewspaperwillholdtheruler,whichwillprobablybreakduetothechop.Ans.
(c)Chopisfast,airdoesnothavetimetorushin,partialvacuumundernewspaper.Ans.
P2.50 Asmallsubmarine,withahatchdoor30inchesindiameter,issubmergedin
seawater.(a)Ifthewaterhydrostaticforceonthehatchis69,000lbf,howdeepisthe
sub?(b)Ifthesubis350ftdeep,whatisthehydrostaticforceonthehatch?
30 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition
Solution:Ineithercase,theforceispCGAhatch.StaywithBGunits.Convert30inches=
2.5ft.Forseawater,=1025kg/m3 515.38=1.99slug/ft3,hence=(1.99)(32.2)=
64.0lbf/ft3.
lbf
(a ) F pcg A ( h) A 69, 000 lbf (64 3
)h (2.5 ft ) 2 ; h 220 ft Ans.(a )
ft 4
lbf
(b) F pcg A ( h) A (64 3 ) (350 ft ) (2.5 ft ) 2 110, 000 lbf Ans.(b)
ft 4
2.51GateABinFig.P2.51is1.2mlong
and 0.8 m into the paper. Neglecting Fig.P2.51
atmosphericpressureeffects,compute the
force F on the gate and its center of
pressurepositionX.
ThelineofactionofFisslightlybelowthecentroidbytheamount
I xx sin (1/12)(0.8)(1.2)3sin 40
y CP 0.0153m
h CG A (5.028)(1.2 0.8)
ThusthepositionofthecenterofpressureisatX0.60.01530.615mAns.
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 31
P2.52 Example2.5calculatedtheforceon
A
plateABanditslineofaction,usingthe
p()
momentofinertiaapproach.Someteachers
sayitismoreinstructivetocalculatethese 6ft
bydirectintegrationofthepressureforces. 8ft
B
UsingFigs.P2.52andE2.5a,(a)findanexpression
Fig.P2.52
forthepressurevariationp()alongtheplate;
(b)integratethispressuretofindthetotalforceF;
(c)integratethemomentsaboutpointAtofindthepositionofthecenterofpressure.
Solution:(a)PointAis9ftdeep,andpointBis15ftdeep,and =64lbf/ft3.ThuspA
=(64lbf/ft3)(9ft)=576lbf/ft2 and pB =(64lbf/ft3)(15ft)=960lbf/ft2. Alongthe10ft
length,pressureincreasesby(960576)/10ft=38.4lbf/ft2/ft.Thusthepressureis
10
F p dA p b d (576 38.4 )(5 ft )d
plate 0
(5)(576 38.4 2
/ 2) |10
0 28800 9600 38,400 lbf Ans.(b)
(c)FindthemomentofthepressureforcesaboutpointAanddividebytheforce:
Thecenterofpressureis5.417ftdowntheplatefromPointA.
10
MA p b dA (576 38.4 )(5 ft )d
plate 0
2.53PanelABCintheslantedsideofa
watertank(shownatright)isanisoceles
trianglewithvertexatAandbaseBC2m.
Findthewaterforceonthepanelandits
lineofaction.
Solution:(a)ThecentroidofABCis23
of the depth down, or 83 m from the
surface.Thepanelareais(12)(2m)(5m)
2
5m .Thewaterforceis
FABC h CG A panel (9790)(2.67m)(5m 2 ) 131, 000 N Ans.(a)
3 4
(b)ThemomentofinertiaofABCis(136)(2m)(5m) 6.94m .FromEq.(2.44),
y CP I xx sin /(h CG A panel ) 6.94 sin (53)/[2.67(5)] 0.417 m Ans.(b)
Thecentroidis5(2/3)=3.33mdownfromAalongthepanel.Thecenterofpressureis
thus(3.33+0.417)=3.75mdownfromA,or1.25mupfromBC.
2.54In Fig. P2.54, the hydrostatic force F is the same on the bottom of all three
containers,eventhoughtheweightsofliquidabovearequitedifferent.Thethreebottom
shapesandthefluidsarethesame.Thisiscalledthehydrostaticparadox.Explainwhyit
istrueandsketchafreebodyofeachoftheliquidcolumns.
Fig.P2.54
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 33
Solution:Thethreefreebodiesareshownbelow.Pressureonthesidewallsbalances
theforces.In(a),downwardsidepressurecomponentshelpaddtoalightW.In(b)side
pressuresarehorizontal.In(c)upwardsidepressurehelpsreduceaheavyW.
2.55GateABinFig.P2.55is5ftwide
intothepaper,hingedatA,andrestrained Fig.P2.55
byastopatB.Compute(a)theforceon
stopB;and(b)thereactionsatAifh9.5
ft.
TheC.P.isbelowthecentroidbytheamount
I xx sin (1/12)(5)(4)3 sin 90
y CP
h CG A (7.5)(20)
0.178ft
Thisisshownonthefreebodyofthegate
atright.WefindforceBx withmoments
aboutA:
M A Bx (4.0) (9360)(2.178) 0,
or: Bx 5100 lbf (toleft) Ans.(a)
ThereactionforcesatAthenfollowfromequilibriumofforces(withzerogateweight):
Fx 0 9360 5100 A x , or: A x 4260lbf (toleft)
Fz 0 A z Wgate A z , or: A z 0lbf Ans.(b)
34 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition
2.56ForthegateofProb.2.55above,stopBbreaksiftheforceonitequals9200lbf.
Forwhatwaterdepthhisthisconditionreached?
Solution:TheformulasmustbewrittenintermsoftheunknowncentroidaldepthhCG:
h CG h 2 F h CG A (62.4)h CG (20) 1248h CG
I XX sin (1/12)(5)(4)3sin 90 1.333
y CP
h CG A h CG (20) h CG
ThenmomentsaboutAforthefreebodyinProb.2.155abovewillyieldtheanswer:
1.333
M A 0 9200(4) (1248h CG ) 2 , or h CG 14.08ft, h 16.08ft Ans.
h CG
2.57ThetankinFig.P2.57is2mwide
into the paper. Neglecting atmospheric Fig.P2.57
pressure, find the resultant hydrostatic
force on panel BC, (a) from a single
formula; (b)bycomputinghorizontaland
vertical forces separately, in the spirit of
curvedsurfaces.
Solution:(a)TheresultantforceF,maybefoundbysimplyapplyingthehydrostatic
relation
F h CG A (9790N/m 3 )(3 1.5m)(5m 2m) 440,550N 441kN Ans.(a)
(b)ThehorizontalforceactsasthoughBCwerevertical,thushCGishalfwaydownfrom
CandactsontheprojectedareaofBC.
FH (9790)(4.5)(3 2) 264,330N 264kN Ans.(b)
TheverticalforceisequaltotheweightoffluidaboveBC,
FV (9790)[(3)(4) (1/2)(4)(3)](2) 352,440 352kN Ans.(b)
2 2 1/2
Theresultantisthesameaspart(a):F[(264) (352) ] 441kN.
2.58InFig.P2.58,weightlesscovergateABclosesacircularopening80cmindiameter
whenweigheddownbythe200kgmassshown.Whatwaterlevelhwilldislodgethegate?
Solution:Thecentroidaldepthisexactly
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 35
Fig.P2.58
equaltohandforceFwillbeupwardonthegate.DislodgingoccurswhenFequalsthe
weight:
F h CG A gate (9790N/m 3 )h(0.8m) 2 W (200)(9.81)N
4
Solvefor h 0.40 m Ans.
2.59GateABhaslengthL,widthbinto
the paper, is hinged at B, and has
negligible weight. The liquid level h
remainsatthetopofthegateforanyangle
.Findananalyticexpressionfortheforce
P,perpendiculartoAB,requiredtokeep
thegateinequilibrium.
Solution:Thecentroidofthegateremains
atdistanceL2fromAanddepthh2below
thesurface.Forany,then,thehydrostaticforceisF (h2)Lb.Themomentofinertia
3 3
of the gate is (112)bL , hence yCP (112)bL sin[(h2)Lb], and the center of
pressureis(L2yCP)frompointB.SummingmomentsabouthingeByields
PL F(L/2 yCP ), or: P = (hb/4)[L - L2 sin /(3h)] Ans.
P2.60 Determinethewaterhydrostatic
Fig. P2.60
forceononesideoftheverticalequilateral 20cm
B C
trianglepanelBCDinFig..P2.60.Neglect
CG
37
36 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition
atmosphericpressure.
F 40cm
Solution:PythagorassaysthatthelengthsofDC,
53
BC,andBDareall50cm.Thecentroidofthepanel
D 30cm
wouldliealongthebisectorBF,whoselengthis50sin60=43.3cm.
TheCGwouldbe1/3ofthewayfromFtoB,or14.4cmawayfromF.TheCGwould
be14.4sin37=8.66cmverticallyaboveF,andFis20cmabovethebottom.Thusthe
CGis60cm20cm8.66cm=31.34cmbelow thesurfaceofthewater. The
hydrostaticforceis
2.61GateABinFig.P2.61isahomogeneousmassof180kg,1.2mwideintothe
paper,restingonsmoothbottomB.Allfluidsareat20C.Forwhatwaterdepthhwill
theforceatpointBbezero?
3 3
Solution:Let12360Nm forglycerinand9790Nm forwater.Thecentroidof
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 37
Fig.P2.61
ABis0.433mverticallybelowA,sohCG
2.0 0.433 1.567 m, and we may
compute theglycerinforceanditslineof
action:
Fg hA (12360)(1.567)(1.2) 23242N
(1/12)(1.2)(1)3sin 60
y CP,g 0.0461m
(1.567)(1.2)
Theseareshownonthefreebodyatright.
Thewaterforceanditslineofactionare
shown without numbers, because they
depend upon the centroidal depth on the
waterside:
Fw (9790)h CG (1.2)
Theweightofthegate,W180(9.81)1766N,actsatthecentroid,asshownabove.
SincetheforceatBequalszero,wemaysummomentscounterclockwiseaboutAtofind
thewaterdepth:
M A 0 (23242)(0.5461) (1766)(0.5cos60)
(9790)h CG (1.2)(0.5 0.0722/h CG )
2.62GateABinFig.P2.62is15ftlongand8ftwideintothepaper,hingedatB
withastopatA.Thegateis1inthicksteel,SG 7.85.Computethe20Cwater
levelhforwhichthegatewillstarttofall.
Solution:Onlythelength(hcsc60)ofthegateliesbelowthewater.Onlythispart
38 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition
Fig.P2.62
contributestothehydrostaticforceshowninthefreebodyatright:
h
F h CG A (62.4) (8h csc 60)
2
288.2h 2 (lbf)
(1/12)(8)(h csc 60)3sin 60
y CP
(h/2)(8h csc 60)
h
csc 60
6
3
Theweightofthegateis(7.85)(62.4lbf/ft )(15ft)(1/12ft)(8ft)4898lbf.Thisweight
acts downward at the CG of the full gate as shown (not the CG of the submerged
portion).Thus,Wis7.5ftabovepointBandhasmomentarm(7.5cos60ft)aboutB.
WearenowinapositiontofindhbysummingmomentsaboutthehingelineB:
2.63ThetankinFig.P2.63hasa4cm 20Cfluids,whatwillbethereadinghon
diameter plug which will pop out if the themanometerwhenthishappens?
hydrostaticforceonitreaches25N.For
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 39
Solution:Thewaterdepthwhentheplug
popsoutis Fig.P2.63
(0.04)2
F 25N h CG A (9790)h CG
or h 2.032m 4
CG
Itmakeslittlenumericaldifference,butthemercurywaterinterfaceisalittledeeperthan
this,bytheamount(0.02sin50)ofplugdepth,plus2cmoftubelength.Thus
patm (9790)(2.032 0.02 sin 50 0.02) (133100)h patm ,
or: h 0.152 m Ans.
2.64GateABCinFig.P2.64hasafixed
hingeatBandis2mwideintothepaper. Fig.P2.64
Ifthewaterlevelishighenough,thegate
willopen.Computethedepth h forwhich
thishappens.
Solution:Let H (h 1meter)bethe
depthdowntothelevelAB.Theforceson
ABandBCareshowninthefreebodyat
right.ThemomentsoftheseforcesaboutB
areequalwhenthegateopens:
M B 0 H(0.2)b(0.1)
H H
(Hb)
2 3
or: H 0.346m,
h H 1 1.346 m Ans.
Thissolutionisindependentofboththewater
densityandthegatewidthbintothepaper.
Solution:Thecentroid ofasemicircle
is at4R/3 1.273moffthebottom,as
shownin the sketch at right. Thus it is
3.01.2731.727mdownfromtheforce
P.ThewaterforceFis
F h CG A (9790)(5.0 1.727) (3)2
2
931000N
ThelineofactionofFliesbelowtheCG:
I xx sin (0.10976)(3)4 sin 90
y CP 0.0935m
h CG A (5 1.727)( /2)(3)2
ThensummingmomentsaboutByieldsthepropersupportforceP:
M B 0 (931000)(1.273 0.0935) 3P, or: P 366000N Ans.
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 41
Solution:ThecentroidofsurfaceABis
40mdeep,andthetotalforceonABis
F h CG A (9790)(40)(100 30)
1.175E9N
Thelineofactionofthisforceistwothirds
of the way down along AB, or 66.67 m
fromA.Thisisseeneitherbyinspection
(A is at the surface) or by the usual
formula:
I xx sin (1/12)(30)(100)3sin(53.13)
y CP 16.67m
h CG A (40)(30 100)
tobeaddedtothe50mdistancefromAtothecentroid,or5016.6766.67m.As
showninthefigure,thelineofactionofFis2.67mtotheleftofalineupfromCnormal
toAB.ThemomentofFaboutCisthus
MC FL (1.175E9)(66.67 64.0) 3.13E9N m Ans.
Thismomentiscounterclockwise,henceitcannottipoverthedam.Iftherewereseepage
underthedam,themainsupportforceatthebottomofthedamwouldshifttotheleftof
pointCandmightindeedcausethedamtotipover.
Solution:Thegateis2.0/sin50 2.611
mlongfromAtoBanditsareais1.3054
2
m .Itscentroidis1/3ofthewaydownfrom
A,sothecentroidaldepthis3.00.667m.
Theforceonthegateis
F h CG A (0.83)(9790)(3.667)(1.3054)
38894N
The position of this force is below the
centroid:
I xx sin
y CP
h A
(1/CG36)(1.0)(2.611)3sin 50
0.0791m
(3.667)(1.3054)
Theforceanditspositionareshowninthefreebodyatupperright.Thegateweightof
1500Nisassumedatthecentroidoftheplate,withmomentarm0.559metersaboutpointA.
SummingmomentsaboutpointAgivestherequiredforceP:
M A 0 P(2.0) 1500(0.559) 38894(0.870 0.0791),
Solvefor P 18040N Ans.
44 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition
P2.69 ConsidertheslantedplateABof
lengthLinFig.P2.69.(a)Isthehydrostatic
F B
forceFontheplateequaltotheweight
Water,specificweight
ofthemissingwaterabovetheplate?Ifnot,
Fig.P2.69
correctthishypothesis.Neglecttheatmosphere.
(b)Canamissingwaterapproachbegeneralizedtocurvedplatesofthistype?
Solution: (a) The actual force F equals the pressure at the centroid times the plate area:
But the weight of the missing water is
L sin 2
F pCG A plate hCG L b Lb L b sin
2 2
1 2
Wmissing missing [ ( L sin ) ( L cos ) b] L b sin cos
2 2
Whythediscrepancy?Becausetheactualplateforceisnotvertical.Itsverticalcomponent
is F cos = Wmissing. Themissingwaterweightequalsthe vertical componentofthe
force.Ans.(a)Thissameapproachappliestocurvedplateswithmissingwater.Ans.(b)
P2.70 Theswingcheckvalvein
Air
Fig.P2.70coversa22.86cmdiameter
openingintheslantedwall.Thehinge 15cm h
hinge
is15cmfromthecenterline,asshown.
60 Waterat20C
Thevalvewillopenwhenthehinge
Fig.P2.70
momentis50Nm.Findthevalueof
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 45
hforthewatertocausethiscondition.
Solution:Forwater,take=9790N/m3.Thehydrostaticforceonthevalveis
N
F pCG A h ( ) R 2 (9790 3
) h ( )(0.1143m) 2 401.8 h
m
Thecenterofpressureisslightlybelowthecenterlinebyanamount
0.00653
M hinge F l (401.8 h)(0.15 ) 50 N m
h
Solve for h 0.79 m Ans.
SinceyCPissosmall(2mm),youdontreallyneedEES.Justiterateonceortwice.
2.71InFig.P2.71gateABis3mwide
intothepaperandis connected byarod Fig.P2.71
and pulley to a concrete sphere (SG
2.40).Whatspherediameterisjustrightto
closethegate?
Solution:The centroid of AB is 10 m
downfromthesurface,hencethehydrostatic
forceis
F h CG A (9790)(10)(4 3)
1.175E6N
(1/12)(3)(4)3sin 90
y CP 0.133m
(10)(12)
SummomentsaboutBinthefreebodyat
righttofindthepulleyforceorweightW:
Setthisvalueequaltotheweightofasolidconcretesphere:
3
W 121800N concrete D (2.4)(9790) D3 , or: Dsphere 2.15 m Ans.
6 6
Solution:Theminimumheightneededto
openthegatecanbeassessedbycalculating
thehydrostaticforceoneachsideofthegate
andequatingmomentsaboutthehinge.The
Fig.P2.72
Sincetheairpressureisuniform,Fairactsatthecentroidofthegate,or15cmbelowthe
hinge.Theforceimpartedbythewaterissimplythehydrostaticforce,
Fw ( h CG A)w (9790N/m 3 )(h 0.15m)(0.3m)(0.6m) 1762.2h 264.3
Thisforcehasacenterofpressureat,
Summomentsaboutthehingeandsetequaltozerotofindtheminimumheight:
M hinge 0 (1762.2h 264.3)[0.15 (0.0075/(h 0.15))] (1800)(0.15)
Thisisquadraticinh,butletssimplysolvebyiteration:h1.12mAns.
2.73WeightlessgateABis5ftwideinto
thepaperandopenstoletfreshwaterout Fig.P2.73
whentheoceantideisfalling.Thehingeat
Ais2ftabovethefreshwaterlevel.Findh
whenthegateopens.
Solution:Therearetwodifferenthydro
static forces and two different lines of
action.Onthewaterside,
Fw h CG A (62.4)(5)(10 5) 15600lbf
positionedat3.33ftabovepointB.Inthe
seawater,
h
Fs (1.025 62.4) (5h)
2
2
positioned at159.9h (lbf) point B. Summing moments about hinge point A gives the
h/3 above
desiredseawaterdepthh:
2.74Findtheheight H inFig.P2.74for
which the hydrostatic force on the rect Fig.P2.74
angularpanelisthesameastheforceon
thesemicircularpanelbelow.
Solution:Findtheforceoneachpaneland
setthemequal:
Frect h CG A rect (H/2)[(2R)(H)] RH 2
Fsemi h CG Asemi (H 4R/3
2
)[( /2)R22 ] 3 2 2
Setthemequal,cancel RH ( /2)R H2R /3,or:H ( /2)RH2R /30
Fig.P2.75
Solution:ConvertthecapforcetoSIunits:22lbfx4.4482=97.9N.
Thenthedislodging:pressurejustundercapBwillbe
F 97.9 N
pB 49,800 Pa ( gage)
Atube ( / 4)(0.05 m) 2
BeginatpointB,godownandaroundthetwofluidstothesurfaceofthetank:
N N N
49800 Pa (0.8)(9790 3
)(1 m) (9790 3
)(2 m) (9790 )( h) psurface 0 ( gage)
m m m3
77250 Pa
Solve for h 7.89 m Ans.
9790 N / m3
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 49
2.76PanelBCinFig.P2.76iscircular.Compute(a)thehydrostaticforceofthe
wateronthepanel;(b)itscenterofpressure;and(c)themomentofthisforceabout
pointB.
Solution:(a)Thehydrostaticforceonthe Fig.P2.76
gateis:
F h CG A
(9790N/m 3 )(4.5m)sin 50( )(1.5m)2
239kN Ans.(a)
(b)Thecenterofpressureoftheforceis:
4
r sin
I xx sin 4
yCP
hCG A 4 hCG A
(1.5) sin 50
4 0.125 m Ans.(b)
(4.5 sin 50)( )(1.52 )
Thusyis1.625mdownalongthepanelfromB(or0.125mdownfromthecenterof
thecircle).
(c)ThemomentaboutBduetothehydrostaticforceis,
M B (238550N)(1.625m) 387,600N m 388kN m Ans.(c)
I xx sin ( /4)(1)4sin 90
y CP 0.03125m
h CG A (8)( )
SummingmomentsaboutBgivesP(1m)(246050)(0.03125m),orP7690NAns.
_______________________________________________________________________
P2.78PanelsABandCDareeach
30cm
120cmwideintothepaper.(a)Can
40cm water
D
youdeduce,byinspection,which A
panelhasthelargerwaterforce? 50cm
40cm
(b)Evenifyourdeductionisbrilliant, 40 B C 50
calculatethepanelforcesanyway.
Fig.P2.78
Solution: (a) The writer is unable to deduce by inspection which panel force is larger.
CD is longer than AB, but its centroid is not as deep. If you have a great insight, let me
know.
N
FAB hAB AAB (9790 )(0.6m)(0.6223m)(1.2m) 4390 N
m3
N
FCD hCD ACD (9790 )(0.55m)(0.6527 m)(1.2m) 4220 N Ans.(b)
m3
It turns out that panel AB has the larger force, but it is only 4 percent larger.
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 51
I xx sin
y CP
h CG A
(1/12)(1m)(1m)3sin 90
0.1m,
or: h 2 )0.5 0.833m, or: h 0.333m
(h 0.5m)(1m Ans.
Indeed,thisresultisindependentoftheliquiddensity.
52 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition
*P2.80Aconcretedam(SG=2.5)ismade
intheshapeofanisoscelestriangle,asin
h
Fig.P2.80.Analyzethisgeometrytofind L
F
therangeofanglesforwhichthe W
hydrostaticforcewilltendtotipthedam B
overatpointB.Thewidthintothepaperisb. l
Evaluatethetwoforcesandthentheirmoments:
h h h
F b ; W SG dam SG h b
2 sin tan
h2 b h 2h cos SG h 2 b h
M B ( ) ( ) clockwise
2 sin 3 sin tan tan tan
Whenthemomentisnegative(small,thedamisstable,itwillnottipover.Themoment
iszero,forSG=2.5,at=77.4.Thustippingispossibleintherange >77.4.Ans.
NOTE:Thisanswerisindependentofthenumericalvaluesofh,g,orbbutrequiresSG=2.5.
P2.81 ForthesemicircularcylinderCDEinEx.2.9,findtheverticalhydrostaticforceby
integratingtheverticalcomponentofpressurearoundthesurfacefrom=0to=.
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 53
Solution:Asketchisrepeatedhere.Atanyposition,
A
asinFig.P2.81,theverticalcomponentofpressureis
h
pcos. Thedepthdowntothispointish+R(1cos),
C p
andthelocalpressureistimesthisdepth. Thus
R
F p cos dA [h R(1 cos )] (cos ) [b R d ] D
0
bR (h R ) cos d bR 2 cos
2
d 0 bR 2
0 0
2 Fig.P2.81
E
2
Rewrite : Fdown R b Ans.
2
ThenegativesignoccursbecausethesignconventionfordFwasadownwardforce.
__________________________________________________________________________
2.82ThedaminFig.P2.82isaquartercircle50mwideintothepaper.Determinethe
horizontalandverticalcomponentsofhydrostaticforceagainstthedamandthepointCP
wheretheresultantstrikesthedam.
Solution:Thehorizontalforceactsasifthedamwereverticaland20mhigh:
FH h CG A vert
(9790N/m 3 )(10m)(20 50m 2 )
97.9 MN Ans.
Fig.P2.82
54 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition
Thisforceacts2/3ofthewaydownor13.33mfromthesurface,asinthefigure.The
verticalforceistheweightofthefluidabovethedam:
FV (Vol)dam (9790N/m 3 ) (20m)2 (50m) 153.8MN Ans.
4
Thisverticalcomponentactsthroughthecentroidofthewaterabovethedam,or4R/3
4(20 m)/3 8.49 m tothe right ofpoint A, as shown in the figure. The resultant
2 2
hydrostaticforceisF [(97.9MN) (153.8MN) ]1/2182.3MNactingdownatan
angleof32.5fromthevertical.ThelineofactionofFstrikesthecirculararcdamABat
thecenterofpressureCP,whichis10.74mtotherightand3.13mupfrompointA,as
showninthefigure.Ans.
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 55
2.83Gate AB is a quartercircle 10 ft
wideandhingedatB.FindtheforceFjust Fig.P2.83
sufficient to keep the gate from opening.
Thegateisuniformandweighs3000lbf.
Theverticalforceequalstheweightofthe
missingpieceofwaterabovethegate,as
shownbelow.
Thelineofactionxforthis8570lbfforceisfoundbysummingmomentsfromabove:
Finally,thereisthe3000lbfgateweightW,whosecentroidis2R/ 5.093ftfrom
forceF,or8.05.0932.907ftfrompointB.ThenwemaysummomentsabouthingeB
to find the force F, using the freebody of the gate as sketched at the topright of
thispage:
Fig.P2.84
40cm B
Solution:(b)Thehorizontalforceiscalculatedfromtheverticalprojectionofthepanel
(frompointAdowntothebottom). Thisisarectangle,75cmby150cm,andits
centroidis37.5cmbelowA,or(25+37.5)=62.5cmbelowthesurface.Thus
N
FH pCG , H A projected [9790 (0.625m)][0.75m(1.50m)] 6880 N Ans.(b)
m3
(a)Theverticalforceistheweightofwaterabovethepanel.Thisisintwoparts(1)the
weightoftherectangularportionabovethelineAC;and(2)thelittlecurvypieceabove
theparabolaandbelowlineAC.RecallfromEx.2.8thattheareaunderaparabolais
twothirds of the enclosed rectangle, so that little curvy piece is onethird of the
rectangle.Thus,finally,
1
F V (9790)(0.25)(0.4)(1.5) (9790)( )(0.75)(0.4)(1.5)
3
1469 N 1469 N 2940 N Ans.(a )
2.85Computethehorizontalandverticalcomponentsofthehydrostaticforceonthe
quartercirclepanelatthebottomofthewatertankinFig.P2.85.
Solution:Thehorizontalcomponentis
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 57
FH h CG A vert (9790)(6)(2 6)
705000N Ans.(a)
Fig.P2.85
Theverticalcomponentistheweightofthefluidabovethequartercirclepanel:
FV W(2by7rectangle) W(quartercircle)
(9790)(2 7 6) (9790)( /4)(2)2 (6)
822360 184537 638000N Ans.(b)
Thisforceacts2/3ofthewaydownor1.333mdownfromthesurface(0.667m
upfrom C).Thevertical forceis the weight ofthequartercircle ofwater above
gateBC:
FV (Vol)water (9790N/m 3 )[( /4)(2m)2 (3m)] 92,270N
FVactsdownat(4R/3 )0.849mtotheleftofC.Summomentsclockwiseabout
pointC:
Solution:First,fromthemanometer,com
putethegagepressureatsectionAAinthe
champagne6inchesabovethebottom:
2 4
p AA (0.96 62.4) ft (13.56 62.4) ft patmosphere 0 (gage),
12 12
or: PAA 272lbf/ft 2 (gage)
Thentheforceonthebottomendcapisverticalonly(duetosymmetry)andequalsthe
forceatsectionAAplustheweightofthechampagnebelowAA:
Theverticalforceisupwardandequaltothe goodhandbookwillgiveyouthegeometric
weightofthemissingwaterinthesegment properties of a circular segment, and you
ABCshownshadedbelow.Referencetoa may compute that the segment area is
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 59
2
3.261m anditscentroidis5.5196mfrom
pointO,or0.3235mfromverticallineAC,
asshowninthefigure.Thevertical(upward)
hydrostaticforceongateABCisthus
FV A ABC(unitwidth) (9790)(3.2611)
31926N at0.4804mfromB
N
FV (0.6)2 (1.0)(881)(9.81) (200,000)(0.6)(1.0) 122400 Ans.
4 m
Mostofthis(120,000N/m)isduetotheairpressure,whoselineofactionisinthe
middleofthehorizontallinethroughB.Theverticalbenzeneforceis2400N/mandhas
alineofaction(seeFig.2.13ofthetext)at4R/(3)25.5cmtotherightorA.
ThemomentofthesetwoforcesaboutAmustequaltomomentofthecombined
(122,400N/m)forcetimesadistanceXtotherightofA:
Theverticalforceis122400N/m(down),actingat29.9cmtotherightofA.
60 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition
P2.90 ThetankinFig.P2.90is120cm
longintothepaper.Determinethe
Missing
horizontalandverticalhydrostatic 150cm water
forcesonthequartercirclepanelAB. A
Thefluidiswaterat20C. 75cm
B
Neglectatmosphericpressure.
40cm
Fig.P2.90
Solution:Forwaterat20C,take=9790N/m . 3
TheverticalforceonABistheweightofthemissingwateraboveABseethedashed
linesinFig.P2.90.Calculatethisasarectangleplusasquareminusaquartercircle:
ThehorizontalforceiscalculatedfromtheverticalprojectionofpanelAB:
N 0.75
FH pCG h A projection (9790 3
)(1.5 m)(0.75m)(1.2m) 16,500 N (horizontal force )
m 2
2.91ThehemisphericaldomeinFig.P2.91weighs30kNandisfilledwithwaterand
attached to the floor by six equallyspaced bolts. What is the force in each bolt
requiredtoholdthedomedown?
Fig.P2.91
2.92A4mdiameterwatertankconsists
of two halfcylinders, each weighing Fig.P2.92
4.5kN/m,boltedtogetherasinFig.P2.92.
Iftheendcapsareneglected,computethe
forceineachbolt.
p1 h (9790)(4) 39160Pa
62 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition
Thensummationofverticalforcesonthis
25cmwidefreebodygives
Fz 0 p1A1 Wwater Wtank 2Fbolt
2.93InFig.P2.93aonequadrantspherical
shellofradiusRissubmergedinliquidof Fig.P2.93
specificweightanddepthhR.Derivean
analytic expression for the hydrodynamic
forceFontheshellanditslineofaction.
Solution:Thetwohorizontalcomponents
areidenticalinmagnitudeandequaltothe
forceonthequartercirclesidepanels,whose
centroidsare(4R/3)abovethebottom:
4R
Horizontalcomponents: Fx Fy h CG A vert h R 2
3 4
Similarly,theverticalcomponentistheweightofthefluidabovethesphericalsurface:
2 14 3 2R
Fz Wcylinder Wsphere R h R R 2 h
4 83 4 3
Thereisnoneedtofindthe(complicated)centersofpressureforthesethreecomponents,
forweknowthattheresultantonasphericalsurfacemustpassthroughthecenter.Thus
1/2 2 1/2
F Fx2 Fy2 Fz2 R (h 2R/3)2 2(h 4R/3 )2 Ans.
4
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 63
P2.94 Findananalyticformulafortheverticalandhorizontalforcesoneachofthe
semicircularpanelsABinFig.P2.94.Thewidthintothepaperisb.Whichforceis
larger?Why?
h h
d/2
A A
d + d +
B B
Fig.P2.94
Solution: It looks deceiving, since the bulging panel on the right has more water
nearby,butthesetwoforcesarethesame,exceptfortheirdirection.Theleftsidefigure
isthesameasExample2.9,anditsverticalforceis up.Therightsidefigurehasthe
sameverticalforce,butitisdown.Bothverticalforcesequaltheweightofwaterinside,
ordisplacedby,thehalfcylinderAB. Theirhorizontalforcesequaltheforceonthe
projectedplaneAB.
d
FH pCG , AB Aprojected [ g (h )] (b d ) Ans.
2
d
FV g half cylinder g [ ( )2 b] Ans.
2 2
64 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition
2.95The uniform bodyAin thefigure has width b intothe paper andis instatic
equilibriumwhenpivotedabouthingeO.Whatisthespecificgravityofthisbodywhen
(a)h0;and(b)hR?
Solution:Thewatercausesahorizontalandaverticalforceonthebody,asshown:
R R
FH Rb at above O,
2 3
2 4R
FV R b at to the left of O
4 3
ThesemustbalancethemomentofthebodyweightWaboutO:
R2b R R 2 b 4 R s R 2 b 4 R R
MO s Rhb 0
2 3 4 3 4 3 2
1
s 2 h
Solve for: SGbody Ans.
3 R
Forh0,SG3/2Ans.(a).ForhR,SG3/5Ans.(b).
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 65
Solution:Thehorizontalforceis,
FH h CG A h
(9790N/m 3 )[2 0.5(3sin 60)m]
Fig.P2.96
[(3sin 60)m(4m)]
335,650N
Theverticalcomponentequalstheweight
ofwaterabovethegate,whichisthesum
oftherectangularpieceaboveBC,andthe
curvytriangularpieceofwaterjustabove
arc BCsee figure at right. (The curvy
Theresultantforceisthus,
ThisresultantforceactsalongalinewhichpassesthroughpointOat
P2.97 Thecontractorranoutofgunite
mixtureandfinishedthedeepcorner,ofa
5mwideswimmingpool,withaquartercircle 2m water
pieceofPVCpipe,labeledABin Fig.P2.97
A
Fig.P2.97.Computethe(a)horizontaland 1m
B
(b)verticalwaterforcesonthecurvedpanelAB.
Solution:Forwatertake=9790N/m3.(a)Thehorizontalforcerelatestothevertical
projectionofthecurvedpanelAB:
N
FH , AB hCG Aprojected (9790 )(2.5 m)[(1m)(5m)] 122, 000 N Ans.( a)
m3
(b) TheverticalforceistheweightofwaterabovepanelAB:
N
FV (9790 3
)[(2m)(1m) (1 m) 2 ](5 m) 136, 000 N Ans.(b)
m 4
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 67
2.98GateABCinFig.P2.98isaquarter
circle8ftwideintothepaper.Computethe Fig.P2.98
horizontal and vertical hydrostatic forces
on the gate and the line of action ofthe
resultantforce.
Solution:Thehorizontalforceis
Fh h CG A h (62.4)(2.828)(5.657 8)
7987lbf
locatedat
(1/12)(8)(5.657)3
y cp 0.943ft
(2.828)(5.657 8)
AreaABC ( /4)(4)2 (4 sin 45)2
2
4.566ft
Thus F Volv (62.4)(8)(4.566) 2280lbf
ABC
Theresultantisfoundtobe
FR [(7987)2 (2280)2 ]1/2 8300lbf actingat 15.9throughthecenterO. Ans.
P2.99 Themegamagnumcylinderin
Air
ispressurizedwithairto75kPa(gage). Water
20ft
Determine(a)thehorizontaland(b)thevertical
hydrostaticforcesonthehemisphere,inlbf.
12ft
Solution:SincetheproblemasksforBGunits,
Fig.P2.99
68 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition
converttheairpressuretoBG:75,000Pa47.88=1566lbf/ft2.
(a)Bysymmetry,thenethorizontalforceonthehemisphereiszero.Ans.(a)
(b)Theverticalforceisthesumoftheairpressuretermplustheweightofthewater
above:
2.100Pressurizedwaterfillsthetankin
Fig.P2.100.Computethehydrostaticforce Fig.P2.100
ontheconicalsurfaceABC.
FV Volabove
2 1 2
(9790) (2) (8.32) (2) (4)
4 34
297, 000N Ans.
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 69
P2.101 TheclosedlayeredboxinFig.P2.101
Air
60cm 30cm
hassquarehorizontalcrosssectionseverywhere.
SAE30Woil
80cm
Allfluidsareat20C.Estimatethe
A
gagepressureoftheairif(a)the 90cm Water
hydrostaticforceonpanelABis48kN; C B
160cm
orif(b)thehydrostaticforceonthe Fig.P2.101
bottom panel BC is 97 kN.
_______________________________________________________________________
_
70 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition
2.102Acubicaltankis3 3 3mandislayeredwith1meteroffluidofspecific
gravity1.0,1meteroffluidwithSG0.9,and1meteroffluidwithSG0.8.Neglect
atmosphericpressure.Find(a)thehydrostaticforceonthebottom;and(b)theforceona
sidepanel.
Solution:(a)Theforceonthebottomisthebottompressuretimesthebottomarea:
Fbot p bot A bot (9790N/m 3 )[(08 1m) (09 1m) (10 1m)](3m)2
238, 000 N Ans.(a)
(b)Thehydrostaticforceonthesidepanelisthesumoftheforcesduetoeachlayer:
2.103Asolidblock,ofspecificgravity0.9,floatssuchthat75%ofitsvolumeisin
waterand25%ofitsvolumeisinfluidX,whichislayeredabovethewater.Whatisthe
specificgravityoffluidX?
Solution:Theblockissketchedbelow.AforcebalanceisW=B,or
2.104The can in Fig. P2.104 floats in the position shown. What is its weight in
newtons?
Solution:Thecanweightsimplyequalstheweightofthedisplacedwater(neglecting
theairabove):
Fig.P2.104
W displaced (9790) (0.09m)2 (0.08m) 5.0N Ans.
4
2.105Archimedes, when asked by King Hiero if the new crown was pure gold
(SG19.3),foundthecrownweightinairtobe11.8Nandinwatertobe10.9N.Was
itgold?
Solution:Thebuoyancyisthedifferencebetweenairweightandunderwaterweight:
B Wair Wwater 11.8 10.9 0.9N watercrown
2.106Asphericalheliumballoonis2.5mindiameterandhasatotalmassof6.7kg.
WhenreleasedintotheU.S.StandardAtmosphere,atwhataltitudewillitsettle?
Solution:Thealtitudecanbedeterminedbycalculatingtheairdensitytoprovidethe
properbuoyancyandthenusingTableA.3tofindthealtitudeassociatedwiththisdensity:
air m balloon /Volsphere (6.7 kg)/[ (2.5m 3 )/6] 0.819kg/m 3
3
FromTableA.3,atmosphericairhas0.819kg/m atanaltitudeofabout4000m.Ans.
h h
M B 0 6310(15) (288.2h 2 ) csc 60 csc 60 4898(7.5cos 60)
2 6
or: h 3 76280/110.9 688, or: h 8.83ft Ans.
2.108A7cmdiametersolidaluminum
2pulleys
ball(SG=2.7)andasolidbrassball(SG=8.5) + +
balancenicelywhensubmergedinaliquid,as
inFig.P2.108.(a)Ifthefluidiswaterat20C,
brass
aluminum
whatisthediameterofthebrassball?(b)Ifthe D=7cm
brassballhasadiameterof3.8cm,whatisthe Fig.P2.108
density of the fluid?
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 73
Solution: For water, take = 9790 N/m3. If they balance, net weights are equal:
3 3
( SGalum SG fluid ) water Dalum ( SGbrass SG fluid ) water Dbrass
6 6
We can cancel water and (/6). (a) For water, SGfluid = 1, and we obtain
P2.110 Asolidsphere,ofdiameter18cm,floatsin20Cwaterwith1,527cubic
centimetersexposedabovethesurface.(a)Whataretheweightandspecificgravityof
thissphere?(b)Willitfloatin20Cgasoline?Ifso,howmanycubiccentimeterswill
beexposed?
Solution:Thetotalvolumeofthesphereis(/6)(18cm)3=3054cm3.Subtracttheexposed
portiontofindthesubmergedvolume=30541527=1527cm3.Thereforethesphereis
floatingexactlyhalfinandhalfoutofthewater.(a)Itsweightandspecificgravityare
kg m
Wsphere water g submerged (998 3
)(9.81 2
)(1527 E 6 m3 ) 14.95 N Ans.(a )
m s
Wsphere 14.95 kg 499
sphere 499 3 , SGsphere 0.50 Ans.(a )
g sphere (9.81)(3054 E 6) m 1000
(b)FromTableA.3,gasoline=680kg/m3>sphere.Thereforeitfloatsingasoline.Ans.(b)
(c)Neglectingairbuoyancyontheexposedpart,wecomputethefractionofsphere
volumethatisexposedtobe(680499kg/m3)/(680kg/m3)=0.266or26.6%.The
volumeexposedis
exp osed 0.266 sphere 0.266 (3054 cm3 ) 813 cm3 Ans.(c)
Checkbuoyancy:thesubmergedvolume,2241cm3,timesgasolinespecificweight=14.95N.
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 75
2.111Ahotairballoonmustsupportitsownweightplusapersonforatotalweightof
2
1300 N. The balloon material has a mass of 60 g/m . Ambient air is at 25C and
1atm.Thehotairinsidetheballoonisat70Cand1atm.Whatdiameterspherical
balloonwilljustsupporttheweight?Neglectthesizeofthehotairinletvent.
Solution:Thebuoyancyisduetothedifferencebetweenhotandcoldairdensity:
p 101350 kg 101350 kg
cold 1.185 3 ; hot 1.030 3
RTcold (287)(273 25) m 287(273 70) m
Thebuoyantforcemustbalancetheknownpayloadof1300N:
3
W 1300N gVol (1.185 1.030)(9.81) D ,
6
Solvefor D3 1628 or D balloon 11.8m Ans.
Checktomakesuretheballoonmaterialisnotexcessivelyheavy:
W(balloon) (0.06kg/m 2 )(9.81m/s2 )( )(11.8m)2 256N OK, only20%ofWtotal .
_______________________________________________________________________
2.112Theuniform5mlongwoodenrodinthefigureistiedtothebottombyastring.
Determine (a)the stringtension; and(b)the specific gravity ofthewood.Is italso
possibletodeterminetheinclinationangle?
Fig.P2.112
Solution:Therodweightactsatthemiddle,2.5mfrompointC,whilethebuoyancyis
2mfromC.SummingmomentsaboutCgives
MC 0 W(2.5sin ) B(2.0 sin ), or W 0.8B
But B (9790)( /4)(0.08m)2 (4m) 196.8N.
Thus W 0.8B 157.5N SG(9790)( /4)(0.08)2 (5m), or: SG 0.64 Ans.(b)
Summationofverticalforcesyields
Stringtension T B W 196.8 157.5 39 N Ans.(a)
,whichcancelsoutofthemomentbalance.
Theseresultsareindependentoftheangle
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 77
Solution:Therelevantvolumesneededare
2 2 Wsteel
Sparvolume (10) 0.278 ft 3 ; Steelvolume
12 12 7.85(62.4)
2 2 3
Immersedsparvolume (8.5) 0.236ft
12 12
Theverticalforcebalanceis:buoyancyBWwoodWsteel,
Wsteel
or: 1.025(62.4) 0.236 0.6(62.4)(0.278) Wsteel
7.85(62.4)
or: 15.09 0.1306Wsteel 10.40 Wsteel , solvefor Wsteel 5.4 lbf Ans.
Theangledropsout!Therodisneutrallystableforanytiltangle!Ans.(b)
2.115The2inchby2inchby12ftspar
buoyfromFig.P2.113has5lbmofsteel
attachedandhasgoneagroundonarock.If
the rock exerts no moments on the spar,
computetheangleofinclination.
Solution:Letbethesubmergedlength
ofspar.Therelevantforcesare:
2 2
Wwood (0.6)(64.0) (12) 12.8lbf at distance 6 sin to the right of A
12 12
2 2
Buoyancy (64.0) 1.778 at distance sin to the right of A
12 12
2
ThesteelforceactsrightthroughA.TakemomentsaboutA:
M A 0 12.8(6 sin ) 1.778 sin
2
Solve for 2 86.4, or 9.295ft ( submerged length )
P2.116 ThedeepsubmersiblevehicleALVIN,inthechapteropenerphoto,hasatitanium
(SG=4.50)sphericalpassengercompartmentwithaninsidediameterof78.08inandawall
thicknessof1.93in.(a)Wouldtheemptyspherefloatinseawater?(b)Woulditfloatifit
contained1000lbmofpeopleandequipmentinside?(c)Whatwallthicknesswouldcause
theemptyspheretobeneutrallybuoyant?
Solution: First convert the data to metric: Di = 78.08 inches = 1.983 m, Do = 78.08 +
2(1.93) = 81.94 inches = 2.081 m, titanium = 4.50(1000) = 4500 kg/m3, seawater = 1025
kg/m3. (a) Compute the weight of the sphere and compare to the buoyancy.
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 79
kg m
Weight (4500 3
)(9.81 ) [(2.081m)3 (1.983m)3 ] 28, 084 N
2 6
m s
kg m
Buoyancy (1025 3 )(9.81 2 ) (2.081m)3 47, 466 N
m s 6
You could also add in the weight of the air inside the sphere, but that is only 49 N. We
see that the buoyancy exceeds the weight by 19 kN, or more than 2 tons.
The sphere would float nicely. Ans.(a)
(b) If we add 1000 lbm of people and equipment, that would weigh 1000 lbf and be
another (1000)(4.4482) = 4448 N of weight, making the total sphere weight
28084+49+4448 = 32581 N.
The excess buoyancy is 47466-32581 = 14885 N, it will still float nicely. Ans. (b)
NOTE: The entire ALVIN, not just the sphere, floats, which is a good safety feature.
(c) For neutral buoyancy, equate W (empty) and B and solve for the outside diameter:
W (4500)(9.81) [ Do3 (1.983)3 ] 49 N (1025)(9.81) Do3
6 6
Solve for Do 2.1615 m , thickness (2.1615 1.983) / 2 0.0893 m 3.51in Ans.(c)
Slightly less than doubling the wall thickness would create neutral buoyancy for the sphere.
2.117Theballooninthefigureisfilled
with helium and pressurized to 135 kPa Fig.P2.117
and20C.Theballoonmaterialhasamass
2
of85g/m .Estimate(a)thetensioninthe
mooring line, and (b) the height in the
standardatmospheretowhichtheballoon
willriseifthemooringlineiscut.
2 2
Solution:(a)Forhelium,fromTableA4,R2077m /s /K,henceitsweightis
Whelium He gballoon (9.81) (10)3 1139N
2077(293) 6
Meanwhile,thetotalweightoftheballoonmaterialis
kg m
Wballoon 0.085 2 9.81 2 [ (10m)2 ] 262N
m s
Finally,theballoonbuoyancyistheweightofdisplacedair:
Bair air gballoon (9.81) (10)3 6108N
287(293) 6
Thedifferencebetweentheseisthetensioninthemooringline:
Tline Bair Whelium Wballoon 6108 1139 262 4700 N Ans.(a)
(b)Ifreleased,andtheballoonremainsat135kPaand20C,equilibriumoccurswhen
theballoonairbuoyancyexactlyequalsthetotalweightof11392621401N:
kg
Bair 1401N air (9.81) (10)3 , or: air 0.273 3
6 m
FromTableA6,thisstandarddensityoccursatapproximately
Z 12, 800 m Ans.(b)
P2.118 Anintrepidtreasuresalvagegrouphasdiscoveredasteelbox,containinggold
doubloonsandothervaluables,restingin80ftofseawater.Theyestimatetheweightofthe
boxandtreasure(inair)at7000lbf. Theirplanistoattachtheboxtoasturdyballoon,
inflatedwithairto3atmpressure.Theemptyballoonweighs250lbf.Theboxis2ftwide,
5ftlong,and18inhigh.Whatistheproperdiameteroftheballoontoensureanupward
liftforceontheboxthatis20%morethanrequired?
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 81
Solution:Thespecificweightofseawaterisapproximately64lbf/ft 3.Theboxvolumeis
(2ft)(5ft)(1.5ft)=12ft3,hencethebuoyantforceontheboxis(64)(12)=768lbf.Thusthe
balloonmustdevelopanetupwardforceof1.2(7000768lbf)=7478lbf.Theairweightin
theballoonisnegligible,butwecancomputeitanyway.Theairdensityis:
p 3(2116lbf / ft 2 ) slug
At p 3 atm , air 2 2 o o
0.0071 3
RT (1716 ft / s R )(520 R ) ft
Hencetheairspecificweightis(0.0071)(32.2)=0.23lbf/ft3,muchlessthanthewater.
Accountingforballoonweight,thedesirednetbuoyantforceontheballoonis
2.119Witha5lbfweightplacedatone
end, the uniform wooden beam in the Fig.P2.119
figurefloats atanangle withitsupper
rightcorneratthesurface.Determine(a);
(b)wood.
2 3
Solution:Thetotalwoodvolumeis(4/12) (9)1ft .Theexposeddistanceh9tan.
Theverticalforcesare
ThemomentsoftheseforcesaboutpointCattherightcornerare:
SolvesimultaneouslyforSG0.68Ans.(b);h0.16ft;1.02Ans.(a)
2.120Auniformwoodenbeam(SG0.65)is10cmby10cmby3mandhingedatA.
Atwhatanglewillthebeamfloatin20Cwater?
2 3
Solution:Thetotalbeamvolumeis3(.1) 0.03m ,andthereforeitsweightisW
(0.65)(9790)(0.03) 190.9 N, acting at the centroid, 1.5 m down from point A.
2
Meanwhile,ifthesubmergedlengthisH,thebuoyancyisB (9790)(0.1) H 97.9H
newtons,actingatH/2fromthelowerend.SummomentsaboutpointA:
Fig.P2.120
Geometry:3H1.775misoutofthewater,or:sin1.0/1.775,or34.3Ans.
2.121Theuniformbeaminthefigureis Lhb/2andactsatL/3fromtheleftcorner.
of size L by h by b, with b,h << L. A Summoments abouttheleftcorner,point
uniformheavyspheretiedtotheleftcorner C:
causes the beam to float exactly on its
diagonal.Showthatthisconditionrequires
(a) b /3; and (b)D [Lhb/{(SG
1/3
1)}] .
Solution:ThebeamweightW bLhb
andactsinthecenter,atL/2fromtheleft
corner,whilethebuoyancy,beingaperfect
triangle of displaced water, equals B
Fig.P2.121
ThensummingverticalforcesgivestherequiredstringtensionTontheleftcorner:
Solution:Let w betheblockwidthinto
the paper and let be the water specific
Fig.P2.122
P2.123Abargehasthetrapezoidal
shapeshowninFig.P2.123andis
22mlongintothepaper.
H? 2.5m
Ifthetotalweightofbargeand 60 60
8m
cargois350tons,whatisthedraft
Fig.P2.123
Hofthebargewhenfloatinginseawater?
Solution: For seawater, let = 1025 kg/m3. The top of the barge has length
[8m+2(2.5)tan60]=8+2.89=10.89m.Thusthetotalvolumeofthebargeis
[(8+10.89m)/2](2.5m)(22m)=519.4m3.Intermsofseawater,thistotalvolumewouldbe
equivalentto(519.4m3)(1025kg/m3)(9.81m/s2)=5.22E6N4.4482lbf/N2000lbf/ton=
84 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition
587tons. Thusacargoof350tons=700,000lbfwouldfillthebargeabitmorethan
halfway.ThuswesolvethefollowingequationforthedrafttogiveW=350tons:
H kg m 1
( 22m)( H )(8
m)(1025 3
)(9.81 2
)( ) 700,000 lbf
tan 60 m s 4.4482lbf / N
Solve by iteration or EES : H 1.58 m Ans.
2.124Aballoonweighing3.5lbfis6ft
indiameter.Iffilledwithhydrogenat18psia
and 60F and released, at what U.S.
standardaltitudewillitbeneutral?
Solution:Assumethatitremainsat18psiaand60 F.Forhydrogen,fromTableA4,
2 2
R24650ft /(s R).Thedensityofthehydrogenintheballoonisthus
p 18(144)
H 2 0.000202slug/ft 3
RT (24650)(460 60)
Intheverticalforcebalanceforneutralbuoyancy,onlytheoutsideairdensityisunknown:
Fz Bair WH2 Wballoon air (32.2) (6)3 (0.000202)(32.2) (6)3 3.5lbf
6 6
Solvefor air 0.00116slug/ft 3 0.599kg/m 3
FromTableA6,thisdensityoccursatastandardaltitudeof6850m22500ft.Ans.
P2.125 Asolidsphere,ofdiameter20cm,hasaspecificgravityof0.7.(a)Willthis
spherefloatin20CSAE10Woil?Ifso,(b)howmanycubiccentimetersareexposed,
and (c) how high will a spherical cap protrude above the surface? NOTE: If your
knowledgeofoffbeatsphereformulasislacking,youcanAskDr.MathatDrexel
University,http://mathforum.org/dr.math/.EESisrecommendedforthesolution.
spherical
cap
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 85
Solution:FromTableA.3,thedensityofSAE10Woilis
870kg/m3>700kg/m3.Thespherefloatsinoil.Ans.(a) h
r
Thevolumeofthesphereis
Rh
(/6)(20cm)3=4,189cm3.Thefractionexposedis R
(870700)/870=0.195or19.5%
Thevolumeexposedis(0.195)(4189)=818cm3.Ans.(b)
h2 r 2
R 10 cm ; cap (3r 2 h 2 ) h 818 cm3
2h 6
Knowingthathissmall,oforder5cm,youcouldguessyourwaytotheanswer.Oryoucould
useEESandgettheanswerdirectly.Ineithercase,theresultish=5.67cmAns.(c)
Thespherewouldpokeoutofthewatertoaheightof5.67centimeters.
____________________________________________________________________________
2.126Ablockofwood(SG0.6)floats buoyancyoftheairontheupperpartofthe
influidXinFig.P2.126suchthat75%of block.Then
itsvolumeissubmergedinfluidX.Estimate
thegagepressureoftheairinthetank.
TheairgagepressuremaythenbecalculatedbyjumpingfromtheleftinterfaceintofluidX:
0Pagage (7832N/m 3 )(0.4m) pair 3130Pagage 3130Pavacuum Ans.
86 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition
2.127*ConsideracylinderofspecificgravityS1floatingverticallyinwater(S
1),asinFig.P2.127.DeriveaformulaforthestablevaluesofD/LasafunctionofSand
applyittothecaseD/L1.2.
Solution:AverticalforcebalanceprovidesarelationforhasafunctionofSandL,
Fig.P2.127
Tocomputestability,weturnEq.(2.52),centroidG,metacenterM,centerofbuoyancyB:
( D/2) 4
D2
MB Io /vsub MG GB and substituting h SL, MG GB
2 16 SL
D h
whereGBL/2h/2L/2SL/2L(1S)/2.Forneutralstability,MG0.Substituting,
D2 L D
0 (1 S ) solving for D/L, 8 S(1 S ) Ans.
16 SL 2 L
2
IfD/L1.2,S S0.180,or0S0.235and0.765S1forstabilityAns.
2.128TheicebergofFig.2.20canbeidealizedasacubeofsidelengthLasshown.If
seawaterisdenotedasS1,theiceberghasS0.88.Isitstable?
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 87
Solution:Thedistancehisdeterminedby
w hL2 S w L3 , or: h SL
Fig.P2.128
ThecenterofgravityisatL/2abovethebottom,andBisath/2abovethebottom.The
metacenterpositionisdeterminedbyEq.(2.52):
L4 /12 L2 L
MB I o /sub 2 MG GB
L h 12h 12S
NotingthatGBL/2h/2L(1S)/2,wemaysolveforthemetacentricheight:
L L 1
MG (1 S) 0 if S2 S 0, or: S 0.211 or 0.789
12S 2 6
Instability:0.211S0.789.SincetheiceberghasS0.880.789,itisstable.Ans.
ThenneutralstabilityoccurswhenMG0,or
H2 L H
(1 S), or [6S(1 S)]1/2 [6(0.88)(1 0.88)]1/2 0.796 Ans.
12SL 2 L
88 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition
2.130Considerawoodencylinder(SG
0.6) 1 m in diameter and 0.8 m long.
Wouldthiscylinderbestableifplacedto
floatwithitsaxisverticalinoil(SG0.85)?
Solution:Averticalforcebalancegives
0.85 R 2 h 0.6 R 2 (0.8m),
or: h 0.565m
ThepointBisath/20.282mabovethebottom.UseEq.(2.52)topredictthemeta
centerlocation:
MB I o /sub [ (0.5)4 /4] /[ (0.5)2 (0.565)] 0.111m MG GB
NowGB0.4m0.282m0.118m,henceMG0.1110.1180.007m.
Thisfloatpositionisthusslightlyunstable.Thecylinderwouldturnover.Ans.
2.132AsolidrightcircularconehasSG0.99andfloatsverticallyasshown.Isthisa
stableposition?
Solution:Letrbetheradiusatthesurfaceandletzbetheexposedheight.Then
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 89
Fig.P2.132
2 z r
Fz 0 w (R h r 2 z) 0.99 w R 2 h, with .
3 3 h R
z
Thus (0.01)1/3 0.2154
h
Theconefloatsatadraft h z 0.7846h.ThecentroidGisat0.25habovethe
bottom.ThecenterofbuoyancyBisatthecentroidofafrustrumofa(submerged)cone:
0.7846h R 2 2Rr 3r 2
R 2 Rr r 2 0.2441h abovethebottom
4
ThenEq.(2.52)predictsthepositionofthemetacenter:
Io (0.2154R)4 /4 R2
MB 0.000544 MG GB
sub 0.99 R 2 h h
MG (0.25h 0.2441h) MG 0.0594h
2
ThusMG0(stability)if(R/h) 10.93orR/h3.31Ans.
Solution:TheconefloatsatheighthandradiusrsuchthatBW,or:
2 h3 r3
r h(1.0) R 2 H (S ), or: S 1
3 3 H 3 R3
1/3
Thusr/Rh/HS forshort.Nowusethestabilityrelation:
90 Solutions rMechanics,
3 H 3h ManualFluid
I 4
/4 3 R Fifth Edition
2
MG GB MG o 2
4 4 sub r h/3 4 H
MG 3 R 2
Nondimensionalizeinthefinalform: = 2 1 + , S1/3 Ans.
H 4 H
Thisisplottedbelow.Floatingconespointingdownarestableunlessslender, R << H.
2.134Whenfloatinginwater(SG 1),
anequilateral triangular body(SG 0.9) Fig.P2.134
mighttaketwopositions,asshownatright.
Which position is more stable? Assume
largebodywidthintothepaper.
Solution:The calculations are similar to the floating cone of Prob. 2.132. Let the
trianglebeLbyLbyL.Listthebasicresults.
(a)Floatingwithpointup:CentroidGis0.289Labovethebottomline,centerofbuoyancyB
is0.245Labovethebottom,henceGB(0.2890.245)L0.044L.Equation(2.52)gives
MB I o /sub 0.0068L MG GB MG 0.044L
Hence MG 0.037L Unstable Ans.(a)
(b)Floatingwithpoint down:CentroidGis0.577Labovethebottompoint,centerof
buoyancyBis0.548Labovethebottompoint,henceGB(0.5770.548)L0.0296L.
Equation(2.52)gives
MB I o /sub 0.1826L MG GB MG 0.0296L
Hence MG 0.153L Stable Ans.(b)
Solution:ForagivenSG,thebodyfloats
withadraftequalto(SG)L,asshown.Its
center of gravity G is at L/2 above the
bottom. Its center of buoyancy B is at
(SG)L/2abovethebottom.ThenEq.(2.52)
predictsthemetacenterlocation:
R 4 /4 R2 L L
MB I o /sub 2
MG GB MG SG
R (SG)L 4(SG)L 2 2
Thus MG 0(stability) if R 2 /L2 > 2SG(1 SG) Ans.
Forexample,ifSG0.8,stabilityrequiresthatR/L0.566.
2.136Consider a homogeneous right
circularcylinderoflengthL,radiusR,and
specificgravitySG0.5,floatinginwater
(SG1)withitsaxishorizontal.Showthat
thebodyisstableifL/R2.0.
2.137Atankofwater4mdeepreceives
a constant upward acceleration az.
Determine(a)thegagepressureatthetank
2
bottomifaz5m /s;and(b)thevalueof
az which causes the gage pressure at the
tankbottomtobe1atm.
2.138A12fluidounceglass,3inchesindiameter,sitsontheedgeofamerrygoround
8ftindiameter,rotatingat12r/min.Howfullcantheglassbebeforeitspills?
3
Solution:First,howhighisthecontainer?Well,1fluidoz.1.805in ,hence12fl.oz.
3 2
21.66in (1.5in) h,orh3.06inItisafat,nearlysquarelittleglass.Second,
determine the acceleration toward the center of the merrygoround, noting that the
angularvelocityis(12rev/min)(1min/60s)(2rad/rev)1.26rad/s.Then,forr4
ft,
Then,forsteadyrotation,thewatersurfaceintheglasswillslopeattheangle
ax 6.32
tan 0.196, or: h lefttocenter (0.196)(1.5in) 0.294in
g a z 32.2 0
Thustheglassshouldbefilledtonomorethan3.060.2942.77inches
2 3
Thisamountofliquidis(1.5in) (2.77in)19.6in 10.8fluidoz.Ans.
2.139ThetankofliquidinthefigureP2.139
accelerates to the right with the fluid in Fig.P2.139
2
rigidbodymotion.(a)Computeaxinm/s .
(b) Why doesnt the solution to part (a)
depend upon fluid density? (c) Compute
gage pressure at point A if the fluid is
glycerinat20C.
Solution:(a)Theslopeoftheliquidgivesustheacceleration:
a x 28 15cm
tan 0.13, or: 7.4
g 100cm
thus a x 0.13g 0.13(9.81) 1.28m/s 2 Ans.(a)
94 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition
(b)Clearly,thesolutionto(a)ispurelygeometricanddoesnotinvolvefluiddensity.Ans.(b)
3
(c)FromTableA3forglycerin,1260kg/m .TherearemanywaystocomputepA.
Forexample,wecangostraightdownontheleftside,usingonlygravity:
Orwecanstartontherightside,godown15cmwithgandacross100cmwithax:
p A gz a x x (1260)(9.81)(0.15) (1260)(1.28)(1.00)
1854 1607 3460Pa Ans.(c)
2.140Anellipticalendfueltankis10mlong,with3mhorizontaland2mvertical
3
majoraxes,andfilledcompletelywithfueloil(890kg/m ).Letthetankbepulled
alongahorizontalroadinrigidbodymotion.Findthe accelerationanddirectionfor
which(a)aconstantpressuresurfaceextendsfromthetopofthefrontendtothebottom
ofthebackend;and(b)thetopofthebackendisatapressure0.5atmlowerthanthetopof
thefrontend.
Solution:(a)Wearegiventhattheisobarorconstantpressurelinereachesfrompoint
Cto pointBin thefigure above, is negative,hence the tankis decelerating.The
ellipticalshapeisimmaterial,onlythe2mheight.Theisobarslopegivestheacceleration:
2m a
tanC B 0.2 x , hence a x 0.2(9.81) 1.96m/s 2 Ans.(a)
10m g
(b)WearenowgiventhatpA(backendtop)islowerthanpB(frontendtop)seethe
figureabove.Thus,again,theisobarmustslopeupwardthroughBbutnotnecessarily
pass through point C. The pressure difference along line AB gives the correct
deceleration:
kg
p A B 0.5(101325Pa ) oil a x x A B 890 3 a x (10m)
m
solve for a x 5.69m/s 2 Ans.(b)
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 95
Thisismorethanpart(a),sotheisobaranglemustbesteeper:
5.69
tan 0.580, hence isobar 30.1
9.81
1
Theisobarinpart(a),lineCB,hastheangle(a)tan (0.2)11.3.
2.141ThesametankfromProb.2.139is
now accelerating while rolling up a 30 Fig.P2.141
inclinedplane,asshown.Assumingrigid
bodymotion,compute(a)theaccelerationa,
(b)whethertheaccelerationisupordown,
and(c)thepressureatpointAifthefluid
ismercuryat20C.
Solution:Thefreesurfaceistiltedattheangle 307.4122.59.Thisangle
mustsatisfyEq.(2.55):
Butthe30inclineconstrainstheaccelerationsuchthatax0.866a,az0.5a.Thus
0.866a m
tan 0.416 , solvefor a 3.80 2 (down) Ans.(a,b)
9.81 0.5a s
2 2
Thecartesiancomponentsareax3.29m/s andaz1.90m/s .
(c)ThedistanceSnormalfromthesurfacedowntopointAis(28cos)cm.Thus
p A [a 2x (g a z )2 ]1/2 (13550)[(3.29)2 (9.81 1.90)2 ]1/2 (0.28 cos 7.41)
32200Pa(gage) Ans.(c)
2.142ThetankofwaterinFig.P2.142is12cmwideintothepaper.Ifthetankis
2
acceleratedtotherightinrigidbodymotionat6m/s ,compute(a)thewaterdepthat
AB,and(b)thewaterforceonpanelAB.
96 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition
Fig.P2.142
Solution:FromEq.(2.55),
6.0
tan a x /g 0.612, or 31.45
9.81
ThensurfacepointBontheleftrisesanadditionalz=12tan7.34cm,
ThewaterpressureonABvarieslinearlyduetogravityonly,thusthewaterforceis
0.163
FAB pCG A AB (9790) m (0.163m)(0.12m) 15.7N Ans.(b)
2
2.143ThetankofwaterinFig.P2.143is
full and open to the atmosphere (p atm Fig.P2.143
15psi 2160psf)atpointA,asshown.
2
Forwhataccelerationax,inft/s ,willthe
pressure at point B in the figure be
(a) atmospheric; and (b) zero absolute
(neglectingcavitation)?
Solution:(a)ForpApB,theimaginary
free surface isobar shouldjoin points A
andB:
tan AB tan45 1.0 a x /g, hence a x g 32.2ft/s 2 Ans.(a)
(b)ForpB0,thefreesurfaceisobarmusttiltevenmorethan45,sothat
pB 0 p A gz a x x 2160 1.94(32.2)(2) 1.94 a x (2),
Solution:From Table A5 the vapor pressure of the water is 2337 Pa. (a) Thus
cavitationoccursfirstwhenacceleratinghorizontallyalongthediagonalAB:
p A pB 101325 2337 a x , AB L AB (998)a x ,AB (0.22 2 ),
solve a x, AB 319m/s 2 Ans.(a)
2
Ifwemovedalongtheyaxisshowninthefigure,wewouldneeday3192451m/s .
(b) For vertical acceleration, nothing would happen, both points A and B would
continuetobeatmospheric,althoughthepressureatdeeperpointswouldchange.Ans.
2.145A fish tank 16in by 27in by
14inch deep is carried in a car which
may experience accelerations as high as
2
6 m/s . Assuming rigidbody motion,
estimate the maximum water depth to
avoidspilling.Whichisthebestwayto
alignthetank?
Solution:Thebestwayistoalignthe16inchwidthwiththecarsdirectionofmotion,
tominimizetheverticalsurfacechangez.FromEq.(2.55)thefreesurfaceanglewillbe
6.0 16
tan max a x /g 0.612, thus z tan 4.9inches( 31.5)
9.81 2
Thusthetankshouldcontainnomorethan144.99.1inchesofwater.Ans.
measuredfromthevertical.Thisaccelerationbuoyancyeffectmayseemcounterintuitive.
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 99
Solution:Iffrictionless, F Wsin
maalongtheinclineandthusagsin30
0.5g.
ax 0.5g cos30
Thus tan ; solvefor 30 ! Ans.
g a z g 0.5g sin 30
Thefreesurfacealignsitselfexactlyparallelwiththe30incline.
P2.148 Achildisholdingastringontowhichisattachedaheliumfilledballoon.(a)
Thechildisstandingstillandsuddenlyacceleratesforward. Inaframeofreference
movingwiththechild,whichwaywilltheballoontilt,forwardorbackward?Explain.
(b)Thechildisnowsittinginacarthatisstoppedataredlight. Theheliumfilled
balloonisnotincontactwithanypartofthecar(seats,ceiling,etc.)butisheldinplace
bythestring,whichisheldbythechild.Allthewindowsinthecarareclosed.When
thetrafficlightturnsgreen,thecaracceleratesforward.Inaframeofreferencemoving
withthecarandchild,whichwaywilltheballoontilt,forwardorbackward?Explain.
(c)Purchaseorborrowaheliumfilledballoon.Conductascientificexperimenttoseeif
yourpredictionsinparts(a)and(b)arecorrect.Ifnot,explain.
Solution:(a)Onlythechildandballoonaccelerate,notthesurroundingair.Thisisnot
rigidbodyfluidmotion.Theballoonwilltiltbackwardduetoairdrag.Ans.(a)
(b)Insidethecar,thetrappedairwillacceleratewiththecarandthechild,etc.
Thisisrigidbodymotion.Theballoonwilltiltforward,asinProb.P2.146.Ans.(b)
(c) A student in the writers class actually tried this experimentally. Our
predictionswerecorrect.
2.149ThewaterwheelinFig.P2.149lifts
water with 1ftdiameter halfcylinder Fig.P2.149
blades.Thewheelrotatesat10r/min.What
isthewatersurfaceangleatpt.A?
Solution:Weassumethatthediameteris
sosmall, D = L, thatthefreesurfaceisa
point.ThenEq.(2.55)applies,and
6.0
tan a x /g 0.612, or 31.5
9.81
Then h (L/2) tan (9cm)(0.612) 5.5cm Ans.
Sinceh(9cm)ax/g,thescalereadingsareindeedlinearina x,butIdontrecommendit
asanactualaccelerometer,therearetoomanyinaccuraciesanddisadvantages.
2.151TheUtubeinFig.P2.151isopen
atAandclosedatD.Whatuniformaccel Fig.P2.151
erationaxwillcausethepressureatpointC
tobeatmospheric?Thefluidiswater.
Solution:(a)Onethirdwillspilloutifthe
resultingparaboloidsurfaceis18cmdeep:
2 R 2 2 (0.08m)2
h 0.18m , solvefor 2 552,
2g 2(9.81)
23.5rad/s 224r/min Ans.(a)
(b)Thebottomisbarelyexposediftheparaboloidsurfaceis27cmdeep:
2 (0.08m)2
h 0.27m , solvefor 28.8rad/s 275r/min Ans.(b)
2(9.81)
P2.153 Acylindricalcontainer,14inchesindiameter,isusedtomakeamoldfor
formingsaladbowls.Thebowlsaretobe8inchesdeep.Thecylinderishalffilledwith
moltenplastic,=1.6kg/(ms),rotatedsteadilyaboutthecentralaxis,thencooledwhile
rotating.Whatistheappropriaterotationrate,inr/min?
Solution: The molten plastic viscosity is a red herring, ignore. The appropriate final
rotating surface shape is a paraboloid of radius 7 inches and depth 8 inches. Thus, from
Fig. 2.23,
8 2 R2 2 (7 /12 ft ) 2
h 8 in ft
12 2g 2 (32.2 ft / s 2 )
rad 60 r
Solve for 11.2 107 Ans.
s 2 min
102 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition
P2.154Averytall10cmdiametervasecontains1178cm3ofwater.Whenspunsteadily
toachieverigidbodyrotation,a4cmdiameterdryspotappearsatthebottomofthevase.
Whatistherotationrate,r/min,forthiscondition?
Solution:Itisinterestingthattheanswer
R
hasnothingtodowiththewaterdensity.
Thevalueof1178cubiccentimeterswas
chosentomaketherestdepthanicenumber:
rest
position
H
1178 cm 3 (5cm) 2 H , solve H 15.0cm ro
Onewaywouldbetointegrateandfindthevolume Fig.2.154
oftheshadedliquidinFig.P2.154intermsofvase
radiusRanddryspotradiusro.Thatwouldyieldthefollowingformula:
Theformulasinthetext,concerningtheparaboloidsofair,would,inthewritersopinion,
bedifficulttoapplybecauseofthefreesurfaceextendingbelowthebottomofthevase.
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 103
2 R 2B 2 R 2A
zB ho ; zA ho ; R B 0.05m and R A 0.1m
2g 2g
2
Subtract: z A z B 0.08m [(0.1)2 (0.05)2 ],
2(9.81)
rad r
solve 14.5 138 Ans.
s min
Thefactthatthefluidismercurydoesnotenterintothiskinematiccalculation.
2.156SupposetheUtubeofProb.2.151
is rotated about axis DC. If the fluid is
waterat122Fandatmosphericpressureis
2116 psfa, at what rotation rate will the
fluidbegintovaporize?Atwhatpointin
thetubewillthishappen?
3
Solution:At122F 50C,fromTablesA1andA5,forwater, 988kg/m (or
3
1.917slug/ft )andpv12.34kPa(or258psf).WhenspinningaroundDC,thefreesurface
comesdownfrom pointAtoaposition below pointD,asshown.Thereforethefluid
pressureislowestatpointD(Ans.).Withhasshowninthefigure,
Solveforh30.1ft(!)Thusthedrawingiswildlydistortedandthedashedlinefallsfar
belowpointC!(Thesolutioniscorrect,however.)
Solution:(a)IfpressuresareequalatBandC,theymustlieonaconstantpressure
paraboloidsurfaceassketchedinthefigure.TakingzB0,wemayuseEq.(2.64):
(b) The minimum pressure in leg BC occurs where the highest paraboloid pressure
contouristangenttolegBC,assketchedinthefigure.Thisfamilyofparaboloidshasthe
formula
2 r 2
z zo r tan 45, or: z o 3.333r 2 r 0 forapressurecontour
2g
Theminimumoccurswhen dz/dr 0, or r 0.15m Ans.(b)
TheminimumpressureoccurshalfwaybetweenpointsBandC.
2.158*It is desired to make a 3m
diameter parabolic telescope mirror by
rotatingmoltenglassinrigidbodymotion
untilthedesiredshapeisachievedandthen
coolingtheglasstoasolid.Thefocusof
the mirror is tobe4mfrom themirror,
measuredalongthecenterline.Whatisthe
propermirrorrotationrate,inrev/min?
Solution:Wehavetoreviewourmathbook,orahandbook,torecallthatthe focusFof
aparabolaisthepointforwhichallpointsontheparabolaareequidistantfromboththe
focusandasocalleddirectrixline(whichisonefocallengthbelowthemirror).
Forthefocallengthhandthezraxesshowninthefigure,theequationoftheparabolais
2
givenbyr 4hz,withh4mforourexample.
2 2
Meanwhiletheequationofthefreesurfaceoftheliquidisgivenbyzr /(2g).
Setthesetwoequaltofindtheproperrotationrate:
r 2 2 r 2 g 9.81
z , or: 1.226
2g 4h 2h 2(4)
rad 60
Thus 1.107 10.6rev/min Ans.
s 2
ThefocalpointFisfarabovethemirroritself.Ifweputinr1.5mandcalculatethe
mirrordepthLshowninthefigure,wegetL14centimeters.
1 2 R2 2 2 R2
houter htotal hcenter htotal Ans.(a)
3 6g 3 3g
FortheparticularcaseR10cmand120r/min(120)(2/60)12.57rad/s,weobtain
2 R 2 (12.57rad/s)2 (0.1m)2
0.0805m;
2g 2(9.81m/s2 )
hO 0.027m (up) hC 0.054m (down) Ans.(b)
FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING EXAM PROBLEMS: Answers
FE2.1Agageattachedtoapressurizednitrogentankreadsagagepressureof28inches
ofmercury.Ifatmosphericpressureis14.4psia,whatistheabsolutepressureinthe
tank?
(a)95kPa(b)99kPa(c)101kPa(d)194kPa(e)203kPa
FE2.2Onasealevelstandardday,apressuregage,mooredbelowthesurfaceofthe
ocean(SG1.025),readsanabsolutepressureof1.4MPa.Howdeepistheinstrument?
(a)4m(b)129m(c)133m(d)140m(e)2080m
FE2.3InFig.FE2.3,iftheoilinregion
BhasSG 0.8andtheabsolutepressure Fig.FE-2.3
at point A is 1 atmosphere, what is the
absolutepressureatpointB?
(a)5.6kPa(b)10.9kPa(c)106.9
kPa(d)112.2kPa(e)157.0kPa
FE2.4InFig.FE2.3,iftheoilinregionBhasSG0.8andtheabsolutepressureat
pointBis14psia,whatistheabsolutepressureatpointB?
(a)11kPa(b)41kPa(c)86kPa(d)91kPa(e)101kPa
FE2.5Atankofwater(SG 1.0)hasagateinitsverticalwall5mhighand3m
wide.Thetopedgeofthegateis2mbelowthesurface.Whatisthehydrostaticforceonthe
gate?
(a)147kN(b)367kN(c)490kN(d)661kN(e)1028kN
FE2.6InProb.FE2.5above,howfarbelowthesurfaceisthecenterofpressureofthe
hydrostaticforce?
(a)4.50m(b)5.46m(c)6.35m(d)5.33m(e)4.96m
FE2.7Asolid1mdiameterspherefloatsattheinterfacebetweenwater(SG 1.0)and
mercury(SG13.56)suchthat40%isinthewater.Whatisthespecificgravityofthesphere?
(a)6.02(b)7.28(c)7.78(d)8.54(e)12.56
FE2.8A5mdiameterballooncontainsheliumat125kPaabsoluteand15 C,moored
2 2
insealevelstandardair.Ifthegasconstantofheliumis2077m /(s K)andballoon
materialweightisneglected,whatisthenetliftingforceoftheballoon?
(a)67N(b)134N(c)522N(d)653N(e)787N
FE2.9Asquarewooden(SG0.6)rod,5cmby5cmby10mlong,floatsvertically
inwaterat20Cwhen6kgofsteel(SG7.84)areattachedtothelowerend.Howhigh
abovethewatersurfacedoesthewoodenendoftherodprotrude?
(a)0.6m(b)1.6m(c)1.9m(d)2.4m(e)4.0m
FE2.10Afloatingbodywillalwaysbestablewhenits
(a)CGisabovethecenterofbuoyancy(b)centerofbuoyancyisbelowthewaterline
(c)centerofbuoyancyisaboveitsmetacenter(d)metacenterisabovethecenterofbuoyancy
(e)metacenterisabovetheCG
COMPREHENSIVE PROBLEMS
C2.1Somemanometersareconstructedasinthefigureat
right,withonelargereservoirandonesmalltubeopentothe
atmosphere.Wecanthenneglectmovement ofthereservoir
level.Ifthereservoirisnotlarge,itslevelwillmove,asin
thefigure.Tubeheighthismeasuredfromthezeropressure
level,asshown.
(a)Letthereservoirpressurebehigh,asintheFigure,soitslevel
goesdown.WriteanexactExpressionforp1gageasafunction
of
h, d, D, and gravity g. (b) Write an approximate expression for p1gage, neglecting the
3
movementofthereservoir.(c)Supposeh 26cm,pa 101kPa,and m 820kg/m .
Estimatetheratio(D/d)requiredtokeeptheerrorin(b)lessthan1.0%andalso 0.1%.
Neglectsurfacetension.
Solution:LetHbethedownwardmovementofthereservoir.Ifweneglectairdensity,
thepressuredifferenceisp1pamg(hH).Butvolumesofliquidmustbalance:
2
D H d 2 h, or: H (d/D )2 h
4 4
Thenthepressuredifference(exactexceptforairdensity)becomes
p1 pa p1 gage m gh(1 d 2 / D 2 ) Ans.(a)
IfweignorethedisplacementH,thenp1gage mghAns.(b)
3
(c)Forthegivennumericalvalues,h26cmandm820kg/m areirrelevant,allthat
mattersistheratiod/D.Thatis,
pexact papprox ( d /D ) 2
Error E , or : D/d (1 E )/E
pexact 1 (d /D )2
1/2
ForE1%or0.01,D/d[(10.01)/0.01] 9.95Ans.(c1%)
1/2
ForE0.1%or0.001,D/d[(10.001)/0.001] 31.6Ans.(c0.1%)
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 109
C2.2Apranksterhasaddedoil,ofspecificgravitySGo,
totheleftlegofthemanometeratright.Nevertheless,the
Utubeisstilltobeusedtomeasurethepressureinthe
airtank.(a)FindanexpressionforhasafunctionofH
andotherparametersintheproblem.
(b)Findthespecialcaseofyourresultwhenptankpa.
(c)SupposeH5cm,pa101.2kPa,SGo0.85,and
ptank is 1.82 kPa higher than pa. Calculate h in cm,
ignoringsurfacetensionandairdensityeffects.
Solution:Equatepressuresatleveliinthetube(therighthandwaterlevel):
p i pa gH w g(h H) p tank ,
SG o w (ignorethecolumnofairintherightleg)
ptk pa
Solvefor: h H (1 SGo ) Ans.(a)
w g
Ifptankpa,then
h H (1 SGo ) Ans.(b)
(c)Fortheparticularnumericalvaluesgivenabove,theanswerto(a)becomes
1820Pa
h 0.05(1 0.85) 0.186 0.0075 0.193m 19.3 cm Ans.(c)
998(9.81)
Notethatthisresultisnotaffectedbytheactualvalueofatmosphericpressure.
C2.3ProfessorF.Dynamics,ridingthemerrygoroundwithhisson,hasbroughtalong
hisUtubemanometer.(Youneverknowwhenamanometermightcomeinhandy.)As
shown in Fig. C2.3, the merrygoround spins at constant angular velocity and the
manometerlegsare7cmapart.Themanometercenteris5.8mfromtheaxisofrotation.
Determinetheheightdifference h intwoways:(a)approximately,byassumingrigid
110 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition
bodytranslationwith a equaltotheaveragemanometeracceleration;and(b)exactly,
usingrigidbodyrotationtheory.Howgoodistheapproximation?
Solution:(a)Approximate:Theaverageaccelerationof
2 2
the manometer is Ravg 5.8[6(2 /60)] 2.29 rad/s
towardthecenterofrotation,asshown.Then
Thisisnearlyidenticaltotheapproximateanswer(a),becauseR>>r.
C2.4Astudentsneaksaglassofcolaontoarollercoasterride.Theglassiscylindrical,
twiceastallasitiswide,andfilledtothebrim.Hewantstoknowwhatpercentofthecola
heshoulddrinkbeforetheridebegins,sothatnoneofitspillsduringthebigdrop,inwhich
therollercoasterachieves0.55gaccelerationata45anglebelowthehorizontal.Makethe
calculationforhim,neglectingsloshingandassumingthattheglassisverticalatalltimes.
Solution:Wehavebothhorizontalandverticalacceleration.Thustheangleoftilt is
ax 0.55g cos 45
tan 0.6364
g az g 0.55g sin 45
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 111
Thus32.47ThetiltedsurfacestrikesthecenterlineatRtan 0.6364Rbelowthe
top.Sothestudentshoulddrinkthecolauntilitsrestpositionis0.6364Rbelowthetop.
Thepercentagedropinliquidlevel(andthereforeliquidvolume)is
0.6364 R
%removed 0.159 or: 15.9% Ans.
4R
C2.5Dry adiabatic lapse rate is defined as DALR dT/dz when T and p vary
a
isentropically.AssumingTCp ,wherea(1)/,cp/cv,(a)showthatDALR
g(1)/( R),Rgasconstant;and(b)calculateDALRforairinunitsofC/km.
a
Solution:WriteT(p)intheformT/To(p/po) anddifferentiate:
a 1
dT p 1 dp dp
To a , Butforthehydrostaticcondition: g
dz po po dz dz
Substitutep/RTforanidealgas,combineabove,andrewrite:
a 1 a a
dT T p p ag T p T p
o a g o . But: o 1(isentropic)
dz po po RT R T po T po
Therefore,finally,
dT ag ( 1)g
DALR Ans.(a)
dz R R
(b)Regardlessoftheactualairtemperatureandpressure,theDALRforairequals
m/s 2 )
DALR
dT
s (1.4 1)(9.81
2 2
0.00977
C
9.77
C
Ans.(b)
dz 1.4(287 m /s /C ) m km
112 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition
C2.6Usetheapproximatepressuredensityrelationforasoftliquid,
dp a 2 d, or p p o a 2 ( o )
whereaisthespeedofsoundand(o,po)aretheconditionsattheliquidsurfacez=0.
Usethisapproximationtoderiveaformulaforthedensitydistribution (z)andpressure
distributionp(z)inacolumnofsoftliquid.ThenfindtheforceFonaverticalwallof
widthb,extendingfromz 0downtoz h,andcomparewiththeincompressible
2
resultFogh b/2.
Solution:Introducethisp()relationintothehydrostaticrelation(2.18)andintegrate:
z
d g dz gz/a 2
dp a 2 d dz g dz, or: a 2 , or: oe Ans.
o 0
2
assumingconstanta .Substituteintothep()relationtoobtainthepressuredistribution:
2
p po a 2 o [e gz/a 1] (1)
Sincep(z)increaseswithzatagreaterthanlinearrate,thecenterofpressurewillalways
be alittle lowerthanpredicted bylinear theory (Eq.2.44).Integrate Eq.(1)above,
neglectingpo,intothepressureforceonaverticalplateextendingfromz0tozh:
h 0
2 a 2 gh/a 2
F pb dz a 2 o (e gz/a 1)b dz ba o e 1 h Ans.
0 h g
Inthelimitofsmalldepthchangerelativetothesoftnessoftheliquid, h = a 2 /g, this
2
reducestothelinearformulaF ogh b/2byexpandingtheexponentialintothefirst
three terms of its series. For hard liquids, the difference in the two formulas is
negligible.Forexample,forwater(a1490m/s)withh10mandb1m,thelinear
formulapredictsF489500NwhiletheexponentialformulapredictsF489507N.
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 113
C2.7Venice,Italyisslowlysinking,
Storm filled with
sonow,especiallyinwinter, airtofloat
Theproposedsolutionisthefloating
leveeofFig.P2.7.Whenfilledwithair, Venice
Lagoon 25mdeepin
24 m deep astrongstorm
itrisestoblockoffthesea.Theleveeis
30mhighand5mwide.Assumeauniform
Hinge
densityof300kg/m when
3
Leveefilledwithwaternostorm
Fig.C2.7
floating.Forthe1meter
SeaLagoondifferenceshown,estimatetheangleatwhichtheleveefloats.
Solution:Thewriterthinksthisproblemis
ratherlaborious.Assumeseawater=1025kg/m3. B
W
Thereare4forces:thehydrostaticforceFASonthe FAS
ofthesubmergedpartofthelevee.OntheAdriatic
114 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition
side,25/cosmetersaresubmerged.Onthelagoonside,
24/cosmetersaresubmerged.Forbuoyancy,averagethetwodepths,(25+24)/2=24.5m.
Forweight,thewholelengthof30misused.Computethefourforcesperunitwidth
intothepaper(sincethiswidthbwillcanceloutofallmoments):
ThehydrostaticforceshaveCPtwothirdsofthewaydowntheleveesurfaces. The
weightCGisinthecenterofthelevee(15mabovethehinge).Thebuoyancycenteris
halfwaydownfromthesurface,orabout(24.5)/2m.Themomentsaboutthehingeare
_______________________________________________________________________
_
C2.8Whatistheuncertaintyisusingpressuremeasurementasanaltimeter?Agage
onthesideofanairplanemeasuresalocalpressureof54kPa,withanuncertaintyof3
kPa.Theestimatedlapseratethatdayis0.0070K/m,withanuncertaintyof0.001K/m.
Effectivesealeveltemperatureis10C,withanuncertaintyof4C.Effectivesealevel
pressureis100kPa,withanuncertaintyof3kPa.Estimatetheairplanesaltitudeandits
uncertainty.
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 115
Solution:Wearedealingwiththetropospherepressurevariationformula,Eq.(2.20):
p Bz T p
(1 ) g / RB ; Invert : z o [1 ( ) RB / g ]
po To B po
Toestimatetheplanesaltitude,justinsertthegivendataforpressure,temperature,etc.:
Toevaluatetheoveralluncertaintyinz,wehavetocomputefourderivatives:
z z z z
z [( p)2 ( po ) 2 ( To ) 2 ( B )2 ]1/ 2
p po To B
z z z z
p 404 m ; po 218 m ; To 68 m ; B 42 m
p po To B
whence z [(404m) 2 (218m) 2 (68m) 2 (42m) 2 ]1/ 2 466m Ans.
C2.9 ThedeepsubmersiblevehicleALVINinthechapteropenerphotohasahollow
titaniumsphereofinsidediameter78.08inchesandthickness1.93in.Ifthevehicleis
submergedtoadepthof3,850mintheocean,estimate(a)thewaterpressureoutsidethe
sphere;(b)themaximumelasticstressinthesphere,inlbf/in 2;and(c)thefactorofsafety
ofthetitaniumalloy(6%aluminum,4%vanadium).
Solution:Thisproblemrequiresyoutoknow(orreadabout)somesolidmechanics!
(a)Thehydrostatic(gage)pressureoutsidethesubmergedspherewouldbe
Ifwecorrectedforwatercompressibility,theresultwouldincreasebythesmallamount
of0.9%,givingasfinalestimateofpwater=3.90E7Pa5665lbf/in2.Ans.(a)
(b)Fromanytextbookonelasticityorstrengthofmaterials,themaximumelasticstress
in a hollow sphere under external pressure is compression and occurs at the inside
surface.Ifaistheinsideradius(39.04in)andbtheoutsideradius,39.04+1.93in=40.97
in,theformulaformaximumstressis
3 b3 3(40.97 in)3
max pwater (3.90 E 7) 4.34E8 Pa 63, 000psi Ans.(b)
2(b3 a 3 ) 2(40.973 39.043 )
Variousreferencesfoundbythewritergivetheultimatetensilestrengthoftitaniumalloysas
130,000to160,000psi.Thusthefactorofsafety,basedontensilestrength,isapproximately
2.1to2.5. Ans.(c)