DATA TRANSFER MODE

The actual method of sending and receiving data is further divided into three types
-Simplex
-Half duplex
-full duplex
A. SIMPLEX TRANSMISSION
- send and receive data in one direction only (from primary to secondary, for example).
- communication is unidirectional
- Only one of the two devices on a link can transmit; the other can only receive
- It is useful in environments where large quantities of data are sent without acknowledgement of the reception. The data can be sent fast
and continuously
There are two basic methods of bidirectional data transfer or communication:
- half duplex
- full duplex

B. HALF DUPLEX
-allows transmission of data in both directions between primary and secondary stations, but restricts these transfers to one direction at a time

C. FULL DUPLEX (also called duplex)

- enables stations to transmit and receive signals simultaneously, with the advantage of providing twice the bandwidth of equivalent half-
duplex technologies
- it requires two communication channels to achieve this transmission, that one to transmit and one to receive signals

CHARACTER CODES selected combinations of 1s and 0s in a fixed binary word size to represent text characters alphabetic, numeric,
punctuation, etc

ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange

- The original ASCII code used a 7-bit binary word

- In 1980, the code was expanded to an 8-bit word size known as extended ASCII, which includes the Greek symbols used in
mathematics, special alphabet characters used by different languages, such as the umlaut on German vowels, and other specialty
characters
UNICODE further extension to the ASCII code, this 16-bit character code includes the use of foreign letters and special symbols such as the
German umlaut.
 EBCDIC Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code, is an 8-bit binary code that represents the same set of characters that the
original 7-bit ASCII code did, but in a different sequence

DATA TRANSMISSION MODES

The transmission of data across the link can be accomplished in either:
-parallel
- serial

PARALLEL TRANSMISSION
multiple bits are sent with each clock time.
It is a form of signal transmission that sends information 8 or more bits at a time over a cable.

SERIAL TRANSMISSION
- one bit is sent with each clock time
- form of signal transmission that sends information one bit at a time over a single data channel

SERIAL DATA FORMATS

- synchronous
- asynchronous

SYNCHRONOUS serial data that requires a synchronizing clock signal between sender and receiver
ASYNCHRONOUS serial data that does not require a synchronizing clock or signal between sender and receiver

TRANSMISSION EFFICIENCY
- It is a mark of performance and is calculated as a ratio of data or information bits sent to total bits sent

Efficiency (%) = (data bits/total bits) x 100%

TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT
- It is the imperfections in the signal sent through the medium, which means that the signal at the beginning and end of the medium are not
the same.

3 TYPES OF TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENTS:

-Attenuation
-Distortion
-Noise

I. ATTENUATION
- means loss of energy due to reduction of signal strength over time
- Attenuation increases at higher frequencies

II. DISTORTION
- the signal changes its form or shape

DELAY DISTORTION it occurs in guided medium. The frequency components of the signal may not propagate at the same speed.

III. NOISE
- unintentional signal introduce in a line by various sources such as heat or electromagnetic induction created by other sources.

SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO TO QUANTIFY NOISE

S/N a parameter used to quantify how much noise there is in a signal

BIT ERROR RATE

BER the probability of a signal bit being corrupted in a certain time interval

CHANNEL CAPACITY
- maximum bit rate that can be handled by a channel