CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

The conventional water borne sewerage system followed by a sewage treatment and disposal

plant, usually designated as off-site sewage disposal method is an expensive option and not

affordable by low income communities and by small communities in rural and suburban areas

which are not connected to a town or city sewerage system. This resulted in the development

of several alternative low cost on-site sewage disposal methods, with almost the same health

benefits. One of such on-site sewage disposal method which is widely used is the septic tank.

The invention of the septic tank is credited to a Frenchman by the name of John Louis

Mouras, who, during the 1860s constructed a masonry tank into which was directed various

household detritus from a small dwelling in Vesoul, France, subsequently overflowing to an

ordinary cesspool. After a dozen years, the tank was opened and found, contrary to all

expectations, to be almost free from solids. The first known installation of a septic tank in the

United States was in 1876, although Louis Mouras of Vesoul, France, was given a patent in

1881 and credited with the invention. Baffles, which regulate the flow, were added in 1905 to

make the septic tank more efficient. The first baffles were made of oak boards. At the turn of

the century, there were some very large community septic tanks. In 1903, four community

tanks were constructed in Saratoga, New York, with a total capacity of one million gallons.

By 1920, septic tanks began to be a common feature. After World War II, septic tanks

became important to housing developments in unsewered areas. It is believed that the septic

tank was first introduced to England in 1895 and to South Africa (by the British Military) in

1898 (Cecil and Tony, 1999).

Septic tanks since invention have been used as a means of collecting wastes discharged from

houses but as development in science and technology increases and more research works are

1
being carried out, it was discovered that the septic tank system can also function as a bio-

digester since the condition in which the system is subjected to when in operation is

anaerobic. The first anaerobic digester was built by a leper colony in Bombay, India, in 1859.

In 1895, the technology was developed in Exeter, England, where a septic tank was used to

generate gas for the sewer gas destructor lamp, a type of gas lighting. Also in England, in

1904, the first dual-purpose tank for both sedimentation and sludge treatment was installed in

Hampton. In 1907, in Germany, a patent was issued for the Imhoff tank, an early form of

digester.

Research also shows further that the sludge and scum entering the septic tanks after

undergoing decomposition by some micro-organisms emit some mixture of gases in different

proportion. The mixture of gases produced is what is called biogas and due to the incessant

scarcity of petroleum and coal that threatens the supply of fuel throughout the world,

also problem of their combustion (which result in the emission of harmful gases into the

atmosphere) led to research in different corners to access the new sources of energy, like

renewable energy. It reduces or eliminates the emission of harmful gases as a result of

combustion. Solar energy, wind energy, hydro sources of energy and biogas are all renewable

energy resources. But, biogas is distinct from other renewable energies because of its

characteristics of using, controlling and collecting.

Biogas does not have any geographical limitations or does it require advanced technology for

producing energy, also it is very simple to use and apply (Howard et al., 2005). The large

quantities of organic waste produced by modern society must be treated in some way before

being recycled back to nature. Some examples of such organic wastes are sludge from

municipal waste water treatment plants, kitchen refuse from households and restaurants, and

waste water from the food processing industry, agricultural waste etc. In a biogas process, the

natural ability of microorganisms to degrade organic wastes is exploited to produce biogas

2
and a nutrient rich residue which may be used as a fertilizer (Werner and Uta, 2002). The

main constituent of biogas, methane, is rich in energy, and has a long history of use by

mankind. Nowadays, production of heat and electricity is one of the major applications. As

an environmentally-friendly alternative to diesel and petrol, biogas may also be utilized as

vehicle fuel.

1.2 Aim and Objectives

The aim of this study is to design a circular septic system for bio-methanation of household

wastes for electricity generation.

The specific objectives are to:

i. ascertain the parameters required for circular septic system calculations and drafting;

ii. develop a dynamic computer software for implementing the ascertained

parameters in (i) above that can be used in determining the capacity of circular

septic system; and

iii. perform a 3-Dimensional rendering of the circular septic system.

1.3 Justification of the Study

The recent rapid increase in human population has strained the earth's ability to provide food,

shelter, clothing and most especially energy. As the standard of living increases in the

developing countries, the average consumption and need for energy has increased drastically.

When viewed on a long-run period, it can be concluded that eventually there will not be

sufficient resource and energy to meet the ever increasing demands by the populace (Bhatia,

1990, Babatola, 2008) hence there is urgent need to seek for alternative sources of

sustainable energy. One major way of achieving this is to design an efficient circular septic

tank system to act as a bio-digester which will help in generating gases (mainly methane) that

can be used for various applications and not losing those gases to the atmosphere which our

present conventional circular septic system encourages. Also, the evacuation of wastes from

3
our immediate environment for the sole purpose of energy production will serve as a major

way of controlling environmental pollution.

This study presents a modified design of circular septic systems that is efficient and yet with

affordable construction, operation and maintenance cost for bio-methanation of household

wastes for electricity generation.

1.4 Problem of Statement

The inadequate supply of electricity in developing countries of the world as long paralyzed

activities that could enhance national development. Household activities which uses

electricity gadgets like cooking, freezing and blending etc. which could have been powered

by electricity supply are being powered with generators at an expensive rate. To solve part of

this problem, the design of an efficient circular septic tank system which will act as a bio-

digester will be adopted. This will generate gases (mainly methane) that can be used for

various household activities at a reasonable cost.

1.5 Scope of the Study

This study was carried out to provide a dynamic computer based program for capacity septic

tank sizing. This covers the design calculations, detailed engineering drawings, computer

algorithm program and three dimensional rendering of the system for illustration purposes.

Field construction steps and processes were not considered in this study but basic decisions

can be taken anywhere the system is adopted.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Preamble

In developed countries where there are central sewage systems, most populated areas are

served by the municipal sewage disposal systems, and all a person intending to build a house

or involved in building a house has to do is to tap into the pipeline. But in rural and semi-

rural areas, municipal sewage service may not be available just like in developing countries;

house builders must install what is called on-site sanitation system called a septic tank

sanitation system or simply a septic system (Max and Charlotte, 1996). Septic system

provides an environment with the first stage of treatment in on-site sanitation and

decentralized wastewater systems by promoting physical settling, flotation, and the anaerobic

digestion of sewage. Additionally, the system allows for storage of both digested and

undigested solids from the tank until they are removed.

2.2 Septic Tank Definitions and Description

Several definitions of septic tank have been given by different organizations and researchers.

The United State of America Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defined a septic tank

as any watertight, covered receptacle that is designed and constructed to receive the discharge

of sewage from a building sewer or preceding tank, stores liquids for a detention period that

provides separation of solids from liquid and digestion of organic matter, and allows the

effluent to discharge to a succeeding tank, treatment device, or soil dispersal system.

A fact sheet on septic tanks presented by WHO (2003) defined septic tanks as any watertight

chambers sited below ground level which receive excreta and flush water from flush toilets

and other domestic sullage (collectively known as wastewater). The solids settle out and

break down in the tank. The liquid remains in the tank for a short time before overflowing

into a sealed soak away or drain field where it infiltrates into the ground.

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According to Modi (2001) septic tank is defined as a combined sedimentation and digestion

tank where sewage is held for one day to two days. During this period, the suspended solids

settle down to the bottom. This is accompanied by anaerobic digestion of settled solids

(sludge) resulting in reasonable reduction in the volume of sludge, reduction in biodegradable

organic matter and release of gases like carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen sulphide. The

anaerobic decomposition gives rise to septicity or septic condition.

Septic tank produces foul gases such as hydrogen sulphide, methane and carbon dioxide are

evolved during the digestion process, and the tank is completely covered at the top with a

provision of a high vertical vent shaft for the escape of these gases. The effluent from the

septic tank although clarified to a large extent, is still sufficiently foul in nature, containing

considerable amount of dissolved and putrescible organic solids and pathogens. Therefore the

septic tank effluent disposal needs careful consideration. Because of the unsatisfactory

quality of the effluent and also of the difficulty in providing a proper effluent disposal

system, septic tanks are recommended only for individuals homes and small communities

and institutions whose contributory population does not exceed 300. For larger communities,

septic tanks may be adopted with appropriate effluent treatment and disposal facilities.

2.3 Septic Tank System Types

Septic tank system can be classified based on

i. Distribution method treatment type

ii. Various shapes type

2.3.1 Classification Based on Distribution Method Type

The three system of distribution treatment types in septic tank system are standard gravity,

pressure distribution, advanced treatment.

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2.3.1.1 Standard Gravity

This system works by letting gravity drain the effluent from the septic tank into a series of

underground trenches. The drainfield area must be below the elevation of the septic tank. If

the drainfield area is not below the elevation of the septic tank, a pump is necessary and it is

called a pump to standard gravity system. This method requires 75mm of good soil under

the trenches. A typical example is shown in Plate 2.1.

Plate 2.1: A Typical Standard Gravity Septic Tank System.

(Source: Professional Septic Tank Consultant, 2005)

2.3.1.2 Pressure Distribution

This system is usually required when there is less than optimal soil depth available for

complete treatment of the effluent by a gravity system. A minimum of 50mm of properly

drained soil is required under the trenches. The tank of the drainfield size is normally the

same as a standard gravity system, but the method by which the effluent is distributed to the

soil is different. A pump (or sometimes a siphon) is used to pressurize the effluent into a

small underground pvc pipe which transports it to the drainfield (Plate 2.2). The drainfield

itself consists of pipe and rock, graveless chambers or drip irrigation tubing. Unike a standard

gravity system, a pressure distribution system wets the entire length of the trench each time

7
the pump turns on. This allows the effluent to be spread over a larger area and receive better

treatment from the soil.

Plate 2.2: A Typical Septic Tank and Pump Chamber Found on a Pressure
Distribution System.
(Source: Professional Septic Tank Consultant, 2005)

2.3.1.3 Advanced Treatment

This system comes in various forms and varieties. Some are built in factories and some on

site. These system is requires when shallow soils exist on the site (300-750 mm). The basic

function of this system is to clean water prior to the final disposal into the ground.

2.3.2 Classification Based on Various Shape Types

The three most common septic tank systems based on shape are rectangular, square and

circular.

2.3.2.1 Rectangular Septic Tank

This is the most constructed form of septic tank around the world. It is adopted because of its

simple design and construction techniques. It does not require much skilled supervision

during construction and the periodical cleaning and maintenance can be easily carried out. It

can also accommodate the soak-away pits where the effluent flows into before moving into

8
the ground through the soil pores leaving behind the sludge and the scum. A rectangular

septic tank can have more than a single compartment; it can be a double compartment septic

tank or a triple compartment septic tank. A typical double compartment rectangular septic

tank is shown in Plate 2.3. It is mostly installed in households of few users, residential

colonies, hostels and boarding schools.

Plate 2.3: A Double Compartment Rectangular Septic Tank without Cover Spot

2.3.2.2 Square Septic Tank

This type of septic tank is similar to the rectangular septic tank in design, construction and

operation, only that it has different dimensions. It is not commonly adopted in practice

especially here in Nigeria. It is only adopted in special cases where a unique dimension of

septic tank is needed for treatment purposes and there is need to connect each septic tank

together to form a large reservoir of waste to be treated.

2.3.2.3 Circular Septic Tank

This type of septic tank is not commonly constructed as that of the rectangular type. It is

adopted in places where the availability of land is limited and when high technicality is

required in the design and construction. It requires skilled supervision during construction

and the periodical cleaning and maintenance is not easily carried out as the cover has to be

9
broken for the desludging to take place. The most common material used in its construction is

precast concrete. Plate 2.4 shows an example of a newly constructed circular septic tank.

Plate 2.4: A Newly Constructed Circular Septic Tank Around FUTA Northgate Area

2.4 Septic Tank Design Considerations

For the septic tank to function as a bio-digester and an effluent suspended remover, it should

be of sufficient capacity with proper inlet and outlet arrangements. It should be designed in

such a way that the sludge can settle at the bottom and the scum accumulates at the surface,

while enough space is left in between, for the sewage to flow through without dislocating

either the scum or the settled sludge. As such a properly designed septic tank system should

provide for the following:

(a) Space for sewage retention to allow sedimentation;

(b) Space for digestion of settled sludge; and

(c) Space for storage of digested sludge and scum accumulating in between successive

cleanings or sludge withdrawals at intervals.

In order to provide for the above indicated requirements the following considerations are

made in the design of septic tank.

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2.4.1 Sewage Flow

The maximum sewage flow into a septic tank is based on the number of plumbing fixtures

discharging simultaneously (Modi, 2011). For this purpose various sanitation facilities are

equated in terms of fixture units. A fixture unit is a quantity in terms of which the load

producing effect of different plumbing fixtures on the plumbing system are expressed on

some arbitrarily chosen scale. In the design of septic tank a fixture unit is taken as 9 litres per

minutes. Table 2.1 gives the equivalent fixture units of different sanitation facilities.

Table 2.1: Equivalent Fixture Units of Different Sanitation Facilities

Facility Equivalent fixture unit
1. Water closet 1

2. Bath/Kitchen

3. Wash basin/Kitchen sink

4. Urinal (with auto flush) 1

5. Urinal (without auto flush)

6. Slop sink 1

7. Laboratory sink 2

8. Combination fixture 1

9. Shower bath 1

10. Bath tub 2

11. Drinking fountain

12. Ablution tap

13. Dish washer

(Source: Modi, 2011)

The estimated number of fixture units and the number of fixture units that contributed to the

peak discharge in small installations serving up to 20 persons, for residential housing colonies

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up to 300 persons and for hostels and boarding schools are given in Tables 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4

respectively.

Table 2.2: Estimated Peak Discharge for Small Septic Tanks up to 20 Users
Number of Users Number of fixture Probable number of Probable peak
units fixture units discharge
discharging (lpm)
simultaneously
5 1 1 9

10 2 2 18

15 3 2 18

20 4 3 27

(Source: Modi, 2011)

The number of fixture units is based on the assumption that each house consisting of 5

persons may have one WC which will discharge into the septic tank and those probable

numbers of fixture units are based on 70 percent fixture units discharging simultaneously.

Table 2.3: Estimated Peak Discharge for Residential Colonies

Number of Users Number of Number of fixture Probable peak
households units discharge
(lpm)
50 10 20 108

100 20 40 216

150 30 60 324

200 40 80 432

300 60 120 648

(Source: Modi, 2011)

Table 2.3 values are based on the assumption that each household consisting of 5 persons

may have 1 WC, 1 bath and 1 wash basin/kitchen sink and also probable peak discharge is

based on 60 percent fixture units discharging simultaneously.

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Table 2.4: Estimated Peak Discharge for Hostels and Boarding Schools
Number of WC Bath Wash Number of Probable
Users basin/Kitchen fixture peak
sink units discharge
(lpm)
50 6 6 6 12 65

100 12 12 12 24 130

150 19 19 19 38 205

200 25 25 25 50 270

300 37 37 37 74 400

(Source: Modi, 2011)

Table 2.4 values are based on the assumption that for 8 persons 1 WC, 1 bath and 1 wash

basin/kitchen sink may be considered and also the probable peak discharge is based on 60

percent fixture units discharging simultaneously.

2.4.2 Detention Period

In order to provide sufficiently quiescent conditions for effective sedimentation of the

suspended solids, the minimum detention period for the sewage in a septic tank should be 24

hours. However, considering the volume required for the sludge and scum accumulation, a

septic tank is usually designed for a detention period of 24 to 48 hours.

2.4.3 Tank Capacity

The capacity of a septic tank can be determined by the following methods.

i. Rational method

ii. Detention period method

In the rational method, the capacity of the septic tank is determined on the basis of space

required for sedimentation, sludge digestion and storage of digested sludge. For

sedimentation, (especially in India) the surface area of the tank required will be 0.92 m2 for

13
every 10 litres per minute of peak flow rate. A minimum depth of sedimentation should be

250 to 300 mm. For sludge digestion, the suspended solids entering into the tank may be

taken as 70 gm per day per capita. The capacity required for sludge digestion is 0.033 m3 per

capita at 25C. For the volume of the digested sludge, it is normally taken as 0.00021 m3 per

capita per day (Modi, 2011).

The total capacity of the tank will be equal to the sum of the above three mentioned

requirements plus a freeboard of not less than 300 mm to provide additional capacity required

for the storage of scum at the top.

In the detention period method, average daily per capita rate of flow of sewage is estimated

by first determining the daily per capita water consumption. The average daily per capita rate

of flow of sewage is multiplied by the number of users and the detention period in days

which gives the capacity of the tank required to store the sewage produced during the

detention period. In addition to this, space is also required for the sludge accumulating in the

tank during the period between successive cleanings. The space for the accumulating sludge

is usually kept at the rate of 15 to 45 litres per capita per year (with average value of 30 litres

per capita per year). The total capacity of the tank will be equal to the sum of the above

indicated two requirements plus a freeboard of not less than 300 mm to provide additional

capacity required for the storage of scum at the top. As a thumb rule 1/6 to 1/5 m 3 volume

should be provided for every user. (Chatterjee, 2005).

2.4.4 Dimensions of Septic Tank

Septic tanks are conventionally rectangular in shape with minimum width of 0.75 m and

length 2 to 4 times the width. The liquid depth is 1 to 2.5 m with a minimum value of 1m.

The recommended sizes of septic tanks for individual households (up to 20 users), for

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housing colonies (up to 300 users) and for hostels and boarding schools are given in Tables

2.5, 2.6, and 2.7 respectively.

Table 2.5: Recommended Sizes of Septic Tanks up to 20 Users

Number of Length Width Liquid depth (m)
users (m) (m) Clearing interval of
1 year 2 years

5 1.5 0.75 1.0 1.05

10 2.0 0.90 1.0 1.40

15 2.0 0.90 1.3 2.00

20 2.3 1.10 1.3 1.80

(Source: Modi, 2011)

Values of Table 2.5 are given on the basis that the capacities are recommended on the

assumption that discharge from only Water Closet (WC) will be treated in the septic tank and

also a provision of 300 mm should be made for freeboard.

Table 2.6: Recommended Sizes of Septic Tanks for Residential Colonies

Number of Length Width Liquid depth (m)
users (m) (m) Clearing interval of
1 year 2 years

50 5.0 2.00 1.0 1.24

100 7.5 2.65 1.0 1.24

150 10.0 3.00 1.0 1.24

200 12.0 3.30 1.0 1.24

300 15.0 4.00 1.0 1.24

(Source: Modi, 2011)

Values of Table 2.6 are given on the basis that a provision of 300 mm should be made for

freeboard and for population over 100; the tank may be divided into independent parallel

chamber for ease of maintenance and cleaning.

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Values of Table 2.7 are given on the basis that a provision of 300 mm should be made for

freeboard and for population over 100; the tank may be divided into independent parallel

chamber for ease of maintenance and cleaning.

Table 2.7: Recommended Sizes of Septic Tanks for Hostels and Boarding schools
Number of Length Width Liquid depth (m)
users (m) (m) Clearing interval of
1 year 2 years

50 5.0 1.6 1.3 1.4

100 5.7 2.1 1.4 1.7

150 7.7 2.4 1.4 1.7

200 8.9 2.7 1.4 1.7

300 10.7 3.3 1.4 1.7

(Source: Modi, 2011)

The sizes of the septic tanks given in Tables 2.5, 2.6, and 2.7 are based on the assumption of

peak discharges indicated in Table 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4 and while choosing the size of septic tank

exact calculations should be made.

2.4.5 Sludge Withdrawal and Disposal

Sludge may be withdrawn from a septic tank either half yearly or yearly. For small domestic

tanks, for economic reasons, de-sludging may be done once in 3 years provided the tank is

not overloaded due to use by more than the number for which it is designed. Frequent de-

sludging inhibits the anaerobic action in the tank. Normally the tanks are cleaned when the

sum of the depth of accumulated scum and sludge is observed to exceed half the depth of the

tank. A portion of the sludge at least 25 mm in depth should be left behind in the tank bottom

which acts as the seeding material for the fresh sludge. The sludge from septic tanks is black

in colour, and unless well digested by long storage, it is offensive because of the hydrogen

sulphide and other gases it gives off. The digested sludge is withdrawn through a sludge pipe

16
of at least 150 mm diameter under a hydrostatic pressure of at least 450 mm. The sludge pipe

which is installed at the bottom of the tank is provided with a delivery valve to draw the

sludge as at when required and it delivers the sludge to a sump for subsequent disposal on

land or sent for further treatment. The sludge can be dried on porous beds if spread out in thin

layers. Spreading of sludge on the ground in the vicinity should not be allowed. Portable

pumps may also be used for de-sludging in which case there will be no need for sludge pipe

on sludge sump. As far as practicable, manual handling of sludge should be avoided. If

possible particularly in case of densely populated large cities, mechanical vacuum tankers

should be used by the municipal authorities to empty the septic tanks.

2.4.6 Construction Details

For smaller capacities (usually up to 2000 litres) a septic tank with a single compartment may

be constructed, but for larger capacities, a two-compartment tank constructed with the

partition wall at a distance of about two-thirds the length from the inlet gives a better

performance than a single compartment tank. The two compartments are interconnected

above the sludge storage level by means of pipes or square openings of diameter or side

length respectively of at least 75 mm. Typical sectional sketches of single compartment and

two compartment septic tanks are shown in Figures 1 and 2. Septic tanks may be constructed

either in brick work or stone masonry or cement concrete cast in situ or precast. The floor of

the tank is of cement concrete and it is provided with a minimum slope of 1 in 10 towards the

sludge outlet to facilitate de-sludging. Both the floor and the side walls are plastered to render

the surface smooth and to make them water tight. Septic tanks are provided with watertight

covers of adequate strength. Access manholes of adequate size are provided for the purposes

of inspection and de-sludging of tanks. Every septic tank is provided with a ventilation pipe

of height extending at least 2000 mm above the top of the highest building and the top of the

ventilation pipe is covered with a suitable mosquito proof wire mesh.

17
The inlet and outlet are located at the two opposite ends of the tank and at different levels to

avoid short circuiting. This is further ensured by using pipe tees with submerged ends as inlet

and outlet (Figure 2.1) or by providing baffles in front of the inlet and before the outlet

(Figure 2.2). The baffles should dip 250 to 300 mm into and project 150 mm above the liquid.

The invert of the outlet pipe should be placed at a level 50 to 70 mm below the invert of inlet

pipe.

Figure 2.1: Typical Plan and Sectional View of a Single Compartment Septic Tank
(Source: Indian Standard Code of Practice, 2003)

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 Figure 2.2: Sectional View of a Two Compartment Septic Tank System
(Source: Indian Standard Code of Practice, 2003)

2.5 Biogas

Biogas is produced by bacteria through the bio-degradation of organic material under

anaerobic conditions (absence of oxygen). Natural generation of biogas is an important part

of bio-geochemical carbon cycle and biogas is a renewable form of energy. Methanogens

(methane producing bacteria) are last link in a chain of microorganisms which degrade

organic material and returns product of decomposition to the environment in a form that is

not harmful to the environment (Okure, 2005). Biogas consists of various constituents

depending on the origin of the anaerobic digestion process.

According to Babatola (2008), the composition of biogas varies depending on the origin of

the anaerobic digestion process. The major constituents of biogas are methane (CH4) and

carbon dioxide (CO2), found in different proportions depending on input to the system and

what the condition during the fermentation process are.

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2.5.1 Factors Affecting Yield and Production of Biogas

There are several factors that can affect the production of biogas from any form of organic

substances and many of these factors affecting the fermentation process are under anaerobic

condition. They are retention time, carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N), temperature, acidity and

alkalinity (pH+ Value) of substrate, total solid content, mixing, organic loading rate / volatile

solids (Vs), toxic substances and nutrients.

2.5.1.1 Retention Time

Retention time is the time needed to achieve the complete degradation of the organic

matter. The retention time varies with process parameters, such as process temperature

and waste composition. The retention time for waste treated in a mesophilic digester

ranges from 15 to 30 days and 12-14 days for thermophilic digester.

2.5.1.2 Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio (C: N)

The relationship between the amount of carbon and nitrogen present in organic materials

is represented by the C: N ratio. Optimum C: N ratios in anaerobic digesters are between

20 and 30. A high C: N ration is an indication of a rapid consumption of nitrogen by the

methanogens and result s in a lower gas production. On the other hand, a lower C: N

ratio causes ammonia accumulation and pH values exceeding 8.5, which is toxic to

methanogenic bacteria. Optimum C: N ratio of the feedstock materials can be achieved

by mixing waste of low and high C: N ratio, such as organic solid waste mixed with

sewage or animal manure.

2.5.1.3 Temperature

The process of biogas production takes place in anaerobic conditions and in different

temperature diapasons. When the temperature of the digester fluctuates, a change in methane

production is expected. Tropical climate generally have no problems with temperature

20
because the anaerobic bacteria thrive in higher temperatures but for a more temperate climate,

the digester may need to be heated during colder season. If temperatures within the tank reach

temperatures below 20C, the biogas production slows down. Under freezing conditions, you

will not have digestion. The optimum temperature, i.e. the temperature at which the organism

grows fastest and works most efficiently, varies among species.

Microorganisms can be divided into different groups depending on the temperature at which

they best thrive and grow namely psychrophilic, mesophilic and thermophilic.

Anaerobic digestion can occur under three main temperature ranges:

Psychrophilic conditions, between 10-25C, usually 20C.

Mesophilic conditions, between 20-45C, usually 35C.

Thermophilic conditions, between 50-65 C, usually 55C.

Biogas production in a thermophilic region is much higher than for the mesophilic and

psychrophilic regions.

For each range of digestion temperature there are certain groups of microorganisms present

that can flourish in these temperature ranges. In the temperature ranges between the three

established temperature ranges the conditions for each of the microorganisms group are less

favorable. In these ranges anaerobic digestion can operate, however much less efficient. For

example, mesophilic microorganisms can operate up to 47C while thermophilic

microorganisms can operate as low as 45C.

Common to all growth intervals is that the temperature that allows the highest rate is close to

the so-called maximum temperature, which results in cell death. If the temperature increases

above this maximum temperature, the cell's proteins and other components are quickly

inactivated, causing the organism to die. The maximum temperature varies depending on

which temperature range the microorganism is adapted to.

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 Figure 2.3: Growth of Microorganisms at Different Temperatures
(Source: Madigan and Martinko, 2006)

A curve rates of gas production as a function of temperature was developed by Maly and

Fadrus in 1991 as seen in Figure 2.4. The steepness of the curves in the figure increases with

temperature due to increased microbial activity. The time required for digestion, based on the

three temperature zones is 80 to 100 days at 20 C; 33 to 50 days at 30 C; and 20 days at 50 C.

22
Figure 2.4: Curve Rates of Gas production as a Function of Temperature.
(Source: Maly and Fadrus, 1991)

Figure 2.5 also shows the studies by Maly and Fadrus (1991) showing the rate differences

for the reduction of organic matter for temperatures of 20 C, 30 C, and 50 C.

Figure 2.5: Rate Differences for Reduction of Organic Matter for Temperatures Ranges
(Source: Maly and Fadrus, 1991)

23
2.5.1.4 Acidity and Alkalinity (pH Value) of Substrate

The optimal pH range for digestion is between 6.8 and 7.4. An increase in acidity can occur

when acetogenic bacteria grow rapidly at times of high organic matter loading, causing

elevated levels of volatile fatty acids. This situation can be controlled by simply buffering the

system with an alkali such as lime during start-up or high loading periods.

In anaerobic digestion the pH is most affecting the methanogenic stage of the process. pH

optimum for the methanogenic microorganisms is between 6.5 and 7.5. If the pH decreases

below 6.5, more acids are produced and that leads to imminent process failure. In real

digester systems with suspended biomass and substrate containing suspended solids, normal

pH of operation is between 7.3 and 7.5. When pH decreases to 6.9 already serious actions to

stop process failure must be taken.

The variability of the concentration of volatile organic acids has a significant influence on the

pH of the fermenting media as shown in Figure 2.6. The lowest pH values occur when the

volatile organic acids are at the maximum concentration.

Figure 2.6: Influence of Volatile Organic Acids on the pH during Fermentation.

(Source: Veeken and Hamelers, 1999).

24
2.5.1.5 Total Solid Content

There are three different ranges of total solid content namely low solid system and it

contain less than 10% of the total solid, medium solid systems which contain 15-20% of

the total solids content and high solid systems which contain 22-40% of the total solid

content. When increasing the total solid content, the volume of the digester decreases,

due to lower water requirements.

2.5.1.6 Mixing

Mixing, within the digester, improves the contact between the micro-organisms and

substrate and improves the bacteria populations ability to obtain nutrients. Mixing also

prevents the formation of scum and the development of temperature gradients within the

digester. However excessive mixing can disrupt the micro-organisms and therefore slow

mixing is preferred. In case of co-digestion, the different feedstock should be mixed

before entering the digester to ensure a sufficient homogeneity.

2.5.1.7 Organic Loading Rate (OLR)/ Volatile Solids (VS)

Organic loading rate is a measure of the biological conversion capacity of the anaerobic

digestion system. Feeding the system above its sustainable organic loading rate, results

in low biogas yield due to accumulation of inhibiting substances in the digester slurry

(i.e. fatty acids). Under such circumstances, the feeding rate of the system must be

reduced. Organic loading rate is a particularly important control parameter in continuous

systems. Many plants have reported system failure due to overloading. Organic loading

rate is expressed in kg of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) or Volatile Solids (VS) per

cubic meter of reactor. It is linked with retention time for any particular feedstock and

anaerobic reactor volume.

Volatile Solids (VS) represents the organic matter in a sample which is measured as

solid content minus ash content, as obtained by complete combustion of the feed wastes.

25
Volatile solids comprise the biodegradable volatile solid fraction and the refractory

volatile solid. High volatile solid content with low refractory volatile solid is more

suitable for anaerobic digestion.

2.5.1.8 Toxic Substances

Substances that may be toxic or inhibitory to the anaerobic process besides volatile acids are

ammonia, oxygen, antibiotics and cations. In the anaerobic system, ammonia exists in

equilibrium as an ammonium ion or as dissolved ammonia gas. An increase in pH shifts the

equilibrium, placing more free ammonia in solution which is toxic to the methane bacteria.

Free ammonia in concentrations greater than 150mg/litre causes anaerobic unit to stop

functioning. The potential toxicity due to ammonia can be corrected by controlling the C/N

ratio of the slurry or diluting the manure with water.

The addition of oxygen is inhibitory to the anaerobic process and should be avoided. Since

the methane are obligates anaerobes, they require a highly reducing environment, which even

small amount of oxygen can destroy. Not only oxygen, but all highly oxidized materials, such

as nitrites and nitrates, can inhibit the anaerobic process. Antibiotics, found in the feed of

animals, may inhibit the growth of bacteria during digestion. Diluting the waste with water or

other non-toxic wastes may solve the problem.

Cations such as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium may also be toxic to bacteria if

present in high concentration. These cations are generally found in chemical fertilizers and if

introduced into the process can inhibit its performance.

2.5.1.9 Nutrients

The nutrients required for anaerobic digestion are carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and

phosphorus. The most important nutrients among this group are carbon and nitrogen. For best

results, the carbon to nitrogen ratio of the substrate should always be within the ranges of

30:1 to 50:1. If the ratio is too high, the process is limited by nitrogen availability; if it is too

26
low, ammonia may exist in quantities large enough to inhibit bacterial activity. Normally this

is not a problem when working with animal wastes (Hart, 1993).

2.5.2 Anaerobic Digestion Technology

Anaerobic digestion technology is also referred to as bio-methanization. It is a natural process

that takes place in the absence of air (oxygen). It involves biochemical decomposition of

complex organic material by various biochemical processes with release of energy rich

biogas and production of nitrous effluents. Anaerobic digestion is a microbiological process

that produces biogas, consisting primarily of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the

absence of oxygen.

Anaerobic digestion is suitable for treating:

sewage sludge

organic farm wastes (manure/slurry from cattle, pig and poultry, Harvest remains and

garden waste, Farmyard manure on small farm)

municipal solid wastes

green/botanical wastes

organic industrial and commercial wastes

2.5.3 Biochemical Reactions in Anaerobic Digestion

In most cases biomass is made up of large organic compounds. In order for the

microorganisms in anaerobic digesters to access the chemical energy potential of the organic

material, the organic matter macromolecular chains must first be broken down into their

smaller constituent parts. These constituent parts or monomers such as sugars are readily

available to microorganisms for further processing.

There are three key biological and chemical stages of anaerobic digestion namely:

1. Hydrolysis

27
 2. Acidogenesis

3. Methanogenesis.

2.5.3.1 Hydrolysis

This first process of digestion is where complex organic compounds are broken into simple

soluble sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and peptides by hydrolytic bacteria. Therefore

hydrolysis of high molecular weight molecules is the necessary first step in anaerobic

digestion. It may be enhanced by mechanical, thermal or chemical pretreatment of the waste.

Hydrolysis step can be merely biological (using hydrolytic microorganisms) or combined:

bio-chemical (using extracellular enzymes), chemical (using catalytic reactions) as well as

physical (using thermal energy and pressure) in nature. Acetates and hydrogen produced in

the first stages can be used directly by methanogens. Other molecules such as Volatile Fatty

Acids (VFAs) with a chain length that is greater than acetate must first be catabolised into

compounds that can be directly utilized by methanogens.

2.5.3.2 Acidogenesis

It occurs where the compounds are further broken down into simple molecules by acid-

forming bacteria. During this stage, by-products such as ammonia, carbon dioxide and

hydrogen sulphide are produced. The simple molecules from acidogenesis are broken down

further producing acids such as acetic acid, butyric acid, propanoic acid and ethanol.

2.5.3.3 Methanogenesis

Here, methanogenic bacteria convert the acids into methane (CH4) gas and carbon dioxide

CO2. It is these components that makes up the majority of the biogas released from the

system. Methanogenesis is beside other factors sensitive to both high and low pH+ values and

perform well between pH+ 6.5 and pH+ 8.

Heavy metals can generally be precipitated out with sulphides in the sludge but high

concentrations of soluble metals such as copper can be toxic to the bacteria in the digester.

28
Copper is a common metal present in digester wastes from farms using copper sulphate anti-

fungal foot baths. Biogas generated from anaerobic digestion has numerous applications. The

primary benefits of anaerobic digestion are odour control, nutrient recycling and waste

treatment. A secondary benefit, more applicable to larger digester operations, is biogas

production, particularly the potential for energy production. Block scheme of anaerobic

digestion (Figure 2.7) shows the technological process of typical anaerobic digestion process.

Figure 2.7: Flow Chart of a Typical Anaerobic Digestion

(Source: Gramms et al., 1999)

2.6 Biomass Transformation

The transformation of biomass occurs in stages. Biogas fuel can be transformed via bio-

methanation into bio-fuels. The three major compositions of biomass are explained as

follows.

2.6.1 Biogas and Bio-methane

Biogas is generated when bacteria degrade biological material in the absence of oxygen, in a

process known as anaerobic digestion. Biogas is a renewable fuel. It is a mixture of methane

(about 65%), carbon dioxide (CO2), and impurities of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), CO2 and water

(Table 2.8). Technology is commercially available to remove H2S, CO2 and water

29
contaminants present in the biogas and landfill gas through processing to produce high-purity

natural gas suitable for vehicles. When biogas is produced from biological material it is

called bio-methane. After removal of contaminants, bio-methane is the same as natural gas,

and can be used as a transport fuel in the form of Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) or Compressed

Natural Gas (CNG). Anaerobic Digestion (AD) technology is well established; hence biogas

is often categorized as a 'first generation' bio-fuel. Biogas is widely used as a transport fuel in

many European countries, notably Italy, which boasts of 650,000 gas powered vehicles.

Sweden is a world leader in upgrading and use of bio-methane for transport, and has many

'biogas vehicles', including private cars, buses, and even a biogas train and a biogas powered

touring car team (EBA, 2015). Anaerobic digestion is the most commonly employed and

technologically mature method; requiring only a low-oxygen environment for the naturally

occurring breakdown of organic matter by bacteria.

Table 2.8: Percentage Components of Biogas

Typical Composition of Biogas

Methane 50 80%

Carbon dioxide 25 25%

Nitrogen 0 10%

Hydrogen 0 1%

Hydrogen sulphide 0 3%

Oxygen 0 2%

(Source: Patrick, 2015)

Biogas is the gaseous emissions from anaerobic degradation of organic matter (from plants or

animals) by a consortium of bacteria. Methane gas, the primary component of natural gas

(98%), makes up 55-90% by volume of biogas, depending on the source of organic matter

and conditions of degradation. Biogas is produced in all natural environments that have low

30
levels of oxygen (O2) and have degradable organic matter present. These natural sources of

biogas include: aquatic sediments, wet soils, buried organic matter, animal and insect

digestive tracts, and in the core of some trees. Anthropogenic activities create additional

sources including landfills, waste lagoons, and waste storage structures. Atmospheric

emissions of biogas from natural and man-made sources contribute to climate change due to

methanes potent greenhouse gas properties. Biogas technology permits the recovery of

biogas from anaerobic digestion of organic matter using sealed vessels, and makes the biogas

available for use as fuel for direct heating, electrical generation or mechanical power and

other uses.

Biogas is often made from wastes but can be made from biomass energy feedstocks as well.

It is well known that biogas, accounts for more than 60 percent of final energy used in Africa,

34 percent in Asia and 25 percent in Latin America (Oyeleke, 2007). One main advantage of

biogas is the waste reduction potential.

Biogas production by anaerobic digestion is popular for treating biodegradable waste because

valuable fuel can be produced while destroying disease-causing pathogens and reducing the

volume of disposed waste products. Biogas burns more cleanly than coal, and emits less

carbon dioxide per unit of energy. The carbon in biogas was recently extracted from the

atmosphere by photosynthetic plants. Releasing it back into the atmosphere adds less total

atmospheric carbon than burning fossil fuels. Thus, biogas production reduces waste and

produces energy. In addition, the residues from the digestion process can be used as high

quality fertilizer. This closes the nutrient cycle. Digestion effectively eliminates

environmental hazards, such as overproduction of liquid manure. Apart from waste

materials, suitable feedstock also includes dedicated energy crops. The main disadvantage of

energy crops when compared to waste materials is their need for additional agricultural land.

Nevertheless, energy crops for biogas production have several advantages which make them

31
very promising for the future. One main advantage is the production of considerably high

yields of energy crops even when they are cultivated extensively. Chemical fertilizers and

pesticides are not required or only in small amounts. Damaged and uneatable harvests

resulting from unfavorable growing and weather conditions, as well as from pest

contaminations are also suitable for biogas production. In addition, cultivations do not have

to become fully ripe, since the whole plant can be used for biogas production. The production

of biogas from energy crops as well as from bio-waste or municipal waste is very popular in

Austria, Denmark, Germany and Italy. Biogas containing methane is a valuable product of

anaerobic digestion which can be utilized in the production of renewable energy. Biogas can

be used for generating electricity and heat. It can also be burned directly for cooking, heating,

lighting and process heat. Furthermore, even pilot fuel cells installations are operated with by

biogas. In addition, biogas can be cleaned and upgraded to natural gas quality. The final

product is bio-methane, which has methane content between 95 and 100%. This upgraded

bio-methane is suitable for all natural gas applications. For instance, it can be fed into the

natural gas grid or used for transport in vehicles. One of the major processes of conversion of

wastes to biogas or bio-methane is bio-methanation.

2.6.2 Bio-methanation

Bio-methanation is a process by which organic material is microbiologically converted under

anaerobic conditions to biogas. Three main physiological groups of microorganisms are

involved namely fermenting bacteria, organic acid oxidizing bacteria, and methanogenic

archaea. Microorganisms degrade organic matter via cascades of biochemical conversions to

methane and carbon dioxide. Energy has a major economical and political role as an

important resource traded worldwide. Bio-methanation technology (BT) may be perceived as

a potential alternative as it not only provides renewable source of energy but also utilizes

recycling potential of degradable organic portion of solid waste generated by numerous

32
activities in the country. BT is the anaerobic digestion of biodegradable organic waste in an

enclosed space under controlled conditions of temperature, moisture, pH, etc. It is a human

engineered decomposing system wherein depending on the waste characteristics; the waste

mass undergoes decomposition anaerobically thereby generating biogas comprising mainly

methane and carbon dioxide. Microbes are nature's ultimate garbage disposal, devouring the

dead, decomposing an inert material that litters Earth's surface. (Patrick, 2015)

2.6.3 Biogas and Bio-fuel

Biogas is only one of many types of bio-fuels which include solid, liquid or gaseous fuels

from biomass. Bio-fuels include fuels derived from biomass conversion, as well as solid

biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases (Demirbas, 2009). Any combustible fuel derived

from recent (non-fossil) living matter (biomass) may be considered a bio-fuel, including

ethanol derived from plant products, biodiesel from plant or animal oils as well as biogas

from biomass. All bio-fuels are produced from sources which are renewable and are included

as a subset of renewable energy sources that also include energy produced from solar, hydro,

tidal, wind, and geothermal sources. Biogas, like natural gas, has a low volumetric energy

density compared to the liquid bio-fuels, ethanol and biodiesel. However, biogas may be

purified to a natural gas equivalent fuel for pipeline injection and further compressed for use

as a transportation fuel. Methane, the principal component in biogas, has four times the

volumetric energy density of hydrogen (H2) and is suitable for use in many types of fuel cell

generators. Fuel yields depend on photosynthetic efficiency (less than 3% of solar energy is

captured in even high yield crops), the efficiency of the conversion process, and the energy

used in the production and conversion process (a significant cost for ethanol production).

Bio-fuels offer the advantage of coming from large, mainly under-utilized biomass resources

that are sustainable and renewable in a closed carbon cycle that reduces environmental input.

Bio-fuels apply to solid, liquid or gaseous fuel produced from biological materials (biomass)

33
which can be used for the generation of power, heat or fuel for motive power (Agba et al.,

2010). It well known that Nigeria is the largest producer of cassava in the world and has the

largest capacity for oil palm plantation which serves as a great source for biodiesel (Abiodun,

2007). Table 2.9 shows the estimated biomass quantities in Nigeria. This stands the country

in a good stead in turning these huge biomasses into valuable products that can enhance

generation of income for both government and her citizens.

Table 2.9: Biomass Resources and Estimated Quantity in Nigeria (2004)

Resource Quantity ( in Million tonnes) Energy value (in Million
Joules)
Fuel wood 39.10 531.0

Agro-waste 11.24 147.7

Saw dust 1.80 31.4

Municipal Solid waste 4.08 -

(Source: Agbro and Ogie, 2012).

2.7 Biogas Production Technology

Organic substances exist in wide variety from living beings to dead organisms. Organic

matters are composed of Carbon (C), combined with elements such as Hydrogen (H), Oxygen

(O), Nitrogen (N), and Sulphur (S) to form variety of organic compounds such as

carbohydrates, proteins & lipids. In nature, microorganisms, through digestion process breaks

the complex carbon into smaller substances. Breaking down of organic compound take place

in only degradable matters and it is this degradable compound that can produce gas in

different quantity depending on the composition of the material.

There are two types of digestion process namely

(a) Aerobic digestion.

(b) Anaerobic digestion.

34
The digestion process occurring in the presence of oxygen is called Aerobic digestion and

produces mixtures of gases having carbon dioxide (CO2), one of the main green houses

responsible for global warming.

The digestion process occurring without (i.e. in the absence of) oxygen is called Anaerobic

digestion which generates mixtures of gases. The gas produced which is mainly methane

produces 5200-5800 KJ/m3 which when burned at normal room temperature and presents a

viable environmentally friendly energy source to replace fossil fuels (non-renewable).

The overall of biogas production process includes the following:

Waste collection and handling

Pretreatment

Anaerobic digestion

By-product recovery and effluent use

Biogas recovery

Biogas handling and reuse.

2.8 Electricity or Power Production

The biogas production from organic waste represents one of the potential green energy or

renewable energy from a sustainable development perspective as it consists of greenhouse

gases like methane. Energy recovery from waste represents an important way to reduce the

amount of electrical energy that is produced from fossil fuels. This would therefore reduce

and perhaps replace fossil fuel-derived energy and reduce environmental impacts including

global warming and acid rain. Biogas can be produced through anaerobic digestion of

household wastes and organic fraction of municipal solid waste which can therefore be used

for the production of electricity (Bove and Lunghi, 2006). There are several technologies

available in the market for the conversion of biogas into power directly. Gas engine generator

set is one of the mostly used technologies for burning the biogas for power generation.

35
2.9 Biomass for Electric Power

There are several technological ways to transform the energy content of biomass into

electricity. The transformation process consists of at least four main stages.

i. Biomass supply which includes traditional activities of the agricultural and

forestry sector e.g. land preparation, cultivation, harvesting or the collection of the

useful organic fraction from different waste flows.

ii. Biomass conditioning i.e. the processing of the resources to make them suitable

for use by energy conversion technologies. It may include processes like size

reduction, cleaning and drying.

iii. Energy conversion of the biomasss energy content into electric power e.g.

through an engine-generator set or a fuel cell.

iv. Transportation and storage.

36
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Materials

The materials used for this research work are majorly software programs. Various

engineering design applications and software programs can be used to carry out this work but

the materials used were limited to three software programs to give a better outcome and these

software packages are AutoCAD software, Autodesk Inventor 3D CAD software and

Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet software. Each of these materials is briefly explained below.

3.1.1 AutoCAD Software

AutoCAD is a product of the Autodesk application software, a commercial software

application for two dimensional and three dimensional computer-aided design (CAD) and

drafting available since 1982 as a desktop application and since 2010 as a mobile, web and

cloud based app marketed as AutoCAD 360. AutoCAD is used across a wide range of

industries, by architects, project managers, engineers, graphic designers, and other

professionals.

For this study, AutoCAD software was used to draft the two dimensional engineering

drawing of the septic system. The software interface is shown in Figure 3.1.

37
Figure 3.1: AutoCAD Software Interface
(Source: Autodesk Certification Preparation, 2009)

3.1.2 Autodesk Inventor 3D CAD Software

Autodesk Inventor 3D CAD was introduced in 1999 as an ambitious three dimensional

parametric modeler based not on the familiar AutoCAD programming architecture but

instead on a separate foundation that would provide the room needed to grow into the fully

featured modeler it now is, a decade later. Inventor software continues the development of

Inventor with assembly layout, plastic parts, and other productivity tools. The maturity of the

Inventor tools coincides with the advancement of the CAD markets adoption of three

dimensional parametric modelers as a primary design tool. Although, it is important to

understand that two dimensional CAD will likely never completely disappear from the

majority of manufacturing design departments, three dimensional designs will increasingly

become a requirement for most (Curtis and Loren, 2009).

For this study, Autodesk Inventor 3D CAD was used to model the three dimensional view of

the septic system for better appreciation of the 2D drawing. The software interface is shown

in Figure 3.2.

38
Figure 3.2: Autodesk Inventor 3D CAD Interface
(Source: Curtis and Loren, 2009)

3.1.3 Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet Software

Microsoft Excel software has the basic features of all spreadsheets, using a grid

of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter-named columns to organize data manipulations

like arithmetic operations. It has a battery of supplied functions to answer statistical,

engineering and financial needs. In addition, it can display data as line graphs, histograms

and charts, and with a very limited three-dimensional graphical display. It allows sectioning

of data to view its dependencies on various factors for different perspectives (using pivot

tables and the scenario manager). It has a programming aspect, Visual Basic for Applications,

allowing the user to employ a wide variety of numerical methods, for example, for solving

differential equations of mathematical physics, and then reporting the results back to the

spreadsheet.

39
For this study, Microsoft excel spreadsheet was used to prepare a flexible computer software

program for proper sizing of circular septic systems for electricity generation. The software

interface is shown in Figure 3.3.

Figure 3.3: Microsoft Excel Software Interface

(Source: De Levie, 2004)

3.2 Design Concepts

Several septic systems types and shapes have existed and still exist around the world. The

design of circular septic tank systems which is different from the existing circular septic tank

system was proposed in this work for energy production. However, the design of the existing

circular septic system was reviewed and further work was done to improve on its function

and structure in order to get the desired design of septic system which can be used for

generating electricity.

40
3.3 Existing System

The septic system is the most widely used onsite sanitation system in developing countries

like Nigeria. Currently, almost all new houses being constructed in urban centres and rural

areas in Nigeria (except for some few exceptions like Abuja, some areas of Lagos and Kano)

use septic system as a means of collecting wastes discharged from the house. The design and

construction of this system over the years have been widely done using two geometrical

shapes namely the rectangular shape and the circular shape. One of the major reasons why

these two shapes have been generally adopted is because of their ease of design and

construction. Only few designs and construction have been carried out on square shapes and

other forms of shapes in past years.

3.3.1 Existing Circular Septic System Design Operation

Two types of processes occur in the conventional septic system namely physical and

biological processes. The schematic flow diagram of the conventional system is shown in

Figure 3.4. The solid and liquid from the toilet flush cistern is conveyed into the septic

system via a sewer, after which separation of the solids from the liquid take place as heavier

solid called the sludge settles and fats, greases and other light materials float as scum on the

surface while the liquid layer is formed in between the sludge and the scum layers called the

effluent. Only one receptacle is provided for this system hereby making it to have only inlet

pipes that is no outlet channel. This usually results in frequent disturbance and turbulence in

the system and thus causing disruption in the tank operation.

41
Figure 3.4: Flow Diagram for the Existing Design
(Source: Author, 2016)

3.3.2 Typical Engineering Drawing of Existing Circular Septic System

The engineering drawing of a typical circular septic system currently constructed in Nigeria

and some other part of developing countries is shown in Figure 3.5 and 3.6. This system has

some limitations in its design as it only considered the collection of the wastes from the

house. It does not give any consideration on how the wastewater flowing with the solid

matters will be discharged. The conventional engineering drawing shows the plan and section

of the septic system (that is, the septic tank and the soakaway combined) in a single unit

having just the de-sludging hole. This design lacks inspection hole where maintenance work

can be carried out in case there is any technical fault in the system neither does it have a gas

vent on it. In most of the one constructed in houses, the pipe vent via which the gases is

passed out is connected to a small chamber before passing it to the septic system and these

gases being released escape to the atmosphere which in turn causes air pollution. This system

is limited in design hence the need for a better design.

42
 Figure 3.5: Plan of a Typical Circular Septic Tank System
(Source: Author, 2016)

Figure 3.6: Section of a Typical Circular Septic Tank System

(Source: Author, 2016)

43
3.4 The Modified Septic System

The modified septic tank shape considered in this design is a circular septic system. This

shape was selected to further improve on the existing circular septic system and to maximize

its usage for biogas and electricity generation.

3.4.1 Modified Septic System Design Operation

Two types of processes occurred in this modified septic system just like the existing system

since both are operated under anaerobic condition. The two processes are physical and

biological processes. The schematic flow diagram of the proposed system is shown in Figure

3.7. The solid and liquid from the toilet flush cistern are conveyed together into the septic

system via a sewer just like the existing (conventional) system. After, the separation of the

solids from the liquid take place as heavier solid called the sludge settles and fats, greases

and other light materials float as scum on the surface. The liquid layer is formed in between

the sludge and the scum layers called the effluent. The effluent is retained for a minimum of

24 hours after which it is conveyed into the soak away tank via the outlet pipe. A screen is

introduced before the outlet pipe to prevent the scum from being transported with the effluent

into the soak away pit. Effluent in the soak away is discharged into the soil through the

perforated rings thus preventing turbulence in the system. The breakdown of the solid matters

by bacterial action will yield mixture of gases. This mixture of gases emitted from both the

septic unit and the soak away pit are then collected for further use.

44
Figure 3.7: Flow Diagram for the Modified Design
(Source: Author, 2016)

3.5 Design Parameters for the Modified Septic System Design

In this design, some parameters are considered that are paramount and can affect the outcome

and subsequently the proper construction and performance of the septic system. They are as

follows:

a) Population (P)

This is the number of users contributing to the usage of the septic tank.

b) Quantity of Water used per person per day (Q)

This is the total amount of water to be used per person per day and it depends on the

capacity and type of the sanitary facilities installed.

c) Retention Time of Effluent (t)

This is the minimum time for the effluent to be retained in the septic tank before being

transported to the soak-away unit or drainfield. It is usually taken as 24hours.

d) De-sludging Period or Frequency Removal of Sludge and Scum (N)

This is the number of year(s) between each removal of the sludge and scum from the

septic system. It is usually taken as 1 year for developed countries, 3 years for

developing and 5 years and more for undeveloped countries.

45
 e) Rate of Sludge Accumulation (S)

This is the quantity of sludge that accumulates after decomposition has occurred over

a given period of time. This depends on some factors such as diet condition of each

individual, the standard of living of each country etc.

f) Sizing factor (F)

Sizing factor is a factor relating to the ambient temperature. The digestion process

occurs less readily at lower temperatures. At temperature more than 20C throughout

the year, the sizing factor ranges from 1.0 1.3 depending on the period of de-

sludging. At temperature less than 20C throughout the year, the sizing factor ranges

from 1.5 2.5 depending on the period of de-sludging also.

3.6 Design Calculation of the Modified Septic System

3.6.1 Septic Tank Design

The calculation steps adopted for this proposed circular septic system design are in agreement

with the British standard code of practice and Indian standard code of practice for design and

construction of septic tanks.

The formula used in the British Standard Code of Practice gives the capacity (C) in litres, as

C = 180P + (values between 1000 1500),

Where: P is the contributing population

The Indian system allows for the rate of sewage flow, the rate of sludge accumulation, the

frequency of sludge removal and the effect of surge due to simultaneous discharge from

sanitary fixtures to get the capacity of the whole system.

According to the study on population distribution of household by sizes conducted by the

NBS (2012) in Nigeria, it was affirmed that the average number of people living in a

household in Nigeria ranges from 4 to 9 persons. Therefore, based on this study carried out

by the National Bureau of Statistics in Nigeria, this proposed septic tank system design takes

46
into consideration a septic tank design system for household of six (6) people with full

plumbing facilities that includes the bathroom wastes, toilet wastes, kitchen wastes. Other

forms of sanitary facilities that are installed for luxury and aesthetics purpose are excluded in

this design.

Assumptions made for the design are:

i. The effluent minimum retention time is never less than a day.

ii. The quantity of water used per person per day for kitchen use, bathing, urinating and

defecating is 75 litres

iii. De-sludging period is taken as 5 years interval

iv. Rate of sludge accumulation is taken as 70 litres per person per annum. This value

was selected based on the diet of an average Nigerian adult which results in him

passing out 300 500 g of feaces per day.

v. Sizing factor is taken as 1 as it relates with the ambient temperature. Digestion

process occurs less readily at lower temperatures and so the effective capacity for

sludge storage has to be increased. The appropriate value for f is selected from

Table 3.1.

Table 3.1: Values of Sizing Factor f for Stated De-sludging Intervals and Temperatures
Numbers of years Ambient Temperature
between de-sludging More than 20C More than 10C Less than 10C
throughout the year throughout the year throughout the year
1 1.3 1.5 2.5
2 1.0 1.15 1.5
3 1.0 1.0 1.27
4 1.0 1.0 1.15
5 1.0 1.0 1.06
6 or more 1.0 1.0 1.0
(Source: John, 1980)

47
Using the British Standard Code of Practice formula, we have

C = 180P + (values between 1000 1500), in litres

C = 180(6) + 1500

C = 1080 + 1500

C = 2580 (in litres)

Using the Indian Standard Code of Practice formula, we have

Volume of the clear effluent after settlement (VL)

VL (in litres) = P x Q x t (3.1)

Where: P is the Number of users

Q is the Flow in litres/cap/day and

t is the Detention period in days.

VL(in litres) = 6 x 75 x 1

VL = 450 litres

Volume of the Sludge and Scum deposited (VS)

VS (in litres) = P x N x S F (3.2)

Where: P is the Number of people using the tank

N is the Period between de-sludging in years.

S is the Sludge and scum accumulation rate in litre/year.

F is the Sizing factor (Table 3.1)

VS (in litres) = 6 x 5 x 70 1

VS = 2100 litres

The effective volume of the septic tank (VE)

The sum of the volume of the clear effluent after settlement (VL) and the volume of the

sludge and scum deposited (VS) is equivalent to the effective volume of the septic tank.

VE = VL + VS (3.3)

48
 VE = 450 + 2100

VE = 2550 litres

VE= 2.55 m3

Due to the limitation of the British formula in considering only the contributing population,

the effective volume gotten for the Indian system of design will be adopted for further

calculation.
2
In a septic tank system, two-third (3) of the effective volume is required for the septic unit

1
while the remaining one-third (3) is required for the freeboard.

Designing only for the septic unit, we have

2
of effective volume
3

2
2.55 m3 = 1.70 m3
3

Designing for the circular septic system using precast rings made in Nigeria.

Inner diameter d of a precast ring is 0.70 m while the outer diameter D is 1.0 m

Volume of a cylinder = r2h,

1.70m3= 0.352 h
1.70
h = 0.350.35

h = 4.4 m + 0.5 m (as freeboard)

h= 4.9 m

The thickness of the precast ring is 0.15 m

The height of the precast ring is 0.6 m

Depth of the Septic unit

The number of precast rings needed for the septic unit is Height of the precast ring

Depth of the Septic unit 4.9

Therefore, = = 8.2 (say approx. of 8 Numbers)
Height of the precast ring 0.6

49
Designing for the circular septic system using in-situ casting of concrete as wall

Assume the initial depth h of the septic tank to be 2.5 m

Volume of a cylinder = r2h,

1.70m3 = r2 2.5
1.70
r2 = 2.5

r2 = 0.21 m

r = 0.46 m

The inner diameter d of the septic tank will be d = 2r

d = 2 0.46 m = 0.92 m

If the thickness of the wall is 0.15m, therefore the outer diameter D of the septic tank will be

D = 0.92 + 0.30 = 1.22 m

The final depth will be the sum of the initial depth + freeboard

Final Depth (H) = 2.5 m + 0.3 m = 2.8 m

3.6.2 Soak Away Design

Designing only for the septic unit, we have

After calculation has been done to get the required height for the septic tank design, the

effective depth of the soakaway must also be gotten for proper design.

The effective depth of a soak away chamber, h, is defined as the depth between the invert

level of the lowest pipe entering the chamber and the base of the chamber.

The required effective depth of the soak away is calculated using the following equation.

.
h= (3.4)

Where: A is the Area to be drained (m2)

d is the Soak away diameter (m)

h is the Effective depth (m)

A= (3.5)

50
Where: A is the Infiltration Area (m2)

N is the Population

Q is the Waste flow (l/h/d)

I is the Infiltration rate (l/m2/d)

Table 3.2: Typical Infiltration Rates According to Soil Type

S/N Soil Type Physical Description Infiltration Rate of
Wastewater(L/m2/day)
1 Gravel, coarse and Moist soil will not stick together. 50

medium sand

2 Fine and loamy sand Moist soil sticks together but will not 33

form a ball.

3 Sandy loam and loam Moist soil forms a ball but still feels 24

gritty when rubbed between the fingers.

4 Loam, porous silt loam Moist soil forms a ball which easily 18

deforms and feels smooth between the

fingers.

5 Silty clay loam and clay Moist soil forms a strong ball which 8

loam smears when rubbed but does not go

shiny.

6 Clay Moist soil moulds like plasticine and Unsuitable for soak pits

feels sticky when wetter. or infiltration trenches.

(Source: Harvey et al, 2002)

Using equation 5, our Infiltration Area will be

6 75
A= = 13.64 m2
33

Designing for the circular soakaway system depth using precast rings made in Nigeria.

Using equation 4 to get our effective depth of the precast soakaway

51
 0.48 13.64
h = 0.7 0.7 = 4.25 m

The thickness of the perforated precast ring is 150 mm i.e. 0.15 m

The height of the perforated precast ring is 600 mm i.e. 0.6 m

Depth of the Soakaway

The number of perforated precast rings needed for the soakaway unit is Height of the precast ring

Depth of the Soakaway unit 4.25

Therefore, = = 7.1 (say approx. of 7 Numbers)
Height of the precast ring 0.6

Designing for the circular soakaway system depth using the in-situ casting of concrete

Using equation 3.4 to get our effective depth of the precast soakaway
0.48 13.64
h = 0.92 0.92 = 2.46 m

The thickness of the perforated in-situ ring is 150 mm i.e. 0.15 m

The height of the perforated in-situ ring is 2800 mm i.e. 2.8 m

3.6.3 Probable Biogas Volume Estimation

The volume of biogas that can be produced varies from waste to waste. Gurung (2007) gives

the biogas production potential of various types of waste (Table 3.3).

Table 3.3: Gas Potential of Various Types of Waste

Types of Dung Gas Production per Kg Dung (m3)
Cattle (cows and buffaloes) 0.023 0.040

Pig 0.040 0.059

Poultry (Chicken) 0.065 0.116

Human 0.068 0.085

(Source: Gurung, 2007).

To determine the amount of biogas that can be generated from the effective volume of the

septic system, the density formula is used to calculate the total mass of the effluent, sludge

and scum that is, the effective volume of the system in kg.

Note: The density of human faeces is approximately the same as that of water.

52
Therefore

Mass
Density = Effective Volume of Septic System (3.6)

Mass
1000kg/m3 = VE

Mass = 1000 VE

Mass = 1000 2.55

= 2550 kg.

If 1kg of human faeces will produce 0.070 m3 of gas (Table 3.3), therefore 2460 kg from six

persons faeces produced for five years will be:

2550 0.070

= 178.5 m3 of gas

Therefore the probable volume of biogas to be generated per day will be

178.5
VB = =0.098 m3 of biogas.
365 5

3.6.4 Potential Electricity Generation Estimation

The potential electricity generation estimation was done using a model developed by Jewel.

Electricity generation was modeled by taking the estimated biogas production and assuming

it was used in an engine-generator set, with a capacity factor of 0.95 and conversion

efficiencies output of 200 kW. In addition, 25% of the output of the engine-generator was

assumed to contribute to operating the conversion process of the system itself known as

parasitic load (Jewel, 2005). Considering the total biogas generated per day and the calorific

value of biogas, it can be estimated that the amount of electricity (E) generated per day will

be the product of the biogas produced per day (B), the calorific value of biogas (C), the

capacity factor of the engine-generator set (F) and the 25% of the generator conversion

efficiencies output (O).

Therefore, the amount of potential amount of electricity to be generated per day will be

53
 E=BCFO (3.7)

From the volume of biogas to be generated per day estimated above, VB = 0.098 m3

The efficiency of a generator fuelled with biogas is 25% of the generator conversion output

and the real calorific value of biogas is 1.55 kWh/m3.

The calorific value of biogas is

25
E = 0.098 27 0.95 100 200

E = 0.098 1.55 0.95 50

E = 7.22 kWh

3.7 Engineering Drawings of the Modified Septic System

Engineering drawing is a graphical language that communicates ideas and information from

one mind to another. Most especially, it communicates all needed information from the

engineer who designed a part or system to the workers who will make it. Several softwares

have been developed over the years for easy drafting of drawings and one of the most

common of such products is the Autodesk products, it has been used in drafting and

presenting various engineering drawings by professionals.

For this research work, the recent version of AutoCAD which is one of the Autodesk

products was used. Based on the design calculation carried out, the detailed engineering

drawing for the septic system design was drawn and presented in borders. Other dimensions

used in the drawing are based on the dimensions of the locally fabricated precast rings

produced here in Nigeria.

3.8 Three Dimensional Modeling of the Modified Septic System

After the detail engineering drawing was drafted, the three dimensional view of the

engineering drawings was also prepared. This is to help appreciate the design and assist in

any further construction and test work.

54
3.9 Computer Software Program Tool for the Modified Septic System

The sizing and costing of the septic system was prepared. Various software packages like

Visual Basic, Wolfram Alpha, and Databases can be used for the sizing and costing of the

septic system but for flexibility and easy interaction by potential users, Microsoft Excel

software program was used. Microsoft Excel is a software program that has the basic features

of all spreadsheets, using a grid of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter-

named columns to organize data manipulations. Microsoft excel have been used by several

people for building great charts, collate data together, comparing results and so on.

3.9.1 Computer Software Program Tool for Sizing

The sizing of the circular septic system was developed with the program tool to determine the

various dimension of the system. This will help various and potential designers of circular

septic systems to design with ease and saving them lots of time in their design calculation.

This prepared computer based program tool can be used by various civil and environmental

engineers that are or will be involved in circular septic system design and construction. It will

also serve as a useful and dynamic tool for all energy and environmental organizations.

3.9.2 Computer Software Program Tool for Costing

The cost analysis of the circular septic system was also developed with the program tool. This

will help prospective installer to know the likely cost of constructing or installing the system.

The costing was done based on the various stages of work that would be involved in citing

the system.

3.9.2.1 Stages of Work for Citing the Precast Septic System

The stages of work to be employed for the construction of the precast septic system area as

follows:

i. Clearing and Setting out of the project site

ii. Excavation works

55
 iii. Casting of the septic unit base

iv. Stone pitching of the soakaway unit base

v. Placing/Installing of the precast rings

vi. Plastering of ring joints

vii. Fixing of plumbing facilities

viii. Backfilling of installed rings

ix. Installation of the gas collector equipment

x. Installation of the electricity converter equipment

3.9.2.2 Stages of Work for Citing the Cast In-situ Septic System

The stages of work to be employed for the construction of the conventional septic system are

i. Clearing and Setting out of the project site

ii. Excavation works

iii. Casting of the septic unit base

iv. Stone pitching of the soakaway unit base

v. Erecting formwork for ring wall and cover

vi. Placing of concrete into the built up formwork

vii. Removing of formwork from concrete ring wall and cover

viii. Fixing of plumbing facilities

ix. Backfilling of installed rings

NOTE: Each stages of work listed are to be done by skilled and experts personnel for proper

construction.

56
 CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Design Calculations

The design calculation of the modified septic tank system was done for a household of six

people using both the British and Indian standard code of practice for the design and

construction of septic systems and dimensions were gotten for the drafting of the engineering

drawing designs. The various dimensions gotten for both the septic tank and soakaway units

are summarized in Tables 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4. Some of the parameters listed are

measurement gotten from the locally prefabricated rings produced here in Nigeria.

Table 4.1: Summary of the Precast Septic Tank Dimensions

S/N Parameters considered Results units
1 Effective volume of septic tank 1.70 m3

2 Depth of the septic tank 4.90 m

3 Diameter of rings 0.70 m

4 Number of rings needed 8 Nos

5 Height of the precast ring 0.6 m

6 Thickness of the precast ring 0.15 m

Table 4.2: Summary of the Cast In-situ Septic Tank Dimensions

S/N Parameters considered Results units
1 Effective volume of septic tank 1.70 m3

2 Depth of the septic tank 2.80 m

3 Diameter of rings 0.92 m

4 Number of rings needed Whole unit Nos

5 Height of the casted ring 2.80 m

6 Thickness of the casted ring 0.15 m

57
Table 4.3: Summary of the Precast Soakaway Dimensions
S/N Parameters considered Results units
1 Infiltration Area 13.64 m2

2 Depth of the soakaway 4.25 m

3 Diameter of rings 0.70 m

4 Number of rings needed 7 Nos

5 Height of the precast ring 0.6 m

6 Thickness of the precast ring 0.15 m

Table 4.4: Summary of the Cast In-situ Soakaway Dimensions

S/N Parameters considered Results units
1 Infiltration Area 13.64 m2

2 Depth of the soakaway 2.46 m

3 Diameter of rings 0.92 m

4 Number of rings needed Whole unit Nos

5 Height of the casted ring 2.80 m

6 Thickness of the casted ring 0.15 m

From Tables 4.1 to 4.4, there are some variations in the values gotten as a result of different

techniques employed in the design. Table 4.1 and 4.2 presented the summary of the precast

and cast in-situ septic tank dimensions respectively. From Tables 4.1 and 4.2, it can be seen

that with the same effective volume, the precast septic tank has a deeper depth of 4.90 m than

that of the cast in-situ septic with 2.80 m, but with a less diameter of 0.70 m. Also, the

thickness of wall ring considered for both systems are the same. Table 4.3 and 4.4 present the

summary of the precast and cast in-situ soakaway dimensions respectively and it was

observed that with the same infiltration area for both systems, the precast soakaway has a

58
higher depth of 4.25 m but a lesser diameter of 0.70 m while the cast in-situ soakaway system

has a smaller depth of 2.46 m but a higher diameter of 0.92 m.

Therefore, from the results obtained from the calculations, it appears that an inverse

relationship exist between the depth and the diameter of both septic systems.

4.2 Engineering Drawings

The engineering drawing was drafted using the latest AutoCAD software based on the

dimensions gotten from the design calculation. The plans and sectional elevations for both the

precast septic system and the cast in-situ septic system were presented. Also, the ring details

of the proposed design were drawn and inserted inside a title block for better presentation as

shown in Figures 4.1 to 4.4.

The engineering drawings show the plans and sections of the septic system for both the

precast and cast in-situ having all the required features essential for the proper functioning of

the system. Both drawings show the house from where all the wastes flow from via the

inlet/receiving pipe of 150 mm diameter buried inside the soil into the septic unit.

Sedimentation and digestion processes occur thereafter inside the unit. In the process, the

wastes form into three different layers namely the sludge (the solid matters), the effluent (the

liquid waste) and the scum.

4.2.1 The Septic System Cover

The cover of both septic units have on them the inspection holes for carrying out maintenance

work and gas outlets via which the gases coming out can be trapped, gas collector chamber

for collecting the gas, pressure gauge for recording the gas pressure, thermometer for

measuring the septic tank and the surrounding temperatures and de-sludging pipe for

removing the sludge when the septic tank has reached a certain level.

The outlet pipe receives the effluent from the septic unit after it has reached about two-third

of the unit and the flow is done by gravity into the soakaway unit. The soakaway unit just like

59
the septic unit also has a gas outlet pipe attached to its cover. The gas outlet for the soakaway

unit was joined with the septic unit gas outlet to trap any gas escaping from the septic unit

into it. Both were then passed into the gas collector chamber. (Figures 4.1 and 4.4)

4.2.2 The Gas Collection Mechanism

The amount of gas evolving from the septic system is of interest in this study. Since most

gases have small densities, it is usually not practical to collect the gas and find its volume.

For gases that are not particularly soluble in water, it is possible to collect the evolved gas by

displacement of water from a container. The setup for the collection of biogas over water

involves a big rubber container and a transparent gas collection calibrated plastic container

filled with water to a certain level and inverted inside the big reservoir of water inside the

rubber container. The gas generated is collected by attaching one end of a pipe to the

container and inserting the other up into the inverted gas collection calibrated plastic.

Weights are placed in equilibrium state on the calibrated plastic containers to hold in the

inverted position. As the biogas is generated, it will displace water from the plastic. The

volume of biogas generated can be determined by the amount of water that was displaced by

the biogas inside the calibrated plastic container (Figures 4.2 and 4.3).

4.2.3 The Electricity Conversion

The gas generated inside the calibrated plastic container was passed into the electrical

engines for power generation. Two engines are considered in this design as seen on the

drawing viz the internal combustion engine coupled with the generator and the fuel cell

engine.

4.2.3.1 The Internal Combustion Engine

Combustion engines are a well-known technology used in automobiles, trucks, construction

equipment, marine propulsion, and backup power applications. Combustion engines employ

60
the expansion of hot gases to push a piston within a cylinder, converting the linear movement

of the piston into the rotating movement of a crankshaft to generate power. While the steam

engines that powered the industrial revolution were driven by externally-produced steam,

modern combustion engines used for electric power generation are internal combustion

engines in which an air-fuel mixture is compressed by a piston and ignited within a cylinder.

Biogas generally is used as fuel for combustion engines, which convert it to mechanical

energy, powering an electric generator to produce electricity. The design of an electric

generator is similar to the design of an electric motor. Most generators produce alternating

current (AC) electricity; they are therefore also called alternators or dynamos. Biogas can

also be used as fuel in nearly all types of combustion engines, such as gas engines (Otto

motor), diesel engines, and gas turbines (Mitzlaff, 1988).

From the engineering drawing in Figures 4.2 and 4.3, the first stage of the engine generator

set is the internal combustion engine and it uses the biogas generated from the septic system

as fuel. This biogas convert the generator attached to it to mechanical energy thereby

producing electricity.

4.2.3.2 The Fuel Cell Engine

A fuel cell is a device that generates electricity by a chemical reaction. Every fuel cell has

two electrodes, one positive and one negative, called, respectively, the anode and cathode.

The fuel cell produces electricity as long as the cell receives a supply of fuel which is the gas

entering the device and it can dispose of the oxidized old fuel. In a fuel cell, the anode usually

is bathed in the fuel while the cathode collects and makes available the oxidant (often

atmospheric oxygen). An ion conducting membrane separates the two, allowing the reaction

to take place without affecting the electrodes. One great appeal of fuel cells is that they

generate electricity with very little pollution, much of the hydrogen and oxygen used in

61
generating electricity ultimately combines to form a harmless byproduct, namely water.

(America History, 2008)

A single fuel cell generates a tiny amount of direct current (DC) electricity. In practice, many

fuel cells are usually assembled into a stack or cell (Figures 4.2 and 4.3).

62
Figure 4.1: Plan Views of the Precast and In-situ Circular Septic System

63
Figure 4.2: Sectional View of the Precast Circular Septic System

64
Figure 4.3: Sectional View of the In-situ Circular Septic System

65
Figure 4.4: Precast Ring Details of the Circular Septic System

66
4.3 Three Dimensional Modeling

The three dimensional modeling of the circular septic system was prepared using Autodesk

Inventor 3D CAD to give a better view and perspective to prospective installer or constructor.

The South East and North East sectional views are presented in Figure 4.5 and 4.6

respectively. Also, the labeled sectional view of the system is presented in Figure 4.7.

Figure 4.5: The South-East Sectional View of the 3-Dimensional Drawing

Figure 4.6: The North-East Sectional View of the 3-Dimensional Drawing

67
Figure 4.7: The Labeled Sectional View of the 3-Dimensional Drawing

4.4 Computer Software Program Tool

In sizing a circular septic system without having to engage oneself in manual calculations,

Microsoft Excel software was used to prepare a computer software program tool that can be

used in most circular septic design system around the world provided some attached

conditions accompanying the computer based program tool are met.

4.4.1 Preparation of the Tool

Eights sheets were created and renamed into septic design terminologies. Each sheet was

created to simplify the computer based program tool for ease of use by prospective designers.

The sheets were labeled introduction, conditions and tables, effluent capacity, sludge

capacity, effective volume and depth, biogas/electric power estimation, soakaway capacity

and cost analysis.

The introduction sheet introduces the user to the function and essence of the computer based

program tool and the designers detail. The condition and tables sheet highlighted some limits

and boundaries to which the computer based program tool is subjected to. The effluent

68
capacity and sludge capacity sheets provide the user with cells where values can be slotted to

get the respective capacities. The effective volume and depth sheets give the needed capacity

for the septic tank unit, while the biogas/electric power estimation sheet gives us the probable

volume of gas with the accompanying electric power that can be generated from the circular

septic system per day depending on the population and other design parameters contributing

to the system.

The soakaway capacity sheet gives the soakaway design capacity and also shows the

infiltration area and effective depth. The cost analysis which is the last sheet presented the

likely cost estimate of the proposed design if any prospective installer decides to install the

system. However, the user must note that the cost analysis sheet is subjected to current

market price of each material. The program sheets are presented in Figures 4.8 to 4.15.

69
Figure 4.8: Computer Software Program Interface showing the Prepared Title Sheet Page

70
Figure 4.9: Computer Software Program Interface showing the Prepared Conditions and Tables Sheet

71
Figure 4.10: Computer Software Program Interface showing the Prepared Effluent Capacity Sheet

72
Figure 4.11: Computer Software Program Interface showing the Prepared Sludge and Scum Capacity Sheet

73
Figure 4.12: Computer Software Program Interface showing the Prepared Effective Volume and Depth Sheet

74
Figure 4.13: Computer Software Program Interface showing the Prepared Probable Biogas Volume Sheet

75
Figure 4.14: Computer Software Program Interface showing the Prepared Soakaway Capacity and Depth Sheet

76
Figure 4.15: Computer Software Program Interface showing the Prepared Summary Cost Sheet

77
4.4.2 Cost Summary Analysis

The cost summary analysis of the septic system design was prepared to give the approximate

cost of the system if it is constructed. The interface as seen above in Figure 4.15 provided the

user with information on the stage of work involved, units, quantity, rates and amount. It also

makes it easier for prospective system installers to have the probable idea of the cost involved

when required values and current market prices are slotted in the various boxes provided.

4.5 Benefit of the Modified Circular Septic System

Various benefits can be achieved from the optimal design of this system and they are listed as

follows:

4.5.1 Energy Benefit

The main motivation for this research work is renewable energy production for domestic use.

As biogas generated composed mainly of methane (CH4), it is the same energy carrier as in

natural gas. Methane can be burnt for cooking or cleaned for lighting. It can also be used to

power combustion engines to drive mechanical motor or generate electricity.

4.5.2 Economic Benefit

The economic benefit is that the buying of (fossil) fuel resources (for example kerosene,

liquefied petroleum gas, charcoal or fuel wood) is no longer needed. Also, switching from

traditional biomass resources in developing countries or fossil fuels in industrialized

countries to biogas fired generation capacity improves security of energy supply (locally as

well as nationally or regionally) as the feedstocks or wastes can mostly be acquired locally.

4.5.3 Environmental and Health Benefit

The proposed septic system if constructed well will help to keep human faeces in a confined

area which in turn reduces the amount of pollutants in the immediate environment and

increases sanitation. Also, households (especially those ones in rural areas) no longer need to

78
extract wood for cooking or for providing warmth for their bodies during cold weather, which

can reduce deforestation levels where people heavily rely on wood fuel. The release of

methane to the atmosphere is also avoided thus contributing to climate mitigation.

4.5.4 Agricultural Benefit

The sludge remaining after digestion is a good fertilizer which after de-sludging can be used

to increase land productivity (thus increasing farm income).

4.6 Management of the Modified Circular Septic System

Septic system owners must ensure that their systems are maintained properly. Even a well-

designed and properly operating septic tank system will eventually fail if it is not also

maintained. Regular maintenance can prevent failures such as clogging of the septic tank inlet

and outlet pipes and sewage backup into the home.

To guarantee the normal and safe performance of the proposed biogas septic tank,

owners/users of the system should undertake the following maintenance procedures as

follows:

i. The septic tank should be pumped out at least once every three to five years

depending on the tank size, amount of solids entering the tank, and habits of the users

to prevent clogging of the soil surrounding the soak away receptacles.

ii. When the septic tank is de-sludged, it should not be washed or disinfected in order to

continue the digesting process when the tank is put into use again. A small quantity of

sludge must be retained to serve as a starter.

iii. The junctions and valves should be checked regularly to prevent leakage and in case

there is any leakage, appropriate material should be used to seal it.

79
iv. Septic tank non-safe products such as cigarette butts, sanitary napkins and disposable

diapers that dont easily degrade and which can also clog the septic inlets/outlets

pipes should be avoided.

v. Leakage of biogas around the covers and gas distribution tank should be checked

regularly to prevent loss of biogas which is the essence of its design.

vi. Electricity generating machines should be serviced regularly to prevent sudden

breakdown of the system.

80
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion

This research has considered modified design of circular septic system for bio-methanation of

household wastes for electricity generation. Three major stages of design were employed viz

the design calculations, engineering drawings and the Microsoft excel spreadsheet program

preparation to prepare a flexible and dynamic computer software tool program for the proper

sizing and costing of circular septic systems. A three dimensional rendering of the system

was also performed to bring out a better view after being constructed. The following has

therefore has been achieved in this study:

1. This study has improved on the existing circular septic system design which originally

was constructed purposely for waste collection from their houses, offices and

industries.

2. It is also evident that the existing system have been redesigned to recover methane gas

purposely from household wastes for electricity generation.

5.2 Recommendations

From this study, the following are recommended.

1. Research grant should be made available by the government parastaltals, academic

institutions and other relevant bodies for proper funding of the research as this will

ease the researcher(s) of financial stress which may cause delay of the research.

2. Joint-research should be encouraged and practiced by eminent researchers. This will

bring about a better output as each sections of work will be handled by expert from

various discipline as the case may be.

81
 3. The flexible computer software program calculator developed may be adopted in the

design calculation of circular septic systems for easier generation of dimensions. It

will also save it users the stress of long hand calculation.

5.3 Contribution to Knowledge

The research work has contributed to knowledge in the following ways:

i. established an engineering based design of circular septic systems for generation

of electricity from household waste; and also

ii. provide a flexible computer software program tool for proper sizing of the circular

septic tank system.

82
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