Assingment 1.

NURUL IZZATI ATHIRAH KASMAN (A139503)

SLEEP APNEA

DEFINITION

As a reduction or cessation of breathing during sleep.

It is a disorder characterized by a reduction or pause of breathing
(airflow) during sleep. It is common among adults becoming more
common in children

CLASSIFICATION

1. Central apnea
It is caused by a failure of the brain to activate the muscles of breathing
during sleep.
2. Obstructive apnea
It is caused by the collapse of the airway during sleep.
3. A mixture of central and obstructive apnea.

COMPLICATION OF OBSTRUCTIVE APNEA

High blood pressure

Strokes
Heart disease
Automobile accidents
Daytime sleepiness
Difficulty concentrating, thinking and remembering.

INVESTIGATION

History taking
Physical examination
Polysomnography (sleep study).
TREATMENT

Non surgical treatment

Behavior therapy which including:

weight loss
Medications
Dental appliances,
Continuous positive airway pressure
Bbi-level positive airway pressure
Auto-titrating continuous positive airway pressure.

Sleep hygiene and other behavioral modifications known to improve the overall
quality of sleep are also recommended. Below are some common practices that can
induce sleep and enhance its quality:

reduce lighting and noise in the bedroom;

avoid reading or watching TV in bed;

avoid eating or exercising prior to sleep;

use the bedroom only for sleeping;

keep work-related activities outside of the bedroom; and

try a period of physical and mental relaxation before going to bed.

Surgical treatment

Nasal surgery
Palate surgery (including uvulopalatopharyngoplasty [UPPP])
Upper airway stimulation therapy
Tongue reduction surgery
Genioglossus advancement
Maxillo-mandibular advancement
Tracheostomy
Bariatric surgery