Mining Science and Technology, 12 (1991) 9 7 - 1 1 0 97

Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., A m s t e r d a m

Correlation of mine surveys with the U.K. Ordnance Survey

National Grid

D.J. Hodges a, S.M. Johnson b and T.A. Gordon a

a Department of Mining Engineering~ University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG72RD, UK
b Genasys I! Pry Ltd, 33 Berry St., N. Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
(Received March 1, 1990; accepted May 4, 1990)

ABSTRACT

Hodges, D.J., Johnson, S.M. and Gordon, T.A., 1991. Correlation of mine surveys with the U.K. Ordnance Survey National
Grid. Min. Sci. Technol., 12: 97-110.

In the U.K. the preparation and preservation of mine plans is strictly controlled by legislation, and every new plan must be
orientated to and correlated with the Ordnance Survey National Grid. In order to implement this requirement, the mine
surveyor requires a knowledge of the projection system used by the Ordnance Survey and of the computations involved in
determining local scale factors, convergence and other variables. The aim of this paper is to explain clearly, approximate and
precise methods of correlation, by means of worked examples.

Introduction indeed many plans had no correlation system

In the United Kingdom the preparation
and preservation of mine plans is strictly con-
trolled by legislation. The very first sugges-
tions that there should be some form of legis-
lative control in the interest of safety in mines
and for the prevention of accidents were, in
fact, related to the preparation and preserva-
tion of mine plans showing the position and
extent of mine workings. They followed the
very heavy losses of life arising from sudden
inrushes of water, gas or debris due to the
workings of active mines making accidental
contact with such hazards as unconsolidated
deposits or aquifers, or abandoned workings
which had become reservoirs of gas or water,
and whose precise locations the management
did not know.
Many problems with old plans arose
through the adoption of arbitrary datums,
other than surface features. As a direct conse-
quence, the Coal A n d Other Mines (Working
Plans) Rules 1956 requires that every new
plan shall be orientated to and correlated
with the Ordnance Survey National Grid. In
order to implement this requirement and to
fully understand the computations involved,
the mine surveyor requires a knowledge of the
projection system used in the preparation of
Ordnance Survey maps and plans. This infor-
mation is readily available in many standard
textbooks and in publications from H.M.S.O.
The projection used by the Ordnance
Survey is an orthomorphic projection known
as the Gauss Conformal or Modified Trans-
verse Mercator. This system of projection
preserves the correct shape of small areas
keeping the scale sensibly the same in all
directions although varying throughout the
projection as a whole. The surface of the

0167-9031/91/$03.50 1991 - Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.

98 D.J. H O D G E S E T A L .

Great Britain

Projection Plane

~ ~,.~8 O km 180 k m ~

//
L

Cen ra]
Her dian

Scale of maps Scaleof maps Scaleof maps Scale of maps

too large too small too small too large
Fig. 1. The Transverse Mercator Projection applied to Great Britain.

spheroid chosen to represent the Earth is cylinder is then opened up and laid out flat.
projected onto a cylinder whose surface meets The scale increases to the east and west from
the spheroid along a chosen meridian. The the chosen meridian and in order to minimise

Cen~

Fig. 2. Convergence of meridians and the (t - T ) correction.

CORRELATION OF MINE SURVEYS WITH O.S. NATIONAL GRID 99

the effect of the increase in scale, the projec-
tion has been modified by reducing the scale
on the central meridian in the ratio 9 9 9 6 /
10000 approximately. On the eastern and
western extremities of the country, the projec-
tion scale increases to 1 0 0 0 4 / 1 0 0 0 0 of the
nominal figure. The projection is shown in
Fig. 1.
In order to reduce the measured ground
distances to grid distances, or alternatively to
convert grid distances to ground distances, it
is necessary to calculate the local scale factor.
This factor will also need to be adjusted to
take into account the depth of the mine work-
ings. In addition to the local scale factor, the
mine surveyor will be required to compute the
convergence of meridians on the projection in
order to reduce azimuths determined by
gyrotheodolite to grid azimuths and, occa-
sionally, to compute the adjustment of direc-
network familiar to the authors will be per-
formed. These factors and corrections will be
determined using the simplified formulae, the
Ordnance Survey projection tables, and by
use of the formulae now recommended by the
Ordnance Survey.
The apparently excessive number of signifi-
cant figures used in the calculations is neces-
sary to show the level of agreement between
the values calculated by different methods
and follows the practice employed by the
Ordnance Survey.
Symbols and definitions
a = Major semi-axis of spheroid.
b = Minor semi-axis of spheroid.
a 2 _ b2
e 2 --
a 2

tions on the projection i.e., the (t - T) correc- a-b

17
tion. These corrections are illustrated in Fig. a+b
u = Radius of curvature at latitude ~b perpendicular
2 which also shows the direction in which to a meridian.
a
they should be applied. The reader will find =

the booklet "Constants, Formulae and Meth- ( 1 - e2sin2qS)1/2

ods used by the Ordnance Survey for Compu- p = Radius of curvature of a meridian at latitude q5
a(1--e 2)
tations in the Transverse Mercator Projection" =
( 1 - e2sin2qb) 3/2
[1] helpful in understanding the computa-
~(1 - e 2)
tions.
(1- e2sin2~5)
The local scale factor and convergence can
R m = Local mean radius of the spheroid.
be determined from simplified formulae giv- = (0~)1/2
ing approximate values, or from Ordnance 72 _ _u_ 1
Survey projection tables [2] which will enable P
~Sp --- Latitude of a point.
precise values to be determined. In 1983 the Xp = Longitude of a point measured east (+) or west
Ordnance Survey published a pamphlet [3] ( - ) of Greenwich.
which brought together some useful formulae ~51 = Latitude of the foot of the perpendicular drawn
and a description of calculations related to from a point on the projection to the central
meridian.
the use of programmable desk-top calcula-
~o --- Latitude of true origin = 49 N.
tors, which they consider have rendered the ?to = Longitude of true origin = 2 o W.
Ordnance Survey projection tables obsolete. Eo = Grid eastings of true origin.
The aim of these notes is to explain clearly No ~ Grid northings of true origin.
the method recommended in the Ordnance E = Grid eastings (metres).
Survey pamphlet by the use of worked exam- N = Grid northings (metres).
Y = E-E o
ples. Sample calculations to determine the
X = N - N o
local scale factor and convergence at a survey F0 = Scale factor on the central meridian.
station G forming part of a precise survey 0.999 601 271 7
100 D.J. HODGES ET AL.

F Scale factor at a point (usually called the local Approximate methods

scale factor-LSF).
S = True distance between two points on the
spheroid. The National Grid coordinates of survey
S Straight line distance between two points on the station G, which forms part of a precise survey
projection. network are:
A = True meridional arc.
M = Developed meridional arc. E 323 117.797 m N341 782.848 m
AF0 The local scale factor ( F ) , and conver-
t = Straight line direction joining two points on the
gence (C), at station G will be determined
projection.
T = Direction on the projection of the projected using approximate methods, the Ordnance
geodesic, or line of sight joining two points. Survey projection tables, and by the use of
C = " C o n v e r g e n c e " of meridians on the projection the formulae now r e c o m m e n d e d by the Ord-
between the n o r t h - s o u t h grid line and the nance Survey.
meridian at that point.
p =
Xp-X0
Local Scale Factor (F) at station G.

In Fig. 3 it can be seen that F = OA + OG,

and that the local m e a n radius of the spheroid,
Data relating to the Modified Transverse R m = 6 380.847 k m = OG.
Mercator projection system OA = ( A B 2 + B 0 2 ) t/2
BO = ( O C 2 - BC2) 1/2
Some important information on the Mod- = (R 2- 1802)1/2
ified Transverse Mercator Projection System . . BO = (6 380.8472 - 1802) 1/2
is given in Table 1. = 6 378.308

TABLE 1
Data relating to the Modified Transverse Mercator Projection System.

Parameter Value
Orthomorphic (i.e. correct shape)
Suitable for country which has its greatest extent
in a n o r t h - s o u t h direction
Spheroid: Airy * a = 6 377 563.396 m
b = 6 356 256.910 m
True origin Latitude 49 N
Longitude 2 o W
False origin E400 000 m west of true origin
N100000 m north of true origin
Grid coordinates of true origin E400 000 m
N - 100 000 m
Scale factor at central meridian ( F o) 0.9996012717
aFo 6 375 020.481
bFo 6 353 722.490
n 0.001673 220 250
e 2 0.006 670 539 762

* After Sir George Airy, D.C.L., LL.D, F.R.S., Astronomer Royal 1835-1881
C O R R E L A T I O N O F M I N E SURVEYS W I T H O.S. N A T I O N A L G R I D 101

Central Heridian

Projection Plane

Rrn
\
Refe
Sph~x

L.5.F. at D & C = 1 . 000 000

L.S.F., on Centr,e] i'ler'idian = 0, 999 601
Rm = 6 5 8 0 . 8 4 7 k m
Fig. 3. Approximate determination of the local scale factor.

AB = (323.118 - 400.000) m a t e f o r m u l a f o r c a l c u l a t i n g the local scale

= - 76.882 f a c t o r is given:
OA = ( - 7 6 . 8 8 2 2 + 6 378.3082) 1/2
= 6 378.771 F = F 0 + (Y2 1 228 1 0 - 8 )

Where
F = OA --R m Y = d i s t a n c e f r o m the c e n t r a l m e r i d i a n
= 6 378.771 + 6 380.847 to the s u r v e y s t a t i o n in k m
. F = 0.999675 = - 76.882
A l t e r n a t e l y , k n o w i n g the local scale f a c t o r . . F = 0.999 6 0 1 + ( - 7 6 . 8 8 2 2
(F0) at the c e n t r a l m e r i d i a n a n d the local 1.228 10 - 8 )
m e a n r a d i u s of the s p h e r o i d , R m then: = 0.999 601 + (5 910.842
BO = R m X Fo 1.228 10 - s )
BO = 6 380.847 0.999 601 = 0.999 601 + 0.000073
. . BO =6378.301 . . F = 0.999 674
. OA = ( - 7 6 . 8 8 2 2 + 6 378.3012) 1/2 I t will b e n o t e d t h a t the a b o v e m e t h o d s of
-- 6 378.764 d e t e r m i n i n g the local scale f a c t o r p r o v i d e a
v a l u e c o r r e c t to a b o u t six p l a c e s of d e c i m a l s
F = 6 378.764 + 6 380.847 w h i c h will b e s u f f i c i e n t l y a c c u r a t e in m a n y
. . F = 0.999 674 c i r c u m s t a n c e s A n e r r o r o f I in 10 . 6 is equiv-
I n s o m e t e x t b o o k s the f o l l o w i n g a p p r o x i - a l e n t to 1 m m in 1 k m . T h i s c o u l d b e signifi-
102 D.J. H O D G E S E T AL.

1
cant when using precise distance measurers 206 265- radian value of one second of arc
such as the Kern Model M E 5000 Mekometer ** C t' = (323118 - 400 0000) 206 265
which has a claimed standard deviation of a tan 52 o 5 8 ' 0 3 " / 6 380.847
normal measurement, with proper correction C,, = ( - 76.882 1.325 480
for meteorological influences of + 0.2 m m + 206 2 6 5 ) / 6 380.847
0.2 ppm; which is better than 0.5 m m / k m . C, = - 3 294.16"
.'. C = - 00 o 54'54"

Convergence (C) at station G Examination of Fig. 2 will enable the sign

of C to be determined. Station G is west of
In Fig. 4 it can be seen that the conver- the central meridian, therefore:
gence of meridians is equal to the angle A CB grid N o r t h = true N o r t h (or gyro North) +
and that the angle B A C is equal to 90 then: convergence
tan C = A B + A C true N o r t h = grid N o r t h - convergence.
and: The drawing of a diagram similar to Fig. 2
AC = R m X cot from which the signs of the C and ( t - T)
(I)p = latitude of G corrections can be seen b y inspection is highly
= 52 5 8 ' 0 3 " N recommended.
R m = 6 380.847 km The use of the above approximate method
A B t a n (I)p of determining convergence is acceptable only
tan C =
Rm for stations close to the central meridian and
AB --distance from central meridian will provide values correct to a few seconds of
in km arc; in the case of station G the error is 4
A B x tan (I)p X 206 265 seconds of arc. As the distance from the
, C '!
Rm central meridian increases, significant dif-

C
Convergence

Grid Line
Central parallel to
Meridian Central
Meridian

Note that,
Local mean BAC : 90 degrees
radius of cD
earth

Fig. 4. A p p r o x i m a t e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of convergence.
CORRELATION O F M I N E S U R V E Y S W I T H O.S. N A T I O N A L GRID 103

ferences between precise and approximate Difference in Northing between station G

methods of computation will be introduced. and a latitude of 5 2 " 5 8 '
It is therefore r e c o m m e n d e d that the precise -- 341782.848 - 341068.617
methods are used for correcting gyrotheodo- = 714.231
lite azimuths in mine surveying. Hence, fraction of a minute of qsl:
= 714.231 + 1853.859
-- 0.385 267164
. d91 = 5 2 o 5 8 ' . 3 8 5 2 6 7 1 6 4
Precise methods using projection tables
Local scale factor (F) at station G
The Ordnance Survey projection tables [2],
consist of the following: The formula given in the projection tables
(1) Tables I - V I and graph " A " are for the is:
conversion of geographicals (qb, X) to grid F = Fo[1 + Q2(XXI) + Q4(XXII)]
coordinates (E, N). Q = (E - 400000.000) 10 -6
(2) * Tables V I I - X I I and G r a p h " B " are . Q = - 7 . 6 8 8 2 2 0 3 10 -2
for the conversion of grid coordinates (E, N) Q 2 = + 5.910 873 x 10 -3
to geographicals ( ~ , ?t). Q3= - 0 . 4 5 4 4 4 1 x 10 -3
(3) Tables X I I I - X V are for the calculation Q4= + 34.938 10 -6
of convergence from geographicals. Q5= - 2 . 6 8 6 10 -6
(4) * Tables X V I - X V I I I are for the calcu- Entering table XXI using:
lation of convergence from grid coordinates. J = 52-58.385 267164:
(5) Tables X I X and XX are for the calcu- latitude 52 20' = 0.012 282 2
lation of scale factor from geographicals. latitude 53 10' = 0.012 279 9
(6) *Tables X X I and X X I I are for the difference for
calculation of scale factor from grid coordi- 50' = - 0.000 002 3
nates. decimal part = - 0.000 002 3 + 50
(7) * Table X X I I I is for the calculation of 38.385 267164
the ( t - T) correction. = - 0.000 001 766
(8) Table X X I V lists the binomial coeffi- . . for ~1 = 52058.385 267 164
cients for interpolation b y second difference. (XXI) = 0.012 280 4
(9) Table X X V is a table of scale factors to (XXII) -- 0.000025 3 (constant
five places of decimals. for the whole zone)
Tables marked with an asterisk should be ..F = F0[1 + (5.910873
entered with qbl obtained b y inverse interpola- X10 -3
tion from table I. Table X X I I I m a y be en- 0.012 280 4)
tered with (I~p or q51 or with an approximate d9 + 34.938 X 10 -6
taken from a map. A value for ~bl, latitude of x 0.000 025 3)]
the foot of the perpendicular drawn from a = Fo[1 + (0.000072 588)
point on the projection to the central + (0.000 000 001)]
meridian, is obtained b y inverse interpolation = Fo[1.000 072 5891
from table I. = 0.999 601 271 7
In table I a latitude of 52058 ' has a North- 1.000 072 589
ing of 341068.617 and a latitude of 52059 ' F = 0.999 673 831
has a Northing of 342 922.476, therefore the = 0.999674 (as computed by ap-
difference is 1 853.859. proximate method)
104 D.J. HODGES ET AL.

Convergence (C) at station G projection tables and provide an alternative

method of determining the local scale factor,
The formula given in the projection tables convergence, and other parameters. The Ord-
is: nance Survey consider that these formulae
C " = Q(XVI) - Q3(XVII) + Qs(XVIII) and calculations and the availability of mod-
ern programmable computers, have rendered
Entering tables XVI, XVII, and XVIII
the projection tables obsolete. The formulae
using ~1 = 52058.385 267164.
assume that the linear quantities are already
In table XVI:
in international metres, and that they have
latitude of 52058 ' = 42793.569
been scaled b y F 0. All angles are expressed in
decimal part = + 9.963.
radians including (I) and X.
For greater accuracy, secondary differences
are used:
First difference for 52058 ' = 25.861 Developed arc of a meridian from ~2 to ~1
Second difference for 5 2 5 9 ' = 2 5 . 8 8 1
. . difference = 0.020 M~b2 - M ~ 1 =
Table X X I V gives the second difference
b ( ( 1 + n + -54n2+ n3)((I)2 - (I)1)
binomial coefficients for a first difference of
0.39 as 0.119 (always negative). Therefore the - ( 3 n + 3n 2 + ~ n 3) sin((I)2 - (Ih)
second difference correction:
e = 0.020 ( - 0 . 1 1 9 ) c o s ( % + ~1)
= - 0.002 + (!~n2 + ~ n 3) sin 2(~5 2 - qS,)
. (XVI) = 42 793.569 + 9.963 - 0.002
= 42 803.530 Xcos 2((1)2 + (I)l)
In table XVII:
-- ( ~ n 3 ) s i n 3((I) 2 -- (I)1) c o s 3((I) 2 -]- (I) 1 ) }
latitude 52 58' = 962.636
decimal part = + 0.510 Note:
. . (XVII) = 963.146 (1) M in the paragraph below is obtained
In table XVIII: b y making ~51 in this equation equal to qb0.
Latitude 52 5 8 ' = 34.326 (2) q5 in paragraphs below is obtained by
decimal part = + 0.030 iteration. (1)1 is set to ~50 and M is computed
. (XVIII) = 34.356 using a trial value ~1 for ~2. If ~1 is then
.'. C " = - 0.076 882203(42 803.530) corrected b y ( N - M ) + a, the value will
+ 0.454 441 x 1 0 - 3(963.146) rapidly converge on N.
- 2 . 6 8 6 10-6(34.356)
= - 3290.829683 + 0.437 693 031 E and N from and
- 0.000 0922 80
= - 3 290.39" If:
.. C =-00054'50.39" I = M + N O (see above)
The approximate method gave - 0 0 /.' .
II = ~sin~cosq5
54'54"; a difference of 4 seconds of arc. P
III = -2--~sin cos3(I)(5 - tan2~ + 9 ~2)

Precise methods using computer

IIIA= 720 sin cos5~(61 - 58 tana~
+ tan4~)
The following formulae are the same as then:
those used to generate the Ordnance Survey N = (I) + pa(II) + p4(III) + p 6 ( I I I A )
CORRELATION O F M I N E S U R V E Y S W I T H O.S. N A T I O N A L GRID 105

If: C from E and N

IV = v cos (P
/~ 3 P
V - ~-cos ~P(p - t a n 2 ) If:
/" 5
tan ~L
VI = 1~-6cos ( 5 - 18 tan2 XVI -
P
+ tannI) + 14 ~2 _ 58 tan2qb~ 2) tan ~l
XVII - ~ (3v
l+tan2q~ I-72-274 )
then:
tan ~l
E = E o + P(IV) + P3(V) + PS(VI) XVIII - 1 5 v ~ (2 + 5 tan2~ I + 3 tan4qb I)
Then:
cI) and )t from E and N C = Y(XVI) - y3(XVII) + yS(XVIII)

If: F from cb and )t

tan qSl
VII
2pv If:
tan qSI COS21I)
VIII 24pv 3 (5 + 3 tan2(I) I + 72 XIX - (1 + 7 2)
- 9 tan2~lrl 2) COS41~
XX - - 24 (5 - 4 tanZq~ + 1472
tan ~bl
IX - 720pv~ (61 + 90 tanZq51 + 45 tan4q5 I) - 28 tan2q572)
Then: Then:
qbp = qSI_ y 2 ( v i i ) + y 4 ( v i i i ) _ y6(iX) F = Fo((1 + p 2 ( X I X ) + p4(XX)}
If: F from E and N
sec q~l
X -
v
If:
XI _ sec ~t v 1
6v 3 ( ~ + 2 tan2CP I) xxI =
sec ~l 9
XII - 120v~(5 + 28 tan2~ I + 24 tan4ap) XXI - 4 7+~ 1 (7, P, v derived f r o m pl)
24p2~, 2
sec ~l
XIIA - 5040v-7(61_ + 662 tan2~ I Then:
F = F0(1 + Y2(XXI) + y 4 ( X X I I ) )
+ 1320 tan4~ I + 720 tan6~ I)
Then: t - T from E and N
7tp= )t o + Y ( X ) - y3(XI)+ YS(XII)
- y7(XIIA) If:
1
XXIII -
C from ~ and )t 6pv
N~ + N 2
U s e N m- 2 to c o m p u t e p and v
If:
X I I I = sin where (1) and (2) are the terminals of the line.
sin q~ cos 2~.( 1 Then:
XIV = 3 + 3~J2 + 2~J4) ( q - T~) -- (2Y 1 + Y2)(N~ - N2)(XXIII )
sin c o s 4 ~ (t 2 - T2) -- ( 2 y 2 + Y1)(N 2 - N1)(XXIII )
XV = 15 (2 - tan2q~) The local scale factor and convergence for
Then: station G will again b e d e t e r m i n e d using the
C = P ( X I I I ) + P 3 ( X I V ) + PS(XV) f o r m u l a e given above, qSI m u s t first be ob-
106 D.J. H O D G E S ET AL.

tained b y iteration. It is given an initial value M = 6 353 722.490{ 1.001 676 726
of o that is, 49 N.
gr 0.069299048)
0 o = 49 o ~ = 0.855 211 333
- (0.005 028 072) sin(0.069 299 048)
The first correction applied is ( N - No) + a.
Since the f o r m u l a e assume that the linear cos(1.779 721 714)
quantities have a l r e a d y been scaled b y F0, + (0.000005 2 5 8 ) s i n 2(0.069 299048)
b o t h a a n d b m u s t be multiplied b y F o be-
cos 2(1.779 721 714)
fore use:
a F0 = 6 377 563.396 0.999 601 271 7 - (0.000000007) sin 3(0.069 299048)
= 6 375 020.481
c o s 3(1.779721 714)}
b Fo = 6 356 256.910 X 0.999 601 271 7
= 6 353 722.490 M = ~ 353 722.490{0.069 415 244
N-N o 9.000 072 212 - 0.000 000 302
0' =00+ ---7--
= 0.855 211 333 + ~. 000 000 001 }
341782.848 - ( - 100 000.000) M = 441 502.099
+
6 375 020.481 N- N O- M = 341 782.848 - ( - 100000.000)
OI = 0.924510 381
O I - O 0 = 0.924 510 381 - 0.855 211 333 - 411 502.099
= 0.069 299 047 = 280.749 m
01 + O o = 0.924 510 381 + 0.855 211 333 This is well outside the set value of 0.001 m,
= 1.779 721 714 a n d so f u r t h e r iterations are necessary. If 0 ,
M is n o w c o m p u t e d using the trial value of is corrected b y ( N - M ) + a, the value will
I for 0 2 using the f o r m u l a e given above for r a p i d l y converge on N to give N - N o - M =
the developed arc of a m e r i d i a n f r o m 2 to 0 , then:
01
I= 0 . 9 2 4 5 5 4 7 9 7
MO 2 - MO, which =5258'.385267164 computed be-
= b{ (1 + n + ~n 2 + I n 3 ) ( O 2 - 0 1 ) fore.

--(3n + 3n 2 + ~ n 3) s i n ( 0 2 - - 0 1 ) Local scale factor (F) at station G

x cos(02 + 0 0
F = Fo { 1 + y2 ( X X I ) + 174( X X I I ) }
+ ( ~ n 2 + ~-~n3) sin 2 ( 0 2 - - 0 1 )
1
XXI = --
Xcos 2(02 + 01) 2pv
1 +4~/z
- t ~[ z35n 3 ) sin 3 ( 0 2 - 0 1 ) cos 3(02 + 01) } XXII =
2402v 2
a-b
n= a+b (~, p, v derived f r o m I)
a
1 + n + ~ n 2 + -~n 3 -- 1.001676726 /.,.=
( 1 - e2sin20 I)172
3n + 3n 2 + - ~ n 3 = 0.005 028 072
= 6 375 0 2 0 . 4 8 1 / [ 1 - 0.006 670 5 39 762
~n 2 + ~n 3 -----0.000 005 258
X sin 2 (0.924 554 797)'/2]
~35n _3 = 0.000 000 007
=6388615.811
C O R R E L A T I O N OF M I N E SURVEYS W I T H O.S. N A T I O N A L G R I D 107

a(1-e 2) tan(0.924554797)
p =
(1 - e2sin2~ I)3/2 6388615.811
= 2.075173685 10 -7
= 6 375 020.481(1 - 0.006 670 539 7 6 2 ) /
tan q)l
(1 - 0 . 0 0 6 6 7 0 5 3 9 7 6 2 XVII - 393 (1 + tan2~ I - 7/2 - 274)

X sin20.924 554 797) 3/2] tan(0.924554797)

P = 6373096.039 3(6388615.811) 3

6388615.811 x [1 + tan2(0.924554797)
v/2 = 6373096.039 - 1
- (2.435201 10 -3)
= 2.435201 10 -3
1 - 2(2.435201 10-3) 2]
XXI -
209 --- 4.669462561 10 -21
= 1 / ( 2 6373096.039 6388615.811)
XVIII - tan qSI (2 + 5 tan2~ I + 3 taneq) I)
= 1.228040725 10 -14 151, 5
tan(0.924554797)
X X I I = 4 ~+/ ~ 2 1
240292 15(6388615.811) 5

= 1 + 4 0.002 435 201 [2 + 5 tan2(0.924554797)

/ ( 2 4 6 373 096.0392 + 3 tan4(0.924554797)]
6 388 615.8112) = 1.665606067 x 10 .34
= 2 . 5 3 7 9 5 6 6 2 2 X 10 -29 . C = - 76 882.203(2.075 173 685 x 10 -7)
e= Fo{1 + Y2(XXI) + r 4 ( x x l i ) } -(-76882.203) 2
Y = 323117.797 - 400000.000
x (4.449 462 561 10 -21)
= - 76822.203
+ ( - 76 882.203) 3
F = 0 . 9 9 9 6 0 1 2 7 1 7 [ 1 + ( - 76822.203)2
(1.665 606067 10 -34)
(1.228040725 10 -14)
. C = - 0.015 952 269 r a d i a n s
+ ( - 76 822.203) 4
= - 00 5 4 ' 5 0 . 3 9 "
x (2.537 956622 x 10-29)] T h e same as calculated f r o m projection ta-
bles.
F = 0.999 673 832
T h e s a m e a s was calculated using the projec-
W h e n c o m p u t i n g the local m e a n radius of
tion tables.
the earth using R m = ( 0 9 ) 1/2, the values of O
a n d i, used in this e q u a t i o n m u s t be calcu-
Convergence (C) at station G lated f r o m the true latitude, ~p a n d n o t q)l.
F o r example, the latitude ~p of station G is
C= Y(XVI)- y2(XVII)+ Y2(XVIII) 52 o 5 8 ' 0 3 . 2 7 " = 0.924 458 581 radians.
a
tan ~bl p~
XVI = - -
9 (1- e2sin2dpp)1/2
108 D.J. HODGES ET AL.

a(]--e 2) . change in local scale factor over the dis-

,o= tance G A :
(1- e2sin2p)3/2
1.000 000 - 0.999 674
p = 6 375 020.481/(1 - 0.006 670 539 762 6 380.847 - 6 378.767
X sin20.924 458 581) 1/2 0.000 326
2.080
p = 6 388 613 831
= 0 0 0 1 5 7 / k m or 0.000 000 1 5 7 / m
p = 6 375 020.481(1 - 0.006 670 539 762)
.'. seam at 100 m below d a t u m , F100:
/ { 1 - 0.006 670 539 762
= 999 674 + 100(0.000 000157)
sin2 (0.924 458 581) } 3/2 = 0.999 690
P = 6 373 090.115 .'. seam at 500 m below d a t u m , Fs00:

. Rm = (pp)l/2 = 6380847.252 m = 0.999 674 + 500(0.000 000157)

= 0.999 753
.'. seam at 1000 m below d a t u m , F100o:
Modification of local scale factor for depth of
= 0.999 674 + 1000(0.000 000 157)
mine workings
= 0.999 831
In Fig. 5, the local scale factor at G; It should b e n o t e d t h a t s o m e m i n e
(E 323117.797, N 341782.848), has been surveyors prefer to carry out an i n d e p e n d e n t
c o m p u t e d to be 0.999674. T h e local scale m e a n sea level correction, rather t h a n use a
factor at A = 1.000000 a n d the local m e a n c o m b i n e d correction. W i t h m o d e r n com-
radius of the spheroid = 6 380.847. puters this presents no p r o b l e m a n d can vary
. OA = 6380.847 0.999 674 f r o m line to line, to take a c c o u n t of dip. F o r
= 6 378.767 steeply dipping seams, this can be relevant.

L.S.F. = 0 . 999 67.4,,,,.~.~S~am 1 I L.S~.F.= 0 . g9960~1

0
Fig. 5. M o d i f i c a t i o n o f local scale f a c t o r for D e p t h .
 0

>

Z
0

.<

TABLE 2
a:
Llangollen test network National Grid and geographical coordinates

Station Easting Northing Level L.S.F. Z

Latitude (N) Longitude (W) Convergence Radius of >
o l it 0 ! It o t t
(m) (m) (m) earth (Rm) O
7<
(m) >
t-
Tyn-y-Wern T 322958.461 341914.580 91.070 0.9996 74 13 52 58 07 03 08 50 00 54 57 6 380 848.085 O

Bryn Howel B 324967.822 341829.829 101.135 0.9996 70 38 52 58 06 O3 07 O2 00 53 31 6 380 847.743

Ridge R 324022.039 342 846.959 259.986 0.9996 72 13 52 58 38 03 07 54 00 54 13 6 380 854.205
Castle C 322 393.287 343 016.722 294.564 0.9996 75 21 52 58 43 03 09 21 00 55 23 6380855.133
Escarpment E 323 048.355 343 362.105 352.220 0.9996 73 96 52 58 54 03 08 47 00 54 55 6 380 857.427
Sheepfold S 323679.139 340431.408 385.115 0.9996 72 78 52 57 20 03 08 10 00 54 25 6 380 838.594
Gyro G323117.797 341782.848 95.131 0.9996 73 83 52 58 03 03 08 42 00 54 50 6 380 847.252
Dinbren Hall D321 179.732 343 319.490 200.258 0.9996 77 54 52 58 52 03 10 27 00 56 15 6 380 856.958
Plantation P 322 625.361 343 966.839 398.251 0.9996 74 76 52 59 14 03 09 10 00 55 14 6 380 861.281
110
Conclusions and recommendations
The computations of local scale factor and
convergence by approximate and precise
methods have been illustrated by means of
worked examples. The results obtained by use
of the projection tables [2] are exactly the
same as those obtained using the formulae
and methods described in the Ordnance
Survey pamphlet [3].
To perform the calculations manually, di-
rectly from the formulae is clearly more com-
plex and time consuming than using the pro-
jection tables. However these formulae can
easily be incorporated into a simple computer
program which will enable the results to be
obtained instantly, and therefore render the
Ordnance Survey projection tables obsolete.
The use of projection tables may still be nec-
essary in exceptional circumstances, but this
may be considered to be similar to using
seven-figure log tables. The methods de-
scribed in [3] and illustrated in these notes are
the quickest and most accurate and it is re-
commended that they be used.
The computation of local scale factor and
convergence, together with latitude, longi-
tude, and local mean radius of the earth has
been conducted for additional survey stations
forming a precise test network familiar to the
authors. The values computed and the Na-
tional Grid coordinates of the stations are
given in Table 2. It is recommended that the
reader independently computes these values
in order to familiarise himself with the use of
D.J. HODGES ET AL.
projection formulae and to provide a check
for his computer program.
Although for many purposes approximate
values of the local scale factor and conver-
gence may suffice, in geodetic and first order
engineering surveys it is recommended that
the precise values are computed and used.
The precision attainable with modern survey-
ing instruments, particularly for distance
measurement, fully justifies the precise de-
termination of the local scale factor and con-
vergence for correlating mine surveys to the
National Grid. Furthermore, the local scale
factor will require modification to take into
account the depth of the mine workings be-
low datum.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the
assistance of Mr. T. Shirley (Surveyor and
Minerals Manager, South Yorkshire Group)
in the preparation of this paper.
References
1 Anon, Constants, Formulae and Methods used by the
Ordnance Survey for Computations in the Transverse
/ , .
Mercator Pi'ojectlon. Ordnance Survey, H.M.S.O.,
London (1963) reprint.
2 Anon, Projection Tables for the Transverse Mercator
Projection of Great Britain. Ordnance Survey,
H.M.S.O., London (1950).
3 Anon, Transverse Mercator Projection. Constants,
Formulae and Methods Ordnance Survey, H.M.S.O.,
London (1983).