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,<. ,. d
IS 14641:1999 i
ISO 5389:1992 ~
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Indian Standard
TURBOCOMPRESSOR PERFORMANCE
TEST CODE
ICS 23.140
,
0 BIS 1999
This IndianStandard which is identical with ISO 5389:1992Turbocompressom Performance test code J
issued by the international Organization for Standardization (ISO) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian ~
Standards on the recommendations of the Compressor, Blowers and Exhausters Sectional Committee
(HMD 22) and approval of the Heavy Mechanical Engineering Divisiin Council.
--l1
The text of ISO standard has been approved for pubiiition as Indiin Standard without deviations.
Cettain terminology and conventions are, however, not identicat to those used in Indan Standards. Attention
Eparticularly drawn to the following:
a) Wherever the words International Standard appear referring to this standard, thev should
be read as Indian Standard.
b) Comma (,) has been used as a decimal marker while in Indian Standards, the current
practice is to use a point (.) as the decimal marker.
In this adopted standard, reference appears to certain International Standards for which Indian
Standards also exist. Thecorresponding Indian Standards which are to be substituted in their place
are listed below along with their degree of equivalence for the editions indicated:
The concerned technical committee has also reviewed the provisions of ISO 5167-1 : 1991
Measurement of fiuid flow by means of pressure differential devices Part 1 : Orifice plates,
nozzies and Venturi tubes inserted in circular cross-section conduits running fuii referred in this
adopted standard and has decided that it is acceptable for use in conjunction with this standard.
In reporting the resuits of a test or analysis made in accordance with this standard, if the final value,
observed or calculated, is to be rounded off, it shall be done in accordance with IS 2:1960 Ruies for
rounding off numerical vaiues ( revised ).
(i)
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
r,
, ,. .-.
Introduction
With the aid of the test described in this International Standard, the actual perform-
ance data cap be compared with the guaranteed values.
The contractual consequences of any deviations are not covered by this International
Standard. A setisfacto~ test result does not signify acceptance in the contractual
sense, as such acceptance may depend on other conditions stipulated in the contract.
a) the test procedure (including the rnaaeuremente to be taken, and the prep-
aration and execution of the test);
c) the methods of converting the test results in order to provide values that may
be compared with the guaranteed figures;
d) the confidence limits of the converted test results according to the accuracy of
the particular measurements.
(ii)
f,
.
IS 14641:1999 . d
ISO 5389:1992
Contents
Page
1 scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
4 Symbols andsubscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7 Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
10 Test repon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Annexes
D ~milariW of flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
F Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
G bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
(iii)
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
Indian Standard
TURBOCOMPRESSOR PERFORMANCE
TEST CODE
This International Standard covers blowers or compressors and The following standards contain provisions which, through
exhausters of the centrifugal, mixed flow, or axial flow types reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International
(inclusively covered by the term turbocomprassors), with and Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated
without intercooling, handling any vapour or gas the physical were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to
properties of which are reliably known. agreements based on this International Standard are enr.c:-aqed
to investigate the possibilityof applying the moat recent editions
It maybe applied to any compression process, with or without of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO main
bleed-off or sidestreams, which takes place in one or more tain registersof currently valid International Standards.
casings.
ISO 31 (parts O to 13)1), Quantities, units and symbok.
This International Standard gives no rules for the measurement
of any other aspect of the compressor which may be the sub-
ject of a guarantee, such as ISO 1000: 2), S1 units and recommendations for the use of
their multiples end of certain other units.
a) mechanical performance;
ISO 5167-1 : 1891,Measurement of fluid flow by means of
b) vibrations;
pressure differential devices Part 1: Orificeplates, nozzies
c) pulsations; and Venturi tubes inserted in circular cross-section conduits
running full.
d) noise level;
1) Currentlyunderrevieion.
2) To be published.(Revisionof ISO 1000: 19S1.)
1
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
3.1.2 standard discharga point: The discharge point con- 3.3 Reference process
sidered to be representative of the compressor. It is generally at
the compressor discharge flange. The determination of the internal power (3.6.5) is based on the
assumption of a reversible reference process, hence the
necessity of a definition of the corresponding efficiency, taking
3.1.3 Quantity of gas or vapour delivared account of energy losses due to the irreversibility of the actual
compression process.
3.1.3.1 usable mass rate of flow for a compressor: The
mess rate of flow delivered at the standard discharge point. The reference process is characterized by the law
p = f(v)
3.1.3.2 usabla mass rata of flow for an exhaustar: The
mese rate of flow aspirated at the standard inlet point.
which is used to determine the specific compression work:
Formula
No. Term
For e real gas For a perfect gas
Isobaric deviation
3.2.4
factor = H--)P-l=H--)P =0
~=_~ ap Y CP
3.2.5 Isentropic axponent K=y=
p-Ws=T Cv
()
NOTES
1 Tha data serving as a reference for the determination of gas properties shall be agreed between purchaser
and vendor.
2 Clause A. 1 deals with general recommendations relating to the thermodynamic data for gases and gas
mixtures.
3 Clause A.2 deals with specific recommendations for some of the more common gases.
, ~,,
-.--
Is 14641:1999 ,.ti
ISO 5389:1992
3.4 Reference processes forusewith perfecter 3.4.1.2 The specific compression work based on static con-
d near-perfect gases ditions is calculated using
>-----
n1
The following methods of computation of specific compression i
work are recommended to be applied wrn,pol =
J:vdppO=(fi) pv[6)y-1]
when agreed between purchaser and vendor, or
3.4.1.3 In its general form the polytropic compression offers,
when the deviation of gas properties from perfect gas
owing to the free choice of the exponent n, great liberty in
laws at any state point of the compression process of an
adapting it to any change of state. With n = y the com-
uncooled compressor, or at any state point of a com-
pression becomes isentropic. When n approaches unity, the
pression section included between two successive inter-
compression approaches an isothermal process. If, with
coolers of a cooled compressor, do not exceed the limits
multistage compressors, a single-stage reference compression
given in table 2 for the appropriate pressure ratio.
does not represent the actual process with sufficient accuracy,
a multistage polytropic compression may be chosen. From the
Within the limits given, the errors in specific isentropic com- above it follows that the polytropic compression is suited for
pression work and discharge specific volume will be leas than cooled and uncooled, and for single-stage and multistage,
1 % and 2 % respectively if calculations are made according to compressors.
perfect gas laws instead of real gas equations.
3.4.1.4 In the case of compressorswith interstage cooling the
it is recommended that in most cases polytropic compression polytropic compression approaches isothermal compression at
be used as the reference process. one extreme, and iaentropic compression at the other, de-
pending on whether the process takes place at a constant
Polytropic compression should always be adopted for any case temperature or the aerodynamic flow losses only are removed
in which the gas used for the acceptance test has a ratio of by the cooler. An approximation has to be made by suitable
specific heata which differs from that of the guarantee gas by choice of the exponent n and the number of stage groups ac-
more than 1 %. cording to tha arrangement and effectiveness of the cooling.
~= ()
Ig :
3.4.2.1 In this reference process, compression takes place
over the whole part of the pressure range (depen-ding on
()
p2 T,
Ig whether it is a single-stage or multistage machine) at constant
pl T2 entropy, i.e. n = K.
Pressure
Maximum ratio
ratio z)
between maximum
P2 x rnax Xrnin Y rnax Y~in
and minimum values
P1 Of K(= y)
3
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
.4
3.4.2.2 Isentropic compression follows the law 3.5.3 Methods of polytropic analysis (Schultz method)
k.,;,_,.-$,
PVK = p, VIK = constant
3.5.3.1 The formulae of the following method are derived
from the method developed by Schultz (see [21).
~pol=v~=
dp 11 (v dp)wl
h2 hl
3.4.3 Isothermal compression
I
3.5.1 General
R ZM
~pol =
When tables, equations of state or charts giving the ap- mcP~ R ZM XM
propriate thermodynamic data are available, it is recommended
that they be used to determine the specific compression work
(see 3.5.2). with average values for the gas stream:
Cpl + CP2
3.5.2 Method using tables or charts CPM=
2
4
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
3.5.3.4 Theoretically, the exact assessment of the specific Unless otherwise agreed, the reference efficiency is baaed on
polytropic compression work assumes the previous compu- total conditions and the formula becomes
~
tation of factor g by use of the formula
(C22 C12)
hz h, Wm+ ~
<= ~t=
+ R (Z2T2 ZIT1) ht,2 ht,l
NOTE Where specific values of the factors X, Y and Z are not where Q1 _ z is the heat removed by the cooling within the
available values may be obtained from the genaralizad curves gimm in machine (or section of the machine).
annex D.
The above definition is complete only when the type of the
reference process adopted is indicated by the corresponding
3.5.3.5 The specific compression work based on static con-
subscript. Consequently reference efficiencies are given by the
ditions may thus be determined:
following formulae.
2 ZMRT1 ~. p2 m
wrrl,pol =
J 1
(V dp)pol = ~
[() E
1
]
3.6.1.1 The polytropic efficiency
NOTE Thm equation is not strictly correct [sss [2]) and should only m,pol
>- ) be used in cases where the compressibility factor Z is substantially ~PfJ = ~2 _ ~,
-Q1-2
,!, ~ constant throughout the compression process.
The equation for Wm,Pd given in figure D.9 can also be used. (C22 C12)
,} m,pol + 2
t
3.5.3.6 For compression ratios ~ <4 the correction factor ~ ~pd,t = ~t z
-ht,l Q1_2
3.5.3.7 For similarity testing of compressors without 3.6.1.2 The iaentropic efficiency
intermediate cooling, a single-stage process should be
adopted, determining an avaraga polytropic exponent such as w .,s
defined above. s=h2~1
-Q1-2
wm,J
3.6 Definition of reference efficiency, power end
?T = h2
losses -hl Q1_2
5
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
The formulae for the reference power are also different 3.6.5 rnternel power, Pin: Power effectively absorbed by
depending on the calculation system of the specific com- gas during the actual compression process. It is given by the
pression work. formula
or
3.6.2.1 The polytropic reference power
P
C22 _ ~12 Pin = *+ Qa+PL
pol, t = ~m
(
m, pol + *
.)
or
ls,t
(
P s,t = f?m m, s + ~
) For compressors with intermediate cooling the sum of internal
powers in each section between two successive intercoolers
should be computed:
C22 C12
(
PT, t = (?m wm,T + *
)
3.6.6 mechenice} power losses, Pf: Losses due to friction
Where the local Mach number at tha standard inlet and in the bearings and sealing rings and in any transmission gear
discharge points is lees than 0,2 it is sufficiently accurate to contractually included within the compressor.
calculate the reference power directly from total conditions
using the following approximate formulae:
2
pT,t = qm m,T,t = qm
I 1
(V d@t,T 3.6.8 power lose in driving machine, Ppr: Power loss in
the turbine or in any other driver of the compressor and the
intermediate driving system.
P un = Pe + Ppr
For values of Qa leas than 0,02 Per an approximate value can be
adopted for a, i.e.
3.6.4 power loss due to leakage, PL: LOSSSS due to leakage Its value depends on the type of adopted reference process.
through external labyrinths; these can generally be calculated Internal efficiency is given by the formulae
using the formula
Pp~,t
~in,pol = ~
in
6
, ,!
IS 14641:1999 d
ISO 5389:1992
Pin Pin
3.7.1 tolerance: Amount by ~ich the value of a particular
~f=~=pin+pf
parameter or a quantity is permitted to deviate from a eat value
by the terms of the contractor other agreement.
3.6.12 affective efficiency, qe: Ratio of the reference 3.7.2 inaccuracy: Extent by which the measured or com-
power defined in 3.6.2 to the effective power at the coupling of puted value of a ~Wrameter or quantity deviates from the true
the compressor, or at the coupling of the transmission gear, value, resulting from the inevitable errors in measurement and
dapending on the contract agreement. It is given by the for- computation.
mula
3.7.3 uncertainty: MaAmum likely magnitude of the inac-
curacy of a particular parameter or quantity such that it can be
said with at least 95 % confidence that the measured or com-
puted value does not deviate from the true value by an amount
greater than the statd uncertainty.
7
.-.-k
IS 14641:1999 d
ISO 5389:1992
Symbols
Cp
c
Area
Quantities
Sonic velocity
Outlet tip width
a = J=
Cp = A4cp
Cv = Mev
Definitions and Observations
L2
LT-1
L
Dimansionsl)
ML27--2@-l
ML2T-2@-l
LT-1
nlol-1
~o[-l
L.
I
.. ...
Mau Peripheral Mach number (arbitrary Refers in this International Standard to inlet dimensionless
definition) conditions
.
m Polytropic exponent in the P T Pm _ constant dimensionless
diagram T
See also 3.5.3.3
r=(&l)JJ&)..
n Polytropic exponent in the p V p Vn = constant dimensionless
diagram Sea also 3.4.1
Absolute static pressure Force to be exerted on the unit area moving with ML-1 T-2
P
the gas
.-/
1
Table 3 Symbols (continued)
. .
Symbols Quantities I Definitions end observations Dimensionslj
Q Heat flow Chantitv of heat supplied or delivered per unit time ML2 T-3
dimensionless
--l
mol-l
I
component i
s Specific entropy
T Absolute static temperature Temperature on Kelvin scale
t Usual static temperature Temperature on Celsius scale
t~, Td Dynamic temperature
MT-3 ~-l
a Heat transfer coefficient
I Rate of heat flow per unit area of surface per unit
temperature difference
9
.,
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
v Efficiency dimensionless
. .
K Isentropic exponent
=-;(%)s ~ mensones
~i~ Coefficient i = 1, 2, 3 . . . (see annex B) dimensionless
k=l,2,3 ...
Dynamc viscosity ML-1 T-1
P
v Kinematic viscosity L2T-1
v= P
Q
10
#,
- IS 14641:1999
.4
ISO 5389:1992
Table 4 Subscripts
1, II ,..., j Section 1, Section ii, . . .. Section j The Roman type figures relate to numbers of order of the compressor
sections
I
iic
I
Cooled section
I Cooied section when compressor is divided into uncooled section I and
cooied section ile
I
1 Inlet
I Relates to quantities measured at the standard iniet point. In combination
with other subscripts denotes inlet
I
2
I
Discharge
I Relates to quantities measured at the standard
nation with other subscripts denotes outlet
discharge point. In combi-
I Cd I Condensate I
I
co Converted
I Relates to the quantities converted to specified conditions by similarity
computation
I Cr I Critical I Characterizes criticai pressures and temperatures
I Cs I Casing I Characterizes the quantities measured on the compressor casing
comb Combined When comb iS combined h suPerposition of resuits of *veral sta9es
D Rotor
Id ! Dvnamic ICharacterizes dvnamic oressures and temr)eratures
1 En I End I
I Ex I Extreme I
Characterizes the power input at the coupiing of the compressor
t-+--+= --t-----
If ! Friction
1 ICharacterizes the friction ioaaes (mechanical
1
iosses)
I fiuc Fluctuation Additional uncertainty due to fluctuations of power input
G Dry gas Characterizes the quantities of dry gas .
Gu Guaranteed Relates to the quantities specified in the contract
1----
icl, Icll, intercooier 1, ii, . . .. j Reiates to first, second, . . .. jth intercooler
. . . . iCj
i Component Relates to component i of a gas mixture
I in I Internai I
IL I Leakage I
M Arithmetic mean Characterizes the arithmetical means of iniet and outlet quantities
m Mixture
mex Maximum
I rnfi I Minimum I
I moi I Molar I
I Characterizes lubricating (and sealing) oii (mechanical losses)
11
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
Sat Saturation
ut I Usable I I
v Vapour
v Isochoric Characterizes a constant volume process
w Water Characterizes cooling water
x Variable
5 Equipment, methods and accuracy of 5.1.6 Measurement stations for the determination of the con-
measurements dition of flowing fluids shall wherever possible be located in
straight lengths of pipe where the flow is substantially uniform
and steady. For the main measuring stations at the inlets to and
5.1 General discharges from the compressor, the arrangement shown in
figure 1 is recommended.
5.1.1 This clause describes the instruments, equipment and
methods of measurement to be used in testing compressors in 5.2 Apparatus .,
accordance with this International Standard and describes the
measurement accuracy.
5.2.1 Instruments for determining the temperature of the .
compressed fluid at the compressor inlets and discharges.
Where no specific requirements for a particular measurement
are included, the instruments and methods of measurement to
5.2.2 Manometers or pressure gauges for determining the
be used are subject to agreement.
pressure of the compressed fluid at appropriate pointa on the
teat stand.
5.1.2 Where an International Standard is available relating to
a particular measurement or type of instrument, any measure- 5.2.3 Baromater to measure the atmospheric pressure.
ments used should be in accordance with such a standard.
12
f,
. .-
IS 14641:1999 . *d
ISO 5389:1992
5.3 Measurement of temperature 5.3.7 With liquid-in-glass thermometers, when the measured
d temperature differs from the ambient by more than 5 C, an
emergent stem correction shall be made according to the for-
5.3.1 Each temperature measuring device shall be in ac-
mula
cordance with the appropriate national standards and shall be
calibrated against an instrument certified by a recognized
authority. Recommended instruments for measuring tempera-
ture are
where
a) liquid-in-glass thermometers;
fTs is the true temperature of the gas stream;
b) thermocouples used with potentiometric-type instru-
ments; t is the actual thermometer reading;
5.3.2 The detecting element should be inserted directly into 1 is the length of the emergent column expressed in
the gas stream or, where this is not feasible, thermo-wells of degreea on the thermometer scale;
minimum thickness shall be used. Precautions shall be taken to
minimize measurement errors due to heat conduction in stems B is the apparent expansion coefficient of the ther-
or wells and radiation from or to parts at a temperature different mometer fluid (for mercury-in-glass thermometers
from that of the gas stream. /9 = l/6 X)O).
5.3.3 For machines assembled for test with an open inlet, the 5.3.8 When it is necessary to determine the heat extracted by
inlet temperature shall be taken as the atmospheric temperature intercoolers, lubricant or sealant flows or leakage flows, the
measured in a region of substantially zero velocity in the vicinity
accuracy of temperature and flow measurements shall permit
of the inlet flange. determination of the heat extraction with due regard to the ef-
fect of such heat flows on the overall accuracy of the test.
5.3.4 The delivery temperature (or temperatures) and inlet
temperature (or temperatures), when a piped inlet is used on
test, shall be measured by several instruments inserted into the 5.4 Measurement of pressure
pipe or duct symmetrically set in one plane. The number of
instruments and their precise location depends on the layout of 5.4.1 General
the piping and the precision required with due regard to heat
flow and radiation from the pipe surface. The fluid temperature Each pressure measuring device shall comply with the
shall be the average of the single measured values corrected to appropriate national standards.
allow for the velocity recovery effect.
Each instrument shall be calibrated with the exception of ver-
Except in the case of gases with a significant condensablephase tical U tube manometers using a liquid of known density and
the use of shielded stagnation-type probee with a very high deed-weight gauges.
recovery factor is recommended.
Connecting pipee shall be leak-free, as short as possible, and of
Where it can be shown that the velocity recovery effect is a sufficient diameter and so arranged as to avoid blockage by
insignificant, it may be neglected. In no case should it be dirt or condensed liquid.
neglected if tha dynamic head exceeds 0,5 % of the specific
compression work. The velocity recove~ factor to be used
If the saturation temperature of the fluid is higher than ambient
should be agreed on. In the absence of any more specific values
temperature, pressure instruments shall be situated below the
the following may be used:
tapping points and connecting pipes shall be kept full of con-
densate. Condensing vessels shall be installed near the tapping
a) thermometers and thermocouples in wells : 0,65
points to ensure constant level height.
b) bare thermocouples : 0,80
Stations for the measurement of the pressure of flowing fluid
c) bare thermocouples with insulation shields : 0,97 streams s@ll be located in a length of straight pipe or duct of
uniform cross-section in which the flow is essentially parallel to
NOTE For more precise information see [31and [4]. the pipa wall.
5.4.2 Barometric pressure When the teat driver is a slip-ring type of induction motor, the
rotational speed may be obtained f rom accurate measurements
Barometric pressure shall be determined by any means with a of both the supply frequency and the slip frequency.
maximum error not exceeding 0,333 mbar l}. A barometer shall
be located in a stable place at the test site. Alternatively, the In all other cases the rotational spaad shall be measured with a
barometric pressure may be obtained from a local meteoro- mechanical or electrical tachometer permanently driven from
logical station, with a correction for any dtierenca in altitude. the shaft.
The tap-holes ahal! be normal to and flush with the pipe wall Where the performance is guaranteed in terms of the energy
and shall be free from burrs, countersinks or other irregularity input to the driver, this shall be measured in accordance with
which could disturb the flow. the appropriate International Standards or national standards.
The diameter of the tap holes shall be as small as possible con- Where it is the power input to the compressor which is
sistent with minimizing the risk of blockage. guaranteed, this shali be measured
It shall be established that the pressure measured at any one by performing an energy balance on the driver in ac-
tapping at the measurement station does not differ from the cordance with the appropriate test codes for the pwticular
mean of all pressure measurements by more than 1 % of the type of machine,
absolute pressure.
by measuring the torque using a cradled Iswinging
Having established that this requirement is satisfied, all the field) type of motor or a precision torque-meter,
teppings at one station may be connected into a common col-
lecting ring, provided that the effective cross-sectional area of or, when these methods are not possible,
this collecting ring is not lees than four times the croas-
aectional area of any one tap-hole. by establishing a total energy balance for tha com-
pressor, by measuring all the Ioaeee and adding them to the-
5.4.4 Total pressure energy input to the compressed gas.
Total pressure shall normally be cetculated from the static Torquemetera shall not be used for measurement below one-
pressure and the calculated mean flow velocity heed (see third of their rated torque, They shall be calibrated with the
8.1 .3). Where the degree of non-uniformity of flow is eignifi- measuring element at the same temperature as used during the
cent, the chamctaristic parameters (a.g. total enthaipy) should test. The calibration shall be carried out twice, once with
be obtaitwd from a mess-flow-weighted integration of the continuously increasing load and once with continuously
results of probe traverses across the measuring plane. decreasing load, and the mean of the two eats of readings shall
be used.
5.5 Measurementof flow With both torque-meters and cradled electric motors it shall be
shown that the hysteresis affect, i.e. the difference between
Fluid flow-rates shall be measured in accordance with the readings with increasing and decreasing load due to
1s0 5187-1. mechanical friction etc., does not exceed 0,5 % of the
measured torque.
When other methods of flow measurement are proposed it
shall be demonstrated that they are of equal or better accuracy.
5.8, Determination of gas composition
Particular care is neceeaary when the compraeaad fluid contains
The chemical composition of gas or gas-vapour mixtures shall
a condensibla fmction. With most types of flow-mater it is
be determined at regular intervals by recognized methods of
essential that the fluid is homogeneous. In extreme cases it may
analysis.
be neceaeew to install a suitable separating device, and to
maaaure separately the gasaous and liquid etreema leaving it.
Patiicularly when the gas contains condensablefractions, care
shall be taken to ensure that the sample analyaed is truly
5.6 MeasurementOf rotationalspeed representative of the gas being compreeaed. In some cases this
may require that the condensable and non-condttr%ible frac-
When the teat driier is a synchronous electric motor the ro- tions are sampled separately as they leave a suitable separating
tational speed may be obtained from an accurate measurement device and that the rates of flow of the two frections are also
of the supply frequency. established separately.
1) lber=l@Pa
14
f,
. .-.
IS 14641:1999 4
ISO 5389:1992
If the working fluid on test is air, its humidity shall be de- then the mean value x~ is given by
termined from wet- and dry-bulb temperatures or by other
d recognized methods such as dew-point, freezing or chemical
absorption techniques. 1
xM. Xi
n z
ixl
5.9 Accuracy of measurement
and the standard deviation is given by
5.9.1 Owing to the very nature of physical measurements, it is
impossible to measure a physical quantity without error or, in /
fact, to determine the true error of any one particular measure-
= ]/*~ (X-X.)2
ment.
v i=~
However, if the conditions of the measurement are sufficiently
well known, it is possible to estimate or calculate a charac- Hence the uncertainty can be taken as * 2 u.
teristic deviation of the measured value from the true value,
such that it can be asserted with a certain degree of confidence
that the true error is less than the said deviation. 5.9.5 In some cases the uncertainty (95 % confidence limits)
can be estimated by considering the fundamental principles of
The value of such a deviation (normally the 95 k confidence the method of measurement.
limits) constitutes a criterion of the accuracy of the particular
measurement, and in this International Standard is called the For example, in the case of a simpie liquid-column manometer,
uncertainty. provided that the density of the liquid is known precisely, the
accuracy depends on how precisely the levels can be de
For a particular measurement the value of the uncertainty termined. Without special equipment an accuracy of i 1 mm
(95 %o confidence limits) can be determined in one of the should be easily achievable with the necessary confidence.
following ways.
Hence the uncertainty, rH, is given by
5.9.2 Where the measurement has been made in accordance
with an established International Standard or national standard ~H=&L
which defines the accuracy of such a measurement, then the H
uncertainty confidence limits should be determined by
reference to that standard (e.g. for flow measurement refer to where H is the reading in millimetres.
ISO 5167-1).
NOTE Fordifferentialheedsinexcessof 1 massumeTH = + 0,1 %.
5.9.3 Where the quality grade of the instrument has been
defined and guaranteed by the manufacturer (see 5.1.3) the A further example is an electronic digital tachometer in which a
uncertainty for a particular measurement can be determined by precise crystal oscillator is used as the time base. In this case
reference to the quality grade. For example in the case of a the uncertainty, TN, can be taken as
pressure gauge, the uncertainly, 7P, is given by
s
PErl TN=*7
7P =kG
PTe
where
where
& is the full-scale reading of the gauge; N is the speed of rotation displayed.
PTe is the actual test reading. S and N shall be expressed in the same units.
where able it shall be agreed whir5h data shall be used and the
uncertainties which apply to such data.
Tpd is the uncertainty of the electrical power input;
In annexes A and B methods of calculating the physical proper- -
7nel is the uncertainty of the motor efficiency. ties of gas and gas-vapour mixtures are provided.
Table 5 Guiding values for uncertainty of test 6.1.1.1 Agreement shall be reached as to the location of the
,J,vsae,g,,,g,,w test, i.e. at the manufacturers works, on site, or elsewhere.
Flow measured with standard pressure The compressor may be tested under the conditions of the
difference device (see ISO 5167-1) *1,594 guarantee, i.e. with the specified gas under the specified intake
conditions, with the guaranteed power input.
Speed measured with mechanical tachometer *1,5%
Power measured with In this case, the test speed shall be as close as possible to the
mechanical torque-meter +2% specified speed of the compressor.
cradled motor *1,5%
a.c. motor of known efficiency *1,5% Category 2
d.c. motor of known efficiency *1,5%
If the specified conditions cannot be reproduced, either
Power determined from an energy balance for
the compressor *l,5%to*4% because of the gas composition, or because the power
available is insufficient, the compressor should be run at such a
) A guide to the accuracy achievable with a good quality liquid- combination of speed and inlet conditions as to establish the
in-glaaa tharmometar is given in table 6.
similarity conditions specified in 7.3.
In this case, the driving unit and the lubricating and sealing
Tabla 6 Measuring uncertainty for calibrated
devices may also be different from those on the site.
liquid-in-glass thermometers
Values in degrees Celsius
Category 2 tests can themselves be subdivided into two types:
Maaauramant uncarteinty for the
Tamparatura following graduation intervals
range, O Catagov 2a}: Open-loop air tests
0,1 0,2 0,5 1 2
TT
-w<e<-5 0,6 0,8 1,7 2 7 In this case, the manufacturer shall state whether or not the
- 5<0< 60 0,3 0,4 1 1,4 2 similarity conditions specified in 7.3 can be fulfilled.
fjo<e<llo 0,5 0,6 1 2 3
110<0<210 1 2 3 4
In a case where the similarity conditions cannot be fulfilled,
210<8<310 3 4 6
the customer and the manufacturer should agree on the
310< 0<410 5 8
410<0<625 6 12
tolerances to be applied to the test result.
16
1*
IS 14641:1999 d
ISO 5389:1992
6.1.1.3 Whether ornotthe pressure ratio orpressure rise is the way it has been specified in the guarantee. Where this is ,,
based on static or total conditions, the precise location at not possible, however, due corrections shall be applied to com-
which the guaranteed inlet and discharge pressures apply shall pensate for gland leakage either into or out of the compressor, }... ..
:,
be agreed. Unless there are good reasons otherwise, total con- condensate drained from intercoolers, bleed flows, etc. It is
ditions shall be assumed, often impossible to measure such quantities directly and in
these circumstances appropriate corrections shall be agreed /
between the manufacturer and the purchaser. Particular care in
6.1.1.4 The basis for calculating the actual inlet volume flow this matter is required when a compressor is being tested under
shall be agreed. Unless otherwise agreed, the inlet volume flow conditions far removed from those of the guarantee.
shall be calculated from the measured usable mass flow and the
inlet density determined from the total temperature and total
pressure at the standard inlet point.
6.1.2.4 When a machine is to be tested under conditions
significantly different from the guarantee conditions, the
6.1.1.5 The gas composition, charts, reference tables or other manufacturer shall propose for agreement how the mechanical
data relating to the guarantee conditions shall be agreed. losses shall be converted from test to guarantee conditions.
6.1.1.6 The criterion of acceptance of the test result, ac- 6.1.2.5 Where any intermediate form of prover transmission,
cording to 9.3.2, shall be agreed. such as a gearbox, is interposed between the driving unit and
the machine, the method by which ita power consumption shall
be taken into account shall be the subject of agreement.
6.1.1.7 In the case of a site test, a deadline for the test should
be agreed upon.
When the power consumption is guaranteed in terms of the
power supply to the driving unit, any variations in its per-
6.1.1.8 A schedule for agreements to be made on the matters formance due to the difference between test and guarantee
given in 6.1.2 should be established. conditions shall be allowed for, subject to agreement.
6.1.2 Agreements required before the test When the power consumption is guaranteed and the test has to
be carried out at reduced power, errors will be introduced into
the corrected power consumption because of those losses
6.1.2.1 In the case of a factory test, the manufacturer should which am not strictly proportional to the total power. An
supply the customer with agreed correction shall be made for these errors.
6.1.2.3 Usually the flow will be measured on either the inlet to 6.2.5 The recommended grade of oil shall be used; otherwise
or the delivery pipe from the compressor in accordance with corrections to the power and oil consumption shall be made.
17
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
Prior to the test a diagrammatic layout of the test arrangement Recalibration, where possible, after the test shall be made for
shall be established showing the agreed position of all measur- those instruments of primary importance which are liable to
ing points and containing the reference numbers and letters variation in their calibration as a result of use during the test.
used in the test report. Any change in the instrument calibrations which will create a
variation exceeding that of the class of the instrument maybe a
cause for rejecting the part of the test which it invalidates.
6.3.2 Installation of test equipment
Where necessary, provision shall be made for determining the a) determining whether the compressor and associated
humidity, chemical composition, density or viscosity of the gas system is in a suitable condition to conduct an acceptance
at the appropriate and agreed times during the test. test;
-
r n-ml-
L
Inlet temperature
--4 measuring stations,
spaced 90
I II / spaced90 -
Inlet velocitv rxessure \
2 taps, spaced 90 I I
(used only when
velocity pressure is
greater than 5 A of
f 1
4
--
I I I
Baffle (perforatedplate
I K 4 t
Throttle valve~
18
.
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
b) checking of instruments; Should, however, the conditions be such that changes cannot
be avoided, a distinction may be made between systematic
c) training of staff. changes (drift) and fluctuations of high frequency.
7.2 General rules for satting up the compressor During the fluctuations, the number of readings shall be
for the acceptance test increased, but the results may still be accepted provided that
the fluctuations are within the limits given in table 7.
7.2.1 During the test all measurements that have any bearing
on the performance shall be made, h the following, the deter-
7.2.7 For each guaranteed point a number of test points shall
mination of the capacity and the power consumption of the
be obtained (not lees than two) embracing the specified
compressor will be treated in detail.
point. The range covered by these test points shall be not less
than the range defined in figure 2, i.e. from the condition in
7.2.2 The measurements shall be carried out by competent which the reference process work coefficient on test is equal to
persons with measuring equipment according to clause 5. that for the guaranteed point to the condition in which the
flow coti]cient on test is equal to that for the guaranteed
7.2.3 The test conditions shall be as close as is reasonably point.
possible to the guaranteed conditions: deviations from these
shall not exceed the limits specified in 7.3. The reference process selected for this purpose depends on the
type of compressor. Generally, for uncooled machines an isen-
7.2.4 During the test, the lubricant, and the adjustment of tropic or polytropic process shoul&Be sef&cted and for cooled
lubricating pumps, lubricators or other lubricating means shall machines an isothermal process.
comply with the operating instructions.
7.2.8 For each teat point the compressor shall be run for a
7.2.5 During the test adjustments other than those required sufficient time and a sufficient number of sets of readings shall
to maintain the test conditions, and those required for normal be taken to indicate that steady conditions have bean reached,
operation as given in the instruction manual, shall not be made. to enable meaningful averages to be taken and to ensure that
the requirements of 7.4.1 have been met. Not leas than three
7.2.6 Before readings begin, the compressor shall be run long seta of readings shall be taken. If a computerized data acqui-
enough to ensure that steady state conditions are reached, so sition system & used then one representative printout of the
that no systematic changes occur in the instrument readings test results should be taken. As far as possible all readings in
during the test. one sat shall be taken simultaneously at a given signal.
. .
I
I
Specifiedpoint L
,
1 *
Flow coeffkient
19
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
7.2.9 Where theusable stable range of thecompreasor is to deviation on the performance of turbocompreasors is taken into
be proved, the capacity at which surge occurs is determined by account by appropriate correction methods which should be
slowly raising the pressure ratio at constant speed until used only in a certain range of application.
unstable or pulsating flow appears. A test point shall be set as
close to the surge as possible. The precision of the determi- The range of application of the correction formula and the
nation shall be demonstrated by repeating the setting. selection of a suitable test Reynolds number are influenced by
two factors, i.e.
For variable speed and/or variable geometric compressors,
surg? points may be determined at different speeds or settings the accuracy of the correction formula at different
to co Ier the anticipated range of operation. Reynolds numbers, and
It shali be understood that the surge point determined in a shop the reliability of tests carried out at reduced suction
test may not accurately represent the surge condition with
pressures or low driving power.
other pipe cofifigurations and other gas densities.
For centrifugal compressors, the well-oroven method of the
7,2.10 After the test the compressor plant and the measuring International Compressed Air and Allied Machine~ Committee
equipment shall be inspected. Should any faults be found that (ICAAMC) for correcting the performance for variations in
may affect the test results then a further test shall be run after Reynolds number shall be used (see annex E).
these faults have been corrected.
The limit of application of the ICAAMC formula is given in
7.3 Particular rules for setting up the compressor annex D, figure D.5, and annex E.
for the acceptance test
For axial compressors, the appropriate method of Reynolds
7.3.1 Guiding principle number corrections depends on the blade characteristics used
by the manufacturer. Therefore the method should be agreed
Before the beginning of a test run, the settings of the com- by the manufacturer and the customer, as well as the range of
pressorshall be fixed so as to achieve the best possibleapproxk its application.
mation to similarity of flow for test and specified conditions.
In practice it is often impossible to fulfiH all the above con- The formulae required for the determination of the settings are
ditions. Admissible limits for the deviation from similarity are evident from the flow charts given in clause D.5.
considered in the following subclauses.
These charts, one for perfect and near-perfect gases (see
7.3.2 Allowed deviation from specified rate of flow figure D.6), the other for real gases (see figure D.7), will be
followed according to the conditions prevailing. Each of them .
The magnitude of the permissible deviation of V, from 1 and the includes the following cases:
additional uncertainty depend upon the characteristic curve
being flat or steep. a) uncooled compressors;
A characteristic curve is steep if, at the point being considered, b) compressors with intercooling.
()
dP2_
PI t
dqv,t,l
~ 9v,t,l
P2
>1
Both have two possibilitiesfor the isentropic exponent KTe for
the test conditions, i.e.
The range of values of the reduced speeds corresponding to b) known from characteristic equations as a function of
the permissible deviation of V, and any additional resulting pressure and temperature;
uncertainty can be determined in accordance with annex D.
c) calculated from conditions of state referred to the
7.3.3 Permissible variation from specified Raynolds critical pressure and temperature of the test gas, following
number Schultz.
It is necessary to check the deviation of the test Reynolds The input values for the above flow charts are to be found
number from the specified conditions. The influence of this in D.5.1.
20
f,
IS 14641:1999
-4
ISO 5389:1992
The relationships shown in the flow charts for determining the 8 Calculation and adjustment of test results
limits of the permissible setting up conditions for the com-
d preesor on testare shown in figure D.3 for KTe = KGU,and in 8.1 Computationof results
figure D.4 for KTe * KGU.
()
P2 PI
PI t
* 2,0 %
z, is the compressibility factor.
* 2,0 %
8.1.3 Dynamic pressure (velocity pressure)
) Whare Ap is the pressure drop across a flow measuring
In most cases the static pressure p can be directly measured at
device, p is the absolute pressure at this inatrurnant.
the standard inlet and discharge points.
NOTE Durirm the test tha erascom~oaition should not vary by an If the velocity distribution across the area A is uniform, the
amount greater-than that equ~alent to a variation in either R or K of dynamic pressure, p~, can be derived from the continuity
*l%.
equation and the measured mass rate of fiow:
If these limits are exceeded, the testis invalid except by special agrae-
ment, in which case such an agreement is to include consideration of Pt_l+Pd_l _ 1
the appropriate tolerance. (Kl)Ma~
P P (Kl)&fU: [
{
K
7.4.2 All accepted sets of readings from any test run shall be 1K
consecutive. -Jl+2(K-l)Ma: +1
1}
where
7.4.3 Seta of readings showing excessive fluctuation may be
discarded but only at the beginning or the end of a test run. All qm ZR Tt
readings in any set should be taken as nearly as possible Mat=:=
Ap K
simultaneously. /
For low gas velocities an approximate simplified formula is
21
f,
-
IS 14641:1999
a
ISo 5389:1992
This approximation may be used provided that the value of measurements of the performance of the compressor are taken
under precisely the specified conditions. if the operating con-
~ so calculated does not exceed 1,05. ditions prevailing during the tests differ from those on which
the guarantee is based, the test resultashall be converted to the b-k. .- .-J
If the velocity distribution across the area A ia significantly non- conditions specified for the guarantee. These converted results
uniform, the dynamic pressure shall be found from a mess- may then be compared with the specified figures.
flow-weighted integration over the area (sea 5.4.4).
,/
8.2.1.2 Individual results to be converted 4
8.1,4 Total temperature
The particular results with which the conversion is concerned
Normally the pressure ratio and temperature ratio are based on are
total conditions (see 6.1.1 .3).
a) the actual inlet VOIUme flow q ~,t, 1,
In most cases the total temperature maybe rnbasuredat normal
aspiration and exhalation points.
b) the pressure ratio (p2/pl)t, and
where
8.2.1.3 Theoretical basis of conversion
The reference power consumption shall be computed accord- 8.2.2 Conversion of mechanical losses
ing to 3.6.2 after the appropriate choice of the reference pro-
cess has bean decided upon. The sum of all mechanical losses may vary considerably with
the particular test and specified conditions especially with
regard to speed, power input, thrust and viscosity of the lubri-
8.1.6 Actual power consumption
cant.
The actual power consumption can be computed in three
Mechanical losses occur mainly in the bearings, lubricant
ways:
pumps, gearing belonging to the compressor, liquid seals,
a) from direct measurement of the input torque using a sliding-ring seals, and so on.
torque-meter or a dynamometer;
These losses are normally determined by measuring the rise in
b) from an energy balance for the prime mover using the temperature of the oil, etc., or from the physical dimensions
formula and teat results, using recognized formulae. The various
individual losses have to be converted aeparetely, their sum
Pin = Pn P~f Pf giving the desired figure of mechanical lossesPf with the aid of
which Pe can be calculated, as follows:
c) from an energy balance for the compressor itself using
the formulae given in 3.6.5. P. = Pin + Pf
22
f,
.
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
, ~
a
8.2.3.2 Where~Te = KGu, theconver$ion iSesfollowe.
(N/~~l)Te / (Nld~)Gu
If KTe # KGU the above ratios shall lie within the respective
8.2.4 Conversion of test results for cooled compressors_ tolerance limits given in figure D.4.
23
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
The absolute temperatures after the intercoolers may be 9 Comparison with guaranteed values and
assumed to be in the same ratio to one another under test and tolerances
specified conditions if the cooling water temperatures are in the
same ratio and provided that the mass flow of gas through the
intercoolers under test and specified conditions is the same 9.1 General
within 5 %.
9.1.1 The test results, converted to the specified operating
The measured power consumption of the compressor shall be conditions in accordance with clause 8, shall be compared with
separated into part I for the uncooled section and part II for the the guaranteed or specified performance.
cooled section. In general, this separation will be possible by
providing the proper measuring devices. If this is impossible,
the division may be in relation to the stage heads according to
9.1.2 The comparison shall include
the design data.
a) comparison of the converted power consumption
8.2.4.3 In the case of cooled compressors in which neither (specific power consumption, fuel consumption or ef-
the ratios of the absolute temperatures after the intercoolers to ficiency depending on the terms of the guarantee) with the
one another nor the ratios of these temperatures to the com- guaranteed power consumption (specific power consump-
pressor inlet temperature are the same under test and specified tion, fuel consumption or efficiency);
conditions, the conversion may be made as follows.
b) comparison of the converted capacity with the
guaranteed capacity. This may be defined as either the
If the conditions of constant relationship between the gas
pressure rise (or pressure ratio, or specific compression
temperatures after the intercoolers are not fulfilled, the values
work) at the specified flow-rate or the flow-rate at the
shall be converted separately for all cooled stages and the
specified pressure rise (or pressure ratio, or specific com-
results combined.
pression work);
If the test results are computed according to Schultzs method c) comparison of the acceptable operating range with the
of polytropic analysis, the conversion formulae for a stage guaranteed range where this has been stated.
between intercoolers are given in figure D.9.
if in the intercoolers of the compressor, some of the working a) in the case of a compressor with a steep characteristic,
fluid is lost due to condensation, either on test or under by comparison at the guaranteed pressure rise (or pressure
specified conditions, this loss shall be taken into account in ratio or specific%ompression work);
working out the power consumption and the discharge flow. It
must be borne in mind that the quantity actually lost in such an b) in the case of a compressor with a flat characteristic, by
intercooler is generally smaller than the figure calculated comparison at the guaranteed actual inlet volume flow-rate.
thermodynamically (efficiency of separation less than 1). See
A.4.2.8.
NOTE For the definition of the flat or steep characteristic see 7.3.2.
Moreover, during the process of compression it is possible for
chemical combination to take place, which will change the gas
parameters, especially density and temperature. 9,1.5 In making the comparison the following shall be taken
into account:
If a compressor has intermediate inputs andlor extractions, the
corresponding incoming or outgoing volume flow and the a) measuring uncertainties (see cbuse 5);
temperatures of any incoming streams shall have the same re-
lationships to the main flow and temperatures under test as b) errors due to the inaccuracy or uncertainty in the
under specified conditions. Otherwise each section of the com- thermodynamic properties of the gases used;
pressor between intermediate inputs or extractions shall be
considered separately.
c) errore due to theinaccuracy of the methods used to
convert the test results to the guaranteed operating con-
If the compressor is run at different pressureson test and under
ditions;
specified, conditions, the change in external leakage, if any,
shall be allowed for in the effective volume flow and power
consumption. d) errors due to non-steady conditions during the test;
In the case of multiple or series-connected compressors it may e) any tolerance in the performance of the compressor
be advantageous to consider each casing separately. permitted by the terms of the guarantee. (See 5.9.)
24
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389~199z
. ,5
:
!
9.2.2 Thermodynamic date uncetiainties The total uncertainty in the pressure ratio is
+ ?:,Te +
~t,Tel + ~l,Te + &Te } 7
9.2.3 Conversion uncertainties
where
Where the pattern of flow on test cannot be made the same as
the pattern of flow under the guaranteed conditions at all
p61nts throughout the compressor, then the methods of con- N2
verting the test results defined in clause 8 are only approxi- () RZ1 Tt,1 T~
N,2 =
mate. If the deviations from true similarity of flow are signifi- N2
cant, then additional errors are introduced by the conversion.
The magnitude of any such additional errors can be determined RZ1 Tt,1 @
()
from the charts given in annex D.
25
-#,
IS 14641:1999 d
ISO 5389:1992
,-
the shaft torque and spaad, the totai uncertainty in power The factor (1 + 0,2 &Z 1) is included in each of the above
consumption is given by formulae to allow for the unavoidable inaccuracies involved in
measuring each stage or stage group aeparatety and combining ,*... .,
the results.
+ [4PInbdm)t,l,co
TTl,Te]2 +
9.3 Graphical comparison
((p7T1cEe+
[,n(p:,pl)tTpt21:e+ close to and bridging the guarantee point or each of several
guarantee pointa. The comparison is made as follows.
26
.
--Q-
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
Inthiscaae, unleae otherwise agreed, theguarantee shall be driving unit: generally the same items as for the com-
considered to have been met provided that some part of the pressor, but in particular those which are essential for
test ellipse touches or cuts the guaranteed band. establishing the specfled petiormance;
27
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
Tabla 9 Individual uncertainties and appropriate multiplying factors 1)to ba used to calculata
tha total uncertainty in power or fuel consumption)
1 1 1
~P,, re 0 o 0 0 0 0
1 + JI<4 1 + ~1[~ 1 + ~1(~
Pin co Pin,c~ Pin,co
- 0 0 0 0 0 0
~fin,TO
Pe, co Pe, co e, Co
Pf, co 1 1 Pf co 1 1 Pf co 1 1
- - .
h,Te Pe, co l+c~ l+lg~ Pe, co l+cg l+CQ Ps, co l+cg l+CQ
rqv,
Te o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0- 0
1 1 1
rF, Te 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 + ~1(~ 1 + ~ic~ 1 + JIIJ
P2 P2
?N, T~ 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 + 2~Pin(~ ,,cO
) 2Q(; ) ,,CC
pf, Te 1
In (P2/~I)Te
ZI, Te o 0 0 0 0 0 On (: ) ,,co
P2, Te 1
TR,Te h (Pz/Pl)Te
rK, Te $4-3 [3 [3 o 0 0 0 0 0
7Tl,ll, Te o 0 0 0 0 0 {p (p (p
7Zl,ll, Te o 0 0 0 0 0 [p Cp (p
z1 z1 z1 z2 Z2 z2
r T1,j, Te o 0 o
z z z z1 z1 zl
e, Te
(4=
pin Te
Pf, co -- Pf,T~
Pin,co
Pin II co
[p= a
Pin, co
IS 14641:1999 - ;
ISO 5389:1992
------ .. . . . .
rable m individual uncertainties and appropriate multiplying factors l) to be used to calculata tha total uncarteinty
in spacific power consumption, specific fuel consumption or efficiency) ~.+
1 1 1
7PwTe 0 0 0 0 0 o
1 + ~/(4 1 + ~/c4 1 + ~J~4
Pin co Pi co -Pin co
fin,Te o 0 o 0 o 0
Pe, co e, Co e, Co
1 1 Pf co 1 1 Pf co 1 1
- Pf co . - -
Pr, Te
e, Co l+lg~ 1+(4 Pe, co l+lgj 1+[4 e, Co 1+{4 1+(4
1 1 1
o 0 0 0 0 0
1 + ~1(~ 1 + ~1(4 1 + JICJ
qv, Te 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
P2
0 0 1 0 0 1 *{Pln ~
2*~n (; ) ,,CO ()P1 I,c(
1
Tp,, Te l
In(~2/pl)Te
7Tl, Te P2
1 + @ (~ ) ,,co
rR, Te 111 1 1 1
ZI, Te o 0 0 0 0 0 1 + CPln Q
()P1 1,co
1
P2, Te .
[n (p2/pl)Te
TX,Te <3 C3 (3 o 0 0 0 0 0
7Tl,ll, Te o 0 0 0 0 0 Cp Cp [p
Zl,ll, Te o 0 0 0 0 0 ip (p [p
z1 z1 z-1 z2 z2 z2
Tl, j, Te o 0 o
z z z zl z1 z1
1 h (@pI)Te
(3=
k 1)Te Te (1 - KTe)lKTe
1 (p2/j@Te
Pe, Te
(4=
pin Te
% co - pf,Te
in,Co
_ Pi, Il,co
Cp
Pin,co
Guaranteed point
r
Ellipses representing ~
the teat uncertainties
Flow-rate
r Guaranteed curve
Agreed manufacturing
tolerance
Test uncertainties /
Flow-rate
Annex A
(normative)
P
A.1 General recommendations which includes the acentric factor, as the simpler method
specified in [8] is subject to particular inaccuracy in this area.
Tables and charts, from which the compressibility factors Z(o) and either
and Z 1) for use with the method can be obtained, are
presented in [911). The isothermal derivative factors Z}o) and
Z}l) and the isobaric derivative factors Z;) and Z:) can be ob- Rr mex or (Vcrkf)mx
tained from the method given in [101, chapter 26. PCr min (vl#)fin
Where the conditions of the gas in question are close to the is close to unW, where Tcr msx, Tcr rein,Pcr max,~Cr rein, vcr mex
critical conditions (i.e. within the shadad area shown in the ancf Vcr ~in are respectively the maximum. and minimum values
charts for Z(o) published in [9]), it is essential to use the method of the critical properties of the components of the mixtures.
1) Other tables based on the method of calculation of Lee and Kesler have bean published in [6]. The deviation-function table of Lee snd Kester
(see [61) dtiera somewhat from those of Pitzer (see [7]) and Curl (sss [61), but it seams according to R.C. Reid and T.K. Sherwood [61 that extensive
tasting indicates that this new table is the more accurate.
31
..-!
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
A.2 Specific recommendations for the Specifically for ethylene and propylene, more accurate data are
sources of thermodynamic data and suitable available in [51, [271 [281 and [291.
equations of state and the coefficients to be
Where it is desired to use an equation of state, the equations
used therewith for some of the more given by Benedict, Webb and Rubin [30] and by Redlich and
common gases Kwong [31] or the slightly leas accurate but simpler Beattie
Bridgeman [321 equation (sea [241 and [101) may be used pro-
vided that the compression process under consideration does
Theaa recommendations should not be considered to be
not extend into the mixed-phase region.
exclusive nor necessarily to be the best data available. They are
mainly based on the results of a survey among compressor
Where saturated or mixed-phase conditions are involved, the
manufacturers and usera.
use of one of the extended B,W. R.S . equations is rec-
ommended (see [5]). However, a great many experiments are
More data are becoming available continually and the user of rwuir~ to determine the values of the many constants used in .
this International Standard is recommended to refer to the theaa equations.
latest published literature.
The values derived from the selected equation should be com-
pared with the data recommended above over the field of
interest.
A.2. I Air
The data currently in use are those given in [111 and [121. A.2.5 Carbon dioxide
These are believed to be adequate for most compressor pur- See [331.
poses. However, later and probably more accurate data, par-
ticularly at extreme temperatures and pressures, are available
A.2.6 Helium
(see [131, [141 and [151).
see [341.
The data in use are those published in [161. However, these The following equation can be used to predict the corn-
data are based on experiments made 50 years ago and pub- praseibilityfactor, Z, of pure hydrocarbon gases:
lished then (see [22]); they are inaccurate at high pressures,
z = z(o) + ~ z(l)
close to saturation conditions, and near the critical point.
where
More data are available in [121.
Z(o) is the compressibility factor for the simple fluid, which
A new equation of state taking account of recent work, is tabulated as a function of ~ and pr in table A. 1;
particularly that by Frank and Baehr, has been developed by
L. Haar and is published in [231 to replace [221. Z(l) is the correction term for molecular acentricity, which
is tabulated as a function of ~ and p, in table A.2;
at
For saturated hydrocarbons the Edmister data, or other data
baaed on [251, are considered to be satisfactory for moat com- Tti
T = 0,7
pressor purposes. However, new data are currently being pro- at Tcr
duced by the National Bureau of Standards (see [261).
Ig
or, more conveniently,
For unsaturated hydrocarbons the situation is more confused
[1
and many data in common use are known to be inaccurate by 3 pcr
-1
reference to more recent experiments. u = ~ (Tcr/T=t) - 1
32
-
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992 ... *
x
where the values of Z?! Z?! Z!) and Z!) are given in figures
%, is the critical pressure in atmospheres (1 atm = A.1 and A.2. (See also [101.)
760 mmHg = 1,013 bar);
1
EL,:
The correlation between the Edmister derivative compressibility J
:,
Tcr is the critical temperature, in kelvins; factors and the Schultz coefficients X and Y is given by the
formulae
TWt is the boiling temperature, in kelvins;
.zT
X= y-1
k Zp
Y=
r t R, z
The derivative compressibility factors, ZT and ZP, are 9iven by The ieantropic exponent K of a real gas differs from the value
the equations cP/cv which it assumes for an ideal gas. The calculation of
the specific haat capacity and of the isentropic exponent for a
real gas shall take into account the effect of pressure.
33
.
.9 A
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
34
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
~ (o)
q
p, = 1,000 J+ = 1,200 /Jr = l,WO pr = 2,000 p, = 3,000 p, = 5,000 p, = 7,000 p, = 10,OW
35
.s
IS 14641:1999
ISO 9389:1992
z()
q
p, = 0,010 pr = 0,050 p, = 0,100 p, = O,m /Jr = 0,400 p, = 0,600 p, = 0,800
IS 14641:1999 ,d
ISO 5389:1992
37
IS 14641:1999
iSO 5389:1992
38
IS 14641:1999
IS() 5389:1992
z;)
.
4;0 3/0 2;0 1;S 1,6 1,4 1,3 1,2 1,1 1,0 0,95 (39 0/65 0.,6
39
.*
IS 14641:1999
,*
ISO 5389:1992
z;)
-0;1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,s 0,6 0,70,8 QSI;0 2 34 56789 [0-
P,
Figure A.2a) Valuas of Z~O~as a function of p,
. ._.
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
.
~
I,.
b
%
m
I
41
f,
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
.1
i
A.4 Properties of gas mixtures and A.4.1.8 The mean molar specific heat of the mixture is deter-
gas-vapour mixtures, considered as perfect mined as follows:
gases
Cp~ = Zri Cpi *- -.
Em, Cpi , 1
A.4.I.3 The volume ratio of the components is given by the .
formula M = ZVlj Cvj /{ - ~mj[Kj/(Ki = }
NOTE For mixtures of perfect gases 6 represens tha mo~r Pro- A.4.2.I The vepour content is defined by one of the following
portion. quantities.
A.4.1.6 The mean gas constant of the mixture is determined A14.2.1.2 The humidity content, x, which is the vapour mass
as follows: related to the mess of dry gas is given by the formula
Rmd R= Pv R= ~ P Psst
RM== x= qV-vG _
x=
qv w Rv PPV Rv PPPsst
M z;.
I
x = 0,6221 9=t
P- PPsst
mi
A.4.2.1.3 The mess ratio of vapour, mv, is given by the for-
mula
~= qVvG _ x
mv =
pi = rjp qvv qvvv + qvvG 1+X
42
f
..,
IS 14641:1999 . ,d
ISO 5389:1992
A.4.2.1.4 The volume ratio of vapour, rv. is given by the A.4.2.7.I It is defined as the flow, q v, of a gaa-vapour
formula mixture actualiy handled by the compressor and resuithg
directly from the flow-rate measurement.
~v = qm w & Rv Pv PP3at
=mv = .=
qm R RPp A.&2.7.2 It is defined as a flow-rate of dry~as qv&
R~= mvRv+(lmv)RG
43
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
Annex B
(normative)
i
Viscosity of gases and gas mixtures
where
P=26693x10-3*T
~zQv u
&
=
() 1,585 v~
1+1,36*
1/3
. 1,18 (1 + 1,3d2) Tb
k
A4 is the molar maae, in grams;
1,84x lo31f:
C5=
T is the temperature, in kelvins; VbTb
u is the collision diameter, in angstrome; where subscript b indicates conditions at boiling point, with flp
expressed in debyaa 1) and ~ in cubic centimetres per mole
f2v is the reduced integral of collision. gram.
In the equation above, a and S2vare dependent on the potential B.1.1.1.2 Method of the corresponding stataa
of interaction of the two molecules present.
In the case of non-polar substances, the following relationships
The expressions for potential as given by Lennard Jones for have bean established (ace [431):
non-polar substances and by Stockrnayer for polar substances
are adopted for the aaeeeament of quantities a and C2v.
wherc-
Theea quantities may also have been determined experimen-
116M-112 per-213
tally. < = h
and
Numerical values for these quantities may be found, for
instance, in [61 or [381. PCr is expressed in atmospheres*).
44
f,
-
IS 14641:1999 ..ssi
ISO 6389:1992
The moat accurate method is the appliition of the thao~ of Wti regard to the method of the corresponding states, either
Chapman Enskog using the reduced integral of colliiion as the charts given in [471, or the dmgreme given in [481 or in [491,
4 defined previously. or the followfng equation taken from [501, may be used: ..-.1.
B.1.1.2 Mixtures
A=? exp a2 T, *3
For mixtures with n components, the kinetic theory of gases r
gives the following equation, neglecting second-order effects:
c=+ exp Y2 Tr Y3
;=l /1 j=l r
where
a2 = 5,2663
@ij = [l + @i/Uj)v2 (Jki/Mj) -v412
2&[l + (kf/Mj)l2 a3 = 0,5767
)% = 1,6552
/9*= 1,2760
NOTE Among the vsrious methods for assassing @u and @j/, that
Y1 = 0,1319,
given in [44] is currently preferred, even in the case of polar com-
pounds. However, -the error which is usually lass then 2 % may
become very significant if ~ is markedly greeterthanMj and#i much )* = 3,7035
greeterthsnfl}
Y3 = 78,6578
When hydrogenor heliumare presentin a proportionexceeding35 %
by volume, the more accurate, though more complex, method of
Raichenbergas givenin [45] may be considered. 6, = 2,8486
The diegrenM given in figures B.1 and B.2 may be used in 62 = 2,9190
determining the viscosity of gas mixtures; these diagrams are
based on the Bromley and Wilke method. 83 = 16,6169
45
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
1
60 41 Ill 1 I
?()
40 M;.......i
30
I 111
20 4-4 1 1 1 i 1 1 t !
1
0,8
AL
U,o ,
!
--
o,4- Y
0,3r , [! i
0,0050,01 oj)2 0,05 0;1 0;2(j30,4
0;60,8
i 2
PIi
/Mk
Figure B.1 Diagram for the determination of the viscosity of gas mixtures
,-
6
{, -
4
3 II Ill 1 I
1
0,8 , I 1 1 1 I I 1 1
I 1 /
~hot6 . 1 1 i 1 /
0,4
0,3
0,2
\
0,1 1 I 1I 1 I
1
1 I 1 I
I
11
1 i 11
0,08 I I 1111
I 1
0,06 I I 1 I
0,04
I
0,03 I I 1 1 r I I
IS 14641:1999
d
ISO 5389:1992
Dense gas ~
Dilute gas
I I
0 23456789
Reduced temperature
47
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
B.1.2.2 Mixtures
where
Zcrm R Term
Pcrm =
Am is the viscosityof the mixture at high pressure, in micr~ Crm
poises);
from which Qcrmand ~m may be calculated.
E% is the viscosity of the mixture at low pressure, in
micropoiseslJ; In the case of non-polar mixtures with low molar masses, the
accuracy may be within 5 %.
@m is the pseudo-reduced density of the mixture
In the case of non-polar mixtures with high molar masses or of
Qrm = @m/Qcrm polar mixtures, the Dean and Stiel method may stiil be used but
with iesser accuracy.
where
Another general method is described in [37].
@m is the density of the mixture, in gram moles par
cubic centimetre;
B.2 Kinematic viscosity
@crm is the pseudo-criticaldensity of the mixture, in gram
The kinematic viscosity of a pure substance or of a mixture is
moles per cubic centimatre (ecrm = Pcm/Zc~m R T&J;
determined using the formula
Term = Yj Tcri P
z Q=
i ZRT
1) 1 pP = 107Pa. s
48
f
,
...
IS 14641:1999
.. ,4?
ISO 5389:1992
,
Annex C
(normative)
: -J
Measurement S1 unit
Measurement Term and symbol for non-Sl unit Multiplication factor
No. symbol
sthbne, st N 103 (exact) .
C.lo pressure bar Pa lW (exact)
kilogram-force per square metre, kgf/@ Pa 9,80885 (exact)
Torr (mmHg O C) Pa 1,33322 x 102
pibze, pz Pa 103 (exact)
pound-force per square inch, lbf/in2 Pa 6,88476 X 103
technical atmosphere, at ( = kgf/cr@ Pa 0,980865 x lW (exact)
physical atmosphere, atm Pa 1,01325 x 10s
C.11 work kilowatt-hour, kW. h J 3,6 X 10s (exac~
kilogram-force metre, kgf. m J 9,80885 (exact)
foot pound-force, ft oIbf J 1,35582
C.12 quantity 15 C calories, calls J 4,1855 (exact)
of heat I.T. calorie, callT J 4,1888 (exact)
British thermal unit, Btu J 1,05508 x 103
metric horsepower hour, ch. h MJ 2,647 8)
horsepower hour, hp. h MJ 2,88452
thermie, th MJ 4,1855
C.13 internal energy British thermal unit per pwnd, Btu/lb kJ /kg 2,32601 (exact)
density
C.14 internal energy metric horsepower minute per cubic
volume metre,ch. rein/ rn3 J/l 44,1289
Measurement
No.
Measurement
I, Tarm and symbol for non-Sl unit
S1 unit
symbol I Multiplication factor
C.16 heat flow I.T. kilocalorie per hour, kcallT/h w 1,163 (exact)
British tharmal unit par hour, Btu/h w 0,293072
C.17 dynamic I poise, P Pas 0,1 (axact)
viscosity I Pound-force second per square foot, lbf.s/ftZ Pas 47,BB0 3
10-4
..
C.I8
c. 19
kinematic
viscosity
heat transfer
I stokes, St
square foot per second, ftZ/s
I.T. kilocalorie per hour metre kelvin,
Nr21s
dls 0,0929030
(exact)
I
1,163 (exact)
C.21 Temperature If tin degrees Celsius, fF in degrees Fahrenheit, Tin kelvins and
T~ in Rankine degrees refer to one and the same physical state,
The Celsius temperature t of a system is given by the expres- then the numerical values t,tF,T and T~ are related by the
sion following formulae:
where
t = T 273,15
T k the absolute thermodynamic temperature, in kelvins;
t = 5/9 TR 273,15
To = 273,15 K;
tF=TR To
Prefix Symbol Factor
tara T 1012
where
gigs G 109
TR is the thermodynamic temperature, in Rankine mw M 106
kilo k 103
degrees;
hecto h 102
To = 459,67 R data da 10
daci d 10-1
centi c 10-2
NOTES
mini m 10-3
1 R should not be mistakan for an abbreviation for the abandonad micro 10-6
v
degree R6aumur. nano n 10-8
pico P 10-12
2 1R=519K
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
Annex D
(normative)
Similarity of flow
(Similar velocity trianglea)
The following theory strictly applies only to uncooled com- The change of state of the medium handled can only be kept
pressors or to sections of cooled compressors between inter- the same at all points within the compressor under test and
coolers. However, it may be applied to cooled compressors, specified conditions when the isentropic exponents are equal.
provided that the conditions for similarity of flow are satisfied
simultaneously in all sections of the compressor.
D.1.1.3 Equal anthalpy rise and flow coefficients and
The conversion of test results from the test conditions to the equal Mach numbers
specified conditions, assuming constant polytropic efficiency,
is generally only possible when similarity of flow is assured for
the conversion of a test point to specified conditions, i.e. when Strict similarity of flow at each point within the compressor can
the following main requirements are fulfilled: only be achieved when the enthalpy rise and flow coefficients
and the peripheral Mach numbers are equal, i.e. when
a) geometrical similarity;
The above similarity requirements refer only to flow in the com- Mau =
pressor, and not to any intercoolers which may possibly be fit- &
ted nor to the mechanical losses. Furthermore the heat transfer
from the compressed medium to the casing of uncooled com- are the same under both test and specified conditions.
pressors, the conduction of heat by the casing and the redi-
ation of heat by the casing to the surrounding atmosphere are
not considered. However, it is quite sufficient for two of these three parameters
to be equal under both test and specified conditions. In that
For proof of compliance with the guarantee, these factors shall case the third is bound to be equal too. From the measuring
be dealt with separately, unless their effect can be shown to be point of view, the simplest and most accurate parameters to
smell enough to be neglected. maintain are the enthalpy rise coefficient, by adjusting the
discharge pressure of the compressor, and the peripheral Mach
number, by adjusting the speed or the intake temperature.
D,.1.1 Essential conditions
Fulfillment of these conditions then ensures that the Mach
number and the ratios of density, velocity and temperature at
D.1.l.l Geometrical similarity
any point, as related to a reference point, are the same under
specified and test conditions.
In moat cases the machine for which the guarantee is given is
the same as the one tested, so that the condition of geometrical
similarity is automatically fulfilled. However, H the tests are If the process of compression is interrupted by one or more
carried out with a model compressor, striit attention shall be intercoolers, the equality of the above dimensionless coef-
paid to the geometrical similarity, including the relative ficients shall be fulfilled for each of the groups of stages
roughness of swept surfaces. If the compressor contains situated between successive coolers. This can be done by
adjustable means of influencing the flow (for example, variable adjusting the speed and by controlling the intercoolers to pro-
stetor or rotor blades), conversion can only be carried out when duce equal temperature ratios on the gas side, under test and
the position of these devices is unchanged. under specified conditions.
51
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
The influence of a deviation in the test Reynolds number from When the isentropic exponents differ, the equal peripheral
the specified conditions is taken into account by an appropriate Mach numbers no longer &ad to an equal ratio of volume rate
correction method which shall be used in a certain range of ap- of flows; they are therefore abandoned, except for cases where
plication (see 7.3.3). the performance may be directly affected by the local Mach
number.
D.1 .2.3 The stipulation of equality for the enthalpy rise and
flow coefficients and for the Mach numbers and isentropic
exponents can generally be complied with merely by maintain- D.1 .2.6 If the test conditions extend beyond the inner
ing equality of the flow coefficients @Te = @Gw provided that tolerance limit, an additional uncertainty will be introduced (see
the deviation of the isentropic exponent K or the polytropic figure D.2) for the conversion to specified conditions.
N
exponent n and the factor do not exceed the limits
m If the outer tolerance limit is still not sufficient, it will be
given in figures D.3 and D.4. necessary to check whether there is any point in carrying out .,
the test under such circumstances. At any rate a higher ad-
These limits are specified in such a manner that when ditional uncertainty shall then be agreed for the conversion.
@lTe= @Ir&yor
In the se of compressors operating with local velocities close
to the %
v ocity of sound, it is necessary to check whether the
deviation of Mach numbers on test from those at specified con-
ditions is still permissible.
the velocity relationship and thus the volume flow relationships
in the compressor may differ up to a certain percentage during For this of course the local Mach number (ratio of local velocity
the test, and under the conditions on which the guarantees are of flow to local velocity of sound) shall be taken into account
based, without the efficiency qpOI (uncOOled cOmPre~O~) or instead of the peripheral Mach number.
qT (cooled compressors) and the work input coefficient r being
noticeably affected.
For cooled compressors it maybe necessary to check the limits
of tolerance for the conversion separately for the cooled and
The above limits are based on the fact that the maximum devi-
the uncooled sections.
ation of the ratio of volume rate of flows (q v,x/qv, 1) at any
point within the compressor is not more than 1 % (inner
tolerance limit) or 2,5 Yoor 5 % (outer tolerance limits for com-
pressors with steep or flat characteristic respectively).
D.2 Additional uncertainties resulting from
deviations in the ratio of volume flows
D.1 .2.4 When ~T~ = KG., the lar9eSt variations in volume
flow always occur at the end of the compression process. Con-
Under test conditions the ratio of volume flows (qV,t,x/qV,t,l)Te
sequently the permissible deviation is defined in respect to the
may differ from the specified value (qV,t,z/@,t,l)Gu by UP to
ratio q v,X/qv,1 (outlet to inlet) and can be represented through
1 % without any additional uncertainty being applicable to the
N
the permissible deviation of (see figure D.3). result of the conversion to specified conditions (inner tolerance
~ZIR~,l limit, see D.1 .2.3).
52
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
If the conditions of the test do not allow the ratio of reduced For the given pressure ratio and polytropic eXPOnentS n&I,T~
speeds and nM,Gu, read the upper and lower limits for the admissible
ratio of reduced speeds Nr from the corresponding charts in
P
clauaa D.3, at the inner and outer tolerance limits. When the
4=(J&)Te/(&)Gu characteristic curve is flat (see 7.3.2), allowing a deviation of
5 % in the ratio of volutne flows at the outer tolerance limit, the
to be chosen within the inner tolerance limit (see figures D.3 admissible values of Nr should be determined for the three tol-
and D.4), an additional uncertainty shall be applied to account erance limits + 1 %, i 2,5 % and + 5 %. These values are
for the inaccuracies introduced when converting to specified plotted on a diagram as shown in figure D.1. This diagram,
conditions. which has to be drawn for each occasion, gives the deviation
\
A k,from the specified ratio of volume flows corresponding to
This additional uncertainty is determined as follows. the teat value of N,.
5*
NOTE With tha valueof A V, obtained,the additionaluncertainty,radj,on tha volumeflow, energyconsumptionand pressureratiocan be taken
from figure 0.2.
c
I
AVr, Yo
53
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
D.3 Permissible limits for the conversion from test to guarantee conditions
NOTE When teat cond~ions are such that the range of th? diagrams in figures D.4 and D.5 isexceeded,usethe flow chartsin figuresD.6 and D.7
to calculateIV,,~d.
Reynolds number corrections are not incorporated in figuras D.3 and D.4.
I IA. I I I I
IIlllllllu
I I I I I 1 -- -c-
- - 11 I I I I I I I [ Q
-
I z I I 1 I II III 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 I *
-t
Fw#3WFt
54
f,
. .-.=
IS 14641:1999
iso 5389:1992
upper limit
_ lower limit
1,0
w
t199<~tol
0,8
, ,
Nr
0,7
I
0,6 a)
P
451 1 I 1 I i I 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 I 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I 1 1 I 1 J
to 1)2 1,4 1,6 ?,8 2,0 2X 2,# 2$
w %. Gu
7,0
0,9
.
48
\
N,
0,7 \
Ofi \ \
t 1 I I
T&\ \
0,5 b) \
44 . 1 I I 1 1 I I I I I I I 1 I 1 I
%0 1,2 Z4 1,6 1,8 2,0 22 24 2,6
M, Gu
Figure D.4 Permissible limits for the conversion from test to guarantee conditions (~te * KG.)
55
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
upper limit
__ lower limit
2,6
,
Figure D.4 Permissible limits for the conversion from test to guerantee conditions (~T~ * ~Gu) (CO~tih9d)
.--.f
,
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
upper limit .
lower limit
:Q
\\.
R 2,0
0,6
?,7
7,0
2,
0,9
Nr
0,8
\.
0,7 -
1~(f
_\
ej \
\ .
>
I 1 1 I I 1 1 1
I I I 1 t I I 1
qo 1,2 t+ 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,6
nM,Gu
Figure D.4 Permissible limits for the convemion from test to guarentea conditions (KTe * KGU) (confinuedl
S7
Is 14641:1999 ,
ISO 5389:1992
upper hmit
_ lower limit
1,3
7,2
1,?
to
0,9
. .
<
\
N\
4s >
<J - .
+
\ ,
0,4 f) \
A,
\<
0,3. 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 I I I 1 I I I i 1
<0 &2 49 46 1,8 2J 2,2 2,4 2,6
M,Gu
Figure D.4 Permissible limits for the conversion from test to guarantee conditions (KTe * KGU) (continued)
58
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
upper limit
_ lower limit
1,3
1?2
0,975 <~<1,025
%0
0#9
N,
48 \
\
\.
47 ~
46 \ \
\
45;0 I I 1 1 I I I I 1 1 1 I 1 1 I
# 1,2 Z4 ?,6 ?,6 2,0 2,2 2,Y 2,6
M,Gu
Pigure D.4 Permissible limits for the conversion from test to guerentee conditions (~1~ * ~&j) (corrfirrued)
59
t ,$,
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
upper limit
Iower limit
1,4
fa
1,2
0,95< ~< 1,05
nM,Te= v
1 1
\ 1
<1 >
i~ )) ;, \
1,0
03
Nr
48
\
\
.
o,7 \
o,6 \
\ \ . \
\ \ \
. 4
\ \
\ . \
0,s
\ <<2
j) \
o##
\
o,3 I 1 I 1 i I I I I I 1 I I 1 1 I
to 1,2 f,e %6 ?,8 2P 2,2 2,4 2,6
M,Gu
Figure D.4 Permissible limits for the conversion from test to guerantae conditions (KT. * KGU) (confimm?d)
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
upper limit
lower limit
%LIIHIHO
,.
M,Gu
Figure D.4 Permissible limits for the conversion from test to gUemntee Conditions (KTe * KGU) (continued
61
.,
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
upper limit
. ___ lower limit
1s
f,#
r~
RiK-rv
\ 495<<< 405 a
+L\\ J \
1,2
1,/
to
\ I i\
\ \
\ ~
\ .
,
. \ Y .
\
\
\ \
\
O#s
.
\
\
o,# n)
1 1 I I 1 1 1 I 1 I 1 I I 1 1 I +
31,0 42 49 ~6 t,8 Z,o 2,2 2,$ 2,6
M,Gu
Figure D.4 - Permieeiblelimits for the conversionfrom test to guerenteeconditions (~T~# rcm)(continued)
62
IS 14641: 1999
ISO 5389:1992 . .d
upper limit
___ lower limit
-1,+
I
p) . V*3
\
11 m
I
1 1 I i I 1 1 1 I I I f#2
L I I I 1 I I
M-1-LU LLl
<y<
:1
Nr
\ 47
\
I oy7!r<lfqu25
I I 1
I I I I I
. . .
I 1 1 1 1 I 1 I
1 1
t I I I
..t-l
w
I I I I I I I hl=[<w%hl
\ \
l-l
0,7
q) v
\ \
\
46;0 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I I 1 I I 1 I
# 42 ~+ $6 ?,8 z#O 2,2 2,4 2,6
M,Gu
Figure D.4 Permissibleiimitafor the Conversion from test to guarantee conditions (KTe # KGU) (conti
Wed)
63
IS 14641 :1999
0%0 5389I :1992
upper limit
lower limit
FFFRWFF
1
I
1
.
1
I
t I 1
I
1 I
1
A
i
\
1
\
w
1 P
\
1
\
I
I 1 I I I w i
1 I 1 I I 1 U
I I I I I I I
I I I I 1 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 i 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1 I I J
%7 1,2 $4 I& 7J? 2# 2#2 Z9 2&
M,Gu
Figure D.4 Permissiblelimits for the conversionfrom test to guerenteeconditions (KTe * KGU) (confinu$d
64
1S 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992 *
uppar limit
__ Iowar limit {
..
\
. ...
[
1,3
s I I I I I I I
t?
Sx
49
.U I I I I I I I 1-
-0,8
N, I
Fill
l-l
1 I
I
I
I
l\
I \l
I
l\ N<
\. ].\
49
l-l
I I I \
\,
1 \
1~
*
\
1 \
,
\
v
48
\
\ \
\
-
47 t) \
1 1 I 1 1 I I I I 1 I I 1 I I
4~o
# 1,2 Z4 ?,6 ?,8 24 2,2 2,$ 2A
M.Gu
Figure D.4 PermiaaibleIimitafor the conversionfrom test to guarantee COditiOM (KTe * KGU) (confinuad)
85
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
upper limit
_ lower limit
f=H--t-
Fllllllllll-wllml -
6
M,Gu
FigUm D.4 - Permissiblelimitsfor the conversion from test to guarantee conditions (KTe # KGU)(continued)
66
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
upper limit
_ lower limit
1
.. ..-.
1 1
t-t-t- %l.,,=z~ I I
11111+
gl
$0
1= 48
. 48
u
*2 \
\
N, .
F
. %0
1- I
I
opn?<~<lyls
1 1 \
\
F
1-
i-
t-l I I I I I I I I I 1 I-%w-l
M,Gu
Figure D.4 Permissible limits for the conversion from test to guarentee conditions (KTe # K~U) (continued)
8?
IS 14641:1999
IS() 5389:1992
upper limit .-
_ lower limit
t7 \ \ . ... ...
i
~6 \
oJ5<&<lJN
%5.
\
%3+
1,2
\
1,1
Nr \ \
1,0 7
48
.
0,7, \ T
\ 7=
\
\
0,6. \
\ ,
\
~>
0$ .
y) \
I L I I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 1 I
44,,* 42 &4 ?,6 7,8 Z# 2,2 2,4 2,6
M,Gu
Figure D.4 Permissiblelimits for the conversionfrom teStto 9Uemnteeconditions (% # ~Gu) (COnfi/?Ud)
68
f,
Is 14841: 1999 . d
ISO 5389: 1992
upper limit
__ lower limit
...->
HI4u O?<:?
-t--t-l
1 I 1 1 1 1
1#2
K I I
&+++ti r
f#4
Iu I I 1
Pi,Gu
Figura D.4 - Permissible limits for the conversion from test to guarantee conditions (~T~ * K@) (continued)
89
Is 14841:1999
ISO 5389:1992
upper limit
_ lower limit
?,7 1 \
\l i I I I I I I I I I I I
\I d \l \l \ i Iy
1,3
\\
I j\ I -Q xl \ v\ I \l\ i\l I
t I \l L l\ 1< r.\l -s I
t-l 1 x] l\l\l
Ivr
tot
I
l-l
l-l I
I
I
I
I
I
lsll\
I
1
\l
I\
Xl
l\
I
l,
I \l
l\ 1
Y \
=1
\
t-l 1
I
I
IIYI
1 1 1> 1 1 . xl I -1 I \ 1.
I I I 1 I
l-l I I I l-d
1
I
1
1111
1 1 1 1 n 1 1 u I - I 1 \
t 1 1 1 I 1 1 I x
l-l I
II 1111
I I 1 I I \ I I h I Iv
48 I .
FI 1
11111 \ 1 \
\ 1 \
0,7
\
\
o#
\
?@
\ .
45 ab) \
441~1 1, * 1 1 1 I 1 I 1 1 I 1 I t I A
# 8 Z4 1#6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,V 2J
M, Gu
Figure D.4 Permissiblelimits for the conversionfrom test to guarsnteeconditions (KT. # KGU) (con?inued)
70
IS 14641:1999
,-
ISO 5389:1992
upper limit {
_ __ lower limit
1- N I { ?. .P. l,{ I 1 1 I I I 1 1 I
N,
f,2
1$
5 ,
%!
\
\
\
\ b -t-HWQki
~2
.
z?
127
64
0,!7
1,3
Figure D.4 Permissible limits for the conversion from test to guarsntee conditions (KT, # K~u) (continued)
71
Is 14641:1999
1s05389:1992
.
upper limit
__ lower limit
1,8~ u \ N\ I I i I I I I I I I I I I 1
4 . ..>
1 I 1 I I I 1 I 1
I I I i
495< vr~T,M
l\ l, HI nNJeV
s
\
k Ii h l\8k\.1 l\ \
t-\l N \l {
+&k
L
\J \=
\ \ . \ , \
1,2
\ \ ~
Nr
\ Y \
Is .. I \
Flll\l
I-111 r. I h l\ \
I I I l\ I I> I I
t <1 \
I-1111 Y I }. .
L
l\ll
I 1 i I
I1 11-.1
xl 1
09t 1w
t-1 I
I
1
I
1
II I
1
II l%.
1 xl 1 1 N1 1 w
t I
I-1111 I I I 1~.1
\
I Id m
ml. \
1--1
48
\
\
\ .
\ - ~&
0,7 \
\ .
ae) \
146 \
\
I 1 l<.
I L 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 t 1
4% 1,2 $4 $6 7#8 2#o 2#2 2,+ 2/6
M,Gu
Figure 0.4- Permieeibb Iimite for the conversion from tO$t to 9UWOntie condition (KTe * KGU) (corrckdedl
72
IS 14641:1999
HO 5389:1992
Figure D.5 (taken from [54]) shows the permissible deviations in the peripheral Reynolds number of centrifugal compressors for the
.......
application of the correction method (sea annex E).
Limit of
\\\\\\\
application
Y// /
//////2
73
, ,,
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
D.5.I Input values for flow charts in figures D.6 pcr, Te critical pressure of test gas
and D.7 critical temperature of test gas
Cr.Te
Unless otherwise agreed between manufacturer and customer zTe = f(p, T) compressibility factor
all pressures and temperatures refer to total conditions (see
6.1.1.3). M,Te
compressibility functions
YM,Te }
NOTE For simplicity, the subscript t has been omitted when refer-
ring to total pressures and temperatures in figures D.6 to D. 11. KTe = f(P, T) isentropic exponent
()
Reu,Te
= j(Reu,Gu) (for centrifugal compressors) (see Pt, 1,
Gu inlet pressure
&?u,@ 0
~, 1,Gu inlet temperature
figure D.5), or any other agreement between manufacturer and
customer. Pt, 2, Gu discharge pressure
~, 2, Gu discharge temperature
For real gases, isentropic exponent at inlet conditions
1,
Gu
~ = ~(pr, ~ ) compressibility function @l, Gu relative humidity, inlet conditions
Reynolds number corrections are not incorporated in the flow Additional input for real gasas:
charts and formulae.
M, GU compressibility factor
M, GU isentropic exponent
Pt, 1,Te pressure
~,1, Te temperature or
N- maximum adjustable speed NOTE See table 2 for suggested limits within which the gas maybe
considered to be near perfect.
Nmin minimum adjustable speed
74
!,,
...
IS 14641:1999 .-=
ISO 5389:1992
I
betaken from input
tistor calculatedfrom
cnitlettemD.of 1
,,. orecedunit
1]
Unlessotherwse qeed all pressL
1 and tem~atures referto bta( mm
lsentrcpi~O~ nent ~fQo
lK&J ,? ,ql
Fii!iG1.
E@Gl
6
CE5i-J
Yes
k.i+
%+--l
(ytrop exp
Ih - rGWo2 22
,,
No
28
vr21+!ivrIb
i I
Skiz
r-----
I@i-d
he @k3J.ar testgas?
A i
I,
Yes
pii$gq
Wtb V,-fedt.frcm thiscalculation
Rl%i%$%Y&:;-
1 -i
Is it possib(eto maintainduring
thetest the mlculatedspeeds
and inlet tefnperatures
of the units?
1
*-
(3
Erd i
Erd
NOTE The iaentropic exponent K is represented as K in this figure.
Figure D.6 Flow chart for the determinetion of settings in the case of perfect and near-perfect gases
IS 14641:1999 d
.
ISO 5389:1992
/
Determination of the settings: Real gases
k-putterrplmof unit to k
betaken from irput
stall
.
-----
Unlessothemise ~ al~pressures
m
0
I1 I
m
I
t
1
f
I
m
I
$JL%$$%WW
I I
f I dwk I
M=IiP-l
Elm !
~
I I
.. I
IS 14641:1999 d
ISO 5389:1992
In many cases the isentropic exponent can be considered to be D.5.3 Real gases
constant, i.e.
w The test gas is a real gas.
~Te = K1, T~ = K2,Te
The settings may be determined by following the flow chart
The settings may be determined by following the flow chart
given in figure D.7.
given in figure D.6.
If the specified gas is a perfect or near-perfect gas and the Reynolds number corrections are not incorporated in the for-
discharge temperature ~, Gu is not specified, the polytropic mulae.
efficiency can be calculated from the internal power figure
according to the following equation: D.6.1 Perfect or near-perfect gases
where q~ Gu is the isentropic efficiency given by the formula D.6.2 Real gases
~u
method of polytropic analysis (see [11).
77
Is 14841:1999 .
ISO 5389:1992
Test values
*
cpM, Te
1
Pin,e
1111+J+
I I ~ I
Y
I
Y
n,e=
In
()2.2
PI Te
or =
In
() 22
PI Te
P2 72
[n
(1)P1 T1 Te
&
[n !L
[()( PI Te CpMq Vl $
Pi ~
)1
+1
Te
In
[
cpMqvl +
d Te
El-
n-
1
I b I
NGU
B
c M,Gu
116
(ZIRIGU
NOTES
I Unless otherwise agreed all pressures and temperatures refer to totel conditions (P = Pt and ~ = ~).
Figure D.8 Conversion of test resulte for perfect or neer-perfect gases in the case of uncooled compressors
78
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
.-!
-7
m
I I 1 1
Y II I(+),,=-vM,7:mT.(lxM,T.) 1-
Rle ~ZN.re
011=(m.cpM)f*(R.~
7@m=
m-Trl ?
m I JIm-
IIWo=%wwl Iao
Pl,Gu
I D
in,CO*
l, Gu %co~poi,co,O
T POI,TO aco L.CO
a
Figure D.9 Conversion of test results for real gases in the-ea~ of-tincoo~~pr~om
.
--i. L
IS 14641:1999 *
ISO 5389:1992
D.7 Conversion to guarantee conditions in D.7.1.2 For cooled compressors according to 8.2.4.2, where
the case of cooled compressors the ratio of the gas inlet temperature of the stages or stage
groups following intercoolers to the inlet temperature of the
compressor is different under test and guarantee conditions,
D.7.1 Perfect or neer-perfect gases the conversion formulae are given in figure D. 11.
NOTE See table 2 for suggested limits within which the gas maybe
considered to be near perfect. D.7.2 Real gases
---
!
Pin Te
Test values
t
n=l I 1
=(ZIRT1)~eln ~ T,
ml, Te 01
El----
( )1
NGU 2
ml
=W
mT, Co T, Te N Te
J%
-i
@l--T- 1. 4
Imll
NOTE Unlesaothewise agreed allpresur* andtem~eratures refer totOtal conditiOns(p =ptand T= ~).
Figure D.1O Conversion of test results for perfect or near-perfect gasas in tha case of compressors cooled
in accordance with 8.2.4.1 (see D.7. I.1 )
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
.-4
, .
---1
a
z
-1-
4 @
-:--
.
2
Z z
El n
n
2
-.
-+-
M_
-
a-
.
11
3,
a
~
Qil
!Jlll m-en- , ,
I 1 1
I I I I
NOTES
1 Unlesothe~iw agrwdall pr-ures andtemperaturm refer tototal conditions(p = p,and T= Z).
2 The hWItrOpiCeXpOt
IentK isrepreaentad as~in this figure.
Figure D.11 Conversion of test results for perfect or near-perfect gases in tha case of compressors cooled in accordance
with 8.2.4.2 (see D.7. 1.2)
f,
.
,1S 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
Annex E
(normative)
!.
.....
E.O Introduction value of the peripheral Reynolds number for the first stage of a
stage group is given by
The method provides formulae for the efficiency, specific com-
pressionwork and flow corrections necessitated by differences ub
Reu = . . . (El)
in Reynolds number between the workshop test conditions and Vt,
1
the guarantee conditions.
where Vt,1is the kinematic viscosity at the inlet tota I condition.
The total losses are divided into two portions. In the region of
the best et%ciencypoint, the portion of the losses independent In multistage compressors, the representative value of the
of the Reynolds number is represented by a constant fraction of Reynolds number of the first stage is taken to represent each
0,3. The lossesdue to friction are assumed to be dependent on stage group.
a representative value of the friction coefficient A according to
the Moody diagram for pipe friction. The representative value
E.1.2 roughness Ra; centre-line average (CLA) IGBI;
of A is related to a reference Reynolds number and to a
arithmetical average (AA) lUSA/: Roughness average f!cm
reference relative roughness of the compressor. These correc-
the centre-line of the peaks. It is given by
tions can be applied in an allowable range, taking into account
the inherent limitations for accurate testing at low Reynolds
numbers.
R,= + @iX . . . (E.2)
The method is the result of an investigation of a Working Group
of the Process Compressor Sub-committee of the International The reference roughness R, k the average roughness for the
Compressed Air and Allied Machinery Committee (lCAAMC), impeller and its diffuser and can be either measured or taken
issued on June 25, 1964. A brief description of the application from the manufacturers drawing (with agreement between
of this method is given herein. manufacturer and customer). The roughness values are
measured inside the impeller on one blade, on the disc and on
The correction method applies only to the internal hydraulic the shroud near the outer diameter. The values for the diffuser
losses and, therefore, balancing piston losses and mechanical are measured on the side walls and in the middle of one blade
losses must be accounted for separately. near the inlet diameter.
E.1.1 Reynolds number Re: A dimensionless parameter in multistage compressors, the representative value of the
expressing the ratio between the inertia and the viscous forces relative roughness of the first stage is taken to represent each
in a liquid. In this International Standard, the representative stage group.
a3
IS 14641:1999
1S0 5389:1992
Subscripts Dafinitiona
Gu Guarantee conditions
Te Test condkions
w At Reynolds numbar tending to infinity
E.3 Formula for efficiency correction for test conditions, from Colebrook,
The formula for efficiency correction in the region of the best 18,7
1
efficiency point is given by
.
0,3 + 0,7 AGUIA.
. . . (E.3)
K
.
(
1,74 210g,~ 2* +
Reu,Te& )
(
18,7 Ypol G.
7%= 1,74210g,~ 2++
Re~,m& )
. . . (E.51 -.0,5+0,5=
~@,T~ ?pol,Te
. . . (E.7)
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
With a knowfedge of the efficiency and work coefficient correc- b) From this, the ratiOq@,Gu/vpol,Te is found.
tions, the correction for the work input can be calculated from
+ the relationship ~n = WwI/qwI, which gives the following c) Equation (E.7) is used to calculate the ratio
formula: ~@,Gu/ Y@,T@ equation (E.9) to calculate the ratio
@GUt@Te#and tWJatiOn (E.8) tO CdCUhte the ratio rG.f Te
at the best efficiency point.
G.
= 0,5 + 0,5- . . . (E.8)
g ~poI,Gu
d) The ratios Vml,Gu/?/@ T~, YpoI,Gf~@,T& and rG.lrTe
The change in flow with increasing Reynolds number can be calculated at the best effi&iency point are taken to be the
approximated by same at all pointa of the measured teat characteristic.
The full correction procedure is illustrated in figure E.2 and is the accuracy of the correction formulae at different
summarized below.
Reynolds numbers,
a) At the best efficiency point on the test characteristic the
ratio the reliability of teats carried out at reduced suction
pressures or low driving power.
1 ~pol,Gu
1 ~pol,Te
The limit of application of the ICAAMC formula is shown in
is calculated according to equation (E.3). figure D.5.
65
, , &
A
Hydrsulicsllyroughpipes I 111 I I 11] b
0,08
0,07
5/10-2
0,06 4/10-3
3/10-2
-,10-2
O*O5
0-2
0-2
0,04
0-3
0,03 0-3
-
4/10-
2/10-3
. ..- -3
0,02
m J \ I Ill I I
I
0,016
0,014
0,012
HI .yclrdicsllysrncmth pi= I
0,01
0.008
.
10 2 4 6 104 2 4610s2 .4 6 10 2 461012 4-6 @
Re,=*
Vt,l
I.*
,.
IS 14641:1999
1s05369:1992
J.
.
(E.7)
Reference polytropic
work coefficient ratio
1
Vpoi,Gu/Vpol,Te
Efficiency ratio
flpol,Gu/?pol,Te 1
1
Flow ratio @l, Gu/I#JI,Te
87
IS 14641:1999 ~
ISO 5389:1992
Annex F
(informative)
Examples
F.O Introduction accounting separately for the dynamic pressure. The following
comparison of the results indicates the magnitude of the error
introduced and shows that the approximation in these two par-
F.O.1 General
ticular cases is acceptable.
This annex gives examples to demonstrate the determination of
Approximate method Correct method
test settings and the conversion of test results to guarantee
conditions in typical cases. 2 C** - ~12
w m,t = (V dp)t wm,~= Wm +
NOTE The examples given in this annax do not incorporate the ~1 2
Reynolds number corrections because the ICAAMC method was not
available at the time when the examples were incorporated in this inter- Example 1:
national Standard.
Converted internal power at guaranteed pressure ratio:
F.O.2 Test conditions Approximate method Correct method
Table F.1 summarizes the test conditions covered by the dif- 320,4 kW 320,5 kW
farent examples regarding gas properties (perfect gas or reel
NOTE 1 Local Mach numbers at inlet and discharge are 0,043 and
gas) and the approximation to strict similarity of flow. 0,071 respectively.
In all examples the specific compression work is computed on Convertad internal power at guaranteed pressure ratio:
the basis of total pressures and temperatures. The velocity Approximate method Correct method
heeds at the standard inlet and discharge points therefore do
7983,3 kW 7992,8 kW
not appear as a separate tarm, which is the case when the com-
putation is carried out according to the correct formulae baaed NOTE2 LocalMach numbersat inletand dwharge are 0,056 and
on static pressures and Wmpereturaa (see 3.4). O,119respectively.
Ths method of calculation $ivee sufficient accuracy, because
the gas velocity in the inlet and discharge nozzles of turbocom- F.O.4 Accurecy of computation
pressora is usually low (A4a < 0,2).
Re-ceiculetion of thk numerical results of the examples may
In order to verify the validity of this approximation, examples 1 reveal differences in the lest digits depending on the accuracy
and 4 have also been calculated using the correct method of and storage capacity of the computer used. -
Exemple
Teat conditions
1 2 3 4 5 6
strict x x
Similarityof flow
approximate x x x x
~Ts = ~@ x x x x
KTe # K@ x x
Iaentropic exponent
constant x x x x x
not conatsnt x
constant = 1 x x x x x
Compressibility factor
not conatsnt x
air x x x x x
Test gas
gas mixture x
adjustable x x x
spaed
not adjustable x x x
no x x x
Intercooling
yes x x x
A 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
F.1.l General
The conditions at the inlet on teat deviate from the guarantee
conditions. The same peripheral Mach number as given in the F.1.3 Design of installation
guarantee conditions can be achieved by changing the speed.
The guarantee condfiions, guaranteed performance and other The installation consists of a three-stage turbocompreeaor for a
design values are given in tables F.2 to F.4. biatomic gas mixture, driven by a back-pressure turbine.
Numarical
Designation Symbol value Unit
m 1 1
Inlet pressure (total)
I Pt,l,
GU 0,9524 bar
Inlet temperature(total)
I t,l, Gu I 30,16
I
JC
Gas constant I R@ I 764,9 I N.ml(kg.K)
I
Isentropic exponent 1,4
GU
(Gas mixture, perfect gas ZGU = 1)
Numerical
Symbol
value Unit
Numarical
Designation Symbol Unit
value I
Compressor speed [due to variable-speed drive not NGU 4700 rl min
1-
guaranteed)l)
()
F.1.4 Test set-up N
Since it is impossible to test the machine set with gas on site,
N, =
m Te
=1 .-/
the tests are carried out on the suppliers test bad using air, the
N
compressor being driven by a variable-speed cradled electric
dynamometer, in such a way that the compressor shaft torque
() m G
can be measured directly.
The test set-up is illustrated in figure F.1, and the test con- 2s9,3 x 3oly . z ~1 r,min
ditions are given in table F.5. NT, = 4700
i 764,9 x 303,37
F.1.5 Setting conditions
The test conditions are set to achieve flow similarity in accord- Since figure F. 1 is not required in fulfilling this condition,
arwe with 8.2.3.2, i.e. hmI,G. and riGu do not need to be r=JcUlated.
Ap
Cradled electric
dynamometer
Both cradled frames
mechanically interlocked
(w?
(D+q1 Cradled gear
&
Numerical
Designation Symbol Unit
Ia I, valua II
Isentropic exponent (air)
I Te 1,4
I
Mean inlettemperature t,l,
Te 2S,16 *C
Geeconstsnt RTe 2BB,30 N.rnl(kg. K)
Test gas assumed parfect, therefore ZTa = 1 I I I
90
4
-.....LL
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
Alternatively the settings could be determined as follows by Since in this particular case Z and CPdo not vary within the
using the flow chart given in figure D.6. The calculation machine, the condition of26 is fulfilled.
.,
I
sequence is as follows (the numbers given are those J---
Since strict similarity can beguaranteed here with rcTe= KGU The test was carried out maintaining the above test conditions.
andwith variable speed, AVr,td = Oisinaertedinto 23.
F.1.6 Test results and conversion
A check as to whether the assumption made in 7 is true is
cerriedoutin25 26. See tables F.6 to F.8.
Numerical
Designation Symbol Unit
value
Test number 1
Numerical
Designation Symbol Unit
value
Preseuraratio (@pl)t, T~ 1,2826 -
Specificieantropiccompressionwork w m,s,t,Te 23220 N.m/kg
Iaantropic compre~on powar s,t, Te 156,8 kW
Power at compressor coupling e, Te 214,7 kW
Mechanical compressor power loss f ,Te 3,0 kW
Internal power in, Te 211,7 kW
intemai ieentropic efficiency (from Pin,Te) ?s,in,Te 74,07 %
htarna[ po~ropic efficienW (from tt,2,Te) r/@,in, Te 75,05 %
Polytropic exponent nTe 1,630
Specific polytropic compression work m,rml,t,Te 23628 N.rnlkg
91
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
NOTE The conversion of mechanical losses is carried out according to the formula
NGU 1,5
f,Co = f,Te ~
()
Numerical
Designation Symbol Unit
valua
Guaranteedspecificpolytropiccompressionwork w m,rml,t,Gu 60,351 N.m/kg
9v,t,co%r,pol,t,c0
qv,t,l,co
q~t,l,Gu
The specific power at the coupling is exceeded by 0,57 % (see table F.9) but, since this is within the overall test uncertainty, the
guarantees are met accordingly.
92
,.*,
..
Is 14841:1999
ISO 5389:1992
Numarical .... .!
Designation Symbol Comments
value {
1
Uncertainty in rq , Ts 1,1 % According to ISO 5167-1
volumetric flow
N, Ta 0,35 % Quality grade 0,2 final scale value 5 ~
at inlet
Tpl,Ta 0,13 % 1 mmHg on absolutepressure
93
Table F.11 Comparisonof different calculationmathods
Total
Suction side: total
(
Total ~22 - =,2
Static
(P,, I,) wm=wm*+ Discharge aide: static
2 )
Guaranteeconditions
Inlet pressure PL1,@ = Q= 4 ber 0,9524 bar 0,9524 bar pi,@ = o?~l 2 bar
Inlet temperature fcl,a = 30,16 C 30,16 C 30.16 C t,,Gu
= 30 c
Dischargepressure ptiti = le~3bar Pt,z,ti = 1.2203 bar ~,Gu = 1,2160 bar Pz,@ = 1,2160 bar
Volumetric ftow et inlet qv,tl,a = 9,715 */a qV,t.l,Gu = 9,715 dls f?v,t,l,(m = 9?715 ~ls qv,l,ca = 9,7222 dla
Outsidediametar fl=0,9m
of 1stimpeller
Teat conditions
(
Total ~22 ~lz
Example 1 ~acherge aide: static
(Pt, It) W,,, = Wm,~~,i. + z
)
st calculation Pl,Te
Pt,l ,Te ,,Te = 1,1508 kg/d Tez
Inlet gas density Pt,l,Te
,l,Te =
, ~eRTe ~,,T:
lTe = Zl,Te~Te ~1 Te
Zl,T~R~~ 7l,T=
. 1,0022x NY
1,(X)35 x I& 1,(K)35X Id
1,0X268,30X301,25
= 1,0 x269,3 x 301,41 = 1,0 x 269,3 x 301,41
. l,4989kg/r@
= l,1508kg/ti . l,lW8kg/~
qm,Te
volumetric flow at inlet qm Te qrn,Te ,,l,Te =
v,I,l,Te
. .-
V,t.1.Te = &?l,Te
@t,l,Te @t,l,Te
_ 6,75276 _ 6,75276
. 6,76276 _ 6,75276 1,1489
1,1508
1,1508 1,1508
5,6725 @/s
= 5,W79 dla = 5,6679 rolls
= 5,6679 rrWa
2,Te 12825 t.le _ 1,~ 5
__
Pressureratio ~1,2925 . = _l._-.
Q== 1,0022
[,l,Te l,Co35 l,Te
t,l,Te 1,0035 1,Te 1,0022
= 1,28660 = 1,2687
= 1,2826 = 1,2687
vm,s,t,Te= vm,=,Te
= m,s,Te =
KTe 1
specific iaentropic vm,s,t,Te= KTe 1 KTe 1
KTe 1
compression work
x [(1,2697)
0,2s57
11+ x [(1,2660)0=7 - 1]
x [(1,2687 )0=7 11
X [(1,2926) 0=7 - 1]
+ @y342
_- - 15056972)
2
. 22665 N.m/kg . 228W$N. m/kg
. 23220 N.m/kg =23223 Nm/kg
~~,Te = W~,=,t,TE.q~,T~
P~,t,Te = Wm,S,~,Teqm,Te Ps,Te = rn,s,Te q~,Te
Isentropiccomrm.saiOn f~,t,Te = Wm,$,t,h
%n,Te
22665 X6,7528 X1 O-3 Z996X 6,75276X10-3
power
23223x6,75278x 10-3
23220 X 6,75278X 10-3
154,53 kW = 155,3 kW
= 156,8 kW = 156,8 kW
P=,T, = 2147 kW P,,T, = Torque2 II NT,
P.,Te = Torque. 2 n. NT, P,,Te = Torque ~2 n. NT~
Power at compressor
10-3 X711,56X 2x n x 2+
coupling 10-3 x711,56 x2xnx2~
=10-3 x711,58 x2xn X2=
64)
= 214,7 kW
= 214,7 kW = 214,7 kW
r
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992.
1 1 0
I x
g
-1
.
II II y. - m .i
N .
II ~
II *
x I I
ml
I
*I*
x
) -1
x
II
.
0
x
,-
c1
xx
LO (-4
Q~&
I ,
II II II
& :
II
II II II .s
:
c II II
o I
I
;
.-,
Al=
97
Table F.11 Comparison of different calculation methods (continued)
I Total \
Total Suction aide: total
Example 1 Static
(Pt, t,) Discharga side: static
Converted specific
polytropic compression w m,pd,i,co = Wm ~,t,Te
NGU 2
()Te
wfwdt.CO Wm.~ol,,,Te~
()
NGU
Te
2
wm,rml.CO = Wm ~,Te
NGU
() Te
wm,$ml,co = Wm ~o,,Te
N2
()
:
Te
work
2
4700 2
.23526~2
()
=23167
()2661
-23289
()
~
62617 N. m/kg = 62710 N.m/kg = 62006 Nm/kg
Converted pressure
ratio
= [(%%
(:).O x = [(+)co
(;)co x (:)co= [W-)co x (;)co= x
[(%-)co
(fc. = nT~
n n
()
n n
because KGU = KT,)
() .
H () n1 CO
1
w n1 co w n1 co wmmoLCO n-l co wm,pd, CO
m,pOl.t.CO
x +1 x m.pd.t,CO x +1
+1 x- +1
ZGU%U I,GU 1 ZGURGUTI ,G. 1 ZGURGU TI,t,G. ZGURG. TI ,G.
1
0,63x62617 _+ 0,6324 X 61710 0,629 X 62006
(
1,63 x 1,0 x 764,9 x 303,31
(
g,629 x 62607
1,628 x 1,0x 764,9 x 303,31
+
( 1,6324
+
x 1,0x764,9x 303,31
( 1,629X 1,0 x764,9 X303,15
i-
1,266
)
=
+1
1.2698
)
= 2117X0,4105X
470Q3
. _2117xo,4105x
47003 211,7x0~ X ~ 3
= 211,7 x0fi X 4$3 =
1,1508 ()2661 1,1508 ()
2661 1,1!M8 () 1,2499 ()
= 327,67 kW = 327,87 kW = 327,87 kW = 327,66 kW
\.,
Table F.11 Comparison of different calculation mathods (concluded)
Total
Total Suction sida: total
Exampla 1 C22 C12 Static
(Pt, t,) W,n= Wm,wtk + Diacharga side: static
( 2 )
Conversion of test results
to guarantee conditions
[continued)
Estimstad m~hanicsl 6.3 kW 6,3 kW 6,3 kW 6,3 kW
losses
guarantee conditions n n
assuming the same
polytropic efficiency as
n1
()
n
Co
ZGURGU
Tt,l,Gu x
n-1
()
n
co
ZGRGUT1,Gx
()
n1 CO
GRGU TI.Gux
()
nl co
R%URGU tGu
x
n1
n1
()
on test n1 n1
m -1
0,s3 0,s2s O,azz4 O.azs
-1 1+
1,s29
X (1,2784) x (1,278 4} - -1
l=ls) 1 + [
42412 28,042
x[(yl2:)==-1]
[ 1
2
= 80351 N.m/kg . 803t13N. m/kg = 5%456N.
m/kg = 59740 N.m/kg
327,~ 9,715 x 80351 . 327,87 9,715 x 803a3 . 327,~ 9,715 x 58456 327,88 9.72222 x 58740
9,5728 X 62617 9,5728 x 82 W7 9,5728 X 61710 9,5803X82008
= 320,4 kW = 320,5 kW = 320,58 kW = 320,6 kW
Corfected specific 0,00835 kWh/ms 0,008344 kWh/rrt3 0,009348 kWh/ms 0,00934 kWh/ms
power at coupling
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
Example
qv,i,~e
Al
1
= 0,39m2
cl,Te =
= 587222
5,87222
o ~
fTr3Js
= 15,05697 mls
M%2,T = A@2,Te
qln
= 0,1928x1,2925x
= 0,071
i
ZRTt,2,Te
6,75278
K
105
.-I
Pt,2,Te = P2,Te 1 + ~ Ma~2
,, T,]
NGU (
cl,@ = 15,05697
NTe = 24,5636 m/s
6,75278
qV,2,Te -- -,,W ~ = 5,0233
. 1,2925 X
= 1,2971 bar
( 1 + + X 0,0712
)
A2 = 0,1928 mz 1
Tt,2,Te = T2,Te
K1
( l Ma~T,
,)
5,021 K
= 26,04 m/s
c2rTe= 0.1928
(
1
= 332,35 x
NGU 1-0,2857 x 0,0712
CZ,GIJ= 26,04
NTe = 42,481 mls )
= 332,83 K
Mat,l,T~ =
AIP1,Te
qm
6,75278
r ZR Tt 1
-
K F.2 Example
isentropic exponent
2 Uncooled
~T~ = ~@
turbocompressor,
speed not
variable
0,39X1,0022X 105 F
1
= 301,25 F.2.3 Design of installation
1 0,2857 x 0,43112
The installation consists of a three-stage, uncooled turbo-
= 301,41 K compraesor for air, driven by an electric motor.
Numerical
Designation Symbol Unit
valua
Inlet pressure(total) Pt,l, cm 0,9s37 bar
100
Is 14641:1999
1s0 5389:1992
Numerkal
Designation Symbol Unit
valua
The test set-up is shown in figure F.2, and the test conditions are given in table F.15.
Pt
(ij-
*
(iJ=D=rl==l@=E
e-l
Figure F.2 - Test sat-up for example 2
101
4
-
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
F.2.5 Setting conditions [see 8.2.3.2) figure D.3c)] and, therefore, conversion of the test results to
guarantee conditions is still possible. In accordance with
Since the speed cannot be varied, it is impossible to maintain figure D.2, a supplementary tolerance of 1 % for the measured
preciselythe flow conditions on which the guarantee was baaed, power requirement can be used.
()
9500
flow chart in figure D,6 the following calculation sequence is
d= ,, ~288,3 x 1,0 x 283,2 usad (the numbers given are those designating individual boxes
= 1,035
N= 95(MI in the flow chart):
-
OJ G. 2s8,3 x 1,0x 303,2 123456789 101112
132122-23-24
To determine the permissible deviations from figure D.3, it is
necessary to calculate the polytropic exponent from guarantee
A V,,~d = + 0,05 is inserted in 23 in the first instance and
conditions and guaranteed performance.
A Vr,tol = 0,05 in the next sequence to determine the upper
and lower tolerance limits. The calculation ends with 25
The deviation in the volumetric flow ratios shown in figure D.3 26 (43 44, but see the note to F.O.1) 45 46 47.
is leas than 5 Yo with the calculated ratio 1,035, a pressure ratio
(@@t,G. = 3,96, and a Poiytropic exponent n@ = 1,564. Had the test shown in 45 that the setting conditions determined
could not be maintained in the test, the compressor would have
The setting conditions are given in table F.16. had to be split up into several units and the calculations recom-
menced at 3 through 48 49.
Since a centrifugal compressor with flat characteristic is in-
volved, a maximuin deviation in the volumetric flow ratios of The deviation is within the permitted range. The test was
* 5_~0 is acceptable in the optimum efficiency range [see carried out maintaining the above test condkions.
Numerical
I Designation I Symbol
value
Unit
Numarical
Designation Symbol
value
Unit
Mechanicalefficiency Vf 0,9s5
(estimated)
Internalpower pin,@ 2.034 kW
= qfPe
Isentropicefficiency 0,74s
. P~
pin, Gu
t,l, Gu
Polytropicefficiency fPol, Gu 0,792
Polytropicexponent Gu 1,564
102
IS 14641:.1999
ISO 5389:1992
* SeetablesF,17to F.19.
Numericel velue
Designation Symbol Unit
Test No. 1 Test No. 2 Test No. 3
Numerical value
Designation Symbol Unit
Test No. 1 Test No. 3
I
Numerical value
Designation Symbol Unit
Test No. 1 Test No. 2 Test No. 3
Converted specific compression work w m,pol,Co 139680 162150 174462 N.m/kg
103
*
Is 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992 <
-
F.2.7 Test uncertainty and comparison with guarantee
adj 1,0 %
Uncertainty Nr 1,035
in pressure
ratio ln(p2/pl) 1,33
sdj 1,0 %
~Pf 10 %
sdj 1,0%
104
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
2200
1000
5,0
9v,t,l,co m3/s
o Teat X Guarantea
L Guarantaa pointa
5,0
4,5
4,0
3,5
3/1
8 9 10
~~t,l,co m3/s
,
A~ 200
.
,
A~qoo
2000
1900
1800
1700
8 9 10
9v,t,l,co
The guarantee conditions, guaranteed performance and other The installation consists of a two-stage, uncooled turbo-
design values are given in tables F.21 to F.23. compressor for ethylene, driven by an electric motor.
Numericel
Designation Symbol Unit
velue
Numerioal velue
Guarantee Guarantee
Designation Symbol Unit
point point
la} (b)
Numerioal
Designation Symbol unit
I value
107
f,
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
Since it is not possible to carry out the acceptance test using ethylene, e teat is carried out on ~te using air.
The test eat-up is illustrated in figure F.5, and the teat conditions ara given in table F.24. The power at tha coupling is determined by
the motor rating and transmission losses.
Gear
1
o tz,oil
t-o
9
Numarioal
Designation Symbol Unit
valua
108
* -L_
..
4,
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992 .,,
.;
F.3.5 Setting conditions (see8.2.3.3) It is expedient to draw an auxiliary diagram (see figures F.6 and
F.7) for each of the two guarantee pointa from fiiures D.4j),
The speed cannot be varied. D.4m) and D.4q) for better interpolation. Using theaa
? diagrams, it was found that a teat could be carriid out on the .,... ..l
~
Because the speed cannot be varied, it is impossible to present compressor for conversion within the outer tolerance
maintain the flow ratios presupposed on giving the guarantee. limits 0,85 c V,< 1,05, in the case of guarantee point (a)
qKt,l,Gu = 15 ~ nWh) with
()
N 12700
m
()
i=xf
N
-re
G
~287,3
J296,65
X 1,0 X 278,2
12700
x 1,0 x 305,2
1,064
,m<
,
()-T,
N
N
< 1,175
()m,.
N
ficiency qf = 0,88.
,W<
< 1,180
According to figures D.4g) and D.4k), the deviation in the lN\
volumetric flow ratio is so high that it is impossible to conduct
the test within the inner tolerance limits (0,99 to 1,01).
Consequently, a check must be made to find out whether the The value determined at 1,(M4 in the above example for the two
test is possible within the outer tolerance limits (0,95 to 1,05) guarantee pointa is within these limits.
whwh can be used in the case of the anticipated flat
characteristic of a centrifugal compressor in the range of the
guarantee points (see figure D.2). The setting conditions are given in table F.25.
Numerical vehe
Guerentee Guersntee
Designation Symbol Unit
point point
(a) (b)
109
, ,<
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
1,3 ;uarantaapoint(a)
/
} = 1,801
1
1,2 L
A
1,175
1,1
1,033
1,0
1,567
0,9 .
1,6 1,8
Te
110
f,
-
Is 14641:1999 ,
1s0 5389:1992
. ...
1,3
harantaa point (b)
),95<ltf<l,05 = 1,344
~Gu
/
1,180
1#1
1,043
1,0
1,576
1,7 1,8
~ Te
111
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
In determining theeetting conditions in accordance with the Had the calculated pressura ratio (P~~l)E, been within the
flow chart in fiiure D.6, the following calculation sequence is range of the compression sequence, the extreme value of the
used (the numbers given are those designating individual boxes daviation A V,,fi could have been determined by 31 and the limit c,
in the flow chart): Vr,2would have had to be adapted by 32 37 in such a way that
at no point of the compression process A Vr,X> A Vr,tO1.
123456789 101112
132122-28-29 The test was carried out maintaining the above test conditions.
A V, ~d = + 0,05 or A Vr,t~ = OJ05 is inserted into 28 to
determine the upper and lower tolerance limits. In the present
instance, the pressure ratio (p#pl)EX determined in 29 at which
F.3.6 Teat results and conversion
the maximum deviation A Vr,& = A Vr,td occurs is outside the
range 1 to (~z/@@.
Seetables F.26 to F.28.
Consequently, the formula sequance continues through 30
38-24 -25- 26-(43 -44, butseethe noteto F.O.l) It was established after the tests that all 3 test points are within
45-48-47. the extreme tolerance limits to figure D.R.
Numerical valua
Designation Symbol Unit
Taat No. 1 Teat No. 2 Test No. 3
Mass flow , (also usable mass flow) qm,Te 19865 17304 147m kglh
Numarical value
Designation Symbol Unit
Teat No. 1 Test No. 2 Test No. 3
112
~.,
IS 14641:1999 ~~ J
ISO 5389:1992
Numerical value
Designation Symbol Unit
last No. 1 Test No. 2 Test No. 3
F.3.7 Test uncertainty and comparison with results are read from the curves plotted in figure F.8 and
guarantee defined by the three test points, at the guaranteed inlet
volume flow qy,t,l,Gu = 15000 m3/h, i.e.
The test uncertainties are calculated in accordance with 9.2.
w~,pol,co = 58470 N. m/kg
The compressor in question having a flat performance curve,
the comparison will be made at the guaranteed inlet volume. P,, CO= 353,2 kW
For this purpose the converted test results, i.e. specific the power at coupling reduced to guarantee con-
ditions is
polytropic compression work, pressure ratio, internal polytropic
efficiency and power input at coupling, are plotted veraus the
converted usable inlet volume (see figure F.8). Taking into ac-
wm,Pol,Gu
count the total resulting inaccuracies, the conclusions are as
Pe, co, Gu = e, Co x w
m,pol,Co
follows (see figure F.9).
57448
= 353,2 X ~ = 341,2kW
Guarantee point (b), q v,t,l,@ = 12500 mVh: the re-
quirements of the guarantee are met for both pressure ratio
and power consumption. and the guarantee value is 335 kW.
Guarantee point (a), q ~,t,l,@ = 15000 ins/h: the The converted power is thus slightly in excess, even if
pressure ratio is higher than guaranteed, and accordingly, the resulting total test uncertainty is taken into account.
so is the power input. For better comparison it is necessary
to apply the procedure outlined in 9.4. The converted test The teat uncertainty for example 3 is shown in table F.29.
113
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
380
320
300
II
G
.-c-
2,0
3
(:)
1,8 *#
b
\
(a) 1
1,6
3
m
I
(b)
-
)( 1
(a) k
\
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
,103 m3/ h
qK+J,cO
O Guarantaapoint ~ Teat point
21
2,0
L Guarantee points
-
I
1,9
s.
-+
~ 1,8
1,7
1,6
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
~K+),Co ,103
m3/h
400
380
360
3
x
.
2. 340
Q,,
320
300
280
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1
~t~,co @m3/h
Uncertainty N, 1,064
in pressure
ratio ln(p2/pl ) 0,623
ad; 0,9 %
Uncertainty C3 2,191
n power
jt coupling [4 351,5
TPf 10 %
adj 0,9 %
116
IS 14641:1999
.
ISO 5389:1992
F.4.1 General
The speed and temperature ratios can be varied so that similar F.4.3 Design of installation
flow conditions can be used.
The installation consists of a five-stage turbocompressor of
The guarantee conditions, guaranteed performance and other centrifugal design for air with intermediate cooling after each
design values are given in tables F.30 to F.32. stage, driven by steam turbine.
Numerical
Designation Symbol Unit
value
Relative humidity qG 70 %
Numerical
Designation Symbol Unit
value
(-)
Ps
qV,t,l Gu
0,071 a
--J kWh/rn3
Numerical
Designation Symbol Unit
value
Stage II ft,l,ll,Gu 40 Oc
Stage Ill tt,l,lll,Gu 42 Oc
Stage IV ttrl,ll/,Gu 45 Oc
Stage V ft,l,v,Gu 46 Oc
1) The subscript Gu designatea the design apeed.
117
,
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
N
The compressor is subjected to trials on the test bed, driven by
avariable-speed electric motor. Since therating of thetest bed . ...
() G,e=l
motor is insufficient for operation at atmospheric intake
N
pressure, the compressor shall be run at diminished intake
pressure. Running in this way, itisnot possible to judge the
() m G.
intercoolers as a reduced flow of cooling water must be ad-
mitted because of the reduction in the pressure level. the teat shall be conducted at a speed reduced in the proportion
By means of the flow of cooling water, the inlet temperatures 1234539-40-41-42 (43-44, but
of the air into the individual stages (see table F.34) can be set see the note to F.O.1) 45
so that the temperature relationships
Since the speeds and the inlet temperatures for the stages are
variable, the compressor can fulfil the setting conditions as a
Tf,l,j/Tt,l,l unit. Accordingly, the calculation ends with 46 47.
wherej = 11,Ill, IV, V, agree with the design value. The test was carried out maintaining the above test conditions.
Numerical
Designation Symbol , Unit
Im valua
Gae constant
fwlTe
I
]
288,3
24,8
I
I C
N.m/(kg. K)
tt,l, ill 42 32
ft,l,lv 45 34
ft,l,v 48 37
118
1S 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
I
y9{:]
+J.95
QN-
4 .
+!2 I
-9Q~,
E
. J
I
I
i . .
~
QN-
.
Ii
I
I
i
l-+ r
>
f w=
=+-
7.
o
:
<--
~
0
r+ :-
-&
0
119
4,
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
.-
~
F.4.6 Test results and conversion
%..
See tables F.35 to F.37. . .
{
Table F.% Test results
Numerical
Designation Symbol Unit
value
Test number 1
t,l,Te 266,23 K
) Calculated from the mass flow measured in accordance with ISO 5167-1.
120
.
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
Numerical
Designation Symbol Unit
value
ower requirement
121
f
...
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
Numerical
Designation Symbol Unit
value
116,480 m3/h
Converted volumetric flow at inlet qv,t,l,co
The converted inlet volume is slightly higher than guaranteed (see table F.38), even when taking into account the test uncertainties.
The converted specific power consumption is lower than guaranteed by about 2,96 % (see table F.38).
NOTE When calculating the power absorbed by the gas in compressor sections I and V, the leakage losseswere neglected. As the power consump-
tion is well below the guarantee figure, MS simplification is justified.
Numerical
Designation Symbol Unit
value 1
arn T Gu 0,9861
Conversion factor
nr,T,Co
Pe Gu
Guaranteed specific power at coupling -. 0,07106 kWh/ms
4v,t,l,Gu
122
#,
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
.....
Numerical
Designation Symbol Comments
value
Uncertainty N, 1,0
in pressure ratio
ln(p2/pl ) 1,e90
123
Table F.40 Comparison of different calculation methods
Total
(
Total Suction side: total
Example 4 ~22 - ~12
Static
(p,, t,) Wm = Wm,tatic+ Discharga sida: static
2 )
Guaranteeconditions
Inlet pressure P~,l,G. = 0,= 5 bar P~,I,G. = 0,9635 bar pt,l,Gu = 0?= 5 bar P1,Gu = Wfm bar
Relativehumidity @@ = 70 %
Dischargepressure Pt,Z,@ = 6,5312 bar PZ,G. = 6,472 bar p2,G = 6,472 bar P2,G. = 6.472 ber
()
Specific pOwar
() ()
Pe Pe P, Pe
requirement at compressor = 0,07106 kWh/m3 = 0,07106 KWh/m3 .
-0,07106 KWh/ti = 0,07096 kWh/ms
coupling 9V,[,1 Gu qv,t,l G. ql,t,l GU qv,l G.
()
Speed (design) NGU = 4650 rlmin
Density at inlet 0,9635 x IF 0,9635 x lti 1,1363 kg/m3 P1,Gu 0,961x 105
269,5 x 296,46 269,5 x 296,46 lG = ZXR X T = 269,5x296,15
1,1363 kg/m3 = 1,1363 kg/m3 = 1,1363 kg/m3
Stage II t,l,ll,Gu = @ c
Staga IV t,l,lV,Gu = 45 c
Stega V rt,l,v,G = 46 c
i%
,.
Table F.40 Compefisonof different calculationmethods[cof?finuad
Total
Suction side: totel
(
Total =22 - Clz
Example 4 Static
(Pt, It) m = m, stetk+ Discharge side: stetic
2 )
Test setting
NTe = 4580 r/rein NT, = 4 5@ r/rein N~e = NGU _Te Tt Te
i G. LG.
44===
= 4580 r/rein
.4850
= 4580 r/rein
283,3X237,95
i 2s8,5 x 298,15
Test rasdte
Test number 1
Inlst praeeura pt,l,T~ = 0,2409 bar ~,,T~ = 0,2403 bar Pt,l,Te = 02@ 9 br P1,T. = or2a 3 Mr
15,0s Oc I,,Te
= 14,0s =C
tt,l.Te = 15,08c
Inlet temperature tcl,~a= 14,8C rt,l,Te =
q~ T. *
Volumamc flow at inlet ?V,t,l,Te = 114 ~ ~lh Vv,t,t,To =- qV,t,l.Te = l14228m31h qV,l,Te =
@t,l,Te Ql,T@
_ 33,114 _ 33,114
0,2889 0,2885
= l14228rn21h = l14383rn21n
Discharge pressure 7t,2,Te= 1,8055 bar ~Te = 1,581 b p2,Te = 1,581 bar ~,T, = bar
1,581
,
If
Table F.40 Comparison of differant calculation metnoas [cmrrmuedl
Total
Suction aide: total
(
Example 4 Total ~22 - ~,z Static
(P,, f,) Wm = Wm t,t~ + Discharge side: static
2 )
Test calculation
wm,T,Te
() () ()
Specific isothermal = P2,Te P2,Te
wm,T,Te= Te~t,l,Te In %,2,Te
wm,T,Te = T. ~t,l,Te In wm.T,Te = RTe~l,Te In
compression work
Pt,l,Te P2,Te
Pl,l,Te pI ,Te
= f?Te~l,Te In +!?y
P1 ,Te
()
= 288,3 x 286,23 x In 6,6646 = 266,3 x 287,85 x 95 x In 6,6209+ = 266,3 x 266,23 x In6,W44 = 266,3 x 287,95 x 95 x ln6,6209
+ 44,772 21,182
2
c) Power absorbed by the ff,~e = 36,4 kW Pf,Te = 36,4 kW Pf,Te = 36,4 kw Pf,T, = 36,4 kW
bearing oil
Total
Suction side: total
(
Example 4 Total ~22 - ~t2
(Pt, l,) m = tn, stalk + Discharge side: static
2 )
= 268,5x 286,46x In6,6408 = 268,5 x 296,15 x In 6,5873 + = 268,5 x 286,46 x In 6,5606 = 268,5x 286,16 x In 6,5873
+ 45,f@ -21,612
2
Internal power related Prn,ti = 7883,3 kW Pin,co = 7882,8 kW Pin,co = 7882,9 kW Ph,ti = 78W kW
to (@P, )Gu
Power at coupling Pe4C0= 8032,9 kW P,,cO = 8032,4 kW Pe,co = 8032,5 kW Pe,c- = 8028,6 kW
P, ~
Specific power -.e Co -80329 -.e Co -80329 - e Co .- 80325 - .- 80329
at coupling refated ~v,t,l,co l164&) qv.t,l,co 1164W qv,t,l,co 116460 qv,?rco l16&10
to (@PI )(j.
= 0,06686 kWh/rn3 = 0,06696 kWh/d = 0,06686 kWh/ma = 0,08664 kWh/rrP
Example 4
A1=l,5xl=l,5m2
0,4064XX
A2= h = 0,1297m2
qV,l,Te 31,78
C,,J= = = = 21,19 m/s G(J
Al 1,5 C1,GU= 21,19 = 21,19 X ~ = 21,61 m/s
Te
5,6062
C2,T, = qV,2,Te _ = 44,77 mls Gu ~nxj650
A2 0,1297 CZ,GU= 44,77 = = 45,65 mls
NTe 4560
9,1963 x 1,0X286,3X266,15
Mat,, ,~, = = 0,0579
105 x 1,5 x 0,2403 v 1,4
Afat,2,Te = Afll
YF=
qm Te
Te
13
105 x 0,1297 x 1,591 Xi-=orll,h
ITe=plTet+$Ma
lTe)=02m3b+~x0
t&79)=082abar
Pt2G.=Pz,Gu~+~Ma~z,G)=6472~+~x0,f1432)=6,~12bar
t,l,Gu = TI,GU
( l- ;1M&Gu)==15x( y~x0,0&j32)=2%8&K= 25310c
?, 1,4
t,l,Te = Tl,Te
( l ~lMa~,,~=~%x (1-~x0,05792)=maK= 15@0c
,,
t,2,Te = T2,Te
K;lMa:2Tj=w%x(1 I,4_;xo,11942)= w~K=76Q0c
( l
,, 1,4
129-
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
F.5.1 General
Numerical
Designation Symbol Unit
value
Numerical value
Guarantea Gusrantaa Guarantee
Designation Symbol Unit
point point point
(a) (b) (c)
Numerical
Daaignation Symbol Unit
valua
Inlet temperature
Stage II T1,II,GU 310,2 K
130
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
.:
F.5.4 Test set-up Unit I: Stage I (without intercooling)
The teat is carried out at the compressor site under atmospheric Unit Ilc: Stages II to IV (with intercooling) .J
conditions. In this test, it is not possible to judge the inter-
coolers since a flow of cooling water differing from that of the The additional calculation sequence for Unit1is as follows:
In determining the setting conditions in accordance with the The additional calculation sequence for Unit Ilc is as follows:
flow chart in figure D.6 the following calculation sequence is
used (the numbers given are those designating individual boxes 34538-40-41-42-(43 44, butseethe
in the flow chart): note to F.O.1) 45
1234539-40-41-42 (43-44, but
Since the inlet temperature for the stages in Unit Ilc can be
see the note to F.O.1) 45
varied through the intercoolers, it is possible to maintain the
Since it is not possibleto set the speed or the inlettemperature for setting conditions for Unit Ilc. The calculation ends with
Stage 1,the compressorhasto be dividedinto two units: 48 49. 46-i7. -
Numerical
Designation Symbol Unit
value
Numerical velue
Designation Symbol Unit
Teet No. 1 Teat No. 2 Tact No. 3
Volumetric flow at inlet (also usable volumetric 7,28528 5,88278 4,72444 ~3/5
4V,l,Ta
flow at inlet)
Discharge pressure Pt,2, Ts 7,5315 7,5119 7,1196 bar
131
IS 14641:1999
!S0 5389:1992
=!.4) a-
1
/ G
Z
\/ 4
u-
,
I
I!_ -l
m
6
T
> %
- 4
+!7 #
.Y. -+
-@-
132
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
Numaricel valua
Designation Symbol Unit
Tast No. 1 Tact No. 2 last No. 3
Numaricai value
Daslgnation Symbol Unit
Test No. 1 Test No. 2 Test No. 3
a) Unit I (uncooladStage 1)
Volumetricflow at inlet ~V,t,l,l, Te 7,28626 5,66276 4,72444 rn3/a
Discharga prasaure Pt,2, I,Te 1,6856 1,5544 1,4465 bar
Inlet pressure pt,l,l, Te 0,8689 0,8826 0,W65 bar
Pressure ratio (p2 /p! )t, 1,Te 1,750 1,582 1,463
Converted specific compression work m,s, 1,Co 48975 40354 32850 N.m/kg
Converted preaaura ratio (P2/pl)t, 1,C.o 1,725 1,563 1,446
Specific isothermal compression work m,T, Ilc,Te 133076 140441 142138 N.m/kg
Converted specific iaotharmal compression m,T, Ilc,Co 133438 140441 141657 N.mlkg
work
133
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
Numerical value
Designation Symbol Unit
Test No. 1 Test No. 2 Test No. 3
d) Total compressor
Converted pressure ratio of Unit Ilc (P2/pl )~,llq c,~ 4,480 4,820 4,895
1) The converted pressure ratio and converted power related to density are ehown over the converted volumetric flow at inlet Unit Ilc,
~v,t,l, Ilc,co.
2) Tha internal compression power is given by
pin, Ilc,Ta = pin, Te pin, 1,Ts
3) Taking the converted pressure ratio of the uncooled Unit I into account, the appropriate volumetric flows at inlet for the cooled Unit Ilc are
obtainad for the individual test points.
134
,4
.-.-iL.
4
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
The comparison with the guarantee is carried out as shown in table F.48 (see figure F.14).
Apart from the test values listed here and designated by the symbol O in figures F.12 and F.13, additional test points were run at
each of the inlet guida vane positions, and these have been evaluated and converted in the same manner.
Ail those points have been plotted on figures F.12 and F.13. The power consumption at the guaranteed pressure ratio 7,0 can be ob-
tained from figure F.14.
The guarantees are met for two points. The third point shcwvs a alight excess, aven after taking into account the measuring error.
Numericel velue
Designation Symbol Unit
Test No. 1 Teet No. 2 Test No. 3
Numerical
Designation Symbol Comments
velue
Uncertainty qm, Ts 1,1 % In accordance with ISO 5167-1
in volumetric flow
at inlet 7N, Te 0,07 % Dtgital maasuring instrument,
1 revolution on indicator
sea 5.9
PI, Te 0,14 % 1 mmHg on absolute pressure
135
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
: F
800
650 L 3
5,0 I
4,5
4,0
3,5
3,0 3,5 ~o 4,5 5,0 5,5
%(t,l,IIc,Com3/s
136
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
O
Guarantee points
Additional tests
-
8,0
5=+84 2
7,0 \ w u
0
u. b) ~ a)
-
& I
I I
I I I
6,0 I I
I I
I I
I
I I
I
5,0 I 1
I
2 100 I
I
-1
I
I I
~1 900 I I
x.
I I
5 I .
ci?- I
1700
I
1 500 I f
3 6=+ 84
1 300
4,0 4,5 5,0 5,5 6,0 6,5 7,0 7,5 8,0
9yf,1,co,m3/s
137
--L
d
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
2000
L Guarantaa pointa {
4--- ,>
P
1900
1800
1700
3
x
.
E
Q..
1600
1500
1400
1300
4,5 5 5,5 6 6,5 7 7,5
~vt,l,co t ~3/s
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992 .
F.6 Example6 Cooled turbocompressor, isentropic exponent KTe * KG., real 9= (variable
compressibilityfactor),variablespeed, inlet temperatureof cooledsectionadjustable(within limits)
,....
F.6.1 General !!
The following example applies Schultzs method of polytropic analysis.
The guarantee conditions, guaranteed performance and other design values are given in tables F.50 to F.52.
The purpose of the teats is to prove the power requirement guaranteed for the specified point.
The installation consists of an eight-stage centrifugal compressor for a hydrocarbon gas mixture and an external intercooler between
stages IV and V.
The specifed gas shall be considered as a real gas and therefore the necessary numerical values are given in table F.53 (notably the
input values for the flow chart in figure D.7, and the mean values of specifii heat cpM).
Numerical Unit
Designation Symbol
value
Gashandled,volumetricproportion ri
carbondioxideCOZ 0,01 .
mathsneCH4 0,30
ethaneCZHG 0,20
propaneC3HS 0,35
n-butanerr-C4H10 0,08 .
i-butanai-C4H10 O,w
Numerical Unit
Designation Symbol
valua
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
10,3 bar
Stage IV discharge temperature ~t,2, Iv G 377,4 K
Impeller diameters
Stage I DI 0,4 m
Stage V Dv 0,4 m
inlet 0,4 m
discharge 0,2 m
Numerical valua
Symbol Staga group Staga group Unit
I II
Gu 1,1591 1,1726
The test is carried out at the compressor site, but with a gas differing from the specified gas in both composition and pressure level.
In this test it is not possible to judge the intercooler, because the cooling water flow must be reduced (the heat flow extracted from
the gas is much lower than the design value owing to a reduced gas pressure level).
The test arrangement is shown in figure F. 15, which also indicates the type of instruments used. The test conditions are given in
table F.54.
The split shaft gas turbine drive allows the spaad to be varied within the following limits:
NT,
0,7 < < 1,05
NGU
140
..f -_
,
1$ 14641:1999 .
[S0 5389:1992
kI
z
I
In
L
-h
al
.-c
n
5
LO
G
141
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
1
Table F.64 Tast conditions
Numer!cal
Designation Symbol S1 unit . ... ..
valua
Test gas, volumetricproportion fi
methane CH4 0,1
Lowest oossible aas temperature after intercooler Tt2 lC.Te. min 315,2 K
Before the test, the following agreements shall be made. The power input shall be determined by energy balance.
Mechanical losses:
a) Ghs properties
compressor bearings and floating seal oil rings,
The gas properties shall be evaluated as follows: 56 kW at 11000 r/rein, proportional to N1,5;
the specific heat CP shall be calculated on site step-up gear efficiency, 0,974;
according to the recommendations given in [61, P. 135;
compressor internal leakage, 0,5 kg/s at 34 bar
the condensation of hydrocarbons in the intercooler Theaa shall be baaed on total pressures and temperatures.
shall be checked according to [551.
Specific compression work: aimplifiad calculation baaad on
No condensation is expected for the specified con- total conditions, with no separate term accounting for
ditions. dynamic heads at inlet and outlet, is accepted.
Samples taken during trial runs before the teat have shown F.6.6.1 Compressor defined as one unit
only negligible variations in gas composition.
F.6.6.1.1 In the first place, whether the gas mixtures in
question can be considered as perfect or near-perfect gases,
Gas samples shall be taken before and after the test. Pend-
according to table 2, shall be checked.
ing the results of laboratory analysis, the gas composition is
considered to be constant. No condensation of hydrocar-
The specified gas being a real gas, the necessary information is
bons is expected in the intercooler.
available from design calculations.
There being only two components, calculation of the For the test gas, determination of y, ~ and Y at inlet and
specific heat CPcan be carried out easily with a (progmm- discharge conditions is required. Therefore the pseudo-critical
mable) pocket calculator. Graphic interpolation of the func- conditions of the mixture, i.e. the criiical pressure and
tions given in [61 is used. temperature as wall as the acentric factor of the mixture, must
be calculated to check whether simple linear mixing rules, as
The re$ult is shown in figures F.16 and F.17. given in A.1 .5, can be applied.
142
IS 14641:1999
1S() 5389:1992
G
0
2,20
..
%
+
I
g
\
: 2,15
1-
b<
2,10
2,05
2,00
1,95
1,90 IT
1,85
1,80
1,75
1,70
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Temperature, C
Figura F.16 Graph for determination of test gas specific heat capacity, cP,T~
143
4,
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
G
0
Xm
Y
2
z
~ti
2,35
2,30
8
\
2,25
2,20
15
\
2,15
2,10 L
2,05
2,00 E
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Temperature, C
Figure F.17 Graph for determinetion of teat gas epecific heat capacity, c~,T~
144
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
With the above characteristic data of the teat gas mixture and
PCr,i,max
= 1,0634 the anticipated test conditions given in table F.54, the follow-
PCr,i,min ing results are obtainad.
Vcr,j,~~~
= 1,341 P = Pt,l,Te = 1,1 ~r (absolute)
Vc~,j,min
T = Tt,l,Te = =,2 K
The respective limits for simple Iineer mixing (see A. 1.5) which
these ratios must satisfy are
Pr = (pt,l/pcr)T~ = o,~ 23
Tcr, max < *
Tcr, Min
Tr = (Tt,l/Tcr)~e = 0,6759
end either In accordance wth clause A.3 and figure F.18, the following
values are obtained:
PCr, max or (vCrM)max is ~lom to uni~
(VCJf)min
z(o) = (-y&j 9
PCr, min
CP = 1766 J/(kg. C)
where
z = Zm + @z(l) = 0,9782
R is the gas constant of the mixture, calculated using the
simple linear mixing rule (perfect gas rule); ZT = ZT(0) + coZT(l) = 1,043
Tcr and Pcr are considered to be the critical data of the 2P = 2P(0)+ (UZJ1) = 1,006
mixture;
z~
w is the acentric factor of the mixture. x=y 1 = 0,06624
145
IS 14641:1999
[S0 5389:1992
The basis of the estimation is as follows. F.6.6.1.8 According to the anticipated test data and following
the indications given in F.6.6. 1.6, the inlet and discharge con-
The pressure ratios and polytropic efficiencies of both sections ditions are:
of the compressor are assumed to be the same for test and
Temperature: Tt,l,ll,Te = 315,2 K (minimum possible value)
specified conditions (i.e. guarantaa point).
pressure: ~t,l,ll,Te = ~t,l,l,Te (~2/~l)t,l,Gu
As defined in 8.2.4.2, the inlet conditions for section II are the = 1,1 x3,4333
following: = 3,7767 bar (absolute)
F.6.6.1.7 For the Specified gas (see table F.53), the following x max= 0,3139
relationship is valid:
Y- = 1,0869
~rxJl,ll,Gu = o@
146
IS 14641:1999 ... -
ISO 5389:1992
1
Numerical valua
Dis larga (2, II e)
Symbols and formulaa Unit 1st 2nd 3rd
Inlat (1, 11,Te)
approxi- approxi- approxi-
mation mation mation
z; ) J
1,010
- 0,C4)2
1,005
0,032
1,0055
0,029
1,0055
0,029
Cp (ace figure F.18) /(kg.C) 1645 2254 2231 2232
z = z(o) + ~zll) 0,9544 0,9251 0,9210 0,9214
ZT = Z;J + OJz+ 1,1266 1,2007 1,2118 1,2107
Zp = z;? + O.)z; J 1,0097 1,0006 1,0015 1,0015
ZT
X= z-l 0,1605 0,2979 0,3158 0,3139
.
CPM
1645 = Cpl 2049,5 2a36 2036
()
ZMR ~ 1
m= _ + XM 0,16413 = ml 0,1666 o,lm 1 o,lm o
CPM ?pol
P2 m
Reault:T=T1x ~ K 392,72 385,52 366,17 366,13
()
Assumed : T K 382,72 385,52 366,17
1
n= 1,1696 = nl 1,1617 1,1622 1,1621
YM-m(l+XM)
) Assumed value.
147
. .AL
IS 14641:1999 .4
ISO 5389:1992
Pt
Cp
q
Y
Table F.67 Calculationof mass thermal capacities
bar
J/(kg.C)
Inlat (1,Te)
1,1
306,2
0,9782
0,06621
1,02639
1766
Numerical value
Discharga (2,Te)
.
12,467
386,17
0,9214
0,3139
1,0669
2232
-+,..3
>.
K . 1,1082 1,0600
Y-:1(1+X)2
The conclusion is, therefore, that the test gas cannot be treated F.6.6.2.1.2 The specific values of the test gas at the inlet are
as a perfect gas if the compressor is to be considered as one given in F.6.6. 1.8.
unit.
F.6.6.2.1.3 An estimation of section I test discharge con-
The determination of the settings therefore has to follow the
ditions may follow the guiding principles given in F.6.6. 1.5, i.e.
flow chart given in figure D.7.
/%,2,1,Te = ~t,l,l,Te (~2/~l)t,l,Gu
F.6.6.I .11 The design (specification) and test data available,
together with the above calculations, combine ail information ~pol,l,Ts = ~@,l,Gu
necessary, i.e.
These assumptions lead to the determination of the test
a) gas constant, discharge pressure and, by the trial-and-error method
b) isantropic exponent of specified gas and test gas, at demonstrated in F.6.6. 1.9, of the test discharge temperature (it
inlet, and being anticipated that the calculation will have to follow real
gas equations).
c) compressibility factors of specified gas and test gas, at
inlet, In accordance with F.6.6.1 .5,
to check whether the compressor can be teeted as one unit. ~t,2,1,Ts = 1~1 x 3@33 = 3,7767 bar (absolute)
(-) =
F.6.6.2.1 SectionI (StagesI to IV)
Ynlex
1,0%8
F.6.6.2.1.1 Forthe sakeof completeness the same check as Ymin t~l
carried out above for the compressor as a whole has to be
repeated here for section I alone. x mex,tol = ~~
148
1s 14841:1999
ISO 5389:1992
Numerical value
I I Discharga (2,1,Te)
Symbols and formulae
q
Pt, *g bar i 1,1 I 3,7767 I - 13,7767
Cp (sea figure F.16) J/(kg.C) 1766 2067 2042,5 2046
Assumed: Tt
()
P2 m
PI t
K
K
I
368,88
364,71
364,37
364,70
364,71
I
1
rr= - I 1,14576= n, I 1,13308 I 1,13266 I 1,13310
yM-t?r(l+xM)
) Assumed value.
The actual figures (see table F.59) are F.6.6.2.I.5 The above calculations, which are necessary for
the decision whether a gas mixture suspected of follo~ng
Ymax real gas equations can be considered as near perfect, have been
= 1,0129
Ymjn ahown in some detail. The object is to demonstrate
the method. The main difficulty is the interpolation (and
x max = 0,09987 extrapolation, for small values of reduced pressure pr) of the
tables and charts given in annex A. This is beat done graphi-
Y msx = 1,03223
cally.
It may be concluded that the test gas cannot be treetad as a
perfect or near-perfect gas.
Therefore the compressibility factors given in table A. 1 were
The determination of the settings therefore has to follow the plotted in figure F.18.
flow chart in figure D.7, because the curves which cover the
range n~e = 1 to 1,2 do not reach beyond a pressure ratio
(p2ip1)~ 2.
F.6.6.2.1.6 FollowngD.5.1, all values necessaryfor the
determination of the settings for section I of the compressor
Tabla F.59 Calculationof mass tharmal capacities
are listed hereafter.
Numerical valua
Symbol Unit Inlat Discharge
An exception is information regarding the viscosity, as the
II (l,l,Ta) I (2,1,Ta)
Reynolds number W-II be checked after an attempt has been
Pt bar 1,1 3,7767 made to find a common teat speed for both compressor
Tt K 306,2 364,70 sections.
z 0,9782 0,9721
x 0,06621 0,08867 The input values for the flow chart in figure D.7 which are not
Y 1,02638 1,03223 known already can be easily computed from the fiiuraa already
available.
CP
J/(kg.C) 1766 2046
K 1,1082 1,08084
The praaaure-vcrlurna curve of the compressor section is
Y 1,14068 1,1261
expected to be steep.
149
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
+ +
1
.
. . -4
0-
i
I
/ I
/ !
/ q
[ . 1. o
I
I
,
I J a
I I
CQ
I I
m-
o- 0 o-
150
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
Theinput liatfor the flow chart in figure D.7, referred toaec- The results are
tion I of the compressor, isas followa.
+ ~pol,Gu = 0r&15 (from input list)
General:
p2/pl= 3,433
D=0,4m
m = 0,14584 [step8)
AVr,X,td = *0,01 (inner tolerance limit)
T2,Te= 388,88 K (step 10)
AVr,X,td = ~0,025(outer tolerance limit)
lz2,Te-zl,Te/
= 0,00508<0,01 btep 12)
Test data: but
Nmin = 11000 x 0,7 r/rein Here again, because the condition regarding the difference in
specific heeta (step 12) is not fulfilled, the calculation leading to
~Cr,Te = 41,= bar stap 20 must be repeated.
NGU = 11000 r/rein A Vr,x,td will be chosen at both the inner and outar tOkSnCC?
limits, i.e. \
Z,,,tGu = 0,9753
A Vr,X,td = + 0,01
?poI,I,Gu= Q=
A Vr,X,td = * 0,025
1,Gu = 1,1581
The aim is to find a common teat speed for both compressor
sections. Otherwise, since the speed is adjustable, strict
F.6.6.2.1.7 Thecalculation
startsatstep3 of theflowchartin similarity of flow could be attempted, putting A vr,~,td = O.
figure D.7.
The following results are obtained: ,
Then follows tha determination of the mean poiytropic
exponent of the teet gas, assuming that tha test pressure ratio A Vr,x,td + 0,01 + 0,025
-0,01 -0,025
and test polytropic efficiency have the same values as for -l
specified conditions. This calculation is done through steps vr,~
I 1,01 1,025 0,8806 0,975 (step30)
6 22. It is a trial-and-arror method, the result of which, as
regards discharge temperature, has already been anticipated in
F.6.6.2.1.3. ()
Px
PI En
1,208 0,627 2,708 5,028 (stap31)
151
.
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
Except for A Vr,x,tOl= A 0,025 the anawar to etep 32 is yea and the calculation continues through steps 33 40 to steps 27 28.
v
N A V,,X,lOI + 0,01 + 0,025 -0,01 -0,025
N,= () mn M,ttj 0,8885 0,8837 0,9769 0,9680 (step 40)
(step 27)
(step 28)
&)Gu &:@) : m : ;
~ P2 < 0,01? no yea no no (step 26)
PI
()() Te PI
Note that for A Vr,x,ml = 0,01 and following step 37, Vr,2had to be increased above 1 + A V,,x,tOl = 0,89, according to step 38.
ForA Vr,x,tol = A 0,025 the calculation sequence jumps directly from step 32 to step 40.
The conclusion is that except for A Vr,x,tol = + (),()25 it is naceaaary to repeat the above calculation, starting at step 9 of the flow
chart, and assuming that
P2
=
PI ()&
PI Te
IR(*-$)
lm~e-ml
0,0164
0,01006
0,0162
0,008 s
0,0159
0,00883
(step 12)
(step 20)
Only for A Vr,x,ml = + 0,01 does the above first approximation not fulfill the condition ImT. m I <0,01, therefore requiring a second
approximation aterting again at step 10.
Finally we obtain
l(:)T.-&) I
O,(XI8 0,003 0,001
I
(%+)001 y-w
N,,& 0,9648 0,9782 0,8691
NOTE Following etep 37, Vr,2 hastobeincreasedto0,8907 for A vr,~,~d = -0,01.
I
1!52
-G.&
IS 14641:1999 .,
ISO 5389:1992
It is now possible to calculate the test speeds for the inner and Test data: the lowest possible inlet temperature is chosen, so
outer tolerance limits (step 26): as to obtain a test speed as close as possible to that found for
section 1.
NTe RTezl,Te Tt,l,Te
= N,,td
NGU %iu%dt.~,c+u Pt,l,ll,Te = 3,7767 bar(absolute)
Tt,l,ll,Te = 315,2 K
The numerical results are
~l,ll,Ta = 1,~ 5
Tezl,TeTt,l,Te = 201,36 x 0,9782 x 308,2 J/kg
Other data: see F.6.6.2. 1.6
RGJ1,GuTt,l,Gu = 238,66 X 0,9753 X 311,2 .JIkg
Specified values:
(-)Te
G. I
0,8015 0,9097 0,8837 0,8872 ~t,2,11,Gu = 34 bsr (absolute)
Tt,z,li,Gu = 4oo~9 K
F.6.6,2.2.1 As regards the specified gas, from design calcu- Other date: see F.6.6.2. 1.6
lations, the gas is to be considered as a real gas.
F.6.6.2.2.5 The calculation starts at step 3 of the flow chart in
figure D.7.
F.6.6.2.2.2 Datealreadyavailable for the test gas are given in
F.6.6.1.9 and F.6.6.1. 10. The additional data to be determined The results are
here are the isentropic exponent K and the ratio of specific
heats y at section II inlet. r?pc)l= 0,63 = qpol,GI.I (step 6)
m = ml = 0,18413 (step 8)
I Symbols
I Inlet
(l,ll,Te) I Discharge
(2,11,Te) I T2,Te = 382,72 K (step 10)
lx I 0,1805 I 0,3139 I lzz,Te -Z1rTel=0,02827 >0,01 (step 12)
I-Y] 1,05788 I l,m882 I The calculation continues with step 14, ending at step 22.
K 1,0955 1,0600
mTe = 0,18684 (step 19)
Y=KY 1,1580 1,1521
lt?rTa
- ml = 0,01548> f),ol (step 20)
F.6.6.2.2.3 Thepressureratiop21pj being 3,301 = (@Pl)Gu# The above calculation is then repeated, assuming that
from table 2, the derivate compressibility factors X and Y m = mTe~
preclude the use of perfect gas equations.
T2,Te = 385,52 K
153
.
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
As for section 1,the calculation has to follow steps 30 40 of the flow chart in figure D.7. Here again, A Vr,X,tOlwill be chosen at both
the inner and the outer tolerance limits.
&_31
The results are
A Vr,x,tOl
.. I + 0,01 + 0,025 -0,01 -0,025
[
V,,2 1,01 1,075 0,99 0,975 (step 30)
()
Px
PI Ex I 0,553 0,0624 5,071 19,58 Lstep31)
The answer to step 32 being no in all cases, the calculation continues (to ste~ 41 I with step 27:
(step 28)
- (~),e-(~) ~: ~: ~: :
(step 28)
b F)T.-E) 001 es 0 0 0
Except for A Vr,x,td = + 0,01, the above calculation shall be repeated, assuming that
~=~
PI () PI Te
m=ml 0,164
? 0,1841 0,1841
T2,~e(in kelvins) 384,03 381,11 388,63
.,
154
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
For the second approximation, with m = mTe,#the followin9 In order to stay within the inner tolerance limit, the following
results are obtained: minimal inlet temperature to section I would be necessary:
,...
A Vr,x,td I + 0,01+ 0,025 -0,01 0,025 I Tt,l,T~ = 303,2 x
()
0,9217
~
,
2=W2K
, (
f ~z,~e(in kelvins) I - 366,58 384,12 383,07 I
This is a considerable increase and the corresponding higher
discharge temperature of section I might render it impossible to
I I%h- %Tel ,I - >0,01 >0,01 >0,01 I keep the inlet temperature to section II at the chosen level
I mTe 0,1700 0,1702 0,1704 (because of the intercooler capacity).
InTe - n~ul
Px
>0,002
0,0144
in all cases
5,917 28,087
l,t,Te = a#2 x
()
0,9142
~
,
2 = ~113K
In order to provide for a safety margin, the same test gas inlet
()PI Ex
temperature will be used for both compressor sections, i.e.
I M,td I - 1,0075 0,8865 0,9W5 I
Tt,l,l,Te
= 3152 K = Tt,l,ll,Te
(p2Jpl)Te 3,370 3,233 3,177
I I
()()
PJ
PI Te -G
P2
0,008 0,005 0,006
<0,01 <0,01 <0,01
F.6.6.2.2.6
A Vr,x,to[
Determination of the settings must now be
repeated for section 1, but only at the outer tolerance limit
= + 0,025
The answer to step 28 being yes, we can now calculate the With the increased test gas inlet temperature, the correction of
test speed. the input list for the flow chart in figure D.7 is obtained as
follows.
~l,l,T.g = 1,11666
A vr,,y,t~ + 0,01 + 0,025 0,01 0,025
Additional values:
N,,td,ll 0,8881 1,0075 0,8885 0,8805
zl,Te = 0,8871
l(-) I
NTe
0,8306 0,8384 0,9217 0,9142
NGU II I Xl,Te = 0,05314
Y,,Te = 1,01814
Comparison with the test speeds found for section I shows that
there exieta no common test speed for both sections, for the From the flow chart in figure D.7, the following is valid:
test gas inlet temperature chosen.
rlwl = 0,63
Assuming that N,,td and the compressibility factor Z1 remain T2,Te = 376,10 K
unchanged, the test apeed varies with the square root of the
absolute gas inlet temperature, i.e. lz2,Te - ZI,T81 = 0,0122>0,01
NTe 2
T1-
()
G. lmTe -ml = 0,01, not <0,01 as required
155
-L
IS 14641:1999 . -d
ISO 5389:1992
Theabove calculation isthenrepeated within = mTe: With comparison of the Reynolds numbet for the test and
specified conditions still to be performed, the speed chosen is
T2,~e = 371,48 K
mT~ = 0,13403
!XE =0925
NGU
[m~e-ml = 0,00083<0,01
Te = 10175 r/rein
nTe = 1,13661
This test speed lies within the outer tolerance limit for section I
in~e - %ul = 0,02252>0,002 and within the inner tolerance limit for section Il.
Additional values:
F.6.7 Test results
2,Te = 0,0835
cp2,Te = 2077,6 J/(kg. C) The test results are shown in table F.60.
Comparison with F.6.6.2.1.4 shows that here too the test gas
must be considered as a real gas. F.6.7.1.2 Evaluation of test results
We now continue with steps 30 and 31 of the flow chart: Following clause 8, in particular 8.2.3 .3,8.2.3.4 and figure D.9,
the next steps will be
I
According to 8.1.3 the following approximation can be used:
3,447 3,442
Pt
=l+; Mtf
P
0,014 0,008
~)Te-(?)
> 0,01 <0,01 where
A Vr,x,td had to be chosen somewhat smaller than the outer Gas constant: RTe = 201,36 J/(kg. C)
tolerance limit, i.e. + 0,0237 instead of + 0,025.
Flange size: D = 0,4 m
The test speed now becomes
A = 0,126mz
NTe
-G. I o=4zniiEz=-l Since the measured pressures and temperatures are not very
dtierent from the conditions assumed for the determination of
the settings (1, 1 bar; 315,2 K), the compressibility factor Z1
and ieentropic exponent K1 shall be taken in accordance with
F.6.6.2.3 Choiceof testspeed F.6.6.2.2.6 :
Comparison with the requirements for section II shows that it is z, = 0,8671 = z,,,,Te
now possible to choose a common test speed for both com-
pressor sections. K1 = 1,11666 = Kl,l,T@
156
.-.LL
.
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
Numerical value
Designation Symbol Unit
Massflow (usable) 7
in accordancewith ISO 5167-1 qm,ut,Ta 3,9388 4,02s 1 4,0828 4,1533 kgls
m
Inlet and discharge conditions
Numerical valua
Symbol Unit
Teat No. 1 Teat No. 2 Teat No. 3 Taat No. 4
b
Numarical value
Symbol Unit
last No. 1 Tast No. 2 Test No. 3 Test No. 4
K=l,Wl S= K21Te
,, CP
= cp,Te (see figures F.16 and F.17).
A subsequent check will ahow whether this simplification is All the above values shall be determined for inlet and discharge
admissible. conditions.
157
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
Numerical value
Designation Symbol Unit
Test No. 1 Tast No. 2 Test No. 3 Test No. 4
CP
1796,0 1797,0 1788,0 1788,5 J/(kg. C)
With the data from table F.83, the exact value of the iserttropicexponent can now be calculated, according to Schultzs formula (see
table F.64):
K =
Y- :(1 +W
Numerical
value
Symbol Unit
Test No. 1 Test No. 2 Test No. 3 Test No. 4
~l,l,T@ 1,1185 1,1185 1,1184 1,1182
158
..ti
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
-,
It is now possible to check the calculation of absolute pressure F.6.7.1.8 Calculation according to figure D.9
made in F.6.7. 1.3 and F,6.7.1 .4, notably for discharge con-
-e ditions. The calculation continues with the computation of the test - ,<.
values to be converted to specified conditions in accordance
The ratiopt/p being small, considerably below 1,06, no relevant with figure D.9 (Schultzs method of polytropic analysis).
numerical difference can be found. The above total pressures [
These values are
and the compressibilityfunctions in table F.63 will therefore be
used in the following. a) the inlet VOIUrnf3triCflow q r/,t,l,Tegiven by
Y, + Y2
Y~= ~
m0Te=~z1RT[(3 [(3 n - IT.
c) the specific heat f) the polytropic efficiency q@,Te given by
Cpl + cp2
RZ~
CPM = Vpol,Te =
2 rncPM RZMX~ T,
( )
The input values calculated are given in table F.65. The calculation results are given in table F.66.
hlumericei velue
Symbol Unit
Test No. 1 Test No. 2 Test No. 3 Test No. 4
Numarical value
Designation Symbol Unit
I
Test No. 1 Test No. 2 Test No. 3 Test No. 4
159
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
The usable mass flow, compressor speed and gas constant are A Vr,x,tOl + 0,01 0,01
the same as for section 1 (see table F.80). Tt,2 (in kelvins) 385,52 384,12
Computation of the test results shall follow the same pattern as Z2 0,92099 0,92190
for section 1. In the following subclauses therefore, only the
i K2 I 1,0599 1,08231 I
results are given.
F.6.7.2.2 Calculationof total discharge pressure (see table which gives the mean values
F.68)
Z2 = 0,9214
Flange size: D = 0,2 m
A=0,0314m2 K2 = 1,0611
Numerical velue
Designation Symbol Unit
Test No. 1 Test No. 2 Test No. 3 Test No. 4
Numerical value
Symbol Unit
Teat No. 1 Teat No. 2 Test No. 3 Test No. 4
Mat 0,0226 0,0255 0,02s4 0,0356
160
--A.
...
IS 14641:1999 .
ISO 5389:1992
F.6.7.2.3 Calculation
results
. TableF.69 showa the calculation results for reduced pressures and temperatures, compressibility factors, compressibilityfunctions ~
and Y, and specific heat.
The calculation of the iaentropic exponent at discharge conditions resulting from the date given above gives the results shown in
table F.70.
Here again, the recalculation of total discharge pressure using the abova exact valuea of 22 and K2 showa no significant corrections,
as the ratio pt,2/p2 is low. The above total pressures and compressibility functions will therefore be used in the following.
Numerical value
Symbol Unit
Test No. 1 Test No. 2 Test No. 3 Teet No. 4
l,,tij
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
F.6.7.3 Conversion toguarantea conditions is the internal leakage loss in cubic metres per second, with
Qt,l,Guin kilograms per cubic metre.
F.6.7.3. I General -,
The results for compressor sections I and II shall be converted (There is no noticeable external leakage loss because of oil
seals. )
to guarantee conditions separately, in accordance with
figure D.9.
This formula is baaed on the agreement made before the teat
The input values for figure D.9 are given in table F.71 and the and raquires the of the converted discharge
knowledge
calculation raaults aregiven intable F.72. pressure of section II. As the two sections will be converted
separately, a problem arises for section 1. The difficulty can be
Performance curves are then to be plottad for each section
overcome by adding the loss to the total compressor power
separately and the steepness of the pressure-volume curves as
after combination of the performance curves of both sections.
defined in this International Standard shall be checked. (The
curves are assumed to be steep. )
As a consequence, the following modified conversion formulae
The converted performance curves of sections I and II will then for internal compressor power will be used and plotted for use
be combined to give the performance curve of the compressor. according to figure D. 11 (combined performance of both com-
pressor sections).
This combination follows figure D. 11 inasmuch as it is ap-
plicable to real gases and Schultzs polytropic analysis.
a) Compressor section:
(
in,Co = p, co _ (pin,l,c~ + Pin f\,cJ , + 0,5 ~ p~,z,ll,co
~pol,Te ( qv,t,l,co ) m, -
, + qV,t,l,L,Co qln,ut,co t,2,11,Gu)
where
qv,t,l,co
( )
0,5 ~ Pt,2,11,co
fiqv,t,l,L,co=
@t,l,Gu Pt,2,11,Gu where qm,ut,cois expressed in kilograms per second.
Numericel velue
Symbol
Test No. 1 Unit
Test No. 2 last No. 3 Test No. 4
M,ll,Te 0,8306 0,9353 0,9399 0,9460
M,ll,Te 0,2811 0,2608 0,2378 0,2062
M,ll,Te 1,0810 1,0781 1,0700 1,0638
cpM,ll, Te 2060,1 2043,9 2026,9 2 IXM,8 J/(kg. C)
Numerical veiue
Symbol
Test No. 1 Test No. 2 Unit
last No. 3
I I Test No. 4
162
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
The calculation results are given in table F.73 and are plotted in figure F.19
tld+-)l,co
f?V,t,l,l,Gu = W5 rn3/s
(Pt,2/Pt,l)l,u = 3,433
[Qtll~;:~:lllGu=a2
The pressure-volume curve is steep.
Input data for figure D.9 corresponding to specified conditions are given in F.6,6.2.2.4
Pt,l,ll,Gu 10,3 x IN
= 14,78 kglms
tlllGu = RGuZt ,,,
, II GUTt , II u = 238,86X
,,, 0,9175X 318,2
The calculation results are given in table F.74 and are plotted in figure F.20.
tGu+*),Lcoco
163
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
ValIJes
corresponding
to the specifiedpointareas follows:
~P,t,l,lI,Gu = Q~65m3/s
@t,2/~t,~)ll,Gu = 3,301
Pi
= 97,68 kW. m3/kg
f.iqv,t,l,L
al 1 +
qv,t,l II,Gu
[(i
The test results therefore confirm the assumption made when determining the settings.
F.6.7.4.1 General
For a chosen value of converted inlet volume flow of section 1,the combination of the performance curves of both sections is carried
out as described below.
F.6.7.4.2 Section I
F.6.7.4.2.2 Read (pt,2/pt,l)l,c0 from the performance curve in figure F.19 and
r Pin
1
l@tl~+*)Jl,co
F.6.7.4.2.3 Calculate
()
Pin
~ + Aq~t,l,L
qv,t,l Lco
and
Pt,l,l
&?t,l,l,Co = @t,l,l,Gu =
[1(.z#7t,l)l Gu
F.6.7.4.3 SectionII
F.6.7.4.3.I Calculate
the inletvolumeflow
1 (Z,lwtr,)ll
flv,t,l,ll,co = qv,t,l,l,co
(Pt,2/Pt,l)I,Co [1 (Zl R Tt,l)I @
F.6.7.4.3.2 Read (pt,2/pt,l)ll,co from the performance curve in figure F.20 and
Pi.
164
[( )1
Qt,l
Aq},t,l,L
1 + ~
,, 11,
co
IS 14641:1999 &
ISO 5389:1992
.s
\
310
3
305
p-
1
2
I I
300
295
290
I Steetmess
#
m A(ji2iq )Q9K1 0,2782,511
1
3,7 A q~dP2
/P1 ) 0,10.3,433
1
= 2,033>1
KT
3,6 d
<1
2
(P2@t,I,co 3,5
3,4,
i
3,3
I
3,2 I
lln I I I I
2,35 2,40 2,45 2,50 2,55 2,60
m3/s
qvtj,l,co
L
Specified points O Test points
99
.5?
>
E
98
L
2~ u i d
4
3
k ,
97
[( )1
Pin
96
qVtl, L
9~, I+*
Kt,l l,CO
95
94
1= I I Steepness
I
\
3 b
I
3,0
I
E I
2,8 L I
i 4
2,6 L I
0,62 0,64 0,66 0,68 0,70 0,72 0,74 0,76
~v,tJ,II, com3/s
F.6.7.4.3.3 Calculate
b) discharge pressure
21cO=ptGux(~),co
x(~)lc0
c) internal power
Pifl,~O =
[(l+-)c:(l+-).Jxi+*)cO
where
.
0,5 Pt,2,11,co
~V,t,l,L,l,Co ~1 , , ~u x
,,, Pt,2,11,Gu
is in cubic metres per second, and &t,l,l,@ is in kilograms Per cubic metre;
Pe,co = (pin,co
+ Pf,~l,Gu) X &
where
~f,Oil,@ = 58 kW
F.6.7.4.5 N~rnerical
results
NOTE The following point numbers bear no relation to the test numbers used previous!v.,
(Z+?
..
rt,l)ll= 0,9175 X 236,66 X 318,2 = o WI ~
u
~, ZIRTt, i)l GU 0,9753 X 238,66 X 311,2
Pt,l,l,Gu
= 4,3056 kglms
(i?@~t,l)ll,Gu
167
, ,@
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
F.6.7.5 Test uncertainty specified point. The polytropic compression work was taken
from a plot against converted inlet volume flow:
F.6.7.5.1 Resulting test uncertainty
w.m,pol,l,co = 101050 J/kg
The additional tolerance Twj is found in accordance with the
graph shown in figure D.2.
wrn,poi,ll,co = 94 ~ J/kg
Section I
Z Wm,Wl,co = 101050 + 94 OiM = 195050 J/kg
A V&o, = 0,025
The test uncertainty in the internal power of a compressor sec-
?Aj=l%
tion was estimatad as the result of the uncertainties in usable
Section II mess flow and in the gas temperature difference between
outlet and inlet, again for the conditions of point 2.
A Vr,tOl= 0,01
The uncertainty in the combined internal power was calculated
~~~i= O
for the conditions of point 2
The resulting test uncerteintias were calculated separately for
both compressor sections and then combined in accordance Pin,l,co = 1,0535X 1256,2 = 1325,5 kW
with 9.2.7.
Pin,ll,co = lt~ 5 X 1 W,5 = 157,6 kW
The uncertainty in the combined pressure ratio was calculated
for the conditions of point 2, which are closest to those of the Zpin,co = 1 325,5+ 1577,6 = 2903,1 kW
168
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
Numerical value
Designation Symbol
Section I Comments Section II Comments
2,1 % 2,1 See ISO 5167-1
Uncertainty in volumetric r
q,,, .Te
Yo
flow at inlet
N,Te 0,1 % 0,1 %
adj 1% o
with z = 2
adj 1% o
comb, p2/pl,Co (1+0,2) 2,02 x*+ 2,08 x* =2%% For point2 conditions,
( )
SW 9.2.8.2
with z = 2
Uncertainty in power 7Pin,Te 4% 4% (Estimated)
at coupling
adj 1% o
169
IS 14641:1999
ISO 5389:1992
3400
3
x.
0
J- 3200
3000
2800
~;
L 40
2
2. 1
j 38 .
36
34
32
30 1
28
9,6 9,8 10,0 10,2 10,4 10,6 10,8
q~u,,,,k9/s
,,
Annex G
(informative)
Bibliography
[41 BENEDICT, R. P. and MURDOCH, S. W. Steady state ther- [201 PFEIFFENBERGER, V. and MANOHAR, P. Thermophysik-
mal analysis of a thermometer well. J. Eng. Povww, July aiische Eigenschaften von K51termtteln, Fortachritts-
1963, p. 235. berichte der VD1-Zeitachriften, Reihe 6, Nr. 82, 1981.
[51 STARLING, K. E. Fluid thermodynamic propettit?s for light 1211 KWemeschinenregeln, Auflage 7, C.F. Miller, Karls-
petroleum systems. Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, ruhe, 1881.
Texas, 1973.
[221 Circular No. 142, National Bureau of Standards.
[61 REID, R.C., PRAUSNWZ,J.M. and SHERWOOD,T.K.
fioperties of Gases and Liquids. 3rd edition, McGraw [231 HAAR, L. and GALLAGHER, J .S. Thermodynamic proper-
Hill, New York, 1977. ties of ammonia, J. Phys. Chem. Ref Data, Z No. 3,
1978, pp. 635-782.
[7] PITZER, K.S. et al. J. Amer. Chem. Sot. 77, 1853,
pp. 3433-3440. [241 EDMISTER, W.C. Applied Hydrocarbon Thermodynamics.
GuJfPublishing Co., Volume 1, 2nd edition, 1884.
[81 NELSON,L.C. and OBERT,E.F. Generalized Properties of
Gases. Trans. ASME, 76, 1954,P. 1057. [251 Report 44, A. P.I., American Petroleum Institute.
[91 Technical Data Book for I%troleum Refining, A. P. I., [261 GOOOWIN, R.D. The thermophyaicel properties of
American Petroleum Institute, 1971. methane from W to 500 K at pressuresto 700 bar. NBS
Technical Nota 653 Cryogenics Division. NBS, Boulder,
[101 EOMISTER,W.C. Applied Hydrocarbon Thermodynamics. Colorado. April 1974.
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172
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