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64 different codon
combinations
Redundancy: 1+
codons code for each Concept 17.2:
of 20 AAs Transcription is the DNA-directed
Reading frame: groups synthesis of RNA
of 3 must be read in
correct groupings
This code is universal:
all life forms use the
same code.
Transcription 1. Initiation
Transcription unit: stretch of DNA that codes for a
polypeptide or RNA (eg. tRNA, rRNA) Bacteria: RNA
polymerase binds
directly to promoter
RNA polymerase:
in DNA
Separates DNA strands and transcribes mRNA
mRNA elongates in 5 3 direction
Uracil (U) replaces thymine (T) when pairing to
adenine (A)
Attaches to promoter (start of gene) and stops at
terminator (end of gene)
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1. Initiation 2. Elongation
Eukaryotes:
TATA box = DNA
sequence (TATAAAA)
upstream from
promoter
Transcription RNA polymerase
factors must adds RNA nucleotides
recognize TATA box to the 3 end of the
before RNA growing chain (A-U, G-
polymerase can C)
bind to DNA
promoter
2. Elongation 3. Termination
RNA polymerase
transcribes a terminator
sequence in DNA, then
As RNA polymerase mRNA and polymerase
moves, it untwists DNA, detach.
then rewinds it after
mRNA is made It is now called pre-mRNA
for eukaryotes.
Flow of Genetic
Information in
Prokaryotes vs.
Eukaryotes
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SMtWvDbfHLo
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Additions to pre-mRNA:
5 cap (modified guanine) and 3 poly-A tail (50-
520 As) are added
Concept 17.3:
Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after
transcription
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tRNA Ribosomes
Aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase: Ribosome = rRNA + proteins
enzyme that binds tRNA to made in nucleolus
specific amino acid 2 subunits
Translation:
Ribosomes 1. Initiation
Active sites:
A site: holds AA to be added
P site: holds growing polypeptide
chain
E site: exit site for tRNA
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2. Elongation 2. Elongation
Codon recognition:
tRNA anticodon
matches codon in A
site
2. Elongation 2. Elongation
Translocation: tRNA
in A site moves to
Peptide bond
P site; tRNA in P
formation: AA in A
site moves to E site
site forms bond with
(then exits)
peptide in P site
2. Elongation
3.Termination
Repeat over Stop codon reached and translation stops
and over Release factor binds to stop codon; polypeptide is
released
Ribosomal subunits dissociate
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Symptoms
Anemia Caused by a
Pain genetic defect
Frequent infections
Delayed growth Carried by 5% of
Stroke humans
Pulmonary hypertension
Organ damage Carried by up to
Blindness 25% in some
Jaundice regions of Africa
gallstones
Life expectancy
42 in males 48 in females
Comparison:
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
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Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Transcription and translation Transcription in nucleus;
both in cytoplasm translation in cytoplasm
DNA/RNA in cytoplasm DNA in nucleus, RNA
RNA poly binds directly to travels in/out nucleus
promoter RNA poly binds to TATA
Transcription makes mRNA box & transcription factors
(not processed) Transcription makes pre-
No introns mRNA RNA processing
final mRNA
Exons, introns (cut out)
A Summary
of Protein
Synthesis
(p. 348)
Most current
definition for a
gene: A region of
DNA whose final
product is either a
polypeptide or an
RNA molecule
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