Analysis of Bio Medical Waste Rule, 1998

Project submitted to:

Mrs.Stuti Binay Nanda

(Faculty of Environmental Law)

Project submitted by:

Sakshi Dhruw

Semester IV, Roll No. 136

Section B

15.02.17

HIDAYATULLAH NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY

RAIPUR, C.G.
 DECLARATION

I, Sakshi Dhruw hereby declare that the project work entitled Analysis of Bio
Medical Waste Rule 1998 , submitted to the HNLU Raipur, is a record of an original work done
by me under the guidance of Mrs.Stuti Binay Nanda , Faculty of Environmental Law a n d
this project has been submitted for the partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of BA-LLB. The results embodied in this thesis have
not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I feel highly elated to work on the topic Analysis of Bio Medical Waste Rule 1998.

No creation in this world is a sole effort, nor is this work of mine. The practical realization of this
project has obligated the assistance of many persons. First of all I want to thank my faculty
teacher Mrs.Stuti Binay Nanda for his invaluable suggestions and guidance. It would have not
been possible for me to frame this project of mine without his support.

I would like to thank my family and friends without whose support and encouragement, this
project would not have been a reality.

I take this opportunity to also thank the University and the Vice Chancellor for providing
extensive database resources in the Library and through Internet. Some typing errors might have
crept in, which are deeply regretted. I would be grateful to receive comments and suggestions to
further improve this project report.

Sakshi Dhruw

Semester IV
 CONTENTS

Declaration.....................................................................................................2

Acknowledgement.........................................................................................3

Introduction..................................................................................................5

Objectives.....................................................................................................6

Scope ............................................................................................................7

Research Methodology..................................................................................8

Indian Women Down the Ages....................................................................9

Vedic Women...............................................................................................9

Age of Dharma Sastras..................................................................................12

Buddhist Interlude........................................................................................13

Time of Stagnation.........................................................................................17

Position of Women During Bhakti Movement..............................................18

Medieval Period..............................................................................................19

Conclusion ...................................................................................................23

References.....................................................................................................24

Introduction
Bio-medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998 were notified by the Ministry of
Environment & Forests (MoEF) under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. In exercise of the
powers conferred by Section 6, 8 and 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986),
and in supersession of the Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 and
further amendments made thereof, the Central Government vide G.S.R. 343(E) dated 28 th
March, 2016 published the Bio-medical Waste Management Rules, 2016. These rules apply to all
persons who generate, collect, receive, store, transport, treat, dispose, or handle bio medical
waste in any form including hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, dispensaries, veterinary
institutions, animal houses, pathological laboratories, blood banks, ayush hospitals, clinical
establishments, research or educational institutions, health camps, medical or surgical camps,
vaccination camps, blood donation camps, first aid rooms of schools, forensic laboratories and
research labs.

The prescribed authority for enforcement of the provisions of these rules in respect of all the
health care facilities located in any State/Union Territory is the respective State Pollution Control
Board (SPCB)/ Pollution Control Committee (PCC) and in case of health care establishments of
the Armed Forces under the Ministry of Defence shall be the Director General, Armed Forces
Medical Services (DGAFMS). These rules stipulate duties of the Occupier or Operator of a
Common Bio-medical Waste Treatment Facility as well as the identified authorities. According
to these rules, every occupier or operator handling bio-medical waste, irrespective of the quantity
is required to obtain authorisation from the respective prescribed authority i.e. State Pollution
Control Board and Pollution Control Committee, as the case may be. These rules consist of four
schedules and five forms.

OBJECTIVE
 The main objective of this project research is to understand the concept of Bio Medical Waste
Rule, 1998

The other secondary objectives are-

1. To understand its significance.

2. To examine this rule.
3. To do a comparative study of this rule and its further amended rules.

SCOPE

This project work covers the entire theory of the Bio Medical Waste Rule, 1998 and its features
and loopholes.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This Research Project is descriptive in nature. Accumulation of the information on the topic include wide
use of secondary sources like books, e-articles etc. The matter from these sources have been compiled and
analysed to understand the concept from the grass root level.

Websites, dictionaries and articles have also been referred.

The structure of the project, as instructed by the Faculty of Environmental Law has been adhered to and
the same has been helpful in giving the project a fine finish off.

Chapter1
Analysis of the Bio Medical Waste Rule, 1998
The Central Government, to perform its functions effectively as contemplated under sections 6,
8, and 25 of the Environment Protection Act, 1986, and has made various Rules, Notifications
and Orders including the Bio-medical wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998.

Bio-medical waste means any waste, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or
immunization of human beings or animals or in research activities or in the production or testing
of biologicals.

Biologicals means any preparation made from organisms or from microorganisms or product of
metabolism and bio-chemical reaction intended for use in the diagnosis, immunization or the
treatment of human being or animals or in research activities.

The Bio-medical waste (Management & Handling Rules), 1998 is applicable to all persons, who
generate, collect, receive, store, transport, treat, dispose or handle bio-medical waste in any form.
The occupier of an institution generating bio-medical waste is required to take all steps to ensure
that such waste is handled without any adverse effect or human health and the environment.

Occupier in relation to any institution generating bio-medical waste, which includes the hospital,
nursing home, dispensary, clinic, veterinary institution, animal house, pathological laboratory,
blood bank, means a person who has control over that institution or its premises.

Every occupier shall set up bio-medical waste treatment facilities like incinerator, autoclave
and microwave system to treat and dispose such waste.

For human anatomical waste (human tissues, organs, body parts) the recommended
treatment is incineration or deep burial.

Wastes such as needles, syringes, scalpels, blades, glass, etc., are required to undergo
chemical treatment, autoclaving or shredding.

Solid waste items contaminated with blood and body fluids including cotton, dressing,
soiled plaster casts, bedding and other materials are to be treated by incineration,
autoclaving or microwaving.
 Solid wastes generated from disposable items such as tubes, catheters, intravenous sets
are to be disinfected by chemical treatment or microwaving mutilation or shredding.

Bio-medical waste shall not be mixed with other wastes and shall be segregated into containers
or bags of different colours like yellow, red, blue and black depending upon the type of waste.
The untreated bio-medical waste should not be stored in the premises beyond a period of 48
hours and shall be transported only in such vehicles authorized for the purpose by the
Government.

Prescribed Authority

The prescribed authority for the enforcement of these provisions of these rules shall be
the State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) in respect of States and the Pollution Control
Committees (PCC) in respect of the union territories and all pending cases with the
prescribed authority appointed earlier shall stand transferred to the concerned State
Pollution Control Board, or as the case may be, PCCs.

a) The prescribed authority for enforcement of the provisions of these rules in respect of
all health care establishments including hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, dispensaries,
veterinary institutions, animal houses, pathological laboratories and blood banks of the
armed forces under the Ministry of Defence shall be the Director General Armed Forces
Medical Services.

The prescribed authority for the State or Union Territory shall be appointed within one
month of the coming into force of these rules.

The prescribed authority shall function under the supervision and control of the respected
Governments of the State or the Union Territory.

An authorization shall be granted for a period of three years, including an initial trial
period of one year fro the date of issue. Thereafter, an application shall be made by the
occupier / operator for renewal. All such subsequent authorization shall be granted for a
period of three years.
 The prescribed authority shall dispose off every application for authorization within
ninety days from the date of receipt of the application.

Advisory Committee
The Government of every State / Union territory shall constitute an advisory committee. The
committee will include experts in the field of medical and health, animal husbandry and
veterinary sciences and other such related department / organization including NGOs.

Appeal
Any person aggrieved by an order made by the prescribed authority under these rules may,
within thirty days from the date on which the order is communicated to him, prefer an appeal to
such authority as the State Government / Union Territory may think fit to constitute.

Common Disposal Incineration Sites.

The municipal Corporations, Municipal Boards or urban local bodies, as the case may be shall be
responsible for providing suitable common disposal / incineration site for the bio-medical waste
generated in the area under the jurisdictions and in areas outside the jurisdiction of any municipal
body, it shall be the responsibility of the occupier generating waste / operator of a waste
treatment facility to arrange for a suitable site individual or in association so as to comply with
the provisions of these rules.

The environmental considerations must form an integral part of all development and be
supplemented by mechanisms to see that environmental safeguards proposed are actually
implemented together with systematic monitoring to assess the effectiveness of such precautions
in protecting the environment.
 A Comparitive study

1998 v. 2011

The new Rules of 2011 on Bio medical waste are elaborate, stringent and several
new provisions have been added in it. The Rules are not applicable for the
radioactive waste, hazardous waste, municipal solid waste and battery waste which
would be dealt under the respective rules.

One of the features of the new rules is that now every occupier, operator regardless of the
number of patients being serviced has to seek prior authorization from the prescribed authority
which is the State Pollution Control Board for States and Pollution Control Committee for Union
Territories. Earlier hospitals serving thousand or more patients only required to obtain
authorization from the concerned authorities. The present Rules also specifies that irrespective of
the quantum of wastes generated, every occupier such as from the hospitals, nursing homes,
clinics, dispensaries, veterinary institutions, animal houses, pathological laboratories and blood
banks generating, collecting, receiving, storing, transporting, disposing or handling bio medical
wastes needs to obtain authorization from the prescribed authority. Such a change has been
proposed because earlier hospitals did not give a clear picture of the number of patients being
served and thus evaded authorization and were exempted from treating their wastes. It was also
difficult to ascertain the number of patients being treated in any hospital says J C Babu,
Scientist at Hazardous Waste Management Division of Central Pollution Control Board.
However given the fact that there are a large number of HCEs and other medical facilities
operating in every nook and corner of cities, towns and villages it is very difficult for the
regulatory bodies to keep a tab on their activities. Also considering the capacity of regulators, it
is more likely to remain a paper work. Dr Amandeep Agarwal of Indian Medical Association
(Sangrur), questions how is it justified to make hospitals and owner of the facility liable for all
the damages caused due to improper handling of wastes, since hospitals dispose their waste
through government licensed treatment facilities? He further claims that most untreated Bio
Medical Waste is generated by quacks, pharmacists doing open practice at chemist shops. Rules
should take into account everyone engaged in the business. One way it can be done is that every
medical practitioner must be listed with their local regulatory/monitoring bodies. Rules should
also add a clause on the same so that every medical facility and practitioner comes under the
ambit of the law.

The new Rules have incorporated State Ministry of Health for grant of license to HCEs after they
get authorization from the SPCBs. The new Rules have bridged the gap since earlier the HCEs
only required to obtain license from State Ministry of Health and carried out their functions but
now they have to obtain prior authorization before commencing their activities. SPCBs would
make sure that the HCEs have the necessary capacity and adequate equipments and then grant
them the authorization or renew their authorization.

Occupier and Operators duties flagged

Duties of the occupier have been elaborated in the present Rules. Proper training has to be
imparted by the occupier to the health care workers engaged in handling BMW. The training for
staff involved in the hospital waste management involves a number of parameters. The Rules
merely mention proper training but there are no details as such on what kind of training should
be imparted to the health care workers. A set of guidelines or regulations needs to be drafted by
the HCEs in consultation with health and safety experts as a part of training module. There
should also be a benchmark for training imparted to health care workers of both the HCEs and
Common Treatment Facility (CTF) which would facilitate entry of people of right competence in
BMW management. Such guidelines are missing from the rules.

Apart from the duties of the occupier the present rules have also listed duties for the operators of
common BMW treatment facility. The operators now have to ensure that the BMW is collected
from all the HCEs and is transported, handled, stored, treated and disposed in an environmentally
sound manner. The operators also have to inform the prescribed authority if any HCEs are not
handing the segregated BMW as per the guidelines prescribed in the rules.

Accident reporting a must

Accidents that take place during the management of wastes have been defined in the new Rules.
Accidents like injuries from sharps, mercury spills and fire hazards now have to be reported in
Form III along with the remedial action taken. The Rules have also made mandatory for all the
HCEs with 30 or more beds to set up a cell or unit to deal with the BMW management. The cell
has to meet every six months and minutes of the meeting have to be submitted along with the
Annual Report to the prescribed authority. The move to set up a cell for BMW handling and
making them meet every six months and reporting was initiated since most of the hospitals in
various states did not had a separate unit to deal with such wastes says Babu of CPCB

Mandatory treatment and disposal

The new Rules have made the treatment and disposal of Bio Medical wastes mandatory for all
the institutions generating them. The Rules clearly mention that every occupier should set up
adequate treatment facilities like autoclave/microwave/incinerator/hydroclave, shredder prior to
commencement of its operation or ensure that the wastes are treated at a common bio medical
waste treatment facility or an authorized waste treatment facility. Another conspicuous feature of
the rule is the clause on promotion of new technologies. The rules state that if an occupier or
operator intends to install new technologies for treatment and disposal of wastes, they can
approach the Central Government or Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for prior approval.
The concerned authorities after considering the suitability and feasibility may grant approval to
the proposed technology. The previous Rules had made mandatory for all the occupiers to set up
requisite BMW treatment facilities like incinerator, autoclave, microwave and shredder within its
premises. However, the new Rules have omitted incinerator as one of the pre requisites for on-
site treatment of BMW. The omission is owing to the various environmental impacts of
incineration. The new Rules say that the occupier having 500 or more beds may install
incinerator subject to compliance of all the guidelines. However studies in the past have shown
that even the state of the art incinerators leads to some emission of toxic gases. It is also
observed that incinerators in India are not operated at right temperatures and without the
requisite air pollution control measures. Thus there should be certain mechanisms to allow the
use of incinerators for disposing BMW. Incinerators can be allowed for a cluster of hospitals or
positioned in major part of cities so that HCEs can transport their waste to them instead of
having one.

Deep burial for disposal of BMW has also been removed from the Rules. The Rules says it can
be an option only in rural areas with no access to CTF with prior approval from the prescribed
authority. However it is not mentioned in the rules as to what kind of wastes can be deep buried.
Hospitals generate a lot of wastes which are hazardous and in the absence of CTF deep burial
certainly could not be an option. Rules needs to be clearer and list what kind of wastes can be
buried.

New rules have included a clause saying that the occupier or operators now have to monitor the
stack emissions from incinerator quarterly as per the norms specified and the results have to be
recorded and submitted to the prescribed authority. Reporting the results of emissions would help
operators and occupiers to achieve compliance and strive for further improvement in the
operation of incinerator.

Mandatory treatment and disposal of BMW would require more treatment and disposal facilities
in the country. There are states like Jharkhand where there is no CTF till date and some states
like Manipur where there is only one CTF in the entire state. Rules should push towards setting
up of more treatment facilities for BMW. Currently only 168 CTF caters to the need of more than
95,000 hospitals in the country says Ragini Kumari of Toxics Link.

Ambiguities cleared
The Bio Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1998 contained ten categories of
wastes which have been reduced in the present rules to eight. The 2011 Rules have discarded
Category No. 8 (containing liquid waste generated from laboratory, cleaning, washing and
disinfection activities) and Category No. 9 (containing incineration ash). However, laboratory
wastes listed in Category 8 has been included in the present Category 3. The current rules have
also cleared the confusion over the colour coding of the containers used for disposal of BMW.
The Schedule II of the 1998 Rules creates a confusion regarding the disposal of Category 3 and
Category 6 wastes which could either be disposed in yellow or red coloured bags. Similarly,
Category 7 wastes could also be disposed in red or blue bags. The present Rules have thus
clarified the ambiguity and allotted one colour code to each category of waste.

1998 v. 2016

The Ministry of Environment and Forests new Biomedical Waste Management Rules 2016 will
change the way the country used to manage biomedical waste and make a big difference to the
Clean India Mission, Union Minister of State for Environment, Forests and Climate Change,
Prakash Javadekar, said, while releasing the rules recently.

"Under the new regime, coverage has increased and (it) also provides for pre-treatment of lab
waste, blood samples, etc. It mandates bar code system for proper control. It has simplified
categorisation and authorization, Javadekar added.

To understand how the new rules are an improvement over the draft 2011 rules, we must know
the broad system that deals with biomedical waste. Health care facilities (HCFs) must segregate
biomedical waste (the wastes involved in diagnosis, treatment and immunisation such as human
and animal anatomical waste, treatment apparatus such as needles and syringes and cytotoxic
drugs) at the individual level in colored bagsyellow, red, blue/white and black according to the
category of the biomedical waste. They can store this waste for up to 48 hours after which they
either treat it in-situ or a worker from a common biomedical waste treatment facility (CBMWF)
comes to collect it. The CMBWF then treats the waste according to the colour of the bag.
Different colours call for different types of treatmentsincineration, deep burial, autoclaving,
shredding, chemical treatment, disposal in a landfill, etc.

The first distinction between the new rules and those prescribed in 2011 is their range of
application. While in 2011, the 1998 rules were amended to include all persons who generate,
collect, receive, store and transport biomedical waste, the 2016 rules bring more clarity by
specifying that vaccination camps, blood donation camps, surgical camps and all other HCFs
have been included.
The second distinction comes in the segregation, packaging, transport and storage of biomedical
waste in an HCF. The 2011 draft demarcated eight categories of biomedical waste (down from
ten categories in the 1998 notification). The 2016 notification further brings down the number of
categories to four. Reduction in categories does not mean that a particular kind of biomedical
waste is not being adhered to. What it means is that all types of wastes have been compiled in
four categories for ease of segregation at a healthcare facility, Tripti Arora, programme manager
at the non-profit Toxics Link, said.

The new rules also explicitly lay down the duties of an HCF in adhering to the segregation,
packaging and transport rules for the four different categories. The HCF is now responsible for
pre-treatment of laboratory and microbiological waste, blood samples and blood bags through
disinfection/sterilisation on-site in the manner prescribed by the World Health Organization
(WHO) or National Aids Control Organisation (NACO), regardless of whether final treatment
and disposal happens on-site or at a common biomedical waste treatment facility. Use of
chlorinated plastic bags, gloves and blood bags is to be phased out by the HCF within two years
to eliminate emission of dioxins and furans from burning of such wastes. The new rules also call
for a bar code system for bags/containers containing biomedical waste and immunisation of
health workers upon their induction and after every one year interval.

The bar code system can be used to track and identify bags better. But, it will be effective only
when the onus for using barcodes is on CBMWFs. That again is possible only if CMBWFs
provide bags to hospitals. This is not happening right now, Prem Agrawal of the National Solid
Waste Association of India (NSWAI), who also works as an independent environment researcher,
said.

The new rules also specify the duties of the operator of the CBMWFs: In addition to the duties of
the occupier of an HCF, the operator of a CMBWF must ensure timely collection of biomedical
waste from HCFs and assist them in training.

Another distinction comes in the treatment and disposal of biomedical waste. According to the
2011 draft, every HCF shall set requisite bio-medical waste treatment facilities like incinerator,
autoclave, microwave system for the treatment of waste, or, ensure requisite treatment at a
common biomedical waste treatment facility. These rules do not state where an on-site treatment
facility is necessary and where dependence on a CMBWF is justified. It also does not mention
who will provide land for the setup of a CBMWF. The 2016 rules make the guideline more
specific: The Department dealing with allocation of land in the state government shall provide
land for setting up a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility but no occupier of
an HCF shall establish an on-site treatment and disposal facility if a CBMWF is available within
75 km. The new rules also have stricter standards of emission from incinerators: In 2011, the
acceptable SPM emission was 150 mg/Nm^3 at 12 per cent CO2 correction. This has been
reduced to 50 mg/Nm^3 in the new rules. Similarly, the standard retention time in the secondary
chamber has been increased from 1 second to 2 seconds. The secondary chamber in incineration
is where the temperature is lowered to 100 or 200 degree Celsius. This is done to reduce dioxins
and furans as, at low temperature, incineration of biomedical waste leads to the production of
carbon dioxide and water. Dioxins and furans are produced at temperatures greater than 600
degree celsius, Arora said.

Further, the new rules lay new criteria for authorisation of a HCF. In 1998, the rules said that
hospitals with more than 1,000 beds must obtain authorisation from State Pollution Control
Boards (SPCBs) while the 2011 darft expanded the ambit of institutions that require
authorisation to include all HCFs. The new rules make the procedure of getting an authorisation
very simple: Bedded hospitals will get automatic authorisation and non-bedded hospitals will get
a one-time authorisation.

Non-bedded hospitals are generally small scale clinics that do not keep a record of the waste
generated and the number of beds. So, they cannot be charged on a per bed basis like bedded
hospitals. That is why, they are authorised once and yearly/half-yearly/quarterly prices for
treatment are fixed accordingly, Agrawal said.

Another improvement in the new rules is in the monitoring sector. While the 2011 rules have no
provision for a monitoring authority, the 2016 rules state that the MoEF will review HCFs once a
year through state health secretaries, the SPCB and the CPCB. The SPCB, in its turn, will
oversee implementation through district level monitoring committees that will report to the State
advisory Committee or the SPCB. Moreover, according to the new rules, the advisory committee
on biomedical waste management is now mandated to meet every six months.

The total biomedical waste generated in the country is 484 Tonnes Per Day (TPD) from 1,68,869
HCFs. Of this, only 447 TPD is treated before disposal. The problems with unscientific disposal
are multi-fold: 85 per cent of the hospital waste is non-hazardous, 15 per cent is
infectious/hazardous. Mixing of hazardous results in to contamination and makes the entire
waste hazardous. Hence, there is necessity to segregate and treat. Improper disposal increases
risk of infection; encourages recycling of prohibited disposables and disposed drugs; and
develops resistant microorganisms.

Chapter
 Salient Features

Published by Govt. of India, under Section 6 & 25 of Environmental Protection Act

1986 on 20/7/98 and appeared in official gazette of India on 27/7/98.

Deals with the generation/handling/treatment/disposal of Bio Medical Waste.

These rules apply to all persons who generate, collect, receive, store, transport, treat,
dispose or handle bio-medical waste in any form.

Rule 4 specify duty of occupier (generator) to take all steps to ensure that such waste is
handled without any adverse effect to human health and the environment.

Rule 5 and 6 specifies waste management procedures.

Section 7 is about prescribed authority that shall implement these rules. In Madhya
Pradesh M.P. Pollution Control Board has been declared as prescribed authority by the
State Govt.

These rules apply to all persons who generate, collect, receive, store, transport, treat,
dispose or handle bio-medical Waste in any form. Every occupier of an institution
generating, collecting, receiving, storing, transporting, treating disposal and for handling
Bio-medical waste in any other manner, except such occupier of clinics, dispensaries,
pathological laboratories, blood banks providing treatment/service to less Than 1000
patients per month and also the operators of Biomedical waste facility are covered under
these rules.

Form 1 has been fixed for application of authorization. Govt. has also prescribed
necessary fee. of M.P.

An advisory Committee as required under rule 9 has also been constituted by Govt. of
M.P. Constitution of appellate authority is underway.

Following the rule 7(1) of the said rules, the Government of M.P. Has nominated M.P.
Pollution Control Board, Bhopal as prescribed authority to implement these rules in
Madhya Prudish, vide their order dated 23/10/98.

Govt. of M.P. has also issued a notification in regard of necessary fee for issuance of
authorization under rule 8(3) of these rules on dated 12/2/99.
 As per these rules, this shall be the duty of every occupier {as defined in rule 3(8)} of
an institution generating bio-medical waste which includes a hospital, nursing home,
clinic dispensary, veterinary institution, animal house, pathological laboratory blood bank
by what ever name called to take all steps to ensure that such waste is handled without
any adverse effect to human health and the environment.

Conclusion

At present with advancement of medical science most of the hospitals/nursing homes are now
equipped with latest instruments for diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. One of the most
important aspect associated with hospitals is the safe management of the wastes; generated from
these establishments, which contains human anatomical wastes blood, body fluid, disposable
syringe, used bandages, surgical gloves, Blood bags intravenous tubes etc. The Bio-medical
waste generated from various sources has become a problem and much attention is being given
worldwide to find out solution of this problem. The main concern lies with the hospital waste
generated from large hospitals/nursing homes as it may pose deleterious effects due to its
hazardous nature. Bio-medical wastes, if not handled in a proper way, is a potent source of
diseases, like AIDS, Tuberculosis, Hepatitis and other bacterial diseases causing serious threats
to human health. Owing to the discussed potential threats this waste needs prime attention for its
safe and proper disposal.
According to these rules Bio-medical wastes have been categorized under 10 categories and are
required to be managed and handled as per prescribed procedures.
 REFERENCES

www.indiaenvironment portal org.in/category/3768/

tspcb.cgg.gov.in/GOs/Bio-Medical Waste Rules.pdf
www.hspcb.gov.in/BMW Rules.pdf
www.medindia.net.health
cpcb.nic.in/Bio-medical waste management
envfor.nic.in/legis/hsm/biomed.html