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ABSTRACT
Getting exact diagnosis, recording or analysis of vital endoscope (i.e. electronic pill) designs have been based
parameters of the stomach, intestine and other internal on narrow bandtransmission and thus have limited
parts of the human being is the biggest challenge for the number of camera pixels.One of current state-of-the-art
advanced medical science and technology. This work technologies for wirelessendoscope device is
will address the challenges to facilitate thedevelopment commercially available by the companyGiven Imaging
of a high capacity radio system for a small,miniaturized [4]. The pill uses the Zarlinks RF chip [5] for wireless
electronic pill device that can be swallowable transmission based on the Medical Implant
orimplantable in human body in order to detect Communication Service (MICS) band. The allowable
biological signalsor capture images that could eventually channelbandwidth for this band is only 300 kHz. It is
be used for diagnosticand therapeutic difficult toassign enough data rate for the high quality
purposes.Electronic pills, smart capsules or video data at the moment for a real time monitoring. It is
miniaturizedmicrosystems swallowed by human beings quite obvious thatthere is a need for higher-bandwidth
oranimals for various biomedical and data transmission forelectronic pills that could facilitate
diagnosticapplications are growing rapidly in the last a better diagnosis.
years.The designed telemetry unit is asynchronous
bidirectional communication blockusing continuous
phase DQPSK of 115 kHz lowcarrier frequency for
inductive data transmissionsuited for human body
energy transfer. Thecommunication system can assist the
electronicpill to trigger an actuator for drug delivery,
torecord temperature, or to measure pH of the body.It
consists additionally to a 32bit processor,memory,
external peripheries, and detectionfacility. The complete
system is designed to fitsmall-size mass medical
application with low power consumption, size
of7x25mm. The systemis designed, simulated and
emulated on FPGA.
I. INTRODUCTION
Recent development in electronic pill technology
requiresthe integration of more complex systems on the
same platformwhen compared to conventional
implantable systems. A small miniaturized electronic pill
can reach areas such as smallintestine and deliver real
time video images wirelessly to anexternal console. Fig.
1 shows a wireless endoscope (i.e. Electronic pill) for a Fig. 1.A wireless endoscope monitoring system
medical monitoring system. The devicetravels through
the digestive system to collect image data andtransfers Back to four decades, Mackay invented the first
them to a nearby computer for display with adistance 1 radiotelemetry capsule with one transistor in 1957 and
meter or more. A high resolution video basedcapsule thefirst successful pH sensor capsule was achieved
endoscope produces a large amount of data, which in1972, since then research and developments were
should be delivered over a high capacity wireless carried out enhancing and expanding in this field.
link.Since its early development [1]-[3], wireless
Divya Jyoti College of Engineering & Technology, Modinagar, Ghaziabad (U.P.), India
International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET) ISSN: 22780882 101
ICRTIET-2014 Conference Proceeding, 30-31 August, 2014
Divya Jyoti College of Engineering & Technology, Modinagar, Ghaziabad (U.P.), India
International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET) ISSN: 22780882 102
ICRTIET-2014 Conference Proceeding, 30-31 August, 2014
III. PHYSICAL IMPLEMENTATION AND device can beused for precise drug delivery in the human
POSSIBILITIES OF E-PILL gastrointestinaltract. Real-time energy transfer is
necessary for these types of endoscopes to provide
Since miniaturization is important, different mechanical function as they requirelarge power for
designapproaches have been followed by the designers. continuous movement.A recent study [14] demonstrated
Fig. 2illustrates different shapes that has been used or a prototyping system toachieve high data rate (2 Mbps)
can be usedto integrate all the necessary blocks. As for higher image resolution.It can enable an image
shown, each unit canbe designed on a separate board resolution up-to 15-20 fps (frame per second) using
layer and then stacked on topof each other. In a design compression technique like JPEG. It uses a simple
shown in Fig. 2-(a) antenna can beplaced such that it can Colpitts oscillator. The transmitter itself thusconsumes
easily be inserted on top of thetransmitter layer. The low-power. However the actual powerconsumption of a
capsule shape is also divided into two regions where device could only be realistic when allblocks of an
antenna can be designed to be placed in electronic pill are integrated together. The device
upperhalfwhereas the remaining electronic units are operates at 144 MHz, relatively lower than most of
packed in thelower-half. Placing electronic units on one thesystems that are operating at UHF, which necessitates
side of antenna is another possibility (Fig. 2-(c)). a largerantenna that will increase the physical size. In
Commercially available minicameras can easily be [15], Park, etal. also uses a simple AM (amplitude
integrated with electronic pills [19].Small miniature modulation). It isdesigned with a mixer and an oscillator
rechargeable battery technologies are also circuit together withthe CMOS image sensor and a loop
being developed [20] with a dimension around 5 mm antenna to form acapsule-shaped telemetry device. This
and caneasily be integrated in a capsule structure shown device uses an externalcontrol unit to control the capsule
in Fig. 2. inside the human body.
Divya Jyoti College of Engineering & Technology, Modinagar, Ghaziabad (U.P.), India
International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET) ISSN: 22780882 103
ICRTIET-2014 Conference Proceeding, 30-31 August, 2014
Table 2. Comparison of different available hardware inside a plastic container. Prior to each measurement,
models from different companies. jacket of aluminum foil covered the outersurface of the
Cam Powe Physic Image container to minimize outside coupling pathsbetween the
Freq. Dat
Model era r al rate
Comp
(Sens
(MHz a
Sour Dimen and antennas.First measurement was taken inside the empty
any ) Rat
or)
e
ce sion resolut containerand the second with a meat sample inside.
ion Measured S21using the VNA is shown in Fig. 5.
14
402-
800 images Coupling between antennasin the same laboratory
Micro 405 11X26
PillCam
Given
n, &
kbp
mmxm
per environment and instrument calibrationtransmission
Imagin s Batter second
(SB)
g
CMO 433
(FS y
m, <4
, or
feasible for electronic pills, we propose to usehigher
S (Zarli gr transmitted signal levels at the transmitter. The
K) 2,600
nk)
color UWBsignal power is arranged such that when the signal
images
CCD
is radiated through the skin, the power level should meet
Olymp the FCC mask.Considering the strong attenuation
camer 11X26 2
EndoCap us
a, Batter mmxm images through the body tissue, thetransmitter power level will
sule Optica -- --
1920 y m per
l
X second be adjusted from -20 dBm to 20
1080 dBm in our system, without violating safety
RF CCD Wirel requirements.
Syste Imag ess 9X 23
Norika
m e -- -- Powe mmxm NA
Lab senso r m
r
acidit
SmartPil Smartp y 13X26 Only
l ill (pH), Batter mmxm sensor
-- --
Corp. press. y m discret
, e data
temp.
Divya Jyoti College of Engineering & Technology, Modinagar, Ghaziabad (U.P.), India
International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET) ISSN: 22780882 104
ICRTIET-2014 Conference Proceeding, 30-31 August, 2014
which not onlyincreases the battery life but also reduces [8] V. K. Zworykin, Radio pill, Nature, vol.179, p.898,
the physical size. Using a high gain antenna at the 1957
receiver we couldreduce the tissue effect by 20 dB and [9] R. S. Mackay and B. Jacobson, Radio telemetering from
more [23]. The 50 MHz data stream is obtained at the within the human body, Science, vol. 134, pp. 1196-1202,
1961.
FPGA after the demodulationprocess. The time domain
[10] X. Chen et al. A wireless capsule endoscope system with
signals before and after the FPGA. The recovered signal low-power controlling and processing ASIC, IEEE
is a 50 Mbps pulse obtained from UWB pulses with Transation on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, Vol. 3,
width of 1ns. February 2009.
[11] E. A. Johannessen, et al. Biocompatibility of a lab-on-a-
IV. CONCLUSION pill sensor in artificial gastrointestinal environments, IEEE
A high capacity radio system is currently necessary Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 53, pp. 2333, Nov. 2006.
forelectronic pill technology in order to visually examine [12] P. Valdastri , A. Menciassi , A. Arena , C. Caccamo and
thedigestive tract wirelessly with better and detailed P. Dario An implantable telemetry platform system for in
vivo monitoring of physiological parameters, IEEE Trans.
images.
Inform. Technol. Biomed., vol. 8, pp. 271, Sep. 2004.
Techniques and methodologies have been presented in [13] K. Wang, G. Yan, P. Jiang, and D. Ye, A wireless
thispaper for the use of wideband technology in a robotic endoscope forGastrointestine, IEEE Trans. Robotics,
miniaturizedelectronic pill to provide a high capacity Vol.24, pp. 206-210, February 2008.
wireless channel. A prototyping system including UWB [14] J. Thone, S. Radiom, D. Turgis, R. Carta, G. Gielen, and
transmitter/receiver andantennas has been developed to R. Puers, Design of a 2 Mbps FSK near-field transmitter for
investigate the feasibility of ahigh data rata transmission wireless capsule endoscopy, Sensors and Actuators A:
for the electronic pill technology. Integration of antenna Physical, 2008.
with the UWB transmitter electronicshas been [15] H. J. Park, et al., Design of bi-directional and multi-
considered in a capsule shaped structure. Althoughit is channel miniaturized telemetry module for wireless
endoscopy, in Proc. 2nd Int. IEEE-EMBS Conf. Micro
known that tissue imposes strong attenuation at higher
technologies in Medicine and Biology, 2002, pp.273-276.
frequencies, we have shown there are some advantages [16] M. Kfouri, et al., Toward a miniaturised wireless
to useDue to the high data rate capacity (e.g. 100 Mbps), fluorescence-based diagnostic imaging system, IEEE J.
awideband electronic pill can transmit raw video data Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, vol. 14, Jan/Feb,
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in real-timeand increased picture resolution. With a high [17] P. Valdastri, A. Menciassi, P. Dario, Transmission
definitioncamera such as 2 megapixels, UWB telemetry power requirements for novel ZigBee implants in the
can send up to10 frame per second (fps). We believe that Gastrointestinal tract, IEEE Trans. Biomedical Engineering,
the wideband pill systems for medical professionals to Vol.55, June 2008.
analyze real-time videoand image data wirelessly as a [18] S. Y. Shin, H. S. Park, and W. H. Kwon, Mutual
interference analysis of IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11b,
less invasive method.
Computer Networks, vol. 51, August 2007, Pages 3338-3353.
[19] VD6725,STMicroelectronics, http://www.st.com
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Divya Jyoti College of Engineering & Technology, Modinagar, Ghaziabad (U.P.), India