CIVL3612/9612 sample exam Page 1 of 8

Q1 Multiple choice questions (152 points each = 30 points)

Remember to write your answer in the booklet provided. See the sample below.

PROBLEM - 1
1 A
2 D
YOUREXAM
ANSWERBOOKLET 3 C
4 B
5 A
.and soon

1. In a steady flow,
(a) Convective acceleration equals zero
(b) Local acceleration equals zero
(c) Total acceleration equals zero
2. In an incompressible flow
(a) The volume and shape of a fluid element remains unchanged
(b) The volume of a fluid element remains constant but the shape can change
(c) only the volume can change


3. If V = 0 then the flow is
(a) Incompressible
(b) Irrotational
(c) Inviscid
(d) Irresponsible
4. Two distinct potential flows can be combined by superposition because
(a) they are irrotational flows
(b) they are inviscid flows
(c) they are governed by linear partial differential equation
5. The stream function can be defined for a flow only if the flow is
(a) steady, incompressible and two-dimensional
(b) two-dimensional
(c) steady and incompressible
6. Eulers equations for fluid flow governs
(a) General incompressible flow
(b) Inviscid flow
(c) Two-dimensional incompressible flow
(d) Irrotational flow
7. For steady flow of an incompressible fluid without free surfaces, dynamic and kinematic simi-
larity is achieved (for geometrically similar systems) if
(a) the Froude numbers are the same
(b) the Euler numbers are the same
(c) the Mach numbers are the same
(d) the Reynolds numbers are the same
CIVL3612/9612 sample exam Page 2 of 8

8. In a steady flow
(a) the velocity does not change with time but can change in space
(b) the velocity does not change with time and in space
(c) the velocity can change with time and/or space
9. In an incompressible flow


(a) V = 0


(b) V = 0


(c) V = 0
(d) All above conditions apply
10. Flow over a half-body can be simulated by superposition of
(a) uniform flow and a source
(b) uniform flow and a vortex
(c) uniform flow and a sink
(d) uniform flow and a doublet
11. The velocity potential can be defined for a flow only if the flow is
(a) rotational
(b) viscous
(c) steady and two-dimensional
(d) irrotational
12. The Froude number can be interpreted as
(a) ratio of inertia force to external (gravity) force
(b) ratio of viscous force to external (gravity) force
(c) ratio of external (gravity) force to viscous force
(d) ratio of surface tension to inertia force
13. Kinematic similarity between a prototype and its model implies
(a) they have same time-scale ratio and force-scale ratio
(b) they have same length-scale ratio, time-scale ratio and force-scale ratio
(c) they have same length-scale ratio and force-scale ratio
(d) they have same length-scale ratio and time-scale ratio
14. In a fully developed viscous flow through a horizontal pipe, the pressure in the direction of
flow,
(a) remains constant
(b) increases linearly
(c) decreases linearly
(d) increases quadratically
15. Dimples on a golf ball are preferred compared to a smooth ball because
(a) a dimpled ball is easier to hold
(b) it has reduced friction resistance
(c) it looks nicer
(d) it has delayed separation and hence reduced pressure drag
16. The lift and drag coefficients (CL and CD , respectively) for a rigid body typically
(a) depend on the Reynolds number
(b) depend on the shape of the body
(c) vary with the surface roughness
(d) All of the above
CIVL3612/9612 sample exam Page 3 of 8

17. In a uniform depth flow

(a) the change in bottom elevation is compensated by the head loss
(b) the change in bottom elevation accelerates the flow downstream
(c) head losses are negligible
(d) Froude number is always in the subcritical regime
18. For a turbomachine pump, such as a window fan or a propeller,
(a) rotation of the fan or propeller results in a movement of fluid
(b) rotation of the fan or propeller results in energy being transferred to the fluid
(c) rotation of the fan or propeller requires work input to the fan or propeller shaft
(d) All of the above
19. A surface wave produced by a disturbance can travel upstream,
(a) when the flow is sub-critical
(b) when the flow is critical
(c) when the flow is super-critical
(d) when the flow is laminar
20. Hydraulic jump results in
(a) head loss
(b) decrease in kinetic energy
(c) increase in surface elevation
(d) all of the above

Q2 Short answer questions (52 points each = 10 points)

Limit your responses to one to two line sentences only.

1. List two characteristics of a boundary layer

2. State the assumption for potential flow approximation

3. When can one neglect Froude number in analysis of fluid flow?

4. In a circular pipe flow, state why laminar flow is preferred than a turbulent flow?

5. Is acceleration zero in a steady flow? Why?

CIVL3612/9612 sample exam Page 4 of 8

Q3 Pumps - Similarity relations - 10 points

A centrifugal pump having an impeller diameter of 1 m is to be constructed so that it will supply a
head rise of 200 m at a flowrate of 4.1 m3 /s of water when operating at a speed of 1200 rpm. To study
the characteristics of this pump, a 1/5 scale geometrically similar model operated at the same speed
is to be tested in the laboratory. Determine the required model discharge and head rise. Assume that
both model and prototype operate with the same efficiency (and therefore with same flow coefficient).

Q4 Viscous pipe flow - Major losses - 10 points

Water flows at a rate of 330 litres/min in a 3.5 cm diameter smooth pipe that contains a sudden con-
traction to a 2.5 cm diameter smooth pipe.

3.5cm 2.5cm

10m ?

Determine L2 if the head loss over the lengths L1 and L2 is the same.

Consider kinematic viscosity = / = 8107 m2 /s for water. Use the Moody chart provided on
page 7.

Q5 Laminar pipe flow - 10 points

4cm
2cm
Oil flows through a smooth pipe of diameter D = 2 cm between points (1) and (2) that are 2 m apart
at a rate Q = 3103 m3 /s.

800 kPa

2m

2 cm

2
45

Determine the pressure p2 at point (2) if

(a) the flow is downwards from (1) to (2)
(b) the flow is upwards from (2) to (1)

Consider dynamic viscosity = 0.40 kg/ms and density = 900 kg/m3 for the oil. Refer to laminar
pipe flow equations on page 8.
 CIVL3612/9612 sample exam Page 5 of 8

Q6 Laminar boundary layer - 10 points

An approximate velocity distribution for laminar flow is given as
   2
u y y
=2 .
U

2
The momentum thickness for this profile is given by the expression = .
15
09_594 7/24/01 9:34 AMan Page
(a) Determine 594 for (x) using the von Karman integral momentum equation, w =
expression
d
U 2
dx
(b) How does this estimate of (x) compare with the Blasius/Prandtl solution for laminar flow.

594 Chapter 9 / Flow Over Immersed Bodies

Reference area Drag coefficient Reynolds number

Shape
A CD Re = UD/

Solid A = __ D2 1.17
Re > 104
D hemisphere 4 0.42

Hollow 1.42
D A = __ D2 Re > 104
hemisphere 4 0.38

Q7 Flow over immersed body - Drag and body shape - 10 points

DPage 594 Thin disk A = __ D2 1.1 Re > 103
09_594 A 500 N9:34
7/24/01 cubeAM
of specific gravity SG = 1.8 falls4 through water at a constant speed U . Determine U if
the cube falls (a) as oriented Figure - A, (b) as oriented in Figure - B. Consider H2 O = 1000 kg/m3 .
 /D CD
Circular
0.5 1.1
D rod A = __ D2 1.0 0.93 Re > 105
parallel 4
2.0 0.83
to flow
4.0 0.85
594 Chapter 9 / Flow Over Immersed Bodies
, degrees CD
Figure A Figure B
10 0.30
D Cone A = __ D2 30 0.55 Re > 104
4
Reference area Drag 0.80
60coefficient Reynolds number
Shape
A 90 CD 1.15 Re = UD/

Solid A = __ D22 1.17
Re 4
D Dhemisphere
Cube A =4D 1.05
0.42 Re >
> 10
104

D
Hollow 1.42
A = __ D22
4
D Re
Re >
> 10
104
Cube
hemisphere A =4D 0.80
0.38

D Thin disk A = __ D2 1.1 Re > 103
4

D A = __ D2 0.04 Re > 105
4
 /D CD
Streamlined Circular
 CIVL3612/9612 sample exam Page 6 of 8

Q8 Open Channel Flow - Specific Energy Diagram - 10 points

A smooth transition section connects two rectangular channels as shown in figure. The channel width
increases from 1.8 m to 2.1 m, and the water surface elevation remains the same in channel. The
upstream depth of the flow is 0.9 m and the head loss during the transition is equivalent to 5% of the
upstream dynamic head V12 /2g .

(a) Determine h, the amount the channel bed needs to be raised across the transition section to main-
tain the same surface elevation.
(b) Sketch the specific energy diagram for the flow indicating its important characteristics.

Q9 Open Channel Flow - Manning Equation - 10 points

For the symmetrical open channel shown in figure the bottom is smooth concrete and the sides are
weedy. The bottom slope is S0 = 0.001.

8d_c10_620-677 8/23/01 11:22 AM Page 638 mac45 Mac 45:1st 3.6m

Shift:

0.9m

1.2m

638 Chapter 10 / Open-Channel Flow

Determine the flowrate. Refer to the Manning equation provided on page 8
TA B L E 10.1
Values for Manning resistance coefficient n
Values of the Manning Coefficient, n (Ref. 6)

Wetted Perimeter n Wetted Perimeter n

A. Natural channels D. Artificially lined channels
Clean and straight 0.030 Glass 0.010
Sluggish with deep pools 0.040 Brass 0.011
Major rivers 0.035 Steel, smooth 0.012
Steel, painted 0.014
B. Floodplains
Steel, riveted 0.015
Pasture, farmland 0.035 Cast iron 0.013
Light brush 0.050 Concrete, finished 0.012
Heavy brush 0.075 Concrete, unfinished 0.014
Trees 0.15 Planed wood 0.012
C. Excavated earth channels Clay tile 0.014
Clean 0.022 Brickwork 0.015
Gravelly 0.025 Asphalt 0.016
Weedy 0.030 Corrugated metal 0.022
Stony, cobbles 0.035 Rubble masonry 0.025

book, the values from Table 10.1 are sufficient. Note that the error in Q is directly propor-
tional to the error in n. A 10% error in the value of n produces a 10% error in the flowrate.
Considerable effort has been put forth to obtain the best estimate of n, with extensive tables
of values covering a wide variety of surfaces 1Ref. 72. It should be noted that the values of
 0.1
0.09 Wholly turbulent flow
0.08

0.07 0.05
0.04
0.06
0.03

0.05
0.02
CIVL3612/9612 sample exam

0.015
0.04
0.01
0.008
0.006
f 0.03 __

0.004 D
0.025
0.002

0.02 0.001
0.0008
Laminar 0.0006
flow
0.0004
0.015

Smooth 0.0002

Transition range 0.0001

0.00005
0.01
0.009

0.008 0.00001
2(103) 4 6 8 2(104) 4 6 8 2(105) 4 6 8 2(106) 4 6 8 2(107) 4 6 8

103 104 105 106 107

The Moody Chart - Friction factor as a function of Reynolds number and relative roughness.
VD
Re = _____

Page 7 of 8

F I G U R E 8 . 2 0 Friction factor as a function of Reynolds number and relative roughness for round pipesthe Moody
chart. (Data from Ref. 7 with permission.)

477
CIVL3612/9612 sample exam Page 8 of 8

Other definitions

hLminor u 
Minor loss coefficient: KL = w = 
(V 2 /2g) y y=0
` V2 D
Major head loss: hLmajor = f Drag coefficient: CD = 1
D 2g 2
V 2 A
p V2 w
Total head: + +z Skin friction coefficient: cf = 1
2g 2
V 2
Laminar Pipe Flow Solution (for a pipe inclined at angle from the horizontal)

(p ` sin )D2 (p ` sin )D4 p ` sin 2

V = , Q= , =
32` 128` ` r
Laminar Boundary Layer (Blasius/Prandtl Solution)
5 1.721 0.664
= , = , =
x Rex x Rex x Rex

1 `
r Z
3/2 0.664
w = 0.332U , cf = , CDf = cf dx
x Rex ` 0
Relations for Open Channel Flows
V Area
Froude number: F r = Hydraulic radius Rh =
gy wetted perimeter
z1 z2
Bottom slope S0 = Shear stress in uniform flow: w = Rh S0
` 2/3 1/2
hL R S
Friction slope: Sf = Manning equation: V = h 0
` n
V2 q2 dy Sf S0
Specific energy: E = y + =y+ Gradually varying flow: =
2g 2gy 2 dx 1 F r2

For hydraulic jump:

 2 
y2 F r12

y2 1 p  hL y1
= 1 + 1 + 8F r1 2 =1 + 1
y1 2 y1 y1 2 y2
Relations for Pumps

V 2 + U2 W 2
 
gha Q
U V = Head rise coefficient: CH = 2 2 = 1 3
2 D  D
Wshaft Wshaft Q
wshaft = = U2 V2 U1 V1 Power coefficient: CP = = 2
m 3 D5 D3
Q
Power supplied to the fluid, Pf = Qha Flow coefficient: CQ =
D3
ps Vs2 pv CQ CH
NPSHR = + =
2g CP
patm pv Q Q
NPSHA = z1 hL NS = , SS =
(gha )3/4 (g NPSHR )3/4