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Design and Simulation of Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) For 66kv

Transmission Line

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Now days the power needed by consumer is greater than the power flow through the
transmission system. In order to provide the power demanded by the consumer, the new
generation and transmission system must be built or expansion is needed. Transmission systems
are being pushed closer to their maximum stability region and thermal limits while the concern
on the quality of power delivered is greater than ever.

In the utility environment, financial and market customers will continue to demand a more
optimal and profitable operation of the power system with respect to generation, transmission,
and distribution systems. Now, more than ever, advanced technologies are more reliable and
secure operation of power systems come to an image. To achieve operational reliability and
financial profitability, more efficient utilization and control of the transmission system
infrastructure is required. Improved utilization of the existing power system is provided by the
application of advanced control technologies. Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems
(FACTS) provide proven technical solutions and allow for improved transmission system
operation with minimal infrastructure investment, environmental impact, and implementation
time compared to the construction of new transmission lines.

Traditional solutions for upgrading the electrical transmission system infrastructure have been
primarily in the form of new transmission lines, substations, and associated equipment.

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Flexible AC Transmission systems (FACTS) controllers are found to be very useful in achieving
the control of power flows without disturbing the generation scheduling or topological changes
and in addition these devices will also enhance the secured operation of power systems.

Among the family of FACTS controllers, the UPFC is emerged as the most important device as it
is capable of providing simultaneous and individual control of active and reactive power flow.
The implementation of power electronics based controllers for increasing transmission capacity
and power flow control of transmission system is highly advantageous than building new
generation and transmission system due to economic and environmental reasons and conducting
thesis in this area is valuable.

1.2 Motivation

The power transfer capability of long transmission lines is usually limited. Economic factors,
including the high cost of long lines and revenue gained from the delivery of additional
power, give strong incentives to explore all economically and technically feasible means
of raising the stability limit. On the other hand, the development of effective ways to use
transmission systems to their maximum thermal capability has brought much research
attention in recent years. Fast progression in the field of power electronics has already started to
affect the power industry. This is one direct outcome of the concept of flexible ac
transmission systems (FACTS) aspects, that has become feasible due to the improvement
realized in power-electronic devices. The FACTS devices could provide fast control of
active and reactive power through a transmission line. With the ongoing expansion of
industries and overall economic growth of the country, the demand for electric energy will
increase. To satisfy the increasing electric energy demand, besides building new generation
stations, increasing the thermal limit and transmission capabilities of the existing transmission
lines needs strong concern. UPFC is the most flexible FACTS device that has advantages of
controlling power flow in a transmission line. In conducting this thesis we increase our
knowledge about the importance of UPFC to increase the transmission capability of a
transmission line.

1.3 Problem Description

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Due to deregulation of electricity markets difficulty in getting right ways to build new
transmission lines, and steady increase in power demand, maintaining power system stability
becomes a difficult and very challenging problem, and the need for new power flow controllers
capable of increasing transmission capability and controlling power flows through transmission
lines will certainly increase. Because of economic and environmental reason rebuilding the new
generation and transmission system is more difficult. To overcome these problem new
technologies that based on reliable and high speed power electronic devices, Flexible AC
Transmission Systems (FACTS) that are capable to increase transmission capacity and
controlling the active and reactive power flow in the transmission system are required to replace
the mechanical control. Implementation of new equipment consisting power electronics based
technologies such as Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) and proper
controller design become essential for improvement the of the operation and control of
transmission systems. These new controllers are capable to control voltage magnitude and phase
angle and hence flow of active and reactive power on transmission lines to allow for their secure
loading to full thermal capability in some cases with no reduction of system stability, reliability
and security regions.

This thesis is conducted to study the performance of unified power flow controller (UPFC) for
the existing transmission system with the intension of increasing transmission capability and
controlling active and reactive power flow.

1.4 Objectives

The application of FACTS controller devices for a transmission line has great advantage to
control the flow of power and to increase the transmission capability of transmission lines.

The general and specific objectives of the thesis are:

General Objective

The general objective of this thesis is to show the performance of UPFC to improve the
transmission capability of a transmission line and its control effect on the flow of both active and
reactive power. To achieve our objective we will focus on the design and simulation of unified
power flow controller (UPFC) for a 66kv transmission line.

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Specific Objectives

The specific objectives that we want to achieve in conducting this thesis include the following.

To get knowledge about FACTS devices.


To study about the effect of UPFC in the transmission system.
To create inspiration for researchers to the conduct further researches in the area of power
system.

1.5 Literature Survey

In AC power systems, for many years to overcome the reactive power problems mechanical
switched groups of capacitors and reactors are used. However, to control the switching of power
capacitor and reactors has been a major challenge for engineers. In power systems it was
observed that compensation with the case of the semiconductor switches, the voltage crashes
could be prevented and the transient and dynamic stability could be improved [4].

The history of FACTS controllers can be traced back to 1970s when Hingorani presented the idea
of power electronic applications in power system compensation [3]. From then on, various
researches were conducted on the application of high power semiconductors in transmission
systems. The control of series compensation using thyristor switches has been introduced only 15
years ago for fast power flow control. The shunt-connected static VAR compensator (SVC) using
solid-state switches and the series connected controllers were proposed in AC transmission
system application. In 1988, Hingorani defined the FACTS concept and described the wide
prospects of the applications [2].

Nowadays, FACTS technology has shown strong potential. FACTS controllers are defined in
IEEE Terms and definitions as: Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS):
Alternating current transmission systems incorporating power electronic based and other static
controllers to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability. The increasing of
the tie line will make a system become complex to control and at the same time system
become more dangerous because fewer controllers to control the power flow. Flexible AC
Transmission System (FACT) was approach by Dr. Hingorani at 1988 from Electric Power
Research Institute (EPRI). From his research, the high speed power electronic device was used to

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increase the capability of power flow up to thermal limit replace the mechanical
controller.

1.6 Methods and Materials

Data collection: Transmission line data for 66kv line are obtained from Bahir Dar city
substations through interview, direct observation and measurement through behaves of Bahir Dar
region Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation transmission line district willingness and our school
supportive latter.

Data analysis: MATLAB simulation software is used to sow the performance of UPFC for
transmission line of length 4.52Km with 66Kv at Bahir Dar city. The line parameters are used in
the simulation and analysis is made based on the simulation result. The simulation indicates the
voltage injected to the transmission line, reactive and active powers at the sending and receiving
buses.

Modeling: Representative model is developed for the transmission line under the thesis.
SIMULINK based MATLAB model is also developed for simulating the performance of the
UPFC.

Design: The design part included the determination of ratings of the voltage source converters
and the transformers. It also includes calculations for the system parameters used in the
simulation.

Simulation result discussion and conclusion: discussion is presented based on the simulation
result obtained from the mat lab simulation model and conclusion is drawn at the end.

Materials used:

The following materials are used to conduct the thesis.

MATLAB software
POWERWORLD software
Internet
Computer
Reference Books

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Delimitations

This thesis will not include the practical implementation of UPFC for transmission line.

1.7 Study Area

This thesis is conducted for a short transmission line of length 4.52Km ACSR66.75
66KVtransmission line at the city of Bahir Dar. This transmission line extends from Bahir Dar
substation II bus (sending end bus) to Bahir Dar substation I bus (receiving end bus). Bahir Dar
substation I receives 45KV from Tis Abay I generation station (having capacity of 3x4.8MVA)
and 66 KV from Bahir Dar substation II. There are two step-down power transformers in this
substation, the first transformer steps down 45KV which comes from Tis Abay I generation
station through 30.02 KM long ACSR-65 conductor to 15KV for primary distribution. The
second transformer steps down 66KV fed from substation II through 4.52KM long ACSR66.75
transmission line to 45KV for further step downing. From the first transformer three feeders are
emanated, they are named as: Hamusit, Textile Industry, and Semahitat.

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Fig. 1.1 Schematic of power distribution system at the substations

The above transmission line is selected for the study area of this thesis for the following reasons.

Easy accessibility to obtain data required for conducting the thesis in each substations.
There is no previous study conducted to improve the capability of the this transmission
line.
Substation-II contains most industrial (e.g. textile industry) and a commercial load which
causes much reactive power flow through the feeder.
This study can create inspiration to conduct the similar researches in high voltage long
transmission lines with in the country.

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CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1Introduction

Modern power systems are designed to operate efficiently to deliver power on demand to
different load centers with high reliability. The generating stations are usually located at distant
locations for economic, environmental and safety purposes. It may be cheaper to locate a thermal
power station at mine workings instead of transporting coal (fuel) to load centers. Hydropower is
most of the time available in remote areas. A nuclear plant can be located at a place away from
urban areas for safety aspect related to its radioactive elements. Therefore, a grid of transmission
lines operating at high or extra high voltages is required to transmit power from the generating
stations to the load centers to reduce the losses through long distances energy transfer.

An electric supply system consists of three major components. These are the power station, the
transmission lines and the distribution system. Electric power is produced at the power stations
which are located at suitable places away from the customers. It is then transmitted over large
distances to load centers with the help of conductors known as transmission lines (transmission
systems).

The generation voltages of most power plants is in the range of 3.3KV and 27KV while the
transmission voltage obtained with the help of step up transformers is in the range of 110Kv and
1000Kv and finally power is distributed at lower voltage levels.

In addition to transmission lines that carry power from the sources to loads, modern power
systems are interconnected for economic reasons. The interconnected systems have advantages
including (a) exploiting load diversity (b) sharing of generation reserves and (c) economy gained
from the use of large efficient units without sacrificing reliability. There is also a downside to ac
system interconnection; the security can be highly affected as the disturbances initiated in a
particular area can spread and propagate over the entire system resulting in major blackouts
caused by cascading outages.

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2.2 Basics of Power Transmission Systems

A large majority of power transmission lines are AC lines operating at different voltages levels.
The distribution networks generally operate at lower voltage levels while the bulk power is
transmitted at higher voltages through the transmission networks.

The lines operating at different voltages are connected through transformers that may operate at
high efficiency. Traditionally, AC lines have no provision for the control of power flow through
the transmission line. The mechanically operating circuit breakers (CB) are meant for protection
against faults that are caused by flashovers due to over voltages on the lines or reduced
clearances to ground. A CB is rated for a limited number of open and close operations at a time
and may not be used to control the power flow, unlike a high power electronic switches such as
thyristor, GTO, IGBT, etc. Ac lines have inherent power flow control as the power flow is
determined by the power at the sending end or receiving end. For example, consider a
transmission line connecting a generating station to a load center in Fig.2.1 (a) below. Assuming
the line to be lossless and ignoring the line charging, the power flow (P) through the line is given
by

. eq. 2.1

Where, X is the series line reactance.

Assuming that V1 andV2 are held constants (through voltage regulators at the two ends), the
power injected by the power station determines the flow of power in the line. The difference in
the bus angles is automatically adjusted to enable that P=PG (Note that usually there may be
more than one line transmitting power from a generating station to a load center). If one or more
lines trip, the output of the power station may have to be reduced by tripping generators, so as to
prevent overloading the remaining lines that are in operation.

Fig. 1.1(b) shows another situation in which a line supplies power to a load located at bus (2). In
this case also eq. (2.1) can be applied but the power Flow in the line is determined by the load
supplied [2].

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Fig. 2.1 a transmission line carrying power

Overhead vs buried transmission systems

Overhead lines are generally mounted on wooden, concrete or steel poles which are arranged to
carry distribution transformers in addition to the conductors.

The underground mounted system uses conduit, cables and manholes under the surface of streets
and sideways. The choice between overhead and underground systems depends up on a number
of widely differing factors. The advantages of overhead and underground are given below.

Overhead vs. underground: Advantage of each is indicated in the comparison table shown below.

Overhead Underground
Cost-significantly less cost, especially initial cost Aesthetics-much less visual clutter

Flexibility Safety-less chance for public contact


Reliability-shorter outage durations because of Less voltage drop because reactance is lower due
faster fault finding and faster repair to closer spacing of conductors
Loading overhead distribution conductor has Low maintenance cost because of less chance to
higher current capacity fault

2.3 Control of Power Flow in AC transmission line

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In AC power systems, for many years to overcome the reactive power problems mechanical
switched groups of capacitors and reactors have been used. However, to control the switching of
power capacitor and reactors has been a major challenge in the power system; because during
transient events these elements cannot provide the necessary compensation because of their slow
response times and can really affect the stability of the system after disturbance influences. In
power systems it was observed that the compensation with the use of the semiconductor
switches, the voltage crashes could be prevented and the transient and dynamic stability could be
improved. Power flow control in an AC transmission line is required to:

(a) Enhance power transfer capacity in the transmission line and

(b) To change power flow under dynamic conditions when subjected to disturbances such as
sudden increase in load, line trip or generator outage to ensure system stability and security.

The stability of the system can be affected by growing low frequency, power oscillations due to
generator rotor swings, loss of synchronism and voltage collapse caused by other major
disturbances. From eq. (2.2), we have the maximum power (Pmax) transmitted over an AC
transmission line as

.eq. 2.2

For line lengths exceeding a limit Pmax is less than the thermal limit on the power transfer
determined by the current carrying capacity of the conductors of the transmission system. This is
also a function of the ambient temperature. As the line length increases X increases in a linear
way and Pmax reduces [2].

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Fig. 2.2 power transfer capacity as a function of line length

The series compensation that uses series connected capacitors increases Pmax and the
compensated value of the series reactance (Xc) is given by the following equation.

Xc =X (1 - Kse) ...... (2.3)

Where, kse is the degree of series compensation.

The maximum value for kse that can be used depends on different factors including the resistance
of the conductors. Typically kse does not exceed 0.7 [2].

Reactive power compensation of an AC transmission system

Capacitors have been commonly used to provide reactive power compensation in distribution
power systems. They are provided in the power system to minimize power and energy losses,
maintain best voltage regulations for load buses and improve system security. The amount of
compensation provided is very much dependent on the placement of capacitors in the distribution
system which essentially includes determination of location, size, number and type of capacitors
to be placed in the system. Fixed series capacitors have been used for a long time for increasing
power transfer in long lines and they are also most economical solutions for this purpose [3].

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2.4 Flexible AC Transmission Control

Power flow control with FACTS incorporates power electronics and controllers to improve
power system controllability and increase transfer capability. The improved utilization of the
existing power system is provided through the application of control technologies. Power
electronics based devices, or Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS), provide proven
technical solutions to address operating challenges being presented today. FACTS technologies
provide improved transmission system operation with lower infrastructure investment,
environmental impact, and implementation time compared to the construction of new
transmission lines.

2.5 Power Semiconductor Devices

FACTS Controllers are based on ac-dc and dc-ac converters and high power ac switches. A
converter is an assembly of valves, and each valve in turn is an assembly of power devices along
with snubber circuits (damping circuits) as needed, with turn-on / turn-off gate drive circuits.
Each ac switch is an assembly of back-to-back connected power devices along with their snubber
circuits and turn-on/turn-off gate-drive circuits. Nominal rating of larger power devices is usually
in the range of 1-5 kA and 5-10 KV, and their useable circuit rating may only be 25 to 50V% of
their nominal rating [3]. This conveys that the converters and ac switches are assembly of a large
number of power devices. The converters, ac switches, and devices are connected in series or
parallel, to achieve the desired FACTS Controller rating and performance, and a Controller in
some cases can be separated into single-phase assemblies [5]

The device ratings and characteristics and their exploitation have a significant leverage on the
cost, performance, size, weight, and losses of FACTS Controllers. The leverage includes the cost
of all the devices including snubber circuits, gate-drive circuits, transformers and other magnetic
equipment, filters, cooling equipment, losses, operating performance, and maintenance
requirements. Faster switching capability leads to fewer snubber components, lower snubber
losses that produce less harmonics and faster FACTS Controller response. They are also
important for successful implementation of particular concepts of FACTS Controllers, such as
active filters [4]

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In general terms, high-power electronic devices are fast switches based on high-purity single-
crystal silicon wafers, designed for different switching characteristics. In their forward-
conducting direction, the devices may have control to turn on and turn off the current flow when
ordered to do so by means of gate control or other control methods. Some power devices are
designed without the capability to block in reverse direction, in this case they are provided with
another reverse blocking device (diode) in series or they are bypassed in the reverse direction by
another parallel device usually diode is used.

2.6 Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) Devices

FACTS devices are high-voltage power electronics devices which provide precise and rapid
control of power. Encouraging the use of these new technologies is significant to make better
utilization of existing transmission lines and reduce the number of new facilities that are needed.
FACTS devices upgrade power system operation by providing a means to control power flow, to
improve stability, and to better utilize the existing transmission infrastructure in the power
system.

The main advantages and objectives of FACTS controllers are the following:

1. Regulation of power flows in prescribed transmission lines.

2. Secure the loading of transmission lines closer to their thermal limits.

3. Prevention of cascading outages through the contribution of emergency control.

4. Damping of oscillations that can limit the usable line capacity.

The implementation of the above objectives requires the development of high power
compensators and power system controllers. The technology needed for this is high power
electronics with efficiently operating control [2]

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2.7 Limitations of Power System

Some of the limitations exist in power system are thermal limit, voltage and transient stability
limits.

Thermal limits: power limits are due to thermal capability of the operating power systems. As
power transfer increases, current magnitude increases which then leads to thermal damage.

Voltage limit: power systems are often designed to operate at normal supply voltage. Variations
in nominal voltage can highly affect the performance and cause series damage to the system.
Current flowing through the transmission lines produces large voltage drop at the receiving end
of the power system. This voltage drop is mainly due to the large reactive power loss which
occurs as the current flows through the system.

Transient stability: is the ability of power system to maintain synchronism when it is subjected
to sever transient disturbances. The best way to understand the transient stability limit is to study
the change of rotor angle of all synchronous machines connected to the power system after the
system is subjected to large disturbances [3]

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CHAPTER THREE

OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER


(UPFC)

3.1 Converters Operating Principle

The UPFC is a device which can control simultaneously all the three parameters of line: line
impedance, voltage and phase angle. It is one of the FACTS families that are used to improve
power flow in transmission system. The UPFC is the combination of static synchronous
compensator (STATCOM) and static synchronous series compensator (SSSC).

The UPFC is consists of two voltage source converters (VSC) operated from a common dc link
capacitor placed between them where the capacitor is used as energy storage device. The
converters are coupled to the network through a shunt (exciting) and series (boosting)
transformers. It is controlled to inject a balanced three phase voltage system, of controllable
magnitude and phase angle in series with the line to control active and reactive power flows on
the transmission line.

The series VSC is used to generate a fundamental frequency voltage with variable magnitude and
phase angle which is added to the AC transmission line with the series connected transformer.
This VSC can internally generate or absorb reactive power at its AC terminal and this active
power has to be supplied at its DC input terminal from the AC power system. This power
exchange leads to either the discharge or overcharge of the DC link capacitor. To maintain the
capacitor voltage at the required value, and assure proper operation of the series VSC, the shunt
converter is used to regulate the amount of active power drawn from the AC system at the
common DC link capacitor terminal. This shunt VSC has the capability of controlling the
reactive power at the AC terminal, independently the active power it transfers to or from the DC
terminal. The two VSCs work independently of each other by separating the dc side: in that
case, the shunt inverter is operating as a STATCOM that generates or absorbs reactive power to
regulate the voltage magnitude at the connection point. The series inverter is operating as SSSC
that generates or absorbs reactive power to regulate the current flow and the powers flow on the
transmission line. Fig.3.1. shows the schematic description of UPFC.

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Fig. 3.1 Schematic description of UPFC

The reactive power is electronically provided by the series inverter, and the active power is
supplied to the dc terminal. The shunt inverter is operated in such a way as to demand this dc
terminal power from the line keeping the voltage across the storage capacitor Vdc constant.
Therefore, the net real power absorbed from the line by the UPFC is equal to the losses of the
inverters and their respective transformers. The remaining capacity of the shunt inverter is used
to exchange reactive power with the line so as to provide a voltage regulation at the point of
connection. The VSCs can work independent of each other by separating the dc side. When the
series converter is disconnected, the shunt converter operates as a STATCOM along with the DC
capacitor and the shunt transformer. During this situation, the STATCOM generates or absorbs
reactive power to or from the Point of Connection.

When the shunt converter is disconnected, the series converter will function as a Synchronous
Static Series Compensator (SSSC) along with the DC capacitor and the series transformer. The
SSSC operates as a voltage source injecting a voltage into the transmission line through the
series transformer.

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3.2 Operating Modes of UPFC

The UPFC has many possible operating modes. The shunt inverter is operating in such a way to
inject a controllable current, into the transmission line that consists of two components with
respect to the line voltage: the real or direct component, which is in phase or in opposite phase
with the line voltage, and the reactive component, which is in quadrature. The direct component
is automatically determined by the requirement to balance the real power of the series converter.
The quadrature component can be independently set to any desired reference level (inductive or
capacitive) within the capability of the inverter, to absorb or generate respectively reactive power
from the line. The shunt inverter can be controlled in two different modes:

VAR Control Mode: The reference input is an inductive or capacitive VAR request. The shunt
converter control translates the VAR reference into a corresponding shunt current request and
adjusts gating of the inverter to establish the desired current. For this mode of control a feedback
signal representing the dc bus voltage, Vdc, is required.

Automatic Voltage Control Mode: The shunt converter reactive current is automatically
regulated to maintain the transmission line voltage at the point of connection to a reference
value. For this control mode, voltage feedback signals are obtained from the sending end bus
feeding the shunt coupling transformer. The series inverter controls the magnitude and phase
angle of the voltage injected in series with the line to control the power flow on the line. The
actual value of the injected voltage can be obtained in the following ways.

Direct Voltage Injection Mode: The reference inputs are the magnitude and phase angle of the
series voltage.

Phase Angle Shifter Emulation mode: The reference input is phase displacement between the
sending end voltage and the receiving end voltage.

Line Impedance Emulation mode: The reference input is the impedance value to be insert in
series with the line impedance.

Automatic Power Flow Control Mode: The reference inputs are values of P and Q to be
maintained on the transmission line despites of the system changes [4]

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3.3 UPFC control system

The single line diagram shown in fig.3.2 can be used to explain the operation of UPFC control
system.

Fig. 3.2 single line diagram of UPFC

Fig. 3.3 phasor diagram of voltages and currents

This FACTS topology provides more flexibility for controlling the line active and reactive power
flow because active power can be transferred from the shunt converter to the series converter,
through the DC link capacitor. When the magnitude of injected voltage is kept constant and if its
phase angle with respect to V1 is varied from 0 to 360 degrees, the locus described by the end of
vector V2 (V2=V1+Vs) is a circle as indicated on the phasor diagram. When the active power
varies, the phase shift between voltages V2 and V3 at the two line ends also varies. It follows
that both the active power P and the reactive power Q transmitted at one end of the line can be
controlled.

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The shunt converter operates as a STATCOM that controls the AC voltage at its terminals and the
voltage of the DC capacitor. It uses a dual voltage regulation loop: an inner current control loop
and an outer loop regulating AC and DC voltages when needed.

Control of the series is different from the SSSC. For UPFC two degrees of freedom are used to
control the active power and the reactive power. The series converter operates in power flow
control (automatic) mode. When it operates in power control mode, the measured active power
and reactive power are compared with reference values to produce P and Q errors, and then the P
error and the Q error are used by two PI regulators to compute respectively the quadrature and
the direct components of voltage to be synthesized by the VSC.

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

The converter output voltage can be controlled using different techniques. Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM) is one of the techniques that can be used to control the output voltage of the
power converter.

When a sinusoidal PWM technique is applied to turn on and off signals for GTOs is generated
comparing sinusoidal reference signal amplitude with a saw tooth carrier waveform. The
frequency of the saw tooth waveform provides the frequency at which GTOS are switched.

Controlling the angle of the converter output voltage with respect to the AC system voltage
controls the real power exchange between the converter and the AC power system. Controlling
the magnitude of the converter output voltage controls the reactive power exchange between the
converter and the AC system and the converter generates reactive power for the Ac system if the
magnitude of the converter voltage is the magnitude of the AC system voltage. When the
magnitude of the converter output voltage is less than that of the AC system the converter will
absorb reactive power

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CHAPTER FOUR

SYSTEM DESIGN AND MODELING

4.1 System Design

Thermal Limit Calculation

The maximum capacity of the line for continuous work is its thermal limit. The thermal limit of
the line capacity can be calculated from the nominal voltage and the thermal current limit of the
line.

= * 66 KV * 255 A

= 29.1504 MVA

Rating of UPFC

Assuming that the transmission line system is symmetrical; hence calculation for single phase
can represent the three phase system.

UPFC has two converters; shunt converters and series converters of power electronics devices
which use the DC link for the active power transfer between them. The two converters are
connected to the transmission line via the shunt and series transformers.

The series converter rating is calculated from the injected voltage capacity and the maximum
current of the line (thermal current) which flows in continuous manner when there is a maximum
demand up to this limit. The voltage injection capacity of the series converter is about 10% of the
nominal phase to ground/neutral nominal voltage. For the 66 Kv systems, the injected series line
voltage is

V injected = 0.1*(66 Kv/)

= 3.810512 Kv

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Series Converter Rating

The maximum current that can pass through the series converter at the maximum demand time is
the thermal limit current. Hence the total power rating of the series converter will be

Sse = * Vinjected * Ithermal

= * 3.810512 Kv * 255 A

= 1.683 MVA

By consideration of some fault occurrence that can lead to overvoltage and current increase due
to the losses the power rating of the series converter can be approximated to:

Sse rating = 2 MVA

Series Coupling Transformer Rating

The series connection transformer power rating is also the same as the series converter rating i.e.
2MVA.

Dc Link Capacitor Voltage Rating

From the Fourier analysis of three phase inverter output-input relation

Vp-p = * Vdc

= 0.8165 * Vdc

Vdc = 1.225 * Vinjected

= 1.225*3.810512

= 4.668 KV

Approximately the DC link voltage is taken to be 5Kv

Shunt Converter Rating

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The shunt converter and shunt transformer power rating is similar to the series converter power
rating i.e. 2 MVA. The shunt transformer voltage at the primary is just the nominal voltage of the
system i.e. 66 Kv and the secondary voltage is the voltage needed for charging the capacitor
since the shunt is used as a rectifier for active power transfer in between the converters. Hence
DC voltage of controllable rectifier in three phases is:

Vdc = where Vm =

For maximum output case is zero, hence the rms value will be known

Vrms = = = 2.138 Kv

Thus the line to line voltage of the shunt converter input hence the shunt transformer secondary
output voltage will be 2.138 Kv.

The capacitance of the DC link is calculated by taking the ratio of the DC storage energy to the
rating of the converters as the ac system cycle fraction period.

Cycle fraction =

The cycle fraction of the 50 Hz system is quarter a cycle i.e. quarter of the period over frequency
or 0.02 sec. Hence the system will have the capacitance of

C=

C = 800 F

Selection of controller

The mode of operation of the shunt and the series components of the UPFC selection is
dependent on the intended application need of the controller. The need of UPFC on the
transmission line is to control the reactive power and hence the voltage profile improvement of
the system and at the same time for increasing the power handling capacity of the transmission
line.

For the voltage profile control the main thing is controlling the reactive power constant through
the transmission line. This is done through the shunt converter with absorbing and releasing

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reactive current in its ac terminal. This is done through the corresponding DC power storing at
the capacitor storage of the link in between the converters based on the Vdc reference signal.
This mode of operation of the converter is known as voltage regulation.

The series converter of the UPFC is needed to work to increase the transmission capability of
active power. This is done through the injection of series voltage with some angle of variation
from the line nominal voltage. This is done without affecting the line impedance nature. This is
accomplished with mode of operation known as power flow control.

Selection of Semiconductor Switching Device

The semiconductor material we select to use is GTO (gate turn off) based on its turn off ability
i.e. used in forced commutation, high frequency switching ability and its ability of withstanding
high voltage, break down region.

The shunt and the series converters are built in the function of back to back converters which are
controlled by using the pulse signals from the controller of each converter. Now a days pulse
width modulation technique is used in generating the pulse signals as per the reference and the
measured signals inputs to it. This technique is best in its reduced harmonics content production
at the converters side due to switching ability and ability to generate more number of pulses. Our
selection of the converter is each converter with three legs having double arm anti parallel
connection of GTO and power diode which use in inductive current transfer for the
corresponding GTO off time reactive flow.

4.2 Modeling

4.2.1 Transmission Line Modeling

24
The transmission line under this thesis has short length and can be considered as short
transmission line that can be characterized by lumped parameters. These parameters are the line
resistance, inductive reactance and capacitive reactance. The effect of the capacitive reactance
for short transmission line is very small as the charging current is small and can be ignored in the
representation. The representation of the line is indicated in the fig.

Fig. 4.1 Model of short transmission line

The sending end voltage and current can be related to the receiving end voltage and current as
follows.

Vs = VR +Z *IR

Is = IR

Fig. 4.2 Two port model of transmission line

Vs = A*VR + BIR

Is = C*VR +D*IR Where ABCD are constants called "Transmission Line constants".

The ABCD constants are complex. For a short line, A= 1.0 0 B= Z C= 0, D= A=1.0 0

Transmission Line Performance Evaluation

Efficiency can be used to evaluate the efficiency of the transmission line. The efficiency () of a
transmission line is calculated as:

25
Efficiency () = eq. (4.1)

Where; Pi - is the input power measured at the sending end of the line.

Po is the output power measured at the receiving end of the line.

Efficiency with the incorporation of UPFC

In this case the efficiency of the line can be calculated by assuming the thermal limits of the line.
The calculation for thermal limit of the line yields the following results.

At the receiving end:

S = 29.1504MVA

Q = -5.7MVar

Ithermal = 255A

Line voltage, Vl = 66KV

And active power P is calculated as:

S2 = P2 + Q 2 and

P2 = (29.1504)2 (-5.7)2 then

Pin = 28.588MW

At the receiving end

Po = Pin Ploss

= Pin 3* Ithermal 2 *R

Po = 28.588- 0.4504 = 28.14 MW

Then the efficiency of the line when UPFC is incorporated is calculated as:

Efficiency () =

26
= (28.14) / (28.588) *

= 98.43%

Efficiency of the line without the incorporation of UPFC

The measured data obtained without the incorporation of UPFC is

At the Sending end

Pin = 9.81MW

And at the receiving end

Po = 9.13MW

Then the efficiency of the line without the incorporation of UPFC is

Efficiency () =

= (9.13) / (9.81) *

= 93.07%

The result of the calculation indicates that the introduction of UPFC to the transmission line
increases the efficiency of the transmission line.

27
4.2.2 Modeling for Matlab Simulation

In developing mat lab model of UPFC on our selected system 66Kv transmission line, first we
work on the optimal placement. Then build the system in the way of selected operation modes
with built in modeled Simulink blocks and by setting the parameters needed in each used blocks.

We used this model for mat lab simulation to show the performance of UPFC and its effect on
the power flow in the system.

In this mat lab model we make the UPFC start working after a time of 5 (five) sec of the system
simulation start. Until them the power flow is based on the natural flow or without the
incorporation of UPFC. This is controlled by making the externally on/off the UPFC with the
bypass switch closed and open respectively, which internally control the injected voltage from
the series controller.

To control the injected voltage phase and magnitude signal controllers are used.

Fig. 4.3 Schematic of pulse generator

In this case the magnitude and phase of the reference signal is supplied by setting the blocks with
this parameter of references which expected to work in a specified time of allocation period.

The voltage magnitude and phase reference signals input to UPFC have to be in referring to the
injected voltage magnitude in per unit and the phase angle is made to change in a selected angle.
Vdref or magnitude reference is 0.1 (pu) the reference signal phase angle determination is based
on the current of the transmission line angle of the reference line of axis i.e. the phase angle of
reference signal will be in quadrature of the current vector. The calculation of the line current
from single phase sending and receiving end voltages on the per-unit level is as follows:

28
I (Pu) = (Vsending Vrecieving) / Z

= (1<0 0.99854<-1) / 0.0918< 38.8

= ({1-0.9984} {-j 0.01743}) / 0.0918< 38.8

= {0.0016 + j0.01784} / 0.0918 < 38.8

= 0.0175033<84.76/0.0918<38.8

= 0.191<45.96

Thus the quadrature angle of the reference signal is at - 44.04 of the reference axis since the
reference signal is in the third and fourth quadrant for the nominal values at the second and for
the first quadrant. The approximate angle of reference signal phase angle is - 45 0 (90/2)0 for the
simplicity of the calculated setting.

Fig. 4.4 Matlab block for generating voltage reference signal

The active and reactive power reference signal is also made to control externally by adjusting the
time at which it starts. This is done by starting ON the UPFC operation to the transmission
system with the increased power demand way but in doing this the reactive power is made to be
constant.

As a control the UPFC is made to start at time 5 (five) second after the start of the system
simulation. The time based reference setting control made on the simulation window is need to
change the power flow by connecting UPFC at time 5 (five) where, until then it work on the

29
natural power flow of the line without incorporation of UPFC. The power flow made to change
at time 5 (five) second where in synchronous to the UPFC start but with fixed reactive power
flow.

The reference power signal calculation per-unit

The present power supported by the supply is

P = 9.8 Mw and

Q = - 5.7 MVAr

From the converters rating calculation the rating of converters is 2MVA.

The natural power flow of the line without UPFC is the present collected power data hence
before the UPFC start to operate.

During the operation of the UPFC the active power is needed to change from the present value
by the amount of the converters rating.

Qref (pu) =

= = - 2.85

Pref (pu) =

= = 4.9

The transmission line works in its natural power flow to the loads before five seconds with the
reference powers; Pref (pu) equals 4.9 and Qref (pu) equals -2.85. Then after the time is reached
the UPFC will act on the transmission line and then the reference signal will be increased by the
converter rating.

Pref (pu) new = Pref (pu) + 1

= 4.9 + 1 = 5.9

30
Fig. 4.5 Mat lab block to generate the power reference signal

Over all Simulink model of UPFC for Mat Lab simulation

The Simulink model we used in the simulation is shown below.

Fig.4.6. Over all Simulink model of UPFC

31
4.3 Optimal placement of the UPFC

The selection of the optimal location of the UPFC in the transmission line can be easily
investigated based on the simulation results using Power World software. To investigate the
optimal placement the model of the line is considered to have sending end, middle and receiving
end and the software analysis is done for three buses B1, B2 and B3 located at the sending
end , middle and receiving end of the line respectively. The Power world simulation indicates the
following parameters for each bus.

Bus sensitivity factor for reactive and active power flow and

Bus marginal loss of each bus

The bus sensitivity factor indicates how the system behaves when its state is affected and it is
proposed by reactive power compensation principle. The analysis is done by putting all the buses
in the order by voltage reactive power sensitivity then choosing the optimal location of the
device.

The optimal placement analysis using power world software is done and the recordings are as
follows.

Fig 4.7 Three bus transmission line model on power world software

32
Bus 2 is placed at the middle of the transmission line, i.e. at 2.26km from the sending end bus or
the receiving end bus.

Fig.4.8. Buses operation time states

Fig 4.8. Simulation result for Bus sensitivity for active and reactive power flow

33
.

Fig.4.9. Simulation result for bus marginal loss for each bus

Summary of the simulation result

The need for the placement of the UPFC includes the following.

Reduction in the real power loss of the line

Reduction in the total system real power loss

Attaining maximum power transfer in the system

From the results obtained from power world software simulation indicated above, bus 3 has
higher sensitivity for reactive and active power flow. This indicates that the system loss is largest
at bus 3 for changes to the active and reactive power flow. So that placement of the UPFC is
preferred near to bus 3.

When the bus marginal loss is considered the result of the simulation indicates that marginal loss
is largest near to bus 3 indicating that the necessity of UPFC placement at this bus over the other
buses.

In general the simulation result on the power world software indicates that the optimal placement
of the UPFC for the transmission line under this thesis is near to the receiving end bus.

34
35
CHAPTER FIVE

SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

5.1 Simulation Results

The overall block model of the UPFC on Mat lab using Simulink modeling feature is shown
blow.

The ideal reversed line shown in the block used at the time of UPFC action on the line power
transfer. That is, the UPFC act on the transmission line in the way of increasing active power of
the system flow but we use the load side model is fixed active as well as reactive flow. Thus, the
ideal line can be used in reversing the remaining power of the system. The transformers used are
for the purpose of electrical loading reduction by coupling electromagnetically.

The supply side sub-station is substituted by simple generating units and the transformer is used
for step up the line voltage to the transmission line voltage level.

By setting each blocks parameter as per the design part calculations results we can get the
simulation result of the UPFC and hence the line based on the controller time divisions.

Simulation Results

The simulation result of the system with and without the use of UPFC is simply taken from the
general system with the change of simulation time less or greater than that of the reference
signals change time (5 sec.) respectively.

Colors used in the simulation scope out puts of the active power measurements are as follows:

Yellow, White-blue, magenta, red, and green have respective bus active power value indication
on B1, B2, B3, B4, B5.

For the UPFC measurement block out put the colors used are:

For power measurement P and Q indication, the scope uses magenta color and for the respective
reference indications the scope uses yellow color. For injected voltage magnitude and phase
angle indication at different scopes use yellow color.

36
Without UPFC: this is the performance of the transmission line without the effect of UPFC i.e.
controller time before five second.

Fig. 5.1 simulation result without the UPFC

This simulation result is one in which without the use of UPFC in the system. This is done by
keeping the simulation time less than that of the reference signal changing time, five second;
hence the output only shows the natural power flow of the system without the use of UPFC.

The variation of power flow can be easily seen from the graph shown below on the bus-bars B2
and B3 of the white blue color and the magenta color one and the bus-bars B1 and B4 the yellow
and the red colors. The power is increased for the use of UPFC in the system through the line 1
and line 2 where as in line 3 it shows the reduction of circulating power.

37
With and without UPFC: this is simulation result containing time elapse of greater than that of
the UPFC restricting time (five second).

Fig. 5.3 voltage and power measurement at different buses

Measurement at UPFC:

This simulation result shows the UPFC output active as well as the reactive power flow reference
signal change based changes and the injected voltage magnitude and phase angle changes.

38
Fig. 5.4 measurement of UPFC outputs to the line

The UPFC controllable region: This graph shows the active and the reactive power control
region of the UPFC over the system upon which the UPFC is in effective performance

Fig. 5.5 controllable region of the UPFC

39
5.2 Simulation Result Discussions

From fig. 5.3 which shows the overall system performance with and without UPFC, we can see
that the transient nature of the outputs at starting time of the system and the incorporation of
UPFC starting time is different. That is, see the positive sequence voltage outputs at each bus,
transient at time without UPFC is full of ripple and it takes more than 3 seconds to settle at
steady state value. But with UPFC the transient is seen easily that it fall to steady state in a short
time not much more than 2 seconds.

From this figure also we can observe that the power transfer increases at the line which uses the
UPFC. For example the whit blue color bus B3 active power is almost equal to the ideal reverse
line bus B4 active power transfer, indicating that equal loading on them. But after incorporation
of UPFC to the system the active power transfer is increased at bus B3 and at bus B4and the
active power transfer is reduced by the same amount of reference input. This makes that the
transmission line and the transformer at the ideal reverse line is not overloaded.

The measurement result on the outputs of UPFC simulation indicates that, the power increase
and the reactive power maintains constant flow just following the reference inputs of the
respective one. The system is hence; now work on higher capacity of supplying the load than the
natural uncompensated line time power flow capacity.

The injected voltage of the UPFC is shown in its magnitude and phase angle. After the time of
UPFC incorporation in to the system the injected voltage magnitude increase based on the
reference based inputs. The phase angle of injection voltage is increased. The injected voltage
has to be in quadrature of the line current to decrease the loss in the series converter. Thus the
phase angle of the injected voltage is changed (increased when it is with). For simple
explanation, see the power relation on the power triangle of P, Q and S with the power factor
angle.

Fig. 5.6 power triangle diagram of the system

40
The addition of the active power on the line at constant supply of reactive power supply makes
the power factor angle decrease from 1 to 2 i.e. the angle between the voltage supplied and the
current. The decrease in the angle of power factor cause the increase in quadrature angle of the
injected voltage and the line current with common reference axis of the line nominal voltage i.e.
sending end voltage. Fig. 5.4 shows that the injected voltage at increased phase angle. Thus we
can see that intransitivity the system is work in higher capacity than the line without UPFC.

Summary of Simulation Results

When the angle of the injected voltage increases the real power flow increases.

The simulation result shows that there is an improvement in the real and reactive powers
through the transmission line when the UPFC is placed in the line.

The transient amplitude and period is reduced when the UPFC come to operation and
steady state is reached in short time period.

41
CHAPTER SIX

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 Summary

Now days the power needed by consumer is greater than the power flow through the
transmission system. Traditional solutions for upgrading the electrical transmission system
infrastructure have been primarily in the form of new transmission lines, substations, and
associated equipment. The history of FACTS controllers can be traced back to 1970s. The UPFC
is the most versatile and flexible family of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices.
Its main function is to control the real and reactive power flow in the transmission line by
controlling the voltage magnitude and phase angle. Mat lab Simulink environment is used to
simulate the UPFC model connected to a three phase system in a short transmission line and
voltage compensation using UPFC is studied. UPFC has advantages like reduction in the
transient period and amplitude of active and reactive power flows and ability to control real and
reactive power.

6.2 Conclusion

This paper presents the performance simulation of UPFC to control the active and reactive power
flows in a short length 66Kv transmission line is achieving the main objective of the study .For
the simulation study mat lab Simulink environment is used to simulate the UPFC model
connected to a three phase system in a short transmission line and voltage compensation using
UPFC is studied. The results of simulation show the effectiveness of the UPFC to control the
reactive and real power flows in transmission line. The simulation results we obtained indicates
that the UPFC has advantages like reduction in the transient period and amplitude of active and
reactive power flows and ability to control real and reactive power. The results of simulation we
have obtained are closely inline line with our prediction. After all we conclude that UPFC placed
in a transmission line has the ability to improve the power transfer capability of a transmission
line through voltage injection.

42
6.3 Future recommendation

Currently the power demanded by the consumers is increasing rapidly and this demand exceeds
the power available at the generation station. This high power demand of the consumers can be
reduced through the improvements in the power transfer capabilities of the existing transmission
lines rather than building new ones. Power system loss is among the major limitations of the
power system which can be alleviated by employing compensation techniques such as
implementation of Flexible AC transmission (FACTS) devices.

Following the effective performance of UPFC to control power flow in the transmission line we
want to recommend implementation of Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) in transmission
networks for the improvement of the power transfer capabilities of lines and EEPCo as a sole
electric energy provider in the country needs to give special consideration for the improvement
of transmission capabilities of transmission networks through the implementation of UPFC. Also
the replacement of the previous compensation schemes, i.e. capacitive voltage compensation and
reactor compensator with compensation using UPFC is recommended.

Finally we want to recommend other researchers to conduct further future studies on the
performance of other families of FACTS devices for power systems.

43
Reference

[1] A. Arabi, P. Kundur, A versatile FACTS devices model for power flow and stability
simulations. IEE Transactions on power system, Vol.II, No.4. November 1996, pp. 1994-1950

[2] Active and reactive power control for transmission systems with voltage source converters;
Ying Jiang

[3] EMTP, transient stability and power flow Models and controls of VSC based FACTS
controllers; Edvina Uzunovic

[4] FACTS controllers in power transmission and distribution, K. R. Padiyar

[5] Flexible distribution systems through the application of multi back-to-back converters:
concept, implementation and experimental verification; Roald de Graaff

[6] N.G. Hingorani, EPRI, Flexible AC transmission system IEEE spectrum power systems,
April 1993, pp. 40 45

[7] Power Electronics and Its Applications; Alok Jain

[8] Thyristor-based FACTS controllers for electrical transmission systems, R. Mohan Mathur,
Rajiv k. Varma

[9] Understanding FACTS concepts and technology of flexible AC transmission system,


MARAIN G. HINORNI and Laszlo Gyugyi

44
APPENDIX

A1- Parameters of the transmission line

Length of the line (L) = 4.52 Km

Line Impedance (Z) = 3.029 <38.80 where R = 2.36 and XL = 1.898

Nominal voltage (V) = 66 Kv where phase to ground voltage Van = 38.10512 Kv

Line current thermal limit i thermal = 255 A

System frequency f = 50 Hz.

A2- List of Data collected from measurements at the monitoring substations

Sending end/ sub-station 2 Receiving end/ sub-station 1

Complex power S =11.34MVA, S = 11.302 MVA

Active power P = 9.8 Mw and P = 9.13 Mw

Reactive power Q = - 5.7 MVAr Q = - 5.8 MVAr

Three phase voltages three phase voltages

Va = 66<300 Va = 65.9<29

Vb = 66<-91 Vb = 66.1<-91.3

Vc = 66<1500 Vc = 65.8<148.7

Three phase currents three phase currents

Ia = 95<-30.345 Ia = 94<-31.6

Ib = 95.7<-151 Ib = 95<-149.7

Ic= 94.6<89 Ic = 94<91

The power factor Pf = 0.863 lagging Pf = 0.858 lagging

45

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