Night School 10 Session 4

AISC Night School Steel Design 2: Selected Topics
February 23, 2016 Session 4: Plate Girders
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Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
4.1
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Copyright 2016
4.2
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The American Institute of Steel Construction 2016

The information presented herein is based on recognized engineering principles and is for
general information only. While it is believed to be accurate, this information should not be
applied to any specific application without competent professional examination and verification
by a licensed professional engineer. Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability
arising from such use.
Course Description
Session 4: Plate Girders
February 23, 2016
This session focusses on flexural members built up from plates in the form of
singly or doubly symmetric I-shaped sections. Bending and shear on girders
built from plates will be studied. This includes girders that are compact as well as
those with noncompact and slender flanges and webs. Shear yielding and
buckling along with tension field action will be investigated. Several examples
will be presented.
Copyright 2016
4.3
Learning Objectives
Gain an understanding of AISC Specification provisions that
apply to the design of plate girders
Identify which provisions apply for different cases of singly
or doubly symmetric shapes with compact, noncompact, or
slender flanges and webs
Determine flexural strength associated with the limit states
of yielding, lateral-torsional buckling, and flange local
buckling
Calculate the shear strength of a plate girder including the
effects of stiffeners and tension field action
Steel Design 2: Selected Topics based on AISC 360-10

Specification for Structural Steel Buildings
Lesson 4 Plate Girders
Presented by
Louis F. Geschwindner, Ph.D., P.E.
Emeritus Professor at Penn State University
Former Vice-President at AISC
Theres always a solution in steel! 8
Copyright 2016
4.4
Steel Design 2: Selected Topics based on

AISC 360-10 Specification for Structural
Steel Buildings
Night School 10
Lesson 4
Plate Girders
Theres always a solution in steel! 4.9

Plate girders as a term has not been used
in AISC 360 since the 2005 Specification
The previous ASD and LRFD
Specifications had a separate chapter,
Chapter G, that dealt with them by that
name
Currently the provisions are found in
Chapter F for bending and Chapter G for
shear
Copyright 2016
4.5

A member made (built-up) from plates in
the form of a singly or doubly symmetric I-
shape is what we will be referring to as
plate girders
Compression
y1
y1
y1
Tension
S xc = S xt S xc < S xt S xc > S xt
Plate Girders
For bending, plate girders are a part of
F2. Doubly symmetric and compact
F3. Doubly symmetric with compact web and
noncompact or slender flanges
F4. Doubly symmetric or singly symmetric
with compact or noncompact webs
F5. Doubly symmetric or singly symmetric
with slender webs
Copyright 2016
4.6
Plate Girders
All rolled W-shapes
Doubly Symmetric Singly Symmetric
Flange compact compact

F2 NA
Web compact compact
Flange noncompact, slender noncompact, slender
F3 NA
Web compact compact
Flange all all
F4 F4
Web noncompact compact, noncompact
Flange all all
F5 F5
Web slender slender
Plate girders could fall into any of these categories
Plate Girders
For shear, plate girders are a part of
G2. Stiffened or unstiffened webs without
tension field action
G3. Stiffened webs with tension field action
Rolled W-shapes do not benefit from stiffeners

Plate girders may benefit from stiffeners and
may benefit from tension field action
Copyright 2016
4.7
Plate Girders
For proportioning of plate girders, F13;
Singly symmetric I-shaped members
I yc
0.1 0.9 F13-2
Iy
I-shaped members with slender webs

a a
When 1.5 When > 1.5
h h
h E h 0.40 E
= 12.0 =
t
w max Fy t
w max Fy
For unstiffened girders h tw 260
Plate Girders
For our purposes, we will not address those
plate girders that fall within the provisions that
also cover W-shapes, that is F2 and F3.
We will first look at bending of doubly symmetric
plate girders
Then we will look at bending of singly symmetric
plate girders
We will conclude by looking at the shear
provisions with and without tension field action
Copyright 2016
4.8
Plate Girders
F4. for doubly and singly symmetric with
noncompact web
The limit state of web local buckling does not
lead to a specific nominal strength
Rather, web local buckling modifies the
strength determined for the other limit states;
yielding, flange local buckling and lateral-
torsional buckling, through the use of the web
plastification factor, Rpc.
Plate Girders
F4.1 Compression flange yielding
M n = R pc M yc = R pc Fy S xc F4-1
F4.4 Tension flange yielding

M n = R pt M yt = R pt Fy S xt F4-15
F4.3 Compression flange local buckling

pf
Noncompact M n = R pc M yc ( R pc M yc FL S xc )
F4-13
rf pf

0.9 Ekc S xc
Slender M n = F4-14
2
Copyright 2016
4.9
Plate Girders
M n = R pc M yc = R pc Fy S xc F4-1 For a doubly
symmetric
F4.4 Tension flange yielding shape, these
are all equal
M n = R pt M yt = R pt Fy S xt F4-15 since Sxc = Sxt

pf
Noncompact M n = R pc M yc ( R pc M yc FL S xc )
F4-13
rf pf

0.9 Ekc S xc
Slender M n = F4-14
2
Plate Girders
Look at the web plastification factor, Rpc
hc
When pw Z Rectangle = 1.5
tw = Shape Factor W-shapes = 1.1-1.3
S
Mp Fy Z Z
R pc = = = As you add thickness to
M yc Fy S S the flanges, the shape
hc could approach a
When > pw rectangle, thus the shape
tw factor will approach 1.5.
M M pw M p
R pc = p p 1 For doubly symmetric we
M yc M yc rw pw M yc will not be concerned
with this limit
M p = Fy Z x 1.6 Fy S xc
Copyright 2016
4.10
Plate Girders
When Iyc/Iy > 0.23
Iyc/Iy range for
W-shapes
Mp Noncompact web
0.49-0.51
= 1.6
My
For doubly
symmetric, this
limit can only be
If I yc I y 0.23 Mp exceeded if the
= 1.0
then
My compression
Compact web
flange
R pc = 1 p r contributes less
than 0.426Iy of
the web
Plate Girders
F4.2 Lateral-torsional buckling For rolled W-shapes,
When Lp < Lb Lr FL = 0.7Fy
Lb Lp
M n = Cb R pc M yc ( R pc M yc FL S xc ) R pc M yc F4-2
L L
r p
When Lb > Lr
2
Cb 2 ES xc J Lb F4-3, F4-5
Mn = 2
1 + 0.078 R pc M yc
Lb S xc ho rt

rt For rolled W-shapes,
rt = rts
Copyright 2016
4.11
Example 1
Determine the nominal moment strength of
the given doubly symmetric plate girder,
A36 steel. Section Properties
I x = 30, 600 in.4
I y = 2560 in.4
tf =0.875 in. S x = S xc = S xt = 1230 in.3
h =hc= 48 in.
Z x = 1330 in.3
tw =0.375 in. d = 49.75 in.
b f = 26.0 in.
tw = 0.375 in.
bf = 26.0 in.
t f = 0.875 in.
Example 1
Check flange slenderness, Table B4.1b Case 11
bf 26
= = 14.9
2t f 2 ( 0.875 )
E 29, 000 kc E k ( 29, 000 )

p = 0.38 = 0.38 = 10.8 r = 0.95 = 0.95 c =?
Fy 36 FL FL
4 4 (but no less than 0.35

kc = = = 0.354 nor more than 0.76)
h tw 48 0.375
S xt
= 1.0 0.7 therefore FL = 0.7 Fy F4-6a
S xc
Copyright 2016
4.12
Example 1
Check flange slenderness, Table B4.1b Case 11
kc E 0.354 ( 29, 000 )
r = 0.95 = 0.95 = 19.2
FL 0.7 ( 36 )
bf Flange -
p = 10.8 < = 14.9 < r = 19.2 noncompact
2t f
Check web slenderness, Table B4.1b Case 15
h 48 h 0.40 E
= = 128 = = 322 F13-4
tw 0.375 t max Fy
E 29, 000 E 29, 000

p = 3.76 = 3.76 = 107 r = 5.70 = 5.70 = 162
Fy 36 Fy 36
Theres always a solution in steel! Web - noncompact 4.25
Example 1
Since the web is noncompact, we must use
Section F4.
The web plastification factor impacts all limit
states, so first determine Rpc.
0.875 ( 26.0 ) 12 1282
3
I yc
= = = 0.50 > 0.23
Iy 2560 2560
Mp Fy Z 1330
= = = 1.08
M yc Fy S xc 1230
Copyright 2016
4.13
Example 1
So Rpc becomes In this equation, this
inequality will ALWAYS
be satisfied
Mp Mp pw M p
R pc = 1 F4-9b
M M M yc
yc yc rw pw
128 107
= 1.08 (1.08 1) = 1.05 1.08
162 107
Example 1
M n = R pc M yc = 1.05 ( 36 )(1230 ) = 46,500 in.-kips F4-1

We found that the flange was noncompact
pf

M n = R pc M yc ( R pc M yc FL S xc ) F4-13

rf pf
14.9 10.8
= 46,500 ( 46,500 0.7 ( 36 )(1230 ) ) = 38,900 in.-kips
19.2 10.8
Copyright 2016
4.14
Example 1
Since S xt S xc this limit state does not apply
F4.2 Lateral-torsional buckling

Additional section properties
bt 3 2 ( 26 )( 0.875) + 48 ( 0.375 )
3 3
J = = = 12.5 in.4
3 3
b fc
rt = F4-11 rt can be approximated as the radius
ho 1 h2 of gyration of the compression
12 + aw flange plus 1/6 the web
d 6 h d
o
Example 1
b fc
ht 48 ( 0.375 ) rt = F4-11
aw = c w = = 0.791 h 1 h2
b fc t fc 26 ( 0.875 ) 12 o + aw
d 6 ho d
h = 48 in.
26
ho = 48 + 0.875 = 48.875 in. =
( 48.875 ) 1 ( 48)
2

d = 48 + 2 ( 0.875 ) = 49.75 in. 12 + ( 0.791)
( 49.75 ) 6 ( 48.875 )( 49.75)

= 7.13
Copyright 2016
4.15
Example 1
E 29, 000
L p = 1.1rt = 1.1( 7.13) = 223 in. 18.6 ft F4-7
Fy 36
2 2 F4-8
E J J FL
Lr = 1.95rt + + 6.76
FL S xc ho S h
xc o E
2 2
29, 000 12.5 12.5 0.7 ( 36 )
= 1.95 ( 7.13) + + 6.76
0.7 ( 36 ) 1230 ( 48.875 ) 1230 ( 48.875 ) 29, 000
= 796 in. 66.3 ft
Example 1
When Lp < Lb Lr
Lb Lp
L L
r p
L 18.6
= 1.0 46,500 ( 46,500 0.7 ( 36 )(1230 ) ) b
66.3 18.6
= 46,500 325 ( Lb 18.6 ) (in.-kips)
Copyright 2016
4.16
Example 1
When Lb > Lr
2
Cb 2 ES xc J Lb
Mn = 2
1 + 0.078 R pc M yc F4-3, F4-5
Lb S xc ho rt

rt
1.02 ( 29, 000 )(1230 ) 12.5 12 Lb 2
= 1 + 0.078
1230 ( 48.875 ) 7.13
2
12 Lb

7.13
1.24 108
= 2
1 + 4.59 105 L2b (in.-kips)
Lb
Example 1
Nominal strength Compression flange
local buckling
R pc M yc = 3880 ft-kips
M n = 3240 ft-kips
M r = 0.7 Fy S xc = 2580 ft-kips
Lp Lp Lr
Copyright 2016
4.17
Plate Girders
For singly symmetric girders, nothing will
change in our approach
However,
hc h
S xc S xt
So we must be careful when h and hc or Sxc

and Sxt are called for
Example 2
Determine the nominal moment strength of
the given singly symmetric plate girder,
A36 steel. Section Properties
bfc = 20.0 in.
y = 25.78 in.
I x = 32, 200 in.4 d = 50.125 in.
hc I = 2120 in.4 b fc = 20.0 in.
y
tfc =1.25 in. 2 t fc = 1.25 in.
S xc = 1320 in.3
tw =0.375 in. h = 48 in.
b ft = 26.0 in.
tft =0.875 in.
S xt = 1250 in.3
t ft = 0.875 in.
Z x = 1380 in.3
t w = 0.375 in.
bft = 26.0 in.
Copyright 2016
4.18
Example 2
Check flange slenderness
b fc 20
= = 8.0
2t fc 2 (1.25 )
E 29, 000 kc E k ( 29, 000 )

p = 0.38 = 0.38 = 10.8 r = 0.95 = 0.95 c =?
Fy 36 FL FL

kc = = = 0.354 nor more than 0.76)
h tw 48 0.375
S xt 1250
= = 0.947 0.7 therefore FL = 0.7 Fy F4-6a
S xc 1320
Example 2
kc E 0.354 ( 29, 000 )
r = 0.95 = 0.95 = 19.2
FL 0.7 ( 36 )
bf
= 8.0 < p = 10.8 < r = 19.2 Flange - compact
2t f
Check web slenderness hc = 2 ( 48.0 + 0.875 25.78 ) = 46.2 in.
hc 46.2 Less slender than Example 1
= = 123
t w 0.375
E 29, 000 E 29, 000
p = 3.76 = 3.76 = 107 r = 5.70 = 5.70 = 162
Fy 36 Fy 36
Copyright 2016
4.19
Example 2
Since the web is noncompact, we again
should use Section F4.
1.25 ( 20.0 ) 12 833
3
I yc
= = = 0.39 > 0.23
Iy 2120 2120
Mp Fy Z 1380 0.1
I yc
0.9 F13-2
= = = 1.05 Iy
M yc Fy S xc 1320
Example 2
Remember from
So Rpc becomes Example 1, this
be satisfied
Mp Mp pw M p
R pc = 1 F4-9b
M yc M yc rw pw M yc
123 107
= 1.05 (1.05 1) = 1.04 1.05
162 107
Copyright 2016
4.20
Example 2
M n = R pc M yc = 1.04 ( 36 )(1320 ) = 49, 400 in.-kips F4-1
We found that the flange was compact so this
limit state does not apply
Example 2
Since S xt < S xc this limit state applies
Mp Fy Z 1380
= = = 1.10
M yt Fy S xt 1250
and M M pw M p
R pt = p p 1
M
F4-16b
M yt M yt rw pw yt
Note that Rpc

123 107
= 1.10 (1.10 1) = 1.07 1.10 and Rpt are
162 107 now different
Copyright 2016
4.21
Example 2
M n = R pt Fy S xt = 1.07 ( 36 )(1250 ) = 48, 200 in.-kips
F4-15
Example 2
bt 3 20 (1.25 ) + ( 26 )( 0.875 ) + 48 ( 0.375 )

3 3 3
J = = = 19.7 in.4
3 3
b fc
rt = F4-11 rt can be approximated as the radius
h 1 h2 of gyration of the compression
12 o + aw
d 6 h d
o flange plus 1/6 the web
Copyright 2016
4.22
Example 2
b fc
ht 46.2 ( 0.375 ) rt = F4-11
aw = c w = = 0.693 h 1 h2
b fct fc 20 (1.25 ) 12 o + aw
d 6 ho d
h = 48 in. 20
=
ho = 48 + 1.25 2 + 0.875 2 = 49.1 in. ( 49.1) 1
( 48)
2
d = 48 + 1.25 + 0.875 = 50.1 in. 12 + ( 0.693)

( 50.1) 6 ( 49.1)( 50.1)

= 5.53
Example 2
E 29, 000
L p = 1.1rt = 1.1( 5.53) = 173 in. 14.4 ft F4-7
Fy 36
2 2 F4-8
E J J FL
Lr = 1.95rt + + 6.76
FL S xc ho S h
xc o E
2 2
29, 000 19.7 19.7 0.7 ( 36 )
= 1.95 ( 5.53) + + 6.76
0.7 ( 36 ) 1320 ( 49.1) 1320 ( 49.1) 29, 000
= 631 in. 52.6 ft
Copyright 2016
4.23
Example 2
When L p < Lb Lr
Lb L p
L L
r p
L 14.4
= 1.0 49, 400 ( 49, 400 0.7 ( 36 )(1320 ) ) b
52.6 14.4
= 49, 400 422 ( Lb 14.4 ) (in.-kips)
Example 2
When Lb > Lr
2
Cb 2 ES xc J Lb
Mn = 2
1 + 0.078 R pc M yc F4-3, F4-5
Lb S xc ho rt

rt
1.02 ( 29, 000 )(1320 ) 19.7 12 Lb 2
= 1 + 0.078
1320 ( 49.1) 5.53
2
12 Lb

5.53
8.02 107
= 1 + 1.12 104 L2b (in.-kips)
L2b
Copyright 2016
4.24
Example 2
Nominal strength Tension flange yielding
M n = 4020 ft-kips
L p Lp Lr
Example 3
Reverse the flanges of the shape in
Example 2 so that the smaller width flange
is in tension. Section Properties
bfc = 26.0 in.
I x = 32, 200 in.4 d = 50.125 in.
tfc =0.875 in.

I = 2120 in.4 b fc = 26.0 in.
y
hc
t fc = 0.875 in.
tw =0.375 in.
2
d = 48 in.
S xc = 1250 in.3
b ft = 20.0 in.
S xt = 1320 in.3
tft =1.25 in. t ft = 1.25 in.
Z x = 1380 in.3
t w = 0.375 in.
bft = 20.0 in.
Copyright 2016
4.25
Example 3
Check flange slenderness Note change from Example 2
b fc 26
= = 14.9
2t fc 2 ( 0.875 )
E 29, 000 kc E k ( 29, 000 )

p = 0.38 = 0.38 = 10.8 r = 0.95 = 0.95 c =?
Fy 36 FL FL

kc = = = 0.354 nor more than 0.76)
h tw 48 0.375
S xt 1320
= = 1.06 0.7 therefore FL = 0.7 Fy F4-6a
S xc 1250
Note change from Example 2
Example 3
kc E 0.354 ( 29, 000 )
r = 0.95 = 0.95 = 19.2
FL 0.7 ( 36 )
bf
p = 10.8 < = 14.9 < r = 19.2 Flange -
2t f noncompact
Check web slenderness hc = 2 ( 25.78 0.875 ) = 49.8 in.
hc 49.8 Change from Example 2
= = 133
t w 0.375
E 29, 000 E 29, 000
p = 3.76 = 3.76 = 107 r = 5.70 = 5.70 = 162
Fy 36 Fy 36
Copyright 2016
4.26
Example 3
Since the web is noncompact, we again will
use Section F4.
0.875 ( 26.0 ) 12 1280
3
I yc
= = = 0.604 > 0.23
Iy 2120 2120
Mp Fy Z 1380 0.1
I yc
0.9 F13-2
= = = 1.10 Iy
M yc Fy S xc 1250
Example 3
So Rpc becomes Remember this
be satisfied
Mp Mp pw M p
R pc = 1 F4-9b
M yc M yc rw pw M yc
133 107
= 1.10 (1.10 1) = 1.05 1.10
162 107
Copyright 2016
4.27
Example 3
M n = R pc M yc = 1.05 ( 36 )(1250 ) = 47,300 in.-kips F4-1

pf

M n = R pc M yc ( R pc M yc FL S xc ) F4-13

rf pf
14.9 10.8
= 47,300 ( 47,300 0.7 ( 36 )(1250 ) ) = 39, 600 in.-kips
19.2 10.8
Example 3
bt 3 20 (1.25 ) + ( 26 )( 0.875 ) + 48 ( 0.375 )
3 3 3
J = = = 19.7 in.4
3 3
b fc
rt = rt can be approximated as the radius
h 1 h2
12 o + aw of gyration of the compression
d 6 ho d flange plus 1/6 the web
Copyright 2016
4.28
Example 3
b fc
ht 49.8 ( 0.375 ) rt = F4-11
aw = c w = = 0.821 h 1 h2
b fct fc 26 ( 0.875 ) 12 o + aw
d 6 ho d
h = 48 in. 26
=
ho = 48 + 1.25 2 + 0.875 2 = 49.1 in. ( 49.1) 1
( 48)
2
d = 48 + 1.25 + 0.875 = 50.1 in. 12 + ( 0.821)

( 50.1) 6 ( 49.1)( 50.1)

= 7.13
Example 3
E 29, 000
L p = 1.1rt = 1.1( 7.13) = 223 in. 18.6 ft F4-7
Fy 36
2 2 F4-8
E J J FL
Lr = 1.95rt + + + 6.76
FL S xc ho S h
xc o E
2 2
29, 000 19.7 19.7 0.7 ( 36 )
= 1.95 ( 7.13) + + 6.76
0.7 ( 36 ) 1250 ( 49.1) 1250 ( 49.1) 29, 000
= 816 in. 68.0 ft
Copyright 2016
4.29
Example 3
When L p < Lb Lr
Lb L p
L L
r p
L 18.6
= 1.0 47,300 ( 47,300 0.7 ( 36 )(1250 ) ) b
68.0 18.6
= 47,300 320 ( Lb 18.6 ) (in.-kips)
Example 3
When Lb > Lr
2
Cb 2 ES xc J Lb
Mn = 2
1 + 0.078 R pc M yc F4-3, F4-5
Lb S xc ho rt

rt
1.02 ( 29, 000 )(1250 ) 19.7 12 Lb 2
= 1 + 0.078
1250 ( 49.1) 7.13
2
12 Lb

7.13
1.26 108
= 1 + 7.09 105 L2b (in.-kips)
L2b
Copyright 2016
4.30
Example 3
Nominal strength Compression flange
local buckling
M n = 3300 ft-kips
Lp Lp Lr
Example 3
Nominal strength
Ex 2
Ex 3
Ex 1
Copyright 2016
4.31
Plate Girders
F5. for doubly and singly symmetric with
slender web
As with F4, the limit state of web local buckling
does not lead to a specific nominal strength
Rather, web local buckling modifies the
strength determined for the other limit states;
yielding, flange local buckling and lateral-
torsional buckling, through the use of the
bending strength reduction factor, Rpg.
Plate Girders
M n = R pg Fy S xc F5-1
F5.4 Tension flange yielding, S xt < S xc

M n = Fy S xt F5-10

pf
Noncompact Fcr = Fy ( 0.3Fy ) F5-8

rf
= R pg Fcr S xc F5-7
pf
Mn
0.9 Ekc
Slender Fcr = 2
F5-9
bf

Theres always a solution in steel! 2t f 4.64
Copyright 2016
4.32
Plate Girders
Look at the bending strength reduction
factor, Rpg
aw h E
R pg = 1 c 5.7 1.0 F5-6
1, 200 + 300aw tw Fy
hctw
aw = 10.0 F4-12 plus the limit to 10
b fct fc
Plate Girders
aw = 0.79
aw = 2
aw = 5
aw = 10
pw rw
Copyright 2016
4.33
Plate Girders
M n = R pg Fcr S xc F5-2
When Lp < Lb Lr
L Lp
Fcr = Cb Fy ( 0.3Fy ) b Fy F5-3
L L
r p
When Lb > Lr
Cb 2 E
Fcr = 2
F5-4
Lb

rt
Plate Girders
E
L p = 1.1rt F4-7
Fy
b fc
rt = F4-11
h 1 h2
12 o + aw
E d 6 ho d
Lr = rt F5-5
0.7 Fy
Copyright 2016
4.34
Plate Girders
F2, F3 F4 F5
Noncompact
Z
= 1.6
S
R pg
aw = 0.79
R pc
aw = 10
Compact Slender
pw rw
A user note in Section F4 says that Section F5 may conservatively

be used for shapes that fall under the provisions of Section F4
Example 4
Reconsider the plate girder from Example
1 using Section F5
Section Properties
I x = 30, 600 in.4
I y = 2560 in.4
tf =0.875 in. S x = 1230 in.3
h = 48 in.
Z x = 1330 in.3
tw =0.375 in. d = 49.75 in.
b f = 26.0 in.
tw = 0.375 in.
bf = 26.0 in.
t f = 0.875 in.
Copyright 2016
4.35
Example 4
Flange and web slenderness are the same
as already calculated in Example 1
bf
p = 10.8 = 14.9 < r = 19.2
2t f
h
p = 107 = 128 < r = 162
tw
Since the web is noncompact, we could use
Section F4 as we did in Example 1 but we are
permitted to conservatively use Section F5
Example 4
The bending strength reduction factor
impacts other limit states, so first determine
Rpg. From Example 1 aw = 0.791
aw h E
R pg = 1 c 5.7 1.0 F5-6
1, 200 + 300aw tw Fy
0.791 48.0 29, 000

= 1 5.7
1, 200 + 300 ( 0.791) 0.375 36
= 1.02 > 1.0 therefore R pg = 1 When using F5 in place of
F4, Rpg will always be 1.0
Copyright 2016
4.36
Example 4
M n = R pg M yc = 1.0 ( 36 )(1230 ) = 44,300 in.-kips F5-1
pf M n = R pg Fcr S xc F5-7
Fcr = Fy ( 0.3Fy )

F5-8
rf pf
= 1.0 ( 30.7 )(1230 )
14.9 10.8
= 36 0.3 ( 36 )
19.2 10.8 = 37,800 in.-kips
= 30.7 ksi
Example 4

rt = 7.13 F4-11
E 29, 000
L p = 1.1rt = 1.1( 7.13) = 223 in. 18.6 ft F4-7
Fy 36
E 29, 000
Lr = rt = ( 7.13) = 760 in. 63.3 ft F5-5
0.7 Fy 0.7 ( 36 )
Copyright 2016
4.37
Example 4
M n = R pg Fcr S xc F5-2
When L p < Lb Lr
Lb L p
Fcr = Cb Fy ( 0.3Fy ) Fy F5-3
L L
r p
L 18.6
= 1.0 36 ( 0.3 ( 36 ) ) b
63.3 18.6
= 36 0.24 ( Lb 18.6 ) (ksi)
Example 4
When Lb > Lr
Cb 2 E
Fcr = 2
Fy F5-4
Lb

rt
1.02 ( 29, 000 )
= 2
12 Lb

7.13
1.01 105
= (ksi)
L2b
Copyright 2016
4.38
Example 4
From this example, it does appear that using F5 in place of F4 is conservative.
Is the simplicity worth it?
Section F4
Example 1
Section F5
Example 4
Example 5
Determine the nominal strength of a plate
girder with a slender web. This is Example
1 with a thin web Section Properties
I x = 29,500 in.4
I y = 2560 in.4
tf =0.875 in. S x = 1190 in.3
h = 48 in.
Z x = 1260 in.3
tw =0.25 in. d = 49.75 in.
b f = 26.0 in.
tw = 0.250 in.
bf = 26.0 in.
t f = 0.875 in.
Copyright 2016
4.39
Example 5
bf 26
= = 14.9
2t f 2 ( 0.875 )
E 29, 000 kc E k ( 29, 000 )

p = 0.38 = 0.38 = 10.8 r = 0.95 = 0.95 c =?
Fy 36 FL FL
4 4 A change from
kc = = = 0.289
h tw 48 0.25 Example 1
(but no less than 0.35 nor more than 0.76)
kc = 0.35
Example 5
kc E 0.35 ( 29, 000 )
r = 0.95 = 0.95 = 19.1
FL 0.7 ( 36 )
bf Flange -
p = 10.8 < = 14.9 < r = 19.1 noncompact
2t f
Check web slenderness
h 48
p = 107 = = 192 > r = 162
tw 0.25
h
=
0.40 E
= 322 F13-4 Therefore the web is slender
t max Fy
and we must use Section F5
Copyright 2016
4.40
Example 5
The bending strength reduction factor, Rpg.
hc tw 48 ( 0.25 )
aw = = = 0.527 < 10 F4-12
b fc t fc 26 ( 0.875 )
aw h E
R pg = 1 c 5.7 1.0 F5-6
1, 200 + 300aw tw Fy
0.527 48.0 29, 000

= 1 5.7
1, 200 + 300 ( 0.527 ) 0.250 36
= 0.988 < 1.0 therefore R pg = 0.988
Example 5
M n = R pg M yc = 0.988 ( 36 )(1190 ) = 42,300 in.-kips F5-1

pf M n = R pg Fcr S xc F5-7
Fcr = Fy ( 0.3Fy )

F5-8
rf pf
= 0.988 ( 30.7 )(1190 )
14.9 10.8
= 36 0.3 ( 36 )
19.1 10.8 = 36,100 in.-kips
= 30.7 ksi
Copyright 2016
4.41
Example 5

b fc
rt = F4-11
aw = 0.527 h 1 h2
12 o + aw
h = 48 in. d 6 ho d
26
ho = 48 + 0.875 = 48.875 in. =
( 48.875 ) 1 ( 48)
2

d = 48 + 2 ( 0.875 ) = 49.75 in. 12 + ( 0.527 )
( 49.75 ) 6 ( 48.875)( 49.75)

= 7.27
Example 5

E 29, 000
L p = 1.1rt = 1.1( 7.27 ) = 227 in. 18.9 ft F4-7
Fy 36
E 29, 000
Lr = rt = ( 7.27 ) = 775 in. 64.6ft F5-5
0.7 Fy 0.7 ( 36 )
Copyright 2016
4.42
Example 5
M n = R pg Fcr S xc = 0.988Fcr S xc F5-2
When L p < Lb Lr
Lb L p
Fcr = Cb Fy ( 0.3Fy ) Fy F5-3
L L
r p
L 18.9
= 1.0 36 ( 0.3 ( 36 ) ) b
64.6 18.9
= 36 0.236 ( Lb 18.9 ) (ksi)
Example 5
When Lb > Lr
Cb 2 E
Fcr = 2
Fy F5-4
Lb

rt
1.02 ( 29, 000 )
= 2
12 Lb

7.27
1.05 105
= (ksi)
L2b
Copyright 2016
4.43
Example 5
Flange local buckling
R pg M yc = 3530 ft-kips
M n = 3010 ft-kips
M r = R pg ( 0.7 Fy S xc ) = 2470 ft-kips
Lp Lp Lr
Example 5
Look at the impact of reducing the web
thickness
Example 1: 0.375 in. web
Example 5: 0.250 in. web
Copyright 2016
4.44
Compare F4 and F5
Compression flange yielding
M n = R pc Fy S xc F4-1
M n = R pg Fy S xc F5-1
Compression flange local buckling

Noncompact
pw
M n = R pc M yc ( R pc M yc FL S xc )

F4-13
rw pw
pw
(
M n = R pg M yc R pg M yc R pg ( 0.7 Fy S xc ) )

F5-8 modified
rw pw
Compare F4 and F5
Compression flange local buckling
Slender
0.9 Ekc S xc F4-14
Mn = 2
bf

2t f
R pg ( 0.9 Ekc S xc )
Mn = 2
F5-9 modified
bf

2t f
Copyright 2016
4.45
Compare F4 and F5
Tension flange yielding
M n = R pt Fy S xt F4-15
M n = Fy S xt F5-10
Lateral-torsional buckling
When Lp < Lb Lr
Lb Lp

Lr Lp
Lb Lp
(
M n = Cb R pg M yc R pg M yc R pg ( 0.3Fy S xc ) ) R pg M yc F5-3 modified
Lr Lp
Compare F4 and F5
Lateral-torsional buckling
When Lb > Lr
2
Cb 2 ES xc J Lb
Mn = 2
1 + 0.078 R pc M yc F4-3, F4-5
Lb S xc ho rt

rt
R pg Cb 2 ES xc F5-2, F5-4
Mn = 2
R pg M yc
Lb

rt
Copyright 2016
4.46
Shear
Chapter G addresses shear strength
For all shapes the limit states to be considered
are shear yielding and shear buckling
Tension field action will also be considered but it
is not a separate limit state
G2. Members with unstiffened or stiffened webs

Vn = 0.6 Fy AwCv G2-1
Shear
The web shear coefficient is a function of web
slenderness. For h tw 1.10 kv E Fy
Cv = 1.0 G2-3
For 1.10 kv E Fy < h tw 1.37 kv E Fy

1.10 kv E Fy G2-4
Cv =
h tw
For h tw > 1.37 kv E Fy
1.51kv E G2-5
Cv =
( h tw )
2
Fy
Copyright 2016
4.47
Shear
G3. For tension field action
h tw 1.10 kv E Fy From the previous slide,
this is Cv = 1. Here it
Vn = 0.6 Fy Aw G3-1 means you can not
benefit from tension field
action.
h tw > 1.10 kv E Fy This is the tension

field action benefit

1 Cv
Vn = 0.6 Fy Aw Cv + G3-2
1.15 1 + ( a h )
2

Shear
Web plate shear buckling coefficient, kv
For webs without transverse stiffeners
kv = 5
With transverse stiffeners
5
kv = 5 + G2-6
(a h)
2
2
260
= 5 when a h > 3 or a h >
( h tw )
Where a = clear distance between stiffeners
Copyright 2016
4.48
Shear
Coefficient, Cv, for kv = 5, that is either no stiffeners
or stiffeners spaced greater than a/h = 3.
Fy = 50 ksi
pwv rwv
Shear
With stiffeners but without tension field action
Fy = 50 ksi
a h = 0.5
a h =1
a h3
a
Copyright 2016
4.49
Shear
With stiffeners and tension field action
Fy = 50 ksi
a h = 0.5
a h =1
a h3
a
Example 6
Determine the shear strength of the thin
web plate girder from Example 5
Aw = 12.0 in.2
tf =0.875 in. h = 48.0 in.
h = 48 in. tw = 0.250 in.
tw =0.25 in. h tw = 192
For kv = 5.0
bf = 26.0 in. pwv = 1.10 kv E Fy = 69.8

rwv = 1.37 kv E Fy = 86.9
Copyright 2016
4.50
Example 6
Since
h tw = 192 > rwv = 86.9
the web is slender for shear and
1.51kv E 1.51( 5 )( 29, 000 )
Cv = = = 0.165 G2-5
( h tw ) Fy (192 ) ( 36 )
2 2
and the shear strength is

Vn = 0.6 Fy AwCv = 0.6 ( 36 )(12.0 )( 0.165 ) = 42.8 kips G2-1
Example 6
Assume this girder is on a 120 ft span with
bracing every 20 ft. From Example 5 with
Lb = 20 ft, the strength is controlled by
flange local buckling, M n = 3010 ft-kips
For LRFD
M n = 0.9 ( 3010 ) = 2710 ft-kips
and for uniform load
2710 ( 8 )
wuM = = 1.51 kip/ft
(120 )
2
Copyright 2016
4.51
Example 6
Based on shear strength
Vn = 0.9 ( 42.8 ) = 38.5 kips
and for uniform load
38.5 ( 2 )
wuV = = 0.642 kips/ft
120
So the strength of this beam is controlled

by shear since
wuV = 0.642 < wuM = 1.51
Example 6
So increase the shear strength by adding
stiffeners with a/h < 3 so that kv will be
greater than 5
Required shear strength
1.51(120 )
Vu = = 90.6 kips
2
so that
Vu 90.6
Vn = = = 101 kips
0.9
Copyright 2016
4.52
Example 6
Determine the minimum Cv to provide the
needed strength
Since
Vn = 0.6 Fy AwCv G2-1
then
Vn 101
Cv = = = 0.390
0.6 Fy Aw 0.6 ( 36 )(12 )
Example 6
To increase Cv, we must put in sufficient
stiffeners to increase kv.
For the slenderness of the web that we
have
1.51kv E 1.51( kv )( 29, 000 )
Cv = = = 0.390 G2-5
( h tw ) (192 ) ( 36 )
2 2
Fy
so that
0.390 (192 ) ( 36 )
2
kv = = 11.8
1.51( 29, 000 )
Copyright 2016
4.53
Example 6
Thus, since
5
kv = 5 + = 11.8 G2-6
( a h)
2
a/h must be
5 5
a h= = = 0.857
kv 5 11.8 5
so that
a (max) = 0.857 ( 48 ) = 41.1 in.
Example 6
Therefore add stiffeners at 40 in.
a h = 40 48 = 0.833
5
kv = 5 + = 12.2 G2-6
( 0.833)
2
For kv = 12.2
pwv = 1.10 kv E Fy = 109 The web will still
rwv = 1.37 kv E Fy = 136
buckle elastically
Copyright 2016
4.54
Example 6
Determine the strength of this stiffened
web
1.51kv E 1.51(12.2 )( 29, 000 )
Cv = = = 0.403 G2-5
( h tw ) Fy (192 ) ( 36 )
2 2
and
Vn = 0.6 Fy AwCv = 0.6 ( 36 )(12.0 )( 0.403) = 104 kips G2-1
0.9 (104 )( 2 )
wuV = = 1.56 kips/ft > wuM = 1.51 kips/ft
120
Example 6
This solution requires stiffeners every 40
in. but we saw that even for a/h = 3 tension
field action can increase strength.
So check to see if with a/h = 3 tension field
action will give enough additional strength
so shear will not control.
Copyright 2016
4.55
Example 6
G3 limits use of tension field action. May
not use it if any of the following occur
AISC 360-10 limitations Our example
end panels not in end panels
2 2
a h > 3.0 or 260 ( h tw ) a h = 3.0 and 260 (192 ) = 1.83
2 Aw (A fc + Aft ) > 2.5 2 Aw (A fc + Aft ) = 0.527
h b fc or h b ft > 6.0 h b fc or h b ft = 1.85
This limit is to aid in fabrication. It will be removed from AISC 360-16
So we will ignore it here
Example 6
Determine strength with tension field
action a = 3 ( 48 ) = 144 in. 12.0 ft
kv = 5
Cv = 0.165 as found earlier

1 Cv
Vn = 0.6 Fy Aw Cv + G3-2
2
1.15 1 + ( a h )

1 0.165
= 0.6 ( 36 )(12.0 ) 0.165 + = 102 kips
1.15 1 + ( 3.0 )
2

Copyright 2016
4.56
Example 6
Based on shear strength
Vn = 0.9 (102 ) = 91.8 kips
and
91.8 ( 2 )
wuV = = 1.53 kips/ft
120
So the strength of this beam is fairly well
matched between shear and bending
wuV = 1.53 kips/ft wuM = 1.51 kips/ft
Example 6
This appears to be the most efficient
placement of stiffeners since any further
apart will not be effective as stiffeners
Since we can not use tension field action
in the end panel, put the first stiffener at 40
in. which was determined earlier without
tension field action to be sufficient
Copyright 2016
4.57
Example 6
Final design using tension field action
Mid-span
40 in. 144 in. 144 in. 144 in. 248 in.
shear strength envelope

93.6 k
91.8 k
Vu = 90.6 k
Vu = 35.8 k 35.8 k
316 in.
a h 3 ok
Example 6
Stiffeners must be sized according to G2.2
or G3.3, depending on use of tension field
action or not.
This will be left to the student to review.
Copyright 2016
4.58
Summary
We have determined the flexural strength of
doubly and singly symmetric girders with
compact webs
We have also looked at how girder strength
changed as we altered the flange size
We have treated doubly symmetric girders with
slender webs and noted how singly symmetric
girders would be treated
We also addressed shear strength of plate
girders
Lesson 5
The next lesson will begin our treatment of
compression members
We will look at symmetric, singly
symmetric and unsymmetric members
This will include single and double angles
It will also include tees and double tees
We will also look at cruciform and I-
shaped members that behave similarly
Copyright 2016
4.59
Thank You

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Copyright 2016
4.60
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Copyright 2016
4.61
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Copyright 2016
4.62
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Theres always a solution in steel! 125
Copyright 2016
4.63

Night School 10 Session 4

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Night School 10 Session 4

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AISC Night School Steel Design 2: Selected Topics

February 23, 2016 Session 4: Plate Girders

Thank you for joining our live webinar today.

Theres always a solution in steel!

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Theres always a solution in steel!

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Theres always a solution in steel!

The American Institute of Steel Construction 2016

Theres always a solution in steel!

February 23, 2016

Theres always a solution in steel!

Theres always a solution in steel!

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics based on AISC 360-10

Theres always a solution in steel! 8

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics based on

Theres always a solution in steel! 4.9

Lesson 4 Plate Girders

Lesson 4 Plate Girders

Theres always a solution in steel! 4.11

Theres always a solution in steel! 4.12

Doubly Symmetric Singly Symmetric

Flange compact compact

Plate girders could fall into any of these categories

Theres always a solution in steel! 4.13

Rolled W-shapes do not benefit from stiffeners

Theres always a solution in steel! 4.14

I-shaped members with slender webs

For unstiffened girders h tw 260

Theres always a solution in steel! 4.15

Theres always a solution in steel! 4.16

Theres always a solution in steel! 4.17

F4.4 Tension flange yielding

F4.3 Compression flange local buckling

F4.3 Compression flange local buckling

Theres always a solution in steel! 4.21

Theres always a solution in steel! 4.22

E 29, 000 kc E k ( 29, 000 )

4 4 (but no less than 0.35

Theres always a solution in steel! 4.24

E 29, 000 E 29, 000

Theres always a solution in steel! Web - noncompact 4.25

Theres always a solution in steel! 4.27

F4.3 Compression flange local buckling

Theres always a solution in steel! 4.28

F4.2 Lateral-torsional buckling

Theres always a solution in steel! 4.29

Theres always a solution in steel! 4.30

Theres always a solution in steel! 4.31

Theres always a solution in steel! 4.32

Theres always a solution in steel! 4.34

So we must be careful when h and hc or Sxc

Theres always a solution in steel! 4.35

Theres always a solution in steel! 4.36

E 29, 000 kc E k ( 29, 000 )

4 4 (but no less than 0.35

Theres always a solution in steel! 4.37

Theres always a solution in steel! Web - noncompact 4.38