International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, Sept. 2013.

IJAET ISSN: 22311963

FSS RADOMES FOR ANTENNA RCS REDUCTION

Chandrika Sudhendra1, Madhu AR2, Mahesh A3 and AC Radhakrishna Pillai1
1
Scientist, Aeronautical Development Establishment, Ministry of Defence, DRDO, India
2
M.Tech Project Trainee, RVCE, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
3
Assistant Professor, RVCE, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

ABSTRACT
In this paper, two different types of Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS) panel radomes are presented. Both
types of FSS radomes are designed as band pass spatial filters. The first designed example comprises of a single
slot element (SSE) FSS radome for linear polarization with an RF transparency bandwidth of 1 GHz, with
insertion loss <1 dB from 9.5 GHz. to 10.5 GHz. The SSE panel prototype FSS radome is developed as PCB on
an FR4 substrate of thickness 0.4 mm. The second design comprises of Jerusalem Cross Slot (JCS) FSS radome
with RF transparency bandwidth1 GHz with insertion loss <1 dB from 8.5 GHz. to 9.5 GHz. for circular
polarization. A reflection loss of better than 10 dB is realized in both designs. The dielectric profile of the JCS
FSS radome comprises of the FSS pattern sandwiched between two FR4 substrates of thickness 0.2mm. The
electromagnetic designs are simulated using the 3D EM simulation software, HFSS v15. The FSS layers are
designed as electrically thin PCBs using the Visula PCB layout design software and developed using
conventional and highly accurate photolithographic technology. Both FSS radomes are developed as PCBs of
size (280mm 280 mm). The FSS radome panels are tested for their performance in the microwave anechoic
chamber. Experimental results agree closely with simulation results and are encouraging.

KEYWORDS: FSS, FSS radome, Jerusalem cross slot, Radar cross section (RCS) and RCS reduction (RCSR).

I. INTRODUCTION
Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS) are periodic surfaces in two dimensions and have inherent
filtering characteristics. A two dimensional array of slots or patches etched on a microwave laminate
can be designed to act as microwave band pass spatial filters or as band stop filters respectively. FSS
are employed in the design of FSS radomes [1] where they need to de designed as band pass spatial
filters. FSS radome design and development assumes importance as the FSS radomes are applied to
reduce the enclosed antenna radar cross section (RCS) [1-2]. In this application, the FSS radome is
designed as a band pass spatial filter with high transmission in the radiating frequency band(s) of the
enclosed antenna and to provide reflection loss in the out of-band radiating regions of the antenna i.e.
the antenna contributes the in-band RCS whereas the out-of-band RCS is dictated mainly by (i) the
low-RCS shape of the radome and (ii) the reflection characteristics of the FSS radome. In a recent
paper [3], an absorptive FSS radome is described with wide band absorptive property which performs
the dual role of low insertion loss in the radiating frequency band of the enclosed antenna and also
absorption of Electromagnetic (EM) signals in the out-of-band radiating frequency band of the
antenna. Unlike the microwave filters with a designated input for desired output, FSS radome design
is highly challenging as it needs to be designed for various Angles Of Incidence (AOI) and
polarization in addition to stringent specifications of a normal radome for aircraft applications. FSS
find applications as FSS radomes [4-10] and radar absorbers [11] wherein the FSS layers need to be
realized as resistive FSS.
Two basic complementary FSS geometries are the patch and slot in a free standing screen, and obey
Babinets principle. A judicious selection of FSS geometry for meeting the desired EM specifications
is the first step in FSS radome design. The analysis of FSS radome with complex geometries is carried
out using full wave, 3D EM simulation software such as High Frequency Structure Simulator - HFSS.

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IJAET ISSN: 22311963
HFSS is the industry standard for accurate simulation of passive and active RF/microwave devices.
Further, the Floquets theorem enables analysis of the entire planar FSS structure by simulating
single/unit cell FSS geometry. The HFSS simulation software aids not only in accurate simulation
and sensitivity analysis but also helps in optimising all design parameters with virtual prototyping.
In this paper, two types of prototype panel FSS radomes are designed and developed, viz., a Single
Slot Element (SSE) FSS radome and Jerusalem Cross Slot (JCS) FSS radome to meet linear and
circular polarization requirements respectively. In the first section the EM design, simulation in
HFSS and fabrication and measurements of the dipole slot FSS radome are described. In the second
section, the design, full wave simulation, fabrication and microwave measurements of the JCS FSS
radome is described.

II. EM DESIGN, SIMULATION AND MEASUREMENTS

A. Single Slot Element (SSE) FSS panel radome
A Single Slot Element (SSE) FSS geometry is chosen to meet the linear polarization requirements and
specifications such as insertion loss 1dB and reflection loss better than 10 dB from 9.5 to 10.5
GHz. The resonant frequency, fc of the SSE FSS is given by

1
= . (1)
2
where,
l = length of the slot
= 0r
= 0r
r = 1(non-magnetic material)
r = 4.4 (FR4 dielectric substrate)
and 0 and 0 have the free space values.
The SSE has polarization discrimination characteristics and hence was the preferred choice to meet
the linear polarization requirements. The SSE FSS radome is modeled as unit cell geometry in HFSS
v15 simulation software. The core EM solver in HFSS is based on Finite Element Method (FEM).
FEM is used for rigorous and accurate simulation of 3D structures such as FSS radomes and radar
absorbers in a broad frequency range for extracting the required S-parameters. Advanced
computational EM solve techniques like Hybrid Finite Element and Integral Equation (IE) solver
options available in HFSS v15 enable accurate simulation of electrically large and complicated
geometries, radiation and scattering problems including nose cone FSS radomes. The model geometry
is discretised into tetrahedral mesh with manual meshing to increase the accuracy. The advanced
material library with comprehensive material data base containing permittivity, permeability, electric
and magnetic loss tangent for common materials enables accurate simulation of material properties.
Simulation of periodic surfaces such as FSS radomes is enabled with the unique Floquets port option.
Various incident wave options such as plane wave, Hertzian dipole, cylindrical and Gaussian wave
are available. The boundary conditions comprise of radiating and perfectly matched layers, sheet
resistance etc., and the linked or periodic boundary conditions enables easy and accurate simulation of
planar FSS radome. Also, the optimetrics option in HFSS enables sensitivity analysis while exploring
the vicinity of the design point to determine the sensitivity of the design to small changes in variables.
This option is particularly useful for determining the effect of process and fabrication tolerances by
simply inserting these variables as parametric variables.
The optimized S-parameters performance of the SSE FSS radome is shown in figure 1. The unit cell
geometry model of the SSE FSS radome is shown in the inset of the same figure. It is noted that for a
panel FSS radome design which is essentially a periodic surface, Floquets theorem for periodic
surfaces enables analysis of entire surface by simulating a single cell. The FSS is idealized to be
infinitely large and the analysis is then accomplished by analyzing a unit cell. The Floquets ports
excitation are used exclusively with periodic structures defined by master slave boundaries. They
contain plane waves whose frequency, phasing and the geometry of the periodic structure determine

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IJAET ISSN: 22311963
the propagation direction [12]. Floquets port excitation at the top and bottom of unit cell FSS
geometry is shown in the figure along with linked master and slave boundaries for the sides of the unit
cell. De-embedding of the port is also shown in the figure. One pair of linked boundaries is shown in
the same figure, for clarity. The length and width of the SSE FSS are optimized to realize the desired
performance. It is observed that the required insertion loss of < 1 dB is realized from the design.
FR4 substrate with r = 4.4 and thickness 0.4 mm with tan = 0.02 is used in simulation. It is
observed from the figure 1 that best reflection loss performance of 27 dB is obtained at 10 GHz. and
the desired 10 dB reflection loss bandwidth is realized from 9.5 to 10.5 GHz, for normal incidence.

Figure1. Optimized HFSS simulation performance of S-parameters SSE radome Inset: Unit cell geometry
model in HFSS.

In an operational scenario, the FSS radome may experience various angles of incidence (AOI) other
than normal. Hence, to study the effect of the effect of variation in AOI on the design, the AOI is
varied from -30 to +30. The simulation graphs are shown in figure 2.

Figure 2. HFSS simulation study of variation in AOI of SSE FSS radome.

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International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, Sept. 2013.
IJAET ISSN: 22311963
It is observed from figure 2 that for an AOI of +/- 10 degrees, the resonant frequency shifts to 9.98
GHz. but meets the reflection loss and insertion loss bandwidths from 9.5 GHz to 10.5 GHz. But for
an AOI of 30, the resonant frequency shifts to 9.8 GHz. and hence the 10 dB reflection loss
bandwidth correspondingly shifts from 9.3 GHz to 10.3 GHz.
Figure 3 shows the parametric simulation performance of the SSE FSS radome. The slot length is
varied and the slot width is kept constant at 2.25 mm. It is observed that as the slot length is increased,
the resonance shifts to lower frequency as expected.

Figure 3. Parametric simulation studies of SSE FSS radome. Slot length varied. Slot width kept constant.

The SSE FSS radome is designed as a PCB using the PCB layout design software, Visula v 2.3 and
developed using photolithographic technology. A photograph of the SSE FSS panel radome is shown
in figure 4. FR4 laminate with copper thickness of 17.5 microns and dielectric thickness of 0.4 mm is
used for fabrication of the FSS PCB. The dielectric profile of the panel FSS radome is shown in
figure 5.

Figure 4. Photograph of the SSE panel FSS radome. Size of the FSS panel radome = 280mm 280 mm

Figure 5. Dielectric profile of the SSE panel FSS radome.

Comparisons between measurement and simulation results of the SSE panel FSS radome are tabulated
in table 1. From table 1, it is observed that the simulated and measured insertion loss readings of the
FSS panel radome agree very closely for vertical linear polarization.

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IJAET ISSN: 22311963
TABLE I: Comparison of simulated and measured results of SSE panel FSS radome

Frequency HFSS Simulated Measured

(in GHz) insertion loss( dB) insertion loss( dB)
9.5 0.7 0.6
9.6 0.5 0.4
9.7 0.4 0.3
9.8 0.3 0.2
9.9 0.3 0.3
10 0.2 0.2
10.1 0.3 0.3
10.2 0.4 0.45
10.3 0.5 0.4
10.4 0.7 0.74
10.5 0.9 0.95

Good agreement in measured and simulated results is attributed to the very strict tolerances realized
both in FSS PCB layout design and highly accurate photolithographic PCB fabrication technology.
Also, the SSE FSS radome offers good polarization discrimination as the radome shows desired
performance for TE incidence only. Hence, the SSE FSS radome is suited for linear polarization
applications with RF transparency bandwidth of 1 GHz. in X-band. The reduced thickness of SSE
panel FSS radome enables it to be easily conformed to curved surfaces.

B. Jerusalem Cross Slot (JCS) FSS Panel Radome

A panel FSS radome was required for meeting similar RF transparency bandwidth requirements with
circular polarization from 8.5 GHz. to 9.5 GHz. A Jerusalem Cross Slot (JCS) FSS geometry was
chosen to meet the requirements of both RF transparency bandwidth and polarization specifications.
Various modifications in basic JCS FSS geometry are reported in [13] with respect to the type of the
element and its geometry, substrate and superstrate parameters and inter-element spacing, with the
same unit cell size and periodicity. This has resulted in modified designs which obviously lead to a
higher resonant frequency, bandwidth, increased null separation, dual band operation etc. The JCS
geometry based FSS is referred to as parallel resonant screen (PRS) in [14] whereas the
complementary FSS with Jerusalem cross patches is called series resonant grid. The grid impedance
and the effective inductance is also derived in [14] and the TE incidence to the array of metal
Jerusalem crosses corresponds to the TM incidence to the array of slots and vice versa. Further, the JC
element FSS has been used to enhance the bandwidth for WLAN antennas as reported in [15]. To
meet the specifications mentioned above, a simple JCS slot geometry was the right choice. The
design centre frequency for the JCS FSS radome is taken to be is 9.5 GHz. The design details of a
unit cell of JCS FSS geometry is given in figure 6.

Figure 6. Design of Jerusalem Cross slot FSS radome

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IJAET ISSN: 22311963
In the figure, 2L is the length of the slot, w is the width of the slot and p is the pitch or the size of the
unit square cell. The optimized simulation performance of the JCS FSS radome is given in figure 7.
In the inset of the same figure, a unit cell geometry model in HFSS is shown, with the master and
slave boundaries for the four sides of the unit cell, Floquets port excitation for the top and bottom
faces with de-embedding of port.

Figure 7. Optimised HFSS simulation performance of S-parameters of JCS FSS radome. Inset: Unit cell
geometry model in HFSS.

The simulation performance for AOI variations of the JCS FSS is shown in figure 8. It is noted from
the figure that the JC FSS geometry can be used without degradation in performance for an AOI
variation from 0 to 30. A minor shift in resonant frequency is observed but the desired 1 GHz.
bandwidth is maintained with insertion loss ( 1 dB) and reflection loss ( 10 dB) well within the
specified bandwidth limits.

Figure 8. HFSS simulation study of variation in AOI of Jerusalem cross FSS

The performance of Jerusalem cross FSS for circular polarization is studied by simulating the FSS
geometry for both TE and TM incidence in HFSS. The simulation performance for both TE and TM
incidence is shown in figure 9. It is observed from the figure that similar S-parameters performance is
observed for both TE and TM and hence, the JC FSS geometry is a good candidate for realizing
circular polarization performance from the FSS radome.

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IJAET ISSN: 22311963

Figure 9. TE and TM performance of the JCS FSS radome in HFSS v15.

A photograph of the prototype JCS FSS panel radome is shown in figure 10. The dielectric profile of
the JCS FSS radome comprises of the JCS FSS pattern sandwiched between two FR4 substrates of
thickness 0.2 mm each and is shown in figure 11.

Figure 10. Photograph of the fabricated JCS FSS radome for circular polarization

Figure 11. Dielectric profile of JCS FSS radome

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International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, Sept. 2013.
IJAET ISSN: 22311963
The insertion loss measurements of the JCS FSS radome are carried out in microwave anechoic
chamber and are tabulated in table 2. The simulated and measured results are tabulated and it is
observed that the results agree closely. It is noted from table 2, that the JCS FSS radome is a very
good candidate for circular polarization as it gives same performance for both TE and TM
polarizations.

TABLE 2: Comparison of simulated and measured results of JCS FSS panel radome.

Frequency Simulated Measured Measured

(in GHz) insertion loss (dB) insertion loss insertion loss
(same results for (dB) (dB)
TE and TM ) TE TM
9 0.71 0.9 0.9
9.1 0.58 0.7 0.7
9.2 0.46 0.4 0.4
9.3 0.38 0.3 0.3
9.4 0.32 0.4 0.4
9.5 0.30 0.2 0.2
9.6 0.30 0.24 0.3
9.7 0.34 0.3 0.3
9.8 0.42 0.4 0.4
9.9 0.5 0.4 0.4
10 0.6 0.5 0.5

III. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

Two different types of FSS panel radomes are presented in the paper based on SSE and JCS element
FSS geometries, for linear and circular polarization respectively. The following observations are in
order:
i. The SSE panel FSS radome based on dipole slot gives very good performance for vertical linear
polarization, for normal incidence. The construction is fairly simple and offers the much desired
polarization discrimination.
ii. From table 1, it is observed that the simulation and measurement results of the SSE panel FSS
radome agree very closely. This is attributed to the highly accurate and reliable translation of the
design to hardware using photolithographic technology.
iii. From figure 2, which gives the simulation performance of the SSE radome with respect to
variation in AOI, it is observed that for an AOI of 30 degrees, the resonance frequency shifts to 9.8
GHz. Since the prototype SSE FSS radome was intended for a laboratory application, there was no
requirement of AOI beyond 30degrees.
iii. From table 2, which gives the simulation and measurement results of the JCS FSS radome, it is
observed that the results agree closely and meet the specifications. With two dimensional symmetry in
the pattern both TE and TM performance specifications have been met and the thickness of FSS
radome is 0.4 mm. Hence this FSS radome is a good candidate for circular polarization.

IV. CONCLUSION
Two different types of prototype panel FSS radomes are presented in this paper. The first designed
example namely the SSE FSS panel radome with an RF transparency band width of 1 GHz. meets all
specifications such as reduced thickness (thickness = 0.4 mm) for operation from 9.5 to 10.5 GHz.,
with insertion loss of < 1 dB in the band. Simulation results using the HFSS simulation software and
the experimental results agree very closely. This FSS radome finds application where polarization
discrimination is required, with vertical polarization. The second FSS panel radome based on JCS
FSS geometry with similar RF transparency bandwidth requirement but in the frequency band from
8.5 GHz. to 9.5 GHz. meets all requirements. The two dimensional symmetry inherent in the JCS

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International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, Sept. 2013.
IJAET ISSN: 22311963
FSS geometry has been effectively used for realization of circular polarization performance. Insertion
loss measurements carried out on the FSS panel radomes using high directivity standard gain horn
antennas show that the measurement results agree closely with simulation performance.
Commercially available FR4 substrates are used for fabrication of prototype FSS radome panels and
the accurate PCB design and fabrication process adopted for realizing the FSS layer as electrically
thin PCB ensure reliable and accurate translation of design to hardware. The FSS radomes find
application in aircraft stealth technology for reduction of out-of-band RCS of stealth antennas.

V. SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK

1. For improved AOI performance, the SSE or the dipole slots can be arranged in a skewed lattice
which helps in stabilizing the shift of resonance with variation in AOI [16].
2. Since the FSS panel radomes were intended for laboratory application, FR4 substrate was used in
fabrication. The FR4 substrate can be replaced by other commercially available microwave substrates
with better dielectric loss tangent for best performance.
3. The JCS FSS radome design can be translated to be conformal to various curved surfaces such as
cones, cylinders and hemispherical surfaces. These curved surfaces would then result in FSS radome
structures. However, the periodicity in FSS would be lost and Floquets theorem would no longer be
applicable.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are indebted to Shri. PS Krishnan, Distinguished Scientist and Director, ADE for his
continued guidance, support and according permission for publishing the paper. We record our
grateful thanks to Shri S. Gurudev, Group Director, ADE for his unstinted support and guidance.
Thanks are also due to Dr. V. Ramachandra, Scientist G and Head, FTTT division for allowing us to
use the anechoic chamber measurement facility, Ms. Nagarathna R, TO A for PCB layout design
and Mr. Mahalingam, Scientist F, OIC, PCB and EMI/EMC group and his entire team for speedy
and accurate fabrication of PCBs.

REFERENCES
[1]. Benedict A. Munk, Frequency Selective Surfaces: Theory and Design. New York: Wiley-Interscience,
2000.
[2]. E. Martini, F. Caminita, M.Nannetti, and S. Maci Fast Analysis of FSS radome for antenna RCS
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2006.1710917.
[3]. Filippo Costa and Agostino Monorchio, A Frequency Selective Radome with Wideband Absorptive
Properties, pp. 2740-2747, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 60, No. 6, June 2012.
[4]. E A Parker and S M A Hamdy Rings as elements for FSS, Electronics Letters vol 17 ,pp 612-614,
Aug-1982.
[5]. A Roberts and R Mcphodran Band pass Grids and Annular Apertures, IEEE Transactions Antenna
and Propagat., Vol. AP36, PP607 May 1988.
[6]. T K WU Frequency selective surfaces and grid array, RW Electronics systems and technology
divisions (John Wiley).
[7]. Chandrika Sudhendra, Vasanth K.M, Vibhor M, ACR Pillai and TS Rukmini Novel Metamaterials
/FSS based single screen radome for stealth, pp.319-322, Proc. IEEE Intnl. Symp. on Microwaves-
2010 - ISM-10.
[8]. Chandrika Sudhendra, Shilpa NB, V.Mahule, D.Biswas, Nagarathna R and ACR Pillai, FSS Band Pass
Radome Based on Aperture Coupled Microstrip Patches for Stealth Applications, pp.90-93,Proc. 5th
Annual Conf., ATMS India 2012.
[9]. Chandrika Sudhendra, Usha SP Nayak, V. Mahule, ACR Pillai and TS Rukmini , A Tripole Slot FSS
Based Band Pass Radome for Out-Of-Band RCS Reduction of Low RCS Antennas in Stealth
Applications, pp.74-77,Proc. 5th Annual Conf., ATMS India -2012.
[10]. Vibhor M, Chandrika Sudhendra, Usha SP Nayak, ACR Pillai and TS Rukmini, A Novel Band Pass
FSS Hybrid Radome for Reduction of Out-Of-Band RCS of Stealth Antennas", Presented in Int. Conf.
on Microwaves, Antennas and Radio Science, ICMARS 2011, Jodhpur. The paper was awarded II prize
in the session on Antenna Analysis, Synthesis and Measurements.

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[11]. Chandrika Sudhendra, P.Jose, ACR Pillai and KARK Rao, A Resistive Fractal FSS Based Broadband
Radar Absorber, Chapter 3, V. Sridhar et al. (eds.), Emerging Research in Electronics, Computer
Science and Technology, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 248, DOI: 10.1007/978-81-322-1157-
0_3, Springer India 2014. The paper was awarded one of the best six papers in the ICERECT 2012
conference.
[12]. ANSYS HFSS v. 15 EM Simulation software.
[13]. Mirshahram Hosseinipanah and Qun Wu, Novel Frequency Selective Surfaces Designing by
Modification of Jerusalem Cross Slot, Proc. ICMMT 2008,
[14]. Constantin R. Simoski, Peter de Maagt and Irina V. Melchakova, High Impedance Surfaces Having
Stable Resonance With Respect to Polarization and Incidence Angle, IEEE Trans. On Antennas and
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[15]. Hsing-Yi Chen,Yu Tao,Kuo-Lun Hung and His-Tseng Chou, Bandwidth Enhancement Using Dual-
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BIOGRAPHY OF AUTHORS

Chandrika Sudhendra is Scientist F in Applied Research Division, ADE, DRDO. She has
30 technical papers to her credit and 7 of her papers have won various awards in international
and national conferences. Her main research interests are in the design and development of
radar absorbers and FSS radomes.

Madhu AR received B.E. from VTU, Belgaum in 2011. He is presently pursuing M.Tech in
R V College of Engineering, Bangalore in Communication Systems. His fields of interests
are Electromagnetics and digital communication.

Mahesh A has completed M.Tech from R V College of Engineering, Bangalore in

Communication Systems. He is currently working as Asst. Professor in the department of
Electronics and Communication engineering, RVCE Bangalore. His research interests are
Electromagnetics and antennas.

A.C Radhakrishna Pillai is presently Scientist G in ADE, and is the Divisional Head of
Applied Research division and Group Director (AWS). He obtained M.Sc. (Maths) from IIT,
Kanpur and PhD (Maths) from IIT, Delhi. Area of specialization is numerical solutions of
Differential equations. Published several papers in national and international journals.
Current interests are in MDO and computational Electromagnetics (RCS).

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