Homework 4

Poblems 4.6, 4.13, 4.22, 4.24, 4.30, 4.33, 4.36

Problem 4.6.

Qh
= K (Th Thw ) (1)
t
Qc
= K (Tcw Tc ) (2)
t

a) Assuming that no new entropy is created during the cycle except during the two heat transfer processes.
Since the state of the engine is same in the beginning as the end, the process must have expelled some of the heat to
the cold reservoir.
So,
Qh Qc
=
Thw Tcw

Tcw
Qc = Qh
Thw

From 1 and 2, we can get

Qh Qc
= (3)
Th Thw Tcw Tc
Replacing Qc with Qh terms,

Qh Qh Tcw
=
Th Thw Thw (Tcw Tc )
1 Tcw
=
Th Thw Thw (Tcw Tc )

Hence,

Tc Thw
Tcw = .
2Thw Th

b) Assuming that the time required for the two adiabatic steps is negligible,
W
P=
2t
1
= (Qh Qc )
2t
Replacing Qh by K Th t,

K
= (Th + Tc Thw Tcw )
2

 
K Tc Thw
= Th + Tc Thw
2 2Thw Th

1
c) For fixed Th and Tc ,
Taking derivative with respect to Thw
" #
dP K Tc 2Tc Thw
= 1 + 2
dThw 2 2Thw Th (2Thw Th )
dP
For maximum value, let dThw = 0. So,
" #
K Tc 2Tc Thw
0= 1 + 2
2 2Thw Th (2Thw Th )
" #
Tc 2Tc Thw
0 = 1 + 2
2Thw Th (2Thw Th )

2
Multiplying by (2Thw Th ) on both sides. We get,
h i
2
0 = (2Thw Th ) Tc (2Thw Th ) + 2Tc Thw

Expanding the terms,

2
+ 4Th Thw + Tc Th Th2 = 0


K 4Thw

We can solve this quadratic equation to give us,

1 p 
Thw = Th + Th Tc
2

If we replace Thw by Tcw terms found earlier, we get

1 p 
Tcw = Tc + Th Tc
2

d) Efficiency of the engine,

Qc
e=1
Qh
Tcw
=1
Thw

Tc + Th Tc
=1
Th + Th Tc



Tc + Th Tc Th Th Tc
=1
Th2 Th Tc

Th Tc + (Th Tc ) Th Tc Th Tc
=1
Th (Th Tc )
r
Tc
=1
Th

2
For a typical coal-fired steam turbine with Th = 600 C and Tc = 25 C,

e = 0.416

Problem 4.13.
The work done to remove the amount of heat Qc in time t is,

W = Qh Qc
= Qh K (Th Tc )

For an ideal refrigerator, the entropy gained in absorbing Qc is equal to the entropy lost in expelling Qh . So,
Qc Qh
=
Tc Th
Th
Qh = Qc
Tc
Th
Qh = K (Th Tc )
Tc

So, Work equals

Th
W =K (Th Tc ) K (Th Tc )
Tc
K 2
= (Th Tc )
Tc

Problem 4.22
The enthalpy is H2 H1 = 84 kJ kg1 .
Using the table, H3 = 3051 kJ kg1 .

Now,

S4 = S3 = xSw + (1 x) Ss
7.123 = 0.297x + 8.667 (1 x)
x = 0.184

H4 = xHw + (1 x) Hs
= 0.184 84 + 0.816 2538
= 2086 kJ kg1

The efficiency is,

2086 84
e=1 = 0.325
3051 84

3
Problem 4.33

a) From table 4.5, we know the enthalpy (per mole) is 8174 J.

We can write,

8174 = 5800x + 8717 (1 x)

x = 0.186

Using the value of x for final temp,

T = 200x + 300 (1 x) = 281.4 K

b) If the initial Temperature is 200 K, the enthalpy at 100 bars is 4442 J. So,

4442 = 2856x + 5800 (1 x)

x = 0.461

Using the value of x for final temp,

T = 100x + 200 (1 x) = 153.9 K

c) If the initial Temperature is 100 K, the enthalpy is -1946 J. So,

1946 = 3407x + 2161 (1 x)

x = 0.738

Since the enthalpy is between that of liquid and gaseous nitrogen at 1 bar and 77 K, the temperature will not change
rather some of the nitrogen will liquify.

d) The highest initial temperature at which some liquefaction takes place happens when the enthalpy of the gas
is 2161J.

2161 = 1946x + 4442 (1 x)

x = 0.357

Using the value of x for final temp,

T = 100x + 200 (1 x) = 164.3 K

e) If the initial temperature were 600K

Since, the enthalpy at 100 bars is greater than that at 1 bar. So, nitrogen throttled at 600 K (100 bars) would
increase in temperature.

Problem 4.30.

4
Using table 4.3, we know that the entropy at point 1 is S1 = .04kJK 1 . From table 4.4, we know that fro P2 = 10
bars. So, we must jave temperature between 40 and 50 C.

S2 = S1 = 0.94 = 0.907x + 0.943 (1 x)

x = 0.0833 (8)

Using value of x,

T2 = 40x + 50 (1 x) = 49.17 C

At point 1, P1 = 1 bar. From table 4.1, H1 = 231 kJ

At point 3, P3 = 10 bar. From table 4.1, H3 = 105 kJ = H4
At point 2, we can use the enthalpies from table 4.4 to calculate the temperature,

H2 = 269x + 280 (1 x) = 279.08 kJ

The coefficient of performance (COP) of the refrigerator is,

H1 H4
COP =
H2 H3 (H1 H4 )
H1 H4
=
H2 H1

So,

231 105
COP = = 2.62
279.08 231

For an ideal Carnot refrigerator, the maximum COP is,

Tc
COPmax =
Th Tc

The cold temperature must be highest on the pathe 4-1 and so Tc = 26.4 C.
The hot temp must be lowest at path 2-3 and soTh = 39.4 C.
So,

273 26.4
COPmax = = 3.75
39.4 + 26.4

Problem 4.24.
a) Reducing the max temperature to 500 C. Using table 4.3,

H3 = 3081 kJ kg1

S3 = 5.791 kJ K1 kg1

5
So,

S4 = S3 = xSw + (1 x) Ss
5.791 = 0.297x + 8.667 (1 x)
x = 0.344

The enthalpy is,

H4 = Hw + (1 x) Hs
= 0.344 84 + 0.656 2538
= 1694 kJ kg1

For the efficiency,

1694 84
e=1 = 0.463
3081 84

b) Reduing the maximum pressure to 100 bars,

H3 = 3625 kJkg 1

Entropy at point 3 is S3 = 6.903 kJ 1 kg 1

We need mixture of water and steam at 20 C, so
S4 = S3 = xSw + (1 x) Ss
6.903 = 0.297x + 8.667 (1 x)
x = 0.211

Using value of x,
H4 = xHw + (1 x) Hs
= 0.211 84 + 0.789 2538
= 2020 kJ kg1

Hence, efficiency is,

2020 84
e=1 = 0.354
3081 84

c) Reducing the minimum temperature to 10 C.

H1 = 42 kJkg 1

Now, Entropy at point 3 is S3 = 6.233 kJ 1 kg 1 .

So,

S4 = S3 = xSw + (1 x) Ss
6.233 = 0.151x + 8.901 (1 x)
x = 0.305

6
Using value of x,

H4 = Hw + (1 x) Hs
= 0.305 42 + 0.695 2520
= 1764 kJ kg1

Hence, efficiency is,

1764 42
e=1 = 0.494
3444 42

Problem 4.36.
Lets suppose we apply an incident photon in a way that it makes head collision with the atom. If the photon has
energy that is equal to the excitation energy of the atom, then it will absorb the photon. During this process the
photons momentum will also be absorbed, which decreases the momentum of the atom. So the atom slows down.
The excited atom, now, has to release the energy (when electron jump back to the ground state from excited state.)
and it does so in a random manner.
p
The atom will absorb momentum of p = h from photon which changes the velocity of the atom by v = m = mh
.
When the atom releases the energy, the change in speed will be the same but direction of the change will be different
(different velocity).
If a photon is emitted in direction, then the atom recoils at the direction .

Lets take a photon of wavelength = 780nm. Then,

h
p=

6.626 1034
=
780 109
= 8.49 1028 kgms1

The mass of rubidium atom is 85.5 amu,

m = 85.5 1.66 1027

= 1.42 1025 kg

The Kinetic Energy of the system is,

mv 2
K=
2
mp2
=
2m2
1029 J

For the single atom, (3 degrees of freedom)

3
U= kT
2
2U
T =
3k

7
So, Assuming the total energy equals average KE,

2 K
T =
3k 2
2.5 107 K