Capacity of orthogonal space-time block codes in MISO fading channels with

co-channel interference and noise

YUE DianWu and WANG Qian
Citation: Science in China Series F-Information Sciences 52, 1697 (2009 ); doi: 10.1007/s11432-009-0145-
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Capacity of orthogonal space-time block codes in

MISO fading channels with co-channel
interference and noise
YUE DianWu1,2 & WANG Qian1
1 College of Information Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China;
2 National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
Orthogonal space-time block codes (OSTBCs) are an efficient mean in order to exploit the diversity
offered by the wireless multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel. This paper considers capacity
problems of OSTBCs over spatially correlated multiple-input single-out (MISO) Rayleigh fading channels
in the presence of spatially correlated Rayleigh co-channel interference and additive Gaussian noise,
and derives exact expressions of the ergodic capacity and outage probability (capacity distribution) for
such OSTBCs. Some numerical examples are given to illustrate the effect of co-channel interference on
the ergodic and outage capacity of OSTBCs.

multiple-input single-output, orthogonal space-time block code, capacity, co-channel interference, noise

1 Introduction
Orthogonal space-time block coding (OSTBC) is
an open-loop transmit diversity scheme that decou-
ples the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
channel, thereby reducing the space-time decod-
ing into a scalar detection process. This char-
acteristic of OSTBC makes it a powerful tool,
achieving full diversity over MIMO fading chan-
nels, and requiring little computational cost for
both the encoding and decoding processes[13] .
Therefore, orthogonal space-time block codes (OS-
TBCs) have captured much interest in recent years.
The capacity issues for OSTBCs have been studied
widely, yet with main focus on the scenario with-
out interference[48] . In cellular systems, multiple
Received October 23, 2008; accepted January 15, 2009
doi: 10.1007/s11432-009-0145-2
users share the same radio spectrum, which typi-
cally causes co-channel interference. However, the
capacity analysis of OSTBCs in the presence of
both co-channel interference and additive Gaussian
noise is not available in the literature[9,10] , although
its counterpart with Gaussian noise alone has been
thoroughly investigated.
In this paper, we investigate the capacity of OS-
TBCs through spatially correlated multiple-input
single-out (MISO) Rayleigh channels with spatially
correlated co-channel Rayleigh interference and ad-
ditive noise, and derive exact expressions of the
ergodic capacity and outage probability for such
OSTBC-MISO systems. We also provide some nu-
merical examples in order to observe the impact

Corresponding author (email: dwyue@newmail.dlmu.edu.cn)

Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 60672030), and the Open Research Fund of National Mobile
Communications Research Laboratory of Southeast University (Grant No. W200810)

Citation: Yue D W, Wang Q. Capacity of orthogonal space-time block codes in MISO fading channels with co-channel interference and noise.
Sci China Ser F-Inf Sci, 2009, 52(9): 16971703, doi: 10.1007/s11432-009-0145-2

Downloaded to IP: 134.206.250.166 On: 2017-04-07 22:54:19 http://engine.scichina.com/doi/10.1007/s11432-009-0145-2

of the co-channel interference on the ergodic and
outage capacity of OSTBCs.
2 Channel model and formulation
Consider a MISO system with t transmit anten-
nas and one receive antenna operating in a co-
channel interference environment, such that the
intended t 1 signal vector s is corrupted by
interfering users. We assume that the ith inter-
ferer is equipped with ti antennas thereby forming
a ti 1 interfering vector si where i = 1, . . . , .
Since a scalar receiver is considered, we can repre-
sent all interfering vectors, equivalently, by a sin-
gle tI vector sI , such that sI = [s1 , , s ]T and
tI = t1 + + t [11] . Here and hereafter, we will
use superscripts T and to denote transposition
and conjugate transposition, respectively. The re-
ceived signal, in complex baseband form, can be
thus written as
v = s h s + I hI sI + n, (1)
where n is zero-mean additive white Gaussian noise
with unit variance; symbolically, we can denote
n CN (0, 1). We assume that Rs = E(ss ),
and sI CN (0, RI ) to have trace(Rs ) = 1 and
trace(RI ) = 1, so that s represents the transmit
signal to noise ratio (SNR) and I the interference
to noise ratio (INR). We consider Rayleigh fading
in this paper. We can write the distribution of
the channel gain vector for the intended signal as
h CN (0, ) and its counterpart for the interfer-
ence gain vector as hI CN (0, I ). The covari-
ance of the interference-plus-noise conditioned on
hI is
R = 1 + I hI RI hI . (2)
Therefore, from refs. [12, 13] we have the following
mathematically equivalent model to eq. (1):
v = s R1 h s + n.
p
(3)
We assume that the receiver has perfect knowl-
edge about the channel state information (CSI) for
the desired user, and also has perfect knowledge
about CSI for the interferers, but the transmit-
ter has no knowledge about the CSI for the de-
sired user, and has no knowledge about the CSI
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for the interferers, either. Our above-mentioned as-
sumptions are consistent with that of the capacity
analysis of MIMO channels in the presence of co-
channel interference in refs. [1416]. Under these
assumptions, the optimal transmission strategy is
the equal-power allocation approach[13] . As such,
we can assume that Rs = 1t I t .
Although there are some assumptions, our re-
search results will be applied suitably in mobile cel-
lular systems or cooperative relay networks[1419] ,
where the desired user inevitably will suffer co-
channel interference from other users. Classically,
the transmitter with an antenna array, or the
source and several cooperative relays (whose an-
tennas can form together a virtual antenna ar-
ray although each node is only equipped with one
antenna[18] ) transmit OSTBC signals to the des-
tination. The destination may be a base station
or a access point, can know precisely the CSI for
the desired user via a train sequence, and can also
know precisely the CSI for the interferes, which is
provided by other base stations or access points.
The transmitter may not have any CSI.
Space-time block codes have been introduced to
provide transmit diversity in wireless fading chan-
nels using multiple transmit antennas and provide
the same diversity orders as maximal-ratio receiver
combing[57] . By decoupling the vector detection
problem into simpler scalar detection problems, the
effective STBC channel is a scalar additive white
Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel with a gain pro-
portional to the Frobenius norm of the matrix
channel[5] . Let rs denote the rate of the OSTBC,
and k k2 denote the squared Frobenius norm.
Then we have from ref. [5] that the SINR at de-
tection can be expressed as
1
= k s R1 h k2 . (4)
rs
Note that
k s R1 h k2 = s h hR1 . (5)
Thus the SINR at detection can be rewritten as
s x
= , (6)
(1 + I y)
where s = s
rs t
, I = I
tI
, x = h h, and y =
hI (tI RI )hI .
 " 1 2 #
3 Capacity analysis of OSTBC-MISO sys-

I 1 I 1
tems + + I + . (9)
pi s qk pi s qk

3.1 Probability density functions of SINR B. All {pi } are identical and all {qi } are iden-
The capacity analysis based on the SINR in eq. tical. When some elements of the eigenvalue set
(6) involves two random variables x and y. To de- {p1 , p2 , , pt } are equal and/or some ones of the
termine their probability density functions (PDF) eigenvalue set {q1 , q2 , , qtI } are equal, we ob-
fx (x) and fy (y), let {pi , i = 1, , t} and {qi , i = tain the results as limiting case on the right of
1, , tI } denote the eigenvalues of and tI I RI , eq. (8) via LHospitals rule. In particular, when
respectively. The PDF of x and y can be repre- p1 = p2 = = pt and q1 = q2 = = qtI , eq. (8)
sented in terms of these eigenvalues. The different can be simplified to
treatment will be used for different cases of {pi } ex xt1
fx (x) = ,
and {qi }. (t)
Since (x, y) is related to by the the transform (10)
ey y tI 1
defined in eq. (6), we can use the Jacobian method fy (y) = .
(tI )
to determine the PDF of yielding
Z After inserting eq. (10) and simplifying by using
f () = f,z (, z)dz eq. (35) of ref. [21], eq. (7) produces
z>0
t  
t1 e/s X t I j (j + tI )
 
(1 + I z)
Z
= fx f () = t .
z>0 s s (t)(tI ) j=0 j ( I + 1)(j+tI )
s
fy (z)(1 + I z) (11)
dz. (7)
s It is easy to obtain the following results in a sim-
A. All {pi } are distinctive and all {qi } are dis- ilar way.
tinctive. For the general case in which all {pi } are C. All {pi } are distinctive and all {qi } are iden-
distinctive and all {qi } are distinctive, invoking the tical.
results in ref. [20] allows us to obtain (1)t1 X pt2
t
e pi s
i
t f () =
pt2 e(x/pi )
Q
X s j6=i (pj pi )
fx (x) = (1)t1 Qi , i=1
tI (tI +1) 
j6=i (pj pi )
 
i=1 I I
(8) +1 + tI I +1 .
tI pi s pi s
tI 1
X q tI 2 e(y/qk ) (12)
fy (y) = (1) Qk .
k=1 b6=k (qb qk ) D. All {pi } are identical and all {qi } are distinc-
By inserting eq. (8) and simplifying, eq. (7) tive.

produces (1)tI 1 X
tI
qktI 2 t1 e s
t (I z+1) f () =
s t (t) k=1 b6=k (qb qk )
Q
I z + 1 pt2 e pi s
Z X
t1 i
f () = (1) Q
z>0 s i=1 j6=i (pj pi ) X t  
t
tI 1 I j (j + 1)
X q tI 2 ezqk j
(1)tI 1 Qk dz j=0

b6=k (qb qk )
 (j+1)
k=1 I 1
t X
tI + . (13)
X (1)t+tI 2 pt2 q tI 2 s qk
= Q Qi k
j6=i (pj pi ) b6=k (qb qk )
i=1 k=1
Z 3.2 Ergodic capacity of OSTBC-MISO
I 1
s 1 e pi s (I z + 1)e( pi s + qk )z dz systems
z>0 The ergodic capacity of OSTBC-MISO systems is
t tI
1 XX (1)t+tI pt2
i qktI 2 e pi s given by
= Q Q
s i=1 k=1 j6=i (pj pi ) b6=k (qb qk ) C = rs E[log2 (1 + )]. (14)

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 Now define the following integrate functions the outage capacity[22] . The channel capacity de-
Z
fined above is a random variable. The outage ca-
I(c, a, n) = ex/c (1 + ax)n
0
pacity is the value which the capacity random vari-
log2 (1 + x)dx, (15) able falls below with a preset probability (outage
Z m1
x log2 (1 + x) probability), say w. Let c = 2w 1. Mathemati-
J(c, a, n, m) = dx. (16) cally, we can write
0 e (1 + ax)n
x/c
Z
Having obtained the PDF of , then we can di- Pout (w) = f ()d. (21)
rectly calculate the ergodic capacity for the four <c

different cases of {pi } and {qi }, as shown by the Now we give the expressions of the outage prob-
following equations. ability according to the four different cases.
A. All {pi } are distinctive and all {qi } are dis- A. All {pi } are distinctive and all {qi } are dis-
tinctive. tinctive.
t
rs X X
tI
(1)tI +t2 pt2 q tI 2 Pout (w)
C= Q Qi k Z
s i=1 k=1 j6=i (pj pi ) b6=k (qb qk ) = f ()d
   <c
qk
qk I s pi , I , 1
Z Z
s pi = fy (y) fx (x)dxdy
  y>0 x< c (I y+1)
2 I qk s

+ qk I I s pi , ,2 . (17) Z Z t
(1)t1 ex/pi fy (y)
s pi =
X
dxdy
p2t j6=i (pj pi )
Q
B. All {pi } are identical and all {qi } are identical. y>0 x<
c(I y+1)
s i=1 i
t   i I t c 1
t rs I (i + tI )J(s , s , i + tI , t) pt1 {e[ s (I y+1)]pi 1}
Z X
i
X
C= . = Q fy (y)dy
i=0
i s t (t)(tI ) y>0 i=1 (1)t j6=i (pj pi )
(18) t X
X tI
(1)tI +t1 pt1 q tI 2
C. All {pi } are distinctive and all {qi } are iden- = Q Qi k
j6=i (pj pi ) b6=k (qb qk )
tical. i=1 k=1
Z
t 1
pt2
c 1
rs (1)t1 X i {e[ s (I y+1)]pi 1}eyqk dy
C= Q 0
s i=1 j6=i j pi )
(p
tI
t X
   X (1)tI +t pt1
i qktI 1
I =
I s pi , , tI
Q Q
pi i=1 k=1 j6=i (pj pi ) b6=k (qb qk )
 s ( c
)
pi e pi s

I
+ tI I I s pi , , tI + 1 . (19) 1 s . (22)
s pi I cqk + s pi
D. All {pi } are identical and all {qi } are distinc- B. All {pi } are identical and all {qi } are identical.
tive. Pout (w)
tI
rs (1)tI 1 X qktI 2 tI
ec/s

C= s
s t (t) k=1 b6=k (qb qk ) =1
Q
(tI ) s + cI
t   t i1 
t X (c/ )i1 X 

X
I i (i + 1)qki+1 s i1
i (tI + k 1)!
i=0 i=1
(i 1)! k=0 k
 
I qk 
s I
k
J s , , i + 1, t . (20) . (23)
s s + cI
3.3 Outage probability of OSTBC-MISO C. All {pi } are distinctive and all {qi } are iden-
systems tical.
c

We have studied the ergodic capacity for MISO

t
pt1
i {e pi s ( c +
s pi
)tI 1}
s pi
X
Pout (w) = Q I
. (24)
channels. Another useful quantity of relevance is i=1
(1)t j6=i (pj pi )

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 D. All {pi } are identical and all {qi } are distinc- of correlation for interferers on the outage proba-
tive. bility is not serious.
tI 1 t
(1)tI 1 qktI 1 e qk I

X s
Pout (w) = Q 1+ .
k=1 b6 = k (q b qk ) cI q k
(25)

4 Numerical examples and remarks

To examine the theory with numerical results, we
consider the case where a single antenna is used to
receive the desired signal transmitted from t = 4
antennas, corrupted by several interferers each em-
ploying 2 transmit antennas. We make use of
an OSTBC with code rate rs = 1/2 for the de-
sired user. For simplicity, we adopt the correla-
tion model of exponential type, for which the cor-
relation between antennas p and q is defined by
C(p, q) = r |pq| exp(j|p q|/12). Physically, r |pq|
denotes the correlation magnitude. Moreover, we Figure 1 Ergodic capacity versus SIR for various interfering
let RI = t1I I tI . antenna configurations.
Here we first consider the general case A. The
correlation coefficient for the desired user is fixed
to be r = 0.5 for Figures 14. The ergodic capacity
versus the SIR (10 log 10 ( ((Is/t/t)I ) )) is depicted in Fig-
ure 1, where the three curves are shown for num-
bers of total interfering transmit antennas equal
to tI = 2, 4, 6, respectively. As expected, the er-
godic capacity decreases with increasing tI . Figure
2 depicts the ergodic capacity versus the SIR for
three different correlations with one interferer. The
three curves in Figure 2 are shown for interfering
correlation coefficients equal to r=0.05, 0.70, 0.95,
respectively. It can be seen from Figure 2 that the
impact of correlation for interferers on the ergodic
capacity is quite small.
Figure 3 shows the outage probability as a func-
tion of the preset capacity protection value w. In
Figure 2 Ergodic capacity versus SIR for different interfering
Figure 3, the three curves correspond to the num-
transmit correlations.
ber of total interfering transmit antennas tI =
2, 4, 6, respectively. Again, we observe that the Figure 5 is a figure that enlarges the part of Fig-
outage performance drops as tI increases. Figure ure 4 for 0 6 w 6 4. There is a performance
4 depicts the outage probability versus w for three threshold, denoted w0 , whose value is about 2.7.
different correlations with one interferer. The three It should be noticed that when w > w0 , the sys-
curves in Figure 4 are shown for the interfering tem performance becomes better with increasing r,
correlation coefficient r = 0.05, 0.70, 0.95, respec- but when w < w0 , the system performance is worse
tively. It can be seen from Figure 4 that the effect with increasing r.

YUE D W et al. Sci China Ser F-Inf Sci | Sep. 2009 | vol. 52 | no. 9 | 1697-1703 1701

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Figure 3 Outage probability versus the preset capacity thresh- Figure 5 A threshold of outage probability for different inter-
old for various interfering antenna configurations. fering transmit correlations.

Figure 4 Outage probability versus the preset capacity thresh-

Figure 6 Outage probability versus the preset capacity thresh-
old for different interfering transmit correlations.
old for different cases.

Simulation results are included in Figures 14 for
comparison. Each point in the simulation curves
are obtained by averaging over 100000 independent
computer runs. The theoretical and simulation re-
sults are nearly identical verifying the validity of
the theory for case A.
In order to verify the validity of the theory for
cases B, C and D, we have done some simulations
for these cases. Just as shown in Figure 6, the
theoretical and simulation results are also nearly
identical for cases B, C and D.
Theoretical and simulation results with case A
are included in Figure 6 for comparison. In the fig-
ure, the correlation coefficient for the desired user
is r = 0.9 or r = 0. The number of interferers is
3, each employing 2 transmit antennas. For cases

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 A and D, their correlation coefficients are 0.2, 0.4,
and 0.6, respectively. For cases B and C, however,
their correlation coefficients are all 0. By observ-
ing Figure 6 and a great deal of simulation data,
we can have the following conclusions:
a) When the correlation coefficient for the de-
sired user increases, the system performance be-
comes worse;
b)when the correlation coefficient for the inter-
ferers increases, however, the system performance
becomes better;
c) the effects of correlation on ergodic capacity
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