Brand Model Maximum PDR Low Light ISO

Sony a7S 11.16 6038

Leica M Monochrom (Typ 246) 10.2 5215
Sony a7R II 11.42 6800
Leica M10 10.6 4370
Sony a99 II 11.25 5802
Fujifilm X-T20 10.05 3622
Nikon D5 9.42 7178
Sony a7 II 11.16 3863
Fujifilm X-Pro2 9.81 3487
Sony a7R 11.71 4108
Fujifilm X-T2 10 3179
Fujifilm X-E2 10.14 2703
Fujifilm X-E1 9.56 2541
Sony a6300 10.81 2756
Nikon D4s 10.47 4956
Olympus OM-D E-M1 Mark II 9.84 3603
Canon EOS 1D X Mark II 10.46 5189
Nikon D3s 9.08 4307
Leica M (Typ 240) 10.05 2428
Nikon Df 10.25 4726
Sony a7 10.82 2743
Canon EOS 1D X 9.15 4660
Nikon D4 10.38 4494
Sony a99 11.44 2631
Panasonic Lumix DMC-GX8 9.82 1993
Fujifilm X-T1 9.66 2054
Fujifilm X-Pro1 9.32 1959
Sony a6000 10.24 2088
Canon EOS 6D 9.52 4070
Sony NEX-5N 10.24 1714
Olympus PEN-F 9.43 2535
Nikon D610 11.61 3969
Nikon D810A 10.68 4401
Canon EOS 5D Mark IV 10.83 4193
Nikon D600 11.46 3871
Nikon D800E 11.46 4299
Nikon D750 11.39 3733
Canon EOS 5D Mark III 9.25 3652
Olympus OM-D E-M5 Mark II 9.32 2174
Olympus OM-D E-M10 9.27 2115
Olympus OM-D E-M5 9.27 2115
Leica Q (Typ 116) 9.66 3019
Nikon D800 11.42 3984
Leica SL (Typ 601) 10.81 2619
Sony a3000 9.97 1490
Canon EOS 5DS R 9.8 4145
Canon EOS 5D Mark II 9.14 3123
Nikon D3 9.23 2536
Panasonic Lumix DMC-GX7 9.27 1176
Sony a5000 9.92 1420
Nikon D700 9.13 2475
Leica S (Typ 007) 11.36 6400
Fujifilm X100F 10.29 3826
Nikon D810 11.6 3439
Panasonic Lumix DMC-GM5 9.69 1109
Pentax K-1 11.43 3435
Panasonic Lumix DMC-GM1 9.18 995
Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH3 8.94 970
Nikon D500 10.66 2557
Samsung NX1 10.38 1770
Olympus OM-D E-M1 9.12 1536
Nikon D3x 10.44 2468
Canon EOS 1D Mark III 8.99 2074
Sony a77 II 10.37 1678
Canon EOS 5D 8.34 1881
Nikon D7200 11.06 2252
Canon EOS 1D Mark IV 9.56 2234
Canon EOS 1Ds Mark II 8.87 1873
Nikon D7100 10.66 2085
Panasonic Lumix DMC-G6 8.43 756
Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH2 8.44 769
Nikon D5200 10.58 2062
Nikon D90 9.36 1636
Hasselblad X1D-50c 11.98 6433
Nikon D5300 10.47 1965
Nikon D3300 10.12 1964
Canon EOS 7D Mark II 9.06 1901
Nikon D5500 10.67 1917
Canon EOS 50D 9.01 1674
Nikon D5000 9.3 1501
Canon EOS 80D 10.06 1834
Hasselblad H6D-50c 12.01 6400
Canon EOS 40D 8.73 1334
Canon EOS 70D 8.93 1597
Samsung NX1000 9.3 990
Nikon D7000 10.24 1462
Pentax 645Z 11.75 5516
Nikon D5100 10.2 1435
Nikon D3200 9.89 1594
Sony a77 9.99 1082
Sigma SD9 8.61 433
Canon EOS 700D 8.47 1241
Canon EOS 600D 8.47 1241
Canon EOS M3 9.02 1549
Canon EOS 450D 8.13 1067
Canon EOS 7D 8.73 1170
Nikon D3100 8.27 1053
Nikon D300 8.92 994
Canon EOS 1D Mark II 8.58 968
Canon EOS 1D Mark II N 8.41 962
Nikon D300s 8.86 944
Pentax K-3 10.28 1573
Canon EOS 30D 8.17 842
Canon EOS M 8.4 1201
Nikon 1 J5 8.91 1039
Nikon D40 7.84 561
Nikon D50 7.64 507
Nikon 1 J4 8.15 726
Nikon D1H 7.26 348
Samsung NX10 7.72 399
Nikon 1 V1 7.85 576
Nikon 1 J1 7.88 561
Nikon D100 7.47 427
Nikon D2Hs 7.4 376
Panasonic Lumix DMC-GF1 7.24 213
Nikon 1 V2 7.67 578
Panasonic Lumix DMC-FZ1000 9.1 650
Nikon 1 V3 7.62 602
Nikon 1 AW1 7.74 531
Panasonic Lumix DMC-GF2 7.15 195
Sigma DP1 Merrill 8.62 869
Fujifilm FinePix S5 Pro 8.51 486
Nikon D70 7.31 370
Nikon D70s 7.31 364
Canon EOS 300D 7.94 375
Nikon D60 8.12 407
Nikon D2H 7.01 284
Nikon D40x 8.14 387
Olympus E-3 7.65 225
Canon EOS 10D 8.17 396
Nikon D3000 8.07 367
Nikon D1 6.56 208
Nikon D200 7.79 319
Leica S-E (Typ 006) 9.48 816
Nikon D80 8.01 291
Nikon D1X 7.21 222
Nikon D2Xs 7.86 276
Nikon D2X 7.87 271

Instructions:
You can sort or filter any column by clicking the drop down arrows for each column. Some of the colum
Enter the focal length and aperture you'd like to use for any given camera model. These are probably
Low Light ISO is the recommended highest ISO to use for the night sky with minimal noise.
Read Noise ISO is the maximum real ISO of the sensor, anything beyond this is only losing dynamic ra
CoC is the smallest circle of confusion based on sensor density, useful for hyperfocal distances and de
Diffraction is the aperture at which you start losing sensor resolution on a pixel level, at 100% zoom. P
Shutter speed is the maximum time in seconds you should use for sharp star photos, based on the foc
Exposure is how dark of a sky you are exposing for in EV, based on chosen focal length, aperture, reco
Read this article for more detailed information: http://galleries.aaronpriestphoto.com/Articles/NPF-Rule

Compiled by:
http://www.aaronpriestphoto.com

Data sources:
http://photonstophotos.net
http://www.digicamdb.com
http://www.dxomark.com
http://www.photopills.com/articles/ultimate-guide-depth-field
http://www.sahavre.fr/tutoriels/astrophoto/34-regle-npf-temps-de-pose-pour-eviter-le-file-d-etoiles
Low Light EV Read Noise ISO Sensor Width Sensor Height
10.92 409600 35.6mm 23.8mm
10.7 12800 35.8mm 23.9mm
11.09 102400 35.9mm 24.0mm
10.45 51200 36.0mm 24.0mm
10.86 25600 35.9mm 24.0mm
10.18 25600 23.6mm 15.6mm
11.17 102400 35.8mm 23.9mm
10.27 25600 35.8mm 23.9mm
10.12 25600 23.6mm 15.6mm
10.36 25600 35.9mm 24.0mm
9.99 25600 23.6mm 15.6mm
9.76 2546 23.6mm 15.6mm
9.67 2546 23.6mm 15.6mm
9.78 5091 23.5mm 15.6mm
10.63 12800 36.0mm 23.9mm
10.17 25600 17.4mm 13.0mm
10.7 409600 36.0mm 24.0mm
10.43 102400 36.0mm 23.9mm
9.6 6400 36.0mm 24.0mm
10.56 12800 36.0mm 23.9mm
9.78 25600 35.8mm 23.9mm
10.54 204800 36.0mm 24.0mm
10.49 12800 36.0mm 23.9mm
9.72 25600 35.8mm 23.9mm
9.32 5091 17.3mm 13.0mm
9.36 1600 23.6mm 15.6mm
9.29 23.6mm 15.6mm
9.38 5091 23.5mm 15.6mm
10.35 102400 35.8mm 23.9mm
9.1 25600 23.5mm 15.6mm
9.66 6400 17.4mm 13.0mm
10.31 1600 35.9mm 24.0mm
10.46 2011 35.9mm 24.0mm
10.39 25600 36.0mm 24.0mm
10.27 1600 35.9mm 24.0mm
10.43 1273 35.9mm 24.0mm
10.22 51200 35.9mm 24.0mm
10.19 102400 36.0mm 24.0mm
9.44 3200 17.3mm 13.0mm
9.4 12800 17.3mm 13.0mm
9.4 3200 17.3mm 13.0mm
9.92 6400 36.0mm 24.0mm
10.32 1273 35.9mm 24.0mm
9.71 6400 36.0mm 24.0mm
 8.9 16090 23.5mm 15.6mm
10.37 12800 36.0mm 24.0mm
9.96 6400 36.0mm 24.0mm
9.66 6400 36.0mm 23.9mm
8.56 25600 17.3mm 13.0mm
8.83 1273 23.2mm 15.4mm
9.63 6400 36.0mm 23.9mm
11 12800 45.0mm 30.0mm
10.26 25600 23.6mm 15.6mm
10.1 1006 35.9mm 24.0mm
8.47 25600 17.3mm 13.0mm
10.1 204800 35.9mm 24.0mm
8.32 3200 17.3mm 13.0mm
8.28 17.3mm 13.0mm
9.68 102400 23.5mm 15.7mm
9.15 51200 23.5mm 15.7mm
8.94 25600 17.3mm 13.0mm
9.63 6400 35.9mm 24.0mm
9.37 6400 28.7mm 18.7mm
9.07 25600 23.5mm 15.6mm
9.23 1600 35.8mm 23.8mm
9.49 5091 23.5mm 15.6mm
9.48 102400 27.9mm 18.6mm
9.23 3200 36.0mm 24.0mm
9.38 5091 23.5mm 15.6mm
7.92 25600 17.3mm 13.0mm
7.94 12800 17.3mm 13.0mm
9.37 5091 23.5mm 15.6mm
9.03 1600 23.6mm 15.8mm
11.01 3200 43.8mm 32.9mm
9.3 8045 23.5mm 15.6mm
9.3 25600 23.5mm 15.6mm
9.25 51200 22.4mm 15.0mm
9.26 2011 23.5mm 15.6mm
9.07 22.3mm 14.9mm
8.91 3200 23.6mm 15.8mm
9.2 12800 22.5mm 15.0mm
11 3200 43.8mm 32.9mm
8.74 3200 22.2mm 14.8mm
9 22.5mm 15.0mm
8.31 23.5mm 15.7mm
8.87 1006 23.6mm 15.6mm
10.79 204800 43.8mm 32.8mm
8.84 1006 23.6mm 15.6mm
8.99 12800 23.2mm 15.4mm
8.44 16090 23.5mm 15.6mm
7.11 20.7mm 13.8mm
8.63 12800 22.3mm 14.9mm
8.63 6400 22.3mm 14.9mm
8.95 12800 22.3mm 14.9mm
8.42 1600 22.2mm 14.8mm
8.55 12800 22.3mm 14.9mm
8.4 12800 23.1mm 15.4mm
8.31 1600 23.6mm 15.8mm
8.28 3200 28.7mm 19.1mm
8.27 3200 28.7mm 19.1mm
8.24 1600 23.6mm 15.8mm
8.98 51200 23.5mm 15.6mm
8.07 3200 22.5mm 15.0mm
8.59 25600 22.3mm 14.9mm
8.38 6400 13.2mm 8.8mm
7.49 3200 23.7mm 15.6mm
7.34 1600 23.7mm 15.6mm
7.86 12800 13.2mm 8.8mm
6.8 1600 23.7mm 15.5mm
7 800 23.4mm 15.6mm
7.53 6400 13.2mm 8.8mm
7.49 6400 13.2mm 8.8mm
7.09 1600 23.7mm 15.5mm
6.91 1600 23.2mm 15.4mm
6.09 3200 17.3mm 13.0mm
7.53 6400 13.2mm 8.8mm
7.7 12800 13.2mm 8.8mm
7.59 6400 13.2mm 8.8mm
7.41 6400 13.2mm 8.8mm
5.96 17.3mm 13.0mm
8.12 24.0mm 16.0mm
7.28 23.0mm 15.5mm
6.89 1600 23.7mm 15.6mm
6.87 1600 23.7mm 15.6mm
6.91 1600 22.7mm 15.1mm
7.03 1600 23.6mm 15.8mm
6.51 1600 23.7mm 15.5mm
6.95 1600 23.6mm 15.8mm
6.17 3200 17.3mm 13.0mm
6.99 1600 22.7mm 15.1mm
6.88 1600 23.6mm 15.8mm
6.06 1600 23.7mm 15.5mm
6.67 1600 23.6mm 15.8mm
8.03 1600 45.0mm 30.0mm
 6.54 1600 23.6mm 15.8mm
6.15 800 23.7mm 15.5mm
6.46 1600 23.7mm 15.7mm
6.44 1600 23.7mm 15.7mm

ach column. Some of the column titles are hyperlinks for more information.
ra model. These are probably the only fields you need to edit.
with minimal noise.
d this is only losing dynamic range and probably not useful for stacking. If the Read Noise ISO is less than the Lo
or hyperfocal distances and depth of field calculators when zooming in or printing large.
a pixel level, at 100% zoom. Practically speaking, the depth of field gain from a smaller aperture than this value
p star photos, based on the focal length and aperture you enter in the previous fields, and taking into account pi
en focal length, aperture, recommended shutter speed, and Low Light ISO. At least -7EV usually gives good det
stphoto.com/Articles/NPF-Rule-for-Sharp-Stars/

our-eviter-le-file-d-etoiles
Pixel Width Pixel Height Megapixels Pixel Pitch CoC
4288px 2848px 12.21MP 8.30m 0.017mm
6000px 4000px 24.00MP 5.97m 0.012mm
8000px 5320px 42.56MP 4.49m 0.009mm
6000px 4000px 24.00MP 6.00m 0.012mm
8000px 5320px 42.56MP 4.49m 0.009mm
6058px 4012px 24.30MP 3.90m 0.008mm
5584px 3728px 20.82MP 6.41m 0.013mm
6024px 4024px 24.24MP 5.94m 0.012mm
6058px 4012px 24.30MP 3.90m 0.008mm
7392px 4920px 36.37MP 4.86m 0.010mm
6058px 4012px 24.30MP 3.90m 0.008mm
4962px 3286px 16.31MP 4.76m 0.010mm
4962px 3286px 16.31MP 4.76m 0.010mm
6024px 4024px 24.24MP 3.90m 0.008mm
4936px 3288px 16.23MP 7.29m 0.015mm
5240px 3912px 20.50MP 3.32m 0.007mm
5496px 3670px 20.17MP 6.55m 0.013mm
4288px 2844px 12.20MP 8.40m 0.017mm
5984px 4000px 23.94MP 6.02m 0.012mm
4992px 3292px 16.43MP 7.21m 0.014mm
6024px 4024px 24.24MP 5.94m 0.012mm
5202px 3533px 18.38MP 6.92m 0.014mm
4992px 3292px 16.43MP 7.21m 0.014mm
6024px 4024px 24.24MP 5.94m 0.012mm
5200px 3904px 20.30MP 3.33m 0.007mm
4962px 3286px 16.31MP 4.76m 0.010mm
4962px 3286px 16.31MP 4.76m 0.010mm
6024px 4024px 24.24MP 3.90m 0.008mm
5568px 3708px 20.65MP 6.43m 0.013mm
4928px 3276px 16.14MP 4.77m 0.010mm
5200px 3904px 20.30MP 3.35m 0.007mm
6080px 4028px 24.49MP 5.90m 0.012mm
7380px 4928px 36.37MP 4.86m 0.010mm
6880px 4544px 31.26MP 5.23m 0.010mm
6080px 4028px 24.49MP 5.90m 0.012mm
7424px 4924px 36.56MP 4.84m 0.010mm
6032px 4032px 24.32MP 5.95m 0.012mm
5920px 3950px 23.38MP 6.08m 0.012mm
4640px 3472px 16.11MP 3.73m 0.007mm
4640px 3472px 16.11MP 3.73m 0.007mm
4640px 3472px 16.11MP 3.73m 0.007mm
6016px 4016px 24.16MP 5.98m 0.012mm
7424px 4924px 36.56MP 4.84m 0.010mm
6016px 4016px 24.16MP 5.98m 0.012mm
5496px 3656px 20.09MP 4.28m 0.009mm
8736px 5856px 51.16MP 4.12m 0.008mm
5634px 3753px 21.14MP 6.39m 0.013mm
4288px 2844px 12.20MP 8.40m 0.017mm
4608px 3464px 15.96MP 3.75m 0.008mm
5496px 3656px 20.09MP 4.22m 0.008mm
4288px 2844px 12.20MP 8.40m 0.017mm
7520px 5000px 37.60MP 5.98m 0.012mm
6058px 4012px 24.30MP 3.90m 0.008mm
7380px 4928px 36.37MP 4.86m 0.010mm
4612px 3468px 15.99MP 3.75m 0.008mm
7392px 4950px 36.59MP 4.86m 0.010mm
4608px 3464px 15.96MP 3.75m 0.008mm
4624px 3472px 16.05MP 3.74m 0.007mm
5599px 3728px 20.87MP 4.20m 0.008mm
6496px 4336px 28.17MP 3.62m 0.007mm
4640px 3472px 16.11MP 3.73m 0.007mm
6080px 4044px 24.59MP 5.90m 0.012mm
3984px 2622px 10.45MP 7.20m 0.014mm
6024px 4024px 24.24MP 3.90m 0.008mm
4476px 2954px 13.22MP 8.00m 0.016mm
6016px 4016px 24.16MP 3.91m 0.008mm
4896px 3264px 15.98MP 5.70m 0.011mm
5108px 3348px 17.10MP 7.05m 0.014mm
6036px 4020px 24.26MP 3.89m 0.008mm
4624px 3472px 16.05MP 3.74m 0.007mm
4760px 3472px 16.53MP 3.63m 0.007mm
6036px 4020px 24.26MP 3.89m 0.008mm
4310px 2868px 12.36MP 5.48m 0.011mm
8272px 6200px 51.29MP 5.29m 0.011mm
6016px 4016px 24.16MP 3.91m 0.008mm
6016px 4016px 24.16MP 3.91m 0.008mm
5496px 3670px 20.17MP 4.08m 0.008mm
6016px 4016px 24.16MP 3.91m 0.008mm
4770px 3177px 15.15MP 4.68m 0.009mm
4310px 2868px 12.36MP 5.48m 0.011mm
6288px 4056px 25.50MP 3.58m 0.007mm
8272px 6200px 51.29MP 5.29m 0.011mm
3944px 2622px 10.34MP 5.63m 0.011mm
5496px 3670px 20.17MP 4.09m 0.008mm
5530px 3694px 20.43MP 4.25m 0.008mm
4991px 3280px 16.37MP 4.73m 0.009mm
8269px 6217px 51.41MP 5.30m 0.011mm
4992px 3280px 16.37MP 4.73m 0.009mm
6080px 4012px 24.39MP 3.82m 0.008mm
6048px 4024px 24.34MP 3.89m 0.008mm
2259px 1506px 3.40MP 9.16m 0.018mm
5208px 3476px 18.10MP 4.28m 0.009mm
5344px 3516px 18.79MP 4.17m 0.008mm
6024px 4022px 24.23MP 3.70m 0.007mm
4312px 2876px 12.40MP 5.15m 0.010mm
5360px 3515px 18.84MP 4.16m 0.008mm
4672px 3084px 14.41MP 4.94m 0.010mm
4352px 2868px 12.48MP 5.42m 0.011mm
3596px 2360px 8.49MP 7.98m 0.016mm
3596px 2360px 8.49MP 7.98m 0.016mm
4352px 2868px 12.48MP 5.42m 0.011mm
6080px 4032px 24.51MP 3.87m 0.008mm
3596px 2360px 8.49MP 6.26m 0.013mm
5280px 3528px 18.63MP 4.22m 0.008mm
5584px 3724px 20.79MP 2.36m 0.005mm
3040px 2014px 6.12MP 7.80m 0.016mm
3040px 2014px 6.12MP 7.80m 0.016mm
5248px 3502px 18.38MP 2.52m 0.005mm
1995px 1304px 2.60MP 11.88m 0.024mm
4680px 3120px 14.60MP 5.00m 0.010mm
3904px 2606px 10.17MP 3.38m 0.007mm
3904px 2606px 10.17MP 3.38m 0.007mm
3029px 1980px 6.00MP 7.82m 0.016mm
2488px 1648px 4.10MP 9.32m 0.019mm
4018px 3016px 12.12MP 4.31m 0.009mm
4620px 3082px 14.24MP 2.86m 0.006mm
5488px 3664px 20.11MP 2.41m 0.005mm
5248px 3502px 18.38MP 2.52m 0.005mm
4620px 3082px 14.24MP 2.86m 0.006mm
4088px 3016px 12.33MP 4.23m 0.008mm
4806px 3204px 15.40MP 4.99m 0.010mm
3024px 2016px 6.10MP 7.61m 0.015mm
3040px 2014px 6.12MP 7.80m 0.016mm
3040px 2014px 6.12MP 7.80m 0.016mm
3152px 2068px 6.52MP 7.20m 0.014mm
3904px 2616px 10.21MP 6.05m 0.012mm
2496px 1648px 4.11MP 9.50m 0.019mm
3904px 2616px 10.21MP 6.05m 0.012mm
3720px 2800px 10.42MP 4.65m 0.009mm
3152px 2068px 6.52MP 7.20m 0.014mm
4310px 2868px 12.36MP 5.48m 0.011mm
1995px 1304px 2.60MP 11.88m 0.024mm
3904px 2616px 10.21MP 6.05m 0.012mm
7500px 5000px 37.50MP 6.00m 0.012mm
 3900px 2613px 10.19MP 6.05m 0.012mm
2847px 1861px 5.30MP 8.32m 0.017mm
4328px 2866px 12.40MP 5.48m 0.011mm
4320px 2868px 12.39MP 5.49m 0.011mm

Read Noise ISO is less than the Low Light ISO, then it is highlighted in red as a suggestion to use for stacking an
ting large.
a smaller aperture than this value is usually worth the slight loss of sensor resolution unless printing very large
s fields, and taking into account pixel density/pitch.
least -7EV usually gives good detail of the Milky Way.
Diffraction Focal Length Aperture Shutter Exposure
f/12.4 24mm f/1.4 12.42s -8.58EV
f/08.9 21mm f/1.4 10.86s -8.17EV
f/06.7 24mm f/1.4 7.65s -8.05EV
f/08.9 21mm f/1.4 10.90s -7.93EV
f/06.7 24mm f/1.4 7.65s -7.82EV
f/05.8 16mm f/1.4 10.37s -7.58EV
f/09.6 14mm f/2.8 20.74s -7.57EV
f/08.9 24mm f/1.4 9.47s -7.54EV
f/05.8 16mm f/1.4 10.37s -7.53EV
f/07.2 24mm f/1.4 8.11s -7.41EV
f/05.8 16mm f/1.4 10.37s -7.39EV
f/07.1 16mm f/1.4 11.98s -7.37EV
f/07.1 16mm f/1.4 11.98s -7.28EV
f/05.8 21mm f/1.2 7.57s -7.18EV
f/10.9 14mm f/2.8 22.63s -7.16EV
f/05.0 25mm f/1.2 5.66s -7.15EV
f/09.8 14mm f/2.8 21.04s -7.12EV
f/12.5 14mm f/2.8 24.99s -7.10EV
f/09.0 21mm f/1.4 10.93s -7.08EV
f/10.8 14mm f/2.8 22.45s -7.08EV
f/08.9 24mm f/1.4 9.47s -7.05EV
f/10.3 14mm f/2.8 21.83s -7.02EV
f/10.8 14mm f/2.8 22.45s -7.01EV
f/08.9 24mm f/1.4 9.47s -6.99EV
f/05.0 12mm f/1.4 12.40s -6.98EV
f/07.1 16mm f/1.4 11.98s -6.97EV
f/07.1 16mm f/1.4 11.98s -6.90EV
f/05.8 21mm f/1.2 7.57s -6.78EV
f/09.6 14mm f/2.8 20.78s -6.75EV
f/07.1 21mm f/1.2 8.81s -6.71EV
f/05.0 25mm f/1.2 5.70s -6.65EV
f/08.8 14mm f/2.8 19.65s -6.64EV
f/07.3 14mm f/2.8 17.42s -6.61EV
f/07.8 14mm f/2.8 18.21s -6.61EV
f/08.8 14mm f/2.8 19.65s -6.60EV
f/07.2 14mm f/2.8 17.36s -6.57EV
f/08.9 14mm f/2.8 19.75s -6.56EV
f/09.1 14mm f/2.8 20.03s -6.54EV
f/05.6 25mm f/1.2 6.15s -6.54EV
f/05.6 25mm f/1.2 6.15s -6.50EV
f/05.6 25mm f/1.2 6.15s -6.50EV
f/08.9 28mm f/1.7 8.54s -6.48EV
f/07.2 14mm f/2.8 17.36s -6.46EV
f/08.9 35mm f/1.4 6.53s -6.45EV
f/06.4 21mm f/1.2 8.11s -6.39EV
f/06.1 14mm f/2.8 15.83s -6.39EV
f/09.5 14mm f/2.8 20.69s -6.37EV
f/12.5 14mm f/2.8 24.99s -6.34EV
f/05.6 12mm f/1.4 13.47s -6.34EV
f/06.3 21mm f/1.2 8.03s -6.31EV
f/12.5 14mm f/2.8 24.99s -6.30EV
f/08.9 35mm f/2.5 7.63s -6.29EV
f/05.8 23mm f/2.0 8.12s -6.28EV
f/07.3 14mm f/2.8 17.42s -6.26EV
f/05.6 12mm f/1.4 13.46s -6.25EV
f/07.2 15mm f/2.8 16.25s -6.15EV
f/05.6 12mm f/1.4 13.47s -6.10EV
f/05.6 12mm f/1.4 13.44s -6.06EV
f/06.3 11mm f/2.8 20.36s -6.05EV
f/05.4 12mm f/2.0 14.88s -6.04EV
f/05.6 25mm f/1.2 6.15s -6.04EV
f/08.8 14mm f/2.8 19.65s -5.95EV
f/10.7 14mm f/2.8 22.44s -5.89EV
f/05.8 24mm f/1.4 6.92s -5.89EV
f/11.9 14mm f/2.8 24.14s -5.86EV
f/05.8 11mm f/2.8 19.56s -5.81EV
f/08.5 14mm f/2.8 19.21s -5.77EV
f/10.5 14mm f/2.8 22.10s -5.72EV
f/05.8 11mm f/2.8 19.53s -5.70EV
f/05.6 12mm f/1.4 13.44s -5.70EV
f/05.4 12mm f/1.4 13.17s -5.69EV
f/05.8 11mm f/2.8 19.53s -5.68EV
f/08.2 11mm f/2.8 23.84s -5.64EV
f/07.9 30mm f/3.5 9.38s -5.62EV
f/05.8 11mm f/2.8 19.56s -5.62EV
f/05.8 11mm f/2.8 19.56s -5.61EV
f/06.1 11mm f/2.8 20.02s -5.60EV
f/05.8 11mm f/2.8 19.56s -5.58EV
f/07.0 11mm f/2.8 21.66s -5.53EV
f/08.2 11mm f/2.8 23.84s -5.51EV
f/05.3 11mm f/2.8 18.67s -5.45EV
f/07.9 28mm f/4.0 10.67s -5.42EV
f/08.4 11mm f/2.8 24.26s -5.37EV
f/06.1 11mm f/2.8 20.07s -5.35EV
f/06.3 12mm f/2.0 16.46s -5.35EV
f/07.0 11mm f/2.8 21.81s -5.35EV
f/07.9 45mm f/2.8 5.71s -5.33EV
f/07.0 11mm f/2.8 21.80s -5.32EV
f/05.7 11mm f/2.8 19.32s -5.30EV
f/05.8 24mm f/1.4 6.90s -5.25EV
f/13.7 20mm f/1.4 16.20s -5.16EV
f/06.4 11mm f/2.8 20.59s -5.03EV
f/06.2 11mm f/2.8 20.29s -5.01EV
f/05.5 22mm f/2.0 8.23s -4.99EV
f/07.7 11mm f/2.8 22.95s -4.97EV
f/06.2 11mm f/2.8 20.26s -4.92EV
f/07.4 11mm f/2.8 22.39s -4.91EV
f/08.1 11mm f/2.8 23.70s -4.91EV
f/11.9 14mm f/2.8 24.10s -4.90EV
f/11.9 14mm f/2.8 24.10s -4.89EV
f/08.1 11mm f/2.8 23.70s -4.83EV
f/05.8 31mm f/1.8 5.77s -4.81EV
f/09.3 11mm f/2.8 25.97s -4.80EV
f/06.3 22mm f/2.0 8.94s -4.75EV
f/03.5 32mm f/1.2 3.53s -4.67EV
f/11.6 11mm f/2.8 30.17s -4.43EV
f/11.6 11mm f/2.8 30.17s -4.29EV
f/03.7 32mm f/1.2 3.67s -4.21EV
f/17.7 11mm f/2.8 41.31s -4.20EV
f/07.5 12mm f/2.0 18.33s -4.19EV
f/05.0 32mm f/1.2 4.48s -4.16EV
f/05.0 32mm f/1.2 4.48s -4.13EV
f/11.7 11mm f/2.8 30.25s -4.04EV
f/13.9 11mm f/2.8 34.34s -4.04EV
f/06.4 12mm f/1.4 14.85s -4.01EV
f/04.3 32mm f/1.2 3.99s -4.00EV
f/03.6 9mm f/2.8 18.70s -3.95EV
f/03.7 32mm f/1.2 3.67s -3.94EV
f/04.3 32mm f/1.2 3.99s -3.88EV
f/06.3 12mm f/1.4 14.66s -3.87EV
f/07.4 19mm f/2.8 13.04s -3.85EV
f/11.3 14mm f/2.8 23.30s -3.85EV
f/11.6 11mm f/2.8 30.17s -3.83EV
f/11.6 11mm f/2.8 30.17s -3.81EV
f/10.7 11mm f/2.8 28.55s -3.77EV
f/09.0 11mm f/2.8 25.40s -3.72EV
f/14.2 11mm f/2.8 34.81s -3.66EV
f/09.0 11mm f/2.8 25.40s -3.65EV
f/06.9 25mm f/1.2 7.26s -3.50EV
f/10.7 14mm f/2.8 22.43s -3.50EV
f/08.2 11mm f/2.8 23.84s -3.48EV
f/17.7 11mm f/2.8 41.31s -3.45EV
f/09.0 11mm f/2.8 25.40s -3.37EV
f/08.9 35mm f/2.5 7.64s -3.32EV
 f/09.0 11mm f/2.8 25.41s -3.24EV
f/12.4 11mm f/2.8 31.61s -3.16EV
f/08.2 11mm f/2.8 23.84s -3.07EV
f/08.2 11mm f/2.8 23.87s -3.04EV

suggestion to use for stacking and long ground exposures.

olution unless printing very large.