CHENG-301

Properties & Strength of

Engineering Materials

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 CHNG-301: Course Objective
Introduce fundamental concepts in Materials Science
and Engineering (MSE)

You will learn about:

Engineering Materials structure
how structure dictates properties
how processing can change structure
This course will help you to:
use materials properly
realize new design opportunities
with materials

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 Historical perspective
Civilization strongly linked with materials

Stone age, ceramics age, bronze age, iron age, nuclear age,
information age

The earliest humans had access to only a very limited number of

materials e.g: wood, clay, skin, stone

Then man learned that materials properties can be altered by

heat treatment and by addition of other substances (alloying)

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 Why we study material science
1) Important to understand
capabilities and limitations of
materials.
The following are just a few examples
of catastrophic failure caused by a Tacoma Narrows Bridge
lack of fundamental understanding Collapse (1940)
of materials, their properties, and poor design
failure modes:

Liberty ships (WWII) BCC Fe (metal)

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 Challenger (1986)
failure of an O-ring seal (polymer)

Hyatt Regency (KC)

walkway collapse (1981)
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 Why we study material science
(2) An understanding of Materials Science helps us to design
better components, parts, devices, etc.

1) how do you make something stronger or lighter?

2) how do elements come together to form alloys?
3) why do some materials have vastly different properties than
others?

(3) It is inter esting and helps to make you a more informed

person

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
Materials Science consists of four components:

By manipulating these components, materials can be designed

for human need

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 Structure

Performance

Properties Processing

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 Materials Science and Engineering
Material Science: involves investigating the relationship
between the structure and properties of the material.

Material Engineering: Is designing or engineering the

structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of
properties (based on the structure-property relationship)

Structure: is the arrangement of the materials internal

components, which can be divided into several levels

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 Structure and Properties
STRUCTURE: Many levels (or dimensions) of structure
exists in engineering materials

Sub-atomic: Electrons within an individual atom and interaction with the

nuclei

Atomic: Organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another (Cubic,

hexagonal etc)

Phase level (microscopic): Certain arrangement (or crystal structure) of

atoms prevail throughout certain area of the material which makes it
homogenous in that structure arrangement and properties, it is called
phase.

Macroscopic: (observed by naked eye)

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Structure and Properties

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 Level of Structures
Materials are...
engineered structures...not blackboxes!
Structure...has many dimensions...

Structural feature Dimension (m)

atomic bonding < 10 -10
missing/extra atoms 10-10
crystals (ordered atoms) 10 -8 -10-1
second phase particles 10 -8 -10-4
crystal texturing > 10 -6
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 PROPERTIES:
Properties determine response of material to external stimuli which is able to
provoke different responses
Properties are independent of Materials shape and size

PROPERTY STIMULUS or INPUT EXAMPLES/TYPES

Mechanical Load or Force Elastic Modulus

Strength
Electrical Electric Field Electrical Conductivity
Dielectric Constant
Thermal Heat Heat Capacity
Thermal Conductivity
Magnetic Magnetic Field Magnetization

Optical Electromagnetic or Light Index of Reflection

Radiation
Index of Refraction
Deteriorative Chemical/Electrochemical Corrosion Rate
Reactions 13
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Structure, Processing, & Properties
Properties depend on structure
ex: hardness vs structure of steel

(d)

600
Hardness (BHN)

30m
500 (c)
400 (b)
(a)
4m
300
30m
200 30m

100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (C/s)
Processing can change structure
ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel
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 The Materials Selection Process
1. Pick Application Determine required Properties
Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)

Material: structure, composition.

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, forming, joining, annealing.

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 ELECTRICAL
Electrical Resistivity of Copper:
Adapted from Fig. 18.8, Callister 6e.
(Fig. 18.8 adapted from: J.O. Linde,
Ann Physik 5, 219 (1932); and
C.A. Wert and R.M. Thomson,
Physics of Solids, 2nd edition,
McGraw-Hill Company, New York,
1970.)

Adding impurity atoms to Cu increases resistivity.

Deforming Cu increases resistivity.
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 THERMAL
Space Shuttle Tiles: Thermal Conductivity
--Silica fiber insulation of Copper:
offers low heat conduction. --It decreases when
Fig. 19.0, Callister 6e. you add zinc!
(Courtesy of Lockheed
Missiles and Space
Company, Inc.)

Adapted from Adapted from Fig. 19.4, Callister 6e.

Fig. 19.4W, Callister (Fig. 19.4 is adapted from Metals Handbook:
6e. (Courtesy of Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys
Lockheed Aerospace and Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker,
Ceramics Systems, (Managing Editor), American Society for
Sunnyvale, CA) Metals, 1979, p. 315.)
(Note: "W" denotes
fig. is on CD-ROM.)
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 MAGNETIC
Magnetization
vs. Composition:
--Adding 3 atomic % Si
makes Fe a better
recording medium!

Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and

A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of
Engineering Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9,
1973. Electronically reproduced
by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

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 OPTICAL
Transmittance:
--Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque depending on the material structure.

polycrystal: polycrystal:
single crystal low porosity high porosity

Adapted from Fig. 1.2,

Callister 6e.
(Specimen preparation,
P.A. Lessing; photo by J.
Telford.)

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 DETERIORATIVE
Stress & Saltwater... Heat treatment: slows
--causes cracks! crack speed in salt water!

Adapted from Fig. 11.20(b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and

Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials" (4th ed.), p. 505,
Adapted from Fig. 17.0, Callister 6e. John Wiley and Sons, 1996. (Original source: Markus O.
(Fig. 17.0 is from Marine Corrosion, Causes, Speidel, Brown Boveri Co.)
and Prevention, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,
4m
1975.)
--material:
7150-T651 Al "alloy"
(Zn,Cu,Mg,Zr)

Adapted from Fig. 11.24,

Callister 6e. (Fig. 11.24 provided courtesy of G.H.
Narayanan and A.G. Miller, Boeing Commercial
Airplane Company.) 23
 Classification of Materials
There are FOUR basic classes of materials; based on (a)
Chemical make-up and (b) Atomic Structure; these are:
1. Metals and Alloys
2. Ceramics and Glasses
3. Polymers
4. Composites
1. METALS and ALLOYS:
Combination of metallic elements on periodic table
Have large number of FREE electrons, i.e., electrons not bound to
particular atoms

Unique set of properties due to presence of these electrons

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PROPERTIES (METALS and ALLOYS)
Good conductors of heat and electricity
Not transparent
A polished metal surface had lustrous (e.g: shiny) appearance
Metals are quite strong but yet deformable

Extensively used in structural applications

CERAMICS and GLASSES:

Compounds between Metallic and Non-Metallic elements (e.g: Al2O3).
Mainly Oxides, Nitrides, and Carbides
Include Clay Minerals, Cement and Glass
PROPERTIES
Insulator to heat and electricity
Resistant to high temeratues and harsh environment
Hard but very brittle
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 POLYMERS:
Organic Compounds/large Molecules based mainly on Carbon, Hydrogen, and
some other non-metallic elements
Includes Plastics and Rubbers
PROPERTIES
Low Densities
Insulator to heat and electricity but cannot be used at high temperatures
Corrosive Resistant
Flexible but weak

COMPOSITES:
Combination of the above three basic types of materials (Metals, Ceramics and
Polymers)
E.G: GFRP: Glass Fibers embedded within polymeric materials
Glass fibers provide strength and polymer flexibility: COMBINES BEST OF
BOTH MATERIALS

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 In addition to the above basic classes other more specialized
classes of materials also exist:
SEMI-CONDUCTORS:
Materials with electrical properties intermediate between electrical conductors
and insulators
Properties sensitive to presence of minute concentrations of impurity atoms
Semi-conductors made possible advent of integrated circuitry that totally
revolutionize computer and electronics industry

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 BIOMATERIALS:
Implanted in human body for replacement of deceased or damaged body parts
Must not be toxic and should be compatible with body tissues
All of the above materials can be used as Bio-Materials
ADVANCED MATERIALS:
Materials used in high-tech applications, that is, applications operate on intricate
and sophisticated principles
Such as Electronic, Computer, Fiber-optic and Aero-space applications
SMART and INTELLIGENT MATERIALS:
Materials able to sense changes in environment and then respond to change in
predetermined manner
Smart materials or systems consist of sensors and actuators
E.g: Shape memory alloys and piezoelectric ceramics (expand or contract in
response to an applied electric field)
NANOTECHNOLOGY and NANOMATERIALS:
Materials designed on nano-scale less than 100 nanometers
1A = 10-10 m; 1 nm = 10-9 m; 1 m = 10-6 m (Atomic size ~1-2A)

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 SUMMARY
Course Goals:

Use the right material for the job.

Understand the relation between properties,

structure, and processing.

Recognize new design opportunities offered

by materials selection.

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