BIOLOGY - HILLIS 2E

CH.5 - CELL MEMBRANES AND SIGNALING

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BIOLOGY - HILLIS 2E
CH.5 - CELL MEMBRANES AND SIGNALING

CONCEPT: FLUID MOSAIC MODEL

The cell membrane is a fluid mosaic.
EXAMPLE:
-

Phospholipids and other membrane components highly mobile.

EXAMPLE:

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BIOLOGY - HILLIS 2E
CH.5 - CELL MEMBRANES AND SIGNALING

CONCEPT: FLUID MOSAIC MODEL

Phospholipids spontaneously assemble in aqueous environments.
EXAMPLE:

Spontaneous assembly occurs despite entropy.

EXAMPLE:

Cholesterol fills in gaps between phospholipids, decreasing membrane fluidity.

Cholesterol can interact with the aqueous environment surrounding the membrane
EXAMPLE:

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BIOLOGY - HILLIS 2E
CH.5 - CELL MEMBRANES AND SIGNALING

CONCEPT: FLUID MOSAIC MODEL

Proteins are integrated into the membrane via van der Waals forces.
Transmembrane proteins span the membrane.
EXAMPLE:

Peripheral proteins are not integrated directly into the membrane.

EXAMPLE:

Membrane proteins have numerous functions

Transporting substances across the membrane
EXAMPLE:

Enzyme activity
EXAMPLE:

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BIOLOGY - HILLIS 2E
CH.5 - CELL MEMBRANES AND SIGNALING

CONCEPT: FLUID MOSAIC MODEL

Cell signaling reception, transduction, and response
EXAMPLE:

Cell recognition via glycoproteins and glycolipids

Glycoproteins play a major role in cell-cell recognition in the immune system
Glycolipids are used in determining blood type
EXAMPLE:

Cell junctions and anchoring to the cytoskeleton or extracellular matrix

EXAMPLE:

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BIOLOGY - HILLIS 2E
CH.5 - CELL MEMBRANES AND SIGNALING

CONCEPT: FLUID MOSAIC MODEL

Structure of the mosaic fits function
EXAMPLE:

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BIOLOGY - HILLIS 2E
CH.5 - CELL MEMBRANES AND SIGNALING

PRACTICE:
1. Proteins in the plasma membrane are involved with all of the following except:
a. trans membrane channel c. transport
b. cell recognition d. packaging DNA

2. Which of the following does not influence membrane fluidity?

a. decrease in temperature
b. addition of cholesterol
c. hydrogen bonding of water holding the membrane together
d. the type of fatty acid used in phospholipids

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BIOLOGY - HILLIS 2E
CH.5 - CELL MEMBRANES AND SIGNALING

CONCEPT: OSMOSIS AND DIFFUSION

Simple diffusion is the movement of a substance down its concentration gradient.
EXAMPLE:

Diffusion is driven by entropy

EXAMPLE:

Small and nonpolar substances can readily diffuse through the membrane.
Large, ionic, charged, and polar* substances cannot cross the membrane unassisted.
EXAMPLE:

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BIOLOGY - HILLIS 2E
CH.5 - CELL MEMBRANES AND SIGNALING

CONCEPT: OSMOSIS AND DIFFUSION

Selective permeability is largely accomplished via channel proteins and carrier proteins.
Channel proteins form a pore that specific solutes may pass through
EXAMPLE:

Carrier proteins bind specific substances, and undergo a shape change to transport them through the membrane.
EXAMPLE:

CHANNEL PROTEINS CARRIER PROTEINS

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BIOLOGY - HILLIS 2E
CH.5 - CELL MEMBRANES AND SIGNALING

CONCEPT: OSMOSIS AND DIFFUSION

The cell membrane acts as a selectively permeable barrier separating the cytosol from the extracellular environment.
EXAMPLE:

Concentrations of ions and charged substances create electrical gradients.

EXAMPLE:

Electrical gradients and chemical concentration gradients coexist as electrochemical gradients.

EXAMPLE:

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BIOLOGY - HILLIS 2E
CH.5 - CELL MEMBRANES AND SIGNALING

CONCEPT: OSMOSIS AND DIFFUSION

Osmosis is the movement of water across a membrane from an environment of lower solute concentration to a higher one.
Aquaporins are channel proteins that facilitate the movement of water across the membrane
EXAMPLE:

Osmosis is NOT a type of diffusion

EXAMPLE:

OSMOSIS DIFFUSION

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BIOLOGY - HILLIS 2E
CH.5 - CELL MEMBRANES AND SIGNALING

CONCEPT: OSMOSIS AND DIFFUSION

Osmotic pressure drives the movement of water.
Isotonic concentration is the same on both sides of the membrane
EXAMPLE:

Hypertonic concentration is greater on one side relative to the other

Hypotonic concentration is lower on one side relative to the other
EXAMPLE:

Osmoregulation is an organisms regulation of its water content. Failure to do so may result in lysis.
Plant cells maintain turgor pressure to give their cells rigidity.
EXAMPLE:

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BIOLOGY - HILLIS 2E
CH.5 - CELL MEMBRANES AND SIGNALING

PRACTICE:
1. The movement solute of molecules along a concentration gradient from high to low is called:
a. active transport c. pumping
b. diffusion d. osmosis

2. Osmosis requires a _______________ in order to occur.

a. cell wall c. vacuole
b. semi permeable membrane d. ER

3. Two solutions of salt water are at different concentrations. The one with lower concentration is ____________________
to the one with higher concentration.
a. isotonic c. hypotonic
b. hypertonic d. osmosis

4. When plant cells are _________ to their environment then the turgor pressure increases.
a. hyperosmotic c. isomotic
b. osmosis d. hypoosmotic

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BIOLOGY - HILLIS 2E
CH.5 - CELL MEMBRANES AND SIGNALING

CONCEPT: FACILITATED DIFFUSION

Passive transport is the diffusion of substances via an electrochemical gradient.
Electrochemical gradients have an electrical and chemical concentration gradient.
EXAMPLE:

Facilitated diffusion is the passive transport of substances that do not readily cross the membrane.
EXAMPLE:

Carrier proteins bind a substance and change shape to carry it through the membrane.
The glucose transporter in red blood cells tricks the chemical concentration gradient.
EXAMPLE:

Ge

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BIOLOGY - HILLIS 2E
CH.5 - CELL MEMBRANES AND SIGNALING

CONCEPT: FACILITATED DIFFUSION

Channel proteins have a hydrophilic pore that allows the passage of specific molecules and ions.
Ion channels are protein channels that allow the passage of ions
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease that can be caused due to the deletion of a single amino acid in a Cl- channel.
EXAMPLE:

Gated channels only open when they receive a certain stimulus

Ligand-gated channel opens in response to chemical stimulus
Voltage-gated channel opens in response to electrical stimulus
EXAMPLE:

Ge Ge

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BIOLOGY - HILLIS 2E
CH.5 - CELL MEMBRANES AND SIGNALING

PRACTICE:
1. What is required for facilitated diffusion to occur?
a. electrochemical gradient c. carrier protein
b. channel protein d. all of the above

2. Channel proteins are always open, allowing for a constant flow of solutes through them.
a. True
b. False

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BIOLOGY - HILLIS 2E
CH.5 - CELL MEMBRANES AND SIGNALING

CONCEPT: ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Active transport uses energy to move molecules or ions across the membrane
Primary active transport uses energy directly, usually by hydrolyzing ATP to power proteins.
Uniporters move one substance in one direction
Symporters move two substances in the same direction
Antiporters move two substances in opposite directions
EXAMPLE:

The Na+/K+ pump is an antiporter that uses ATP to move ions across the membrane
EXAMPLE:

Pumps play a huge role in maintaining electrochemical gradients across the membrane
Proton pumps play a crucial role in the mitochondria
EXAMPLE:

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BIOLOGY - HILLIS 2E
CH.5 - CELL MEMBRANES AND SIGNALING

CONCEPT: ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Secondary active transport uses the potential energy of one substances concentration gradient to transport another
substance against its concentration gradient.
Cotransport moves the two substances in the same direction
The glucose/Na+ transporter takes advantage of the Na+ concentration gradient to transport glucose into the cell.
EXAMPLE:

Countertransport moves the substances in opposite directions

Na+/H+ transporter takes advantage of the Na+ concentration gradient to transport H+ out of the cell.
EXAMPLE:













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BIOLOGY - HILLIS 2E
CH.5 - CELL MEMBRANES AND SIGNALING

PRACTICE:
1. The type of transport that is specific, requires special carrier molecules and energy is:
a. facilitated diffusion c. active transport
b. passive transport d. endocytosis

2. Secondary active transport requires ATP

a. True
b. False

3. What is the difference between a symporter and an antiporter?

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BIOLOGY - HILLIS 2E
CH.5 - CELL MEMBRANES AND SIGNALING

CONCEPT: BULK TRANSPORT

Exocytosis is the secretion of molecules via vesicle fusion with the membrane.
Endocytosis is the process by which a cell takes in material by forming a vesicle from the membrane.
EXAMPLE:

Phagocytosis is a form of endocytosis in which the cell reaches out pseudopodia to engulf solid material.
EXAMPLE:

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BIOLOGY - HILLIS 2E
CH.5 - CELL MEMBRANES AND SIGNALING

CONCEPT: BULK TRANSPORT

Pinocytosis is a form of endocytosis in which the cells engulfs a small droplet of solutes
Phagocytosis and pinocytosis are similar, but differ based on the materials being transported
EXAMPLE:

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is a type of pinocytosis that can obtain solutes low in concentration.
Cholesterol is obtained by this process
EXAMPLE:

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BIOLOGY - HILLIS 2E
CH.5 - CELL MEMBRANES AND SIGNALING

PRACTICE:
1. Bulk transport requires energy.
a. True
b. False

2. Phagocytosis is a type of exocytosis.

a. True
b. False

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BIOLOGY - HILLIS 2E
CH.5 - CELL MEMBRANES AND SIGNALING

CONCEPT: CELL SIGNALING

Cell signaling is how cells communicate with molecules, and involves three steps:
Reception a ligand binds to a receptor protein, effecting some change in the protein
Receptors only bind specific ligands
Transduction a series of proteins and other molecules interact with each other, as a result of ligand-receptor binding
The molecules involved in transduction vary based on the cell
Response the cell carries out some function as a result of the signal transduction pathway
A cells response to a signal depends on the cells receptors and signal transduction pathways
EXAMPLE:

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BIOLOGY - HILLIS 2E
CH.5 - CELL MEMBRANES AND SIGNALING

CONCEPT: CELL SIGNALING

Cells in multicellular organisms communicate through cell junctions and cell recognition.
EXAMPLE:

Cells communicate through paracrine and endocrine signaling.

EXAMPLE:

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BIOLOGY - HILLIS 2E
CH.5 - CELL MEMBRANES AND SIGNALING

CONCEPT: CELL SIGNALING

Cells communicate through synaptic signaling.
EXAMPLE:

Unicellular organisms in a population communicate with one another.

Quorum sensing signaling in microbes related to population density.
EXAMPLE:

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BIOLOGY - HILLIS 2E
CH.5 - CELL MEMBRANES AND SIGNALING

CONCEPT: RECEPTION
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) active G proteins to transmit signals.
EXAMPLE:

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) can activate multiple signal transduction pathways.
Kinase an enzyme that transfers a phosphate group to its substrate, energizing it, or to ADP to form ATP.
EXAMPLE:

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BIOLOGY - HILLIS 2E
CH.5 - CELL MEMBRANES AND SIGNALING

CONCEPT: RECEPTION
Ligand-gated ion channels open is response to ligand binding.
EXAMPLE:

Small and lipid soluble molecules can readily pass through the membrane, into cells, to reach intracellular receptors.
Transcription factors proteins that control gene expression
EXAMPLE:

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BIOLOGY - HILLIS 2E
CH.5 - CELL MEMBRANES AND SIGNALING

CONCEPT: SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

Signal transduction is carried out by proteins and secondary messengers.
Secondary messengers are signaling molecules that cells use to effect changes.
Phosphorylation cascades activate and deactivate a series of proteins through the transfer of phosphate groups.
Kinases transfer phosphate groups to their substrates
Phosphatases remove phosphate groups from their substrates
EXAMPLE:

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BIOLOGY - HILLIS 2E
CH.5 - CELL MEMBRANES AND SIGNALING

CONCEPT: SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

cAMP functions as a secondary messenger in GPCR signal transduction.
Adenylyl cyclase is activated by a G protein, and converts ATP into cAMP
EXAMPLE:

Ca2+ is a widely used secondary messenger, and is stored in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum.
A G protein activates phospholipase C to cleave PIP2 into IP3 and DAG. IP3 acts as a ligand for Ca2+ channels.
EXAMPLE:

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BIOLOGY - HILLIS 2E
CH.5 - CELL MEMBRANES AND SIGNALING

CONCEPT: SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

Signal cascades can result in signal amplification.
EXAMPLE:

Scaffolding proteins connect and regulate members of a pathway in complexes.

EXAMPLE:

Crosstalk signaling pathways interact with each other to modify cellular response.
EXAMPLE:

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BIOLOGY - HILLIS 2E
CH.5 - CELL MEMBRANES AND SIGNALING

CONCEPT: SIGNAL RESPONSE

Response to signaling generally comes as a change in:
Protein activity turning proteins on, off, or modulating their activity
Gene expression turning genes on or off, or changing the rates of proteins synthesis
Cell division preparing the cell for division, and causing the process to occur
EXAMPLE:

Apoptosis is programmed cell death.

EXAMPLE:

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