Analysis of T-Beams

Prepared by:
Engr. Kenny B. Cantila
 T-Shape Cross Section

A T-shaped cross-section is usually used when concrete beam is

poured monolithically with slabs as part of continuous floor systems.
The T-shape section consists of a slab which is called a flange and a
portion of the beam that projects below the slab which is called a
stem. This section is most efficiently used when a flange is placed in
compression. Since the flange of a typical section is wide, the depth
of the stress block will be smaller, as a result, the location of the
neutral axis will be located on the flange, the beam will be design
exactly the same as a rectangular beam but if the beam depth of
compression block falls in the web, the stress block must be divided
into two areas and the stress diagram will be analyzed into two parts
as shown in the figure.
 Code Requirements on T - Beams

1. In T-beam construction, the flange and the web shall be built integrally
or otherwise effectively bonded together.

2. The width of slab effective as T-beam shall not exceed of the span of
the beam, and effective overhanging flange on each side of the web shall
not exceed:

a. 8 times the slab thickness; and

b. the clear distance to the next web

3. For beams with slab on one side only, the effective overhanging flange
shall not exceed:

a. 1/12 the span length of the beam

b. 6 times the slab thickness, and
c. the clear distance to the next web
4. Isolated beams in which T-shaped are used to provide a flange for
additional compression area shall have a flange thickness not less than
the length of the web and an effective flange width not more than four
times the width of the web.

5. When primary flexural reinforcement in a slab that is considered as a T-

beam flange is parallel to the beam, reinforcement perpendicular to the
beam shall be provided in the top of the slab in accordance with the
following:

(a) Traverse reinforcement shall be designed to carry the factored load on

beam, the full width of the overhang slab width assumed to act as a
cantilever. For isolated beam, the full width of the overhanging flange
shall be considered. For other T-beams, only the effective
overhanging slab needs to be considered.

(b) Transverse reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than five
times the slab thickness, nor 450 mm.


bf bf

t
b1 b2 b3

S1 bw S2 S3 bw

Interior Beam End Beam

For Interior Beam For End Beam

(smallest of the following) (smallest of the following)

1. b = L/4 1. b = L/12 + bw
2. b = 16t + bw 2. b = 6t + bw
3. b = S1 /2 + S2 /2 + bw 3. b = S3 /2 + bw
Problem 1: An interior T-beam in a floor system has a clear span of 5.4 m.
Web thickness of beam is 300 m. Find the effective width of the flange bf if
it has a slab having a thickness of 125 mm as shown.

bf

t = 125 mm
b1 b2

300 mm 2,700 mm 300 mm 3,000 mm 300 mm

 8t 300 8t

t = 125 mm

bw = 300 mm

L S1 S2
b= b= + + bw
4 2 2
5,400 b = 16t + bw 2,700 3,000
b= b= + + 300
4 b = 16 125 + 300 2 2
= , b = 2,300 mm b = 3,150 mm
Problem 2: An exterior beam of a floor system having an effective depth of
600 mm has a web thickness of 300 mm. The beam has a spacing of 2.4 m on
centers. Thickness of slab is 100 mm. Determine the effective width of the
flange of the end beam or L -beam having a span of 6 m.

bf

t
d

bw bw bw

L 1
b= + bw b = (L + b w )
12 2
6,000 b = 6t + bw 1
b= + 300 b = 6 100 + 300 b = (2,400 + 300)
12 2
= b = 900 mm b = 1,350 m
 Analysis of T- Beam

bf
0.85f c
a
t

T=C
d d a/2
As fy = 0.85fc abf
As A s fy
a=
0.85f c bf
a
bw Mu = As fy d
2
= 0.85f c Ac T = As fy
 Analysis of T- Beam (contd)

bf
0.85f c 0.85f c

t C1
C2

d
d t/2 d a/2
As
T1 T2

bw

C1 = 0.85f c Ac1 T1 = As1 fy

C2 = 0.85f c Ac2 T2 = As2 fy

Problem 3: A T-beam has the following properties: bf = 820 mm, bw = 250
mm, d = 470 mm, t = 100 mm. Concrete compressive strength fc = 20.7 MPa
and steel yield strength fy = 414 MPa. Determine the required tension steel
area for the following load conditions:

a. MD = 150 kN m ; ML = 120 kN m
b. MD = 200 kN m ; ML = 250 kN m
 Maximum moment

Mu = 1.2MDL + 1.6MLL
Mu = 1.2(150) + 1.6(120)
=

Depth of compression block

a
Mu = C d
2

a
Mu = (0.85f c abf ) d
2
a
372 106 = 0.90(0.85)(20.7)( a)(820) 470
2
= .

Since a < t, the neutral axis (N.A.) is located on the flange.

 T=C
As fy = 0.85f c abf
0.85f c abf
As =
fy
0.85(20.7)(65.62)(820)
As =
(414)
= , .
Maximum moment

Mu = 1.2MDL + 1.6MLL
Mu = 1.2(200) + 1.6(250)
=

Ultimate moment provided by the flange:

t
Mu1 = C1 d
2
t
Mu1 = 0.85f c tbf d
2
100
Mu1 = 0.90 0.85 20.7 100 820 470 /106
2
= .
 Ultimate moment provided by the flange (Another solution)

t
Mu1 = As1 fy d
2
100
Mu1 = 0.90(3,485)(414) 470
2
Mu1 = 545,374,620 N mm
= .

Since > , the neutral axis (N.A.) is located on the web.

T1 = C1
As1 fy = 0.85f c tbf
0.85f c tbf
As1 =
fy
0.85(20.7)(100)(820)
As1 =
(414)
= ,
 Ultimate moment to be carried by the web:

Mu2 = Mu Mu1
Mu2 = 640 545.37
= .

x
Mu2 = C2 d t
2
x
Mu2 = 0.90[0.85f c xbw ] d t
2
6
x
94.62510 = 0.90[0.85(20.7)(x)(250)] 470 100
2
= .

z
Mu2 = T2 dt
2
71.51
94.625106 = 0.90 As2 414 470 100
2
= .
Total tension steel area:
As = As1 + As2
As = 3,485 + 759.80
= , .
Problem 4: A T-beam has a flange thickness of 1,200 mm and flange
thickness of 125 mm with an effective depth of 437.5 mm. The width of the
stem is 400 mm. The beam carries a negative moment of 610 kN-m. Use fc =
27.6 MPa and steel yield strength fy = 414.6 MPa Use steel covering for both
top and bottom bars of 62.5 mm. Determine the following:

a. Maximum moment capacity of the section as singly-reinforced

b. Total steel area needed for tension
c. Steel area needed for compression if the maximum moment capacity of
the beam is not sufficient. Assume steel compression will yield
 bf = 1,200 mm

62.5 mm
t = 125 mm
As
d = 437.5 mm

As

62.5 mm

bw = 400 mm
 0.85fc 1 600
b = R u = fc 1
fy 600 + fy 1.70
0.3204
0.85(27.6)(0.85) 600 R u = 27.6(0.3204) 1
b = 1.70
414.6 600 + 414.6
= .
= .
Mu1 = R u bd2
max = 0.75 b
Mu1 = 0.90 7.176 400 437.5 2
max = 0.75 (0.02844)
Mu1 = 494,471,250 N mm
= .
= . (Part a)
fy
=
fc As1 = max bd
414.6 As1 = 0.02133(400)(437.5)
= 0.02133
27.6 = , .
= .
 Mu = Mu1 + Mu2
Mu2 = Mu Mu1
Mu2 = 610 494.47
= .

Mu2 = As2 fy d
115.53x106 = 0.90 As2 414.6 437.5 62.5
= (Part c)

Total tension steel area:

As = As1 + As2
As = 3,733 + 826
= , (Part b)
Problem 5: The simple span T-beam is part of a floor system of span length
6m and beam spacing 1,125 mm on centers. The bars are placed with 25 mm
clear spacing between layers. It is reinforced with 10 28 mm placed in
two rows. The width of web section is 600 mm with a total depth of 1,000
mm. Slab thickness is 162.5 mm. Diameter of stirrups is 10 mm . Use 40
mm clear cover for reinforcements. Use fc = 20.7 MPa and fy = 414.6 MPa.
Determine the following:

a. Depth of compression block

b. Ultimate moment capacity
c. Steel area required to make the compressive steel block just completely
cover the flange.
Effective width of flange: Effective depth of the section:

d = 1,000 40 10 28 12.5
L = .
b=
4
6,000
b=
4
b = 1,500 mm Tension steel area:

As = N db 2
b = 16t + bw 4

b = 16 162.5 + 600 As = 10 28 2
4
b = 3,200 mm = , .

b=S
= ,
 Depth of compression block:

T=C
As fy = 0.85f c abf
As fy
a=
0.85f c bf
6,157.5(414.6)
a=
0.85(20.7)(1,125)
= . < 162.5 mm Ok

Ultimate moment capacity

a
Mu = As fy d
2
128.97
Mu = 0.90 6,157.5 (414.6) 909.5
2
Mu = 1,941,514,534 N mm
= , .