Discuss the Doctrine of Primary Jurisdiction (or Prior Resort).

Held: Courts cannot and will not resolve a controversy involving a question which is
within the jurisdiction of an administrative tribunal, especially where the question
demands the exercise of sound administrative discretion requiring the special
knowledge, experience and services of the administrative tribunal to determine
technical and intricate matters of fact.

In recent years, it has been the jurisprudential trend to apply this doctrine to cases
involving matters that demand the special competence of administrative agencies even
if the question involved is also judicial in character. It applies where a claim is
originally cognizable in the courts, and comes into play whenever enforcement of the
claim requires the resolution of issues which, under a regulatory scheme, have been
placed within the special competence of an administrative body; in such case, the
judicial process is suspended pending referral of such issues to the administrative
body for its view.

In cases where the doctrine of primary jurisdiction is clearly applicable, the court
cannot arrogate unto itself the authority to resolve a controversy, the jurisdiction over
which is lodged with an administrative body of special competence. (Villaflor v. CA,
280 SCRA 297, Oct. 9, 1992, 3rd Div. [Panganiban])

Discuss the Doctrine of Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies. What are the

exceptions thereto?

Held: 1. Before a party is allowed to seek the intervention of the court, it is a pre-
condition that he should have availed of all the means of administrative processes
afforded him. Hence, if a remedy within the administrative machinery can still be
resorted to by giving the administrative officer concerned every opportunity to decide
on a matter that comes within his jurisdiction then such remedy should be exhausted
first before the courts judicial power can be sought. The premature invocation of
courts jurisdiction is fatal to ones cause of action. Accordingly, absent any finding
of waiver or estoppel the case is susceptible of dismissal for lack of cause of action.
This doctrine of exhaustion of administrative remedies was not without its practical
and legal reasons, for one thing, availment of administrative remedy entails lesser
expenses and provides for a speedier disposition of controversies. It is no less true to
state that the courts of justice for reasons of comity and convenience will shy away
from a dispute until the system of administrative redress has been completed and
complied with so as to give the administrative agency concerned every opportunity to
correct its error and to dispose of the case.

This doctrine is disregarded:

when there is a violation of due process;

when the issue involved is purely a legal question;

when the administrative action is patently illegal amounting to lack or excess of

jurisdiction;
when there is estoppel on the part of the administrative agency concerned;

when there is irreparable injury;

when the respondent is a department secretary whose acts as an alter ego of the
President bears the implied and assumed approval of the latter;

when to require exhaustion of administrative remedies would be unreasonable;

when it would amount to a nullification of a claim;

when the subject matter is a private land in land case proceeding;

when the rule does not provide a plain, speedy and adequate remedy, and

when there are circumstances indicating the urgency of judicial intervention.

(Paat v. CA, 266 SCRA 167 [1997])

2. Non-exhaustion of administrative remedies is not jurisdictional. It only renders the

action premature, i.e., claimed cause of action is not ripe for judicial determination
and for that reason a party has no cause of action to ventilate in court. (Carale v.
Abarintos, 269 SCRA 132, March 3, 1997, 3rd Div. [Davide])