E Noticeboard 150524020734 Lva1 App6892

Main project report on
GSM BASED WIRELESS NOTICE BOARD

Submitted in partial fulfillment of main project for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted By
K.NAVYA REGD.NO:11631A0449
S.HARI KRISHNA REGD.NO:11631A0421
P.GANESH REGD.NO:11631A0418
N.RAJIV REGD.NO:11631A0458
Under the esteemed guidance of
B.SWETHA M.Tech
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
SRI VENKATESWARA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Amaravadi Nagar, Sponsored by the exhibition society, HYDERABAD, Approved by AICTE,
Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, HYDERABAD, Suryapet-508213,
Nalgonda Dist. 2014-2015
i
SRI VENKATESWARA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Amaravadi Nagar, Sponsored by The Exhibition Society, HYDERABAD, Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad Suryapet-508213, Nalgonda Dist.
2014-2015
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report titled as GSM BASED WIRELESS
NOTICE BOARD being submitted by K.NAVYA (11631A0449), S.HARI
KRISHNA (11631A0421), P.GANESH (11631A0418), and N.RAJIV (11631A0458)
from IV B.Tech II semester of Electronics and Communication Engineering is a record
bonafide work carried out by us. The results embodied in this report have not been
submitted to any other University for the award of any degree.
Signature of the Guide Signature of the H.O.D
Signature of the External Signature of the principal
ii
DECLARATION
We the Students of B.Tech in ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING of Sri Venkateswara Engineering College, Suryapet, hereby declare that
the project with title GSM BASED WIRELESS NOTICE BOARD Is the original
work done by us.
To the Best of us Knowledge and belief we hereby declare that this project bears
no resemblance to any other project submitted at Sri Venkateswara Engineering College,
Suryapet or any other college affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,
Hyderabad for the award of the degree.
Place:
Date:
Project associates
K.NAVYA - 11631A0449
S.HARI KRISHNA - 11631A0421
P. GANESH - 11631A0418
N.RAJIV - 11631A0458
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
we sincerely thank our principal Dr.A.SRUJANA for her timely suggestions,

which helped me to complete this work successfully.
It is my privilege to thank Dr.K.MADHAVI, Professor & HOD of ECE

Department for her encouragement during the progress of this project work.
we express my sincere thanks to my supervisor B. SWETHA for giving me moral

support, kind attention and valuable guidance to me throughout this project work.
we thank to both teaching and non-teaching staff members of ECE Department

for their kind cooperation and all sorts of help to bring out this project work successfully.
By
K.NAVYA - 11631A0449
S.HARI KRISHNA - 11631A0421
P. GANESH - 11631A0418
N.RAJIV - 11631A0458
iv
ABSTRACT
Scrolling display board is a common sight today. Advertisement is going digital.

The use of LED scrolling display board at big shops, shopping centers, railway station,
bus stands and educational Institutes are becoming an effective mode of communication
in providing information to the people. But these off-the-shelf units are somewhat
inflexible in terms of updating the message instantly. If the user wants to change the
message it needs to be done using a computer and hence the person needs to be Present at
the location of the display board. It means the message cannot be changed from wherever
or whenever. Also the display board cannot be placed anywhere because of complex and
delicate wiring.
GSM based LED Scrolling Display Board is a model for displaying
notices/messages at places that require real-time noticing, by sending messages in the
form of SMS through mobile. The project aims to develop a moving sign board which
empowers the user to change the scrolling message using SMS service instantaneously
unlike a deskbound device such as PC or laptop. The user can update it even from a
remote distant. The SMS is deleted from the SIM each time it is read, thus making room
for the next SMS.
v
INDEX
CONTENTS PAGE NO
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 1
1.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 1
1.3 APPLICATIONS 2
1.4 CLASSIFICATION 2
1.4.1 RTS CLASSIFICATION 2
1.4.1.1 HARD REAL TIME SYSTEM 2
1.4.1.2 SOFT REAL TIME SYSTEM 3
CHAPTER-2 GSM BASED LED SCROLLING DISPLAY BOARD 4
CHAPTER-3 HARDWARE COMPONENTS 7
3.1 POWER SUPPLY 7
3.1.1 TRANSFORMER 7
3.1.2. IDEAL POWER EQUATION 8
3.1.3. VOLTAGE REGULATOR 7805 9
3.1.3.1 INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM 10
3.1.3.2 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS 10
3.1.4 RECTIFIER 11
3.1.5 FILTER 11
3.2 INTRODUCTION TO LPC2148 MICROCONTROLLER 12
3.2.1 INTRODUCTION 12
3.2.2 FEATURES 13
3.2.3 APPLICATIONS 14
3.2.4 ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW 14
3.2.5 ARM7TDMI-S PROCESSOR 14
3.2.5.1 ON-CHIP FLASH MEMORY SYSTEM 15
3.2.5.2 ON-CHIP STATIC RAM (SRAM) 15
3.2.6 BLOCK DIAGRAM 17
vi
3.2.6.1 MEMORY MAPS 18
3.2.7 GENERAL PURPOSE INPUT OUTPUT PORTS 20
3.2.7.1 FEATURES 20
3.2.7.2 APPLICATIONS 20
3.2.8 LPC2148 PIN CONNECT BLOCK 21
3.2.8.1 FEATURES 21
3.2.8.2 APPLICATIONS 21
3.2.8.3DESCRIPTION 21
3.2.8.4 REGISTER DESCRIPTION 22
3.2.8.5 LPC2148 PINOUT 22
3.3 GSM TECHNOLOGY 23
3.3.1 TIME-DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (TDMA) 23
3.3.2 GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION 24
3.3.3 THE GENERATIONS OF MOBILE NETWORKS 26
3.3.4 HISTORY OF GSM 27
3.3.4.1 ARCHITECTURE OF THE GSM NETWORK 29
3.3.4.2 MOBILE STATION 29
3.3.4.3 BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM 30
3.3.4.4 NETWORK SUBSYSTEM 30
3.3.4.5 GSM FREQUENCIES USING AROUND
THE WORLD 31
3.3.5 GSM SECURITY 32
3.3.5.1 SOME DEFINITIONS 32
3.3.5.2 USER AND SIGNALING DATA
CONFIDENTIALITY 35
3.3.5.3 SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY CONFIDENTIALITY 35
3.3.5.4 SOLUTIONS TO CURRENT
SECURITY ISSUES 36
3.3.5.5 SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE 36
3.4 MAX232 IC 36
3.4.1 FUNCTIONS OF PINS 38
vii
3.5 LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE 39
3.5.1 TECHNOLOGY 40
3.5.2 ADVANTAGES 41
3.5.3 DISADVANTAGES 42
3.5.4 APPLICATIONS 44
CHAPTER-4 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 45
4.1 INTRODUCTION TO KEIL MICRO VISION (IDE) 45
4.2 CONCEPT OF COMPILER 45
4.3 CONCEPT OF CROSS COMPILER 46
4.4 KEIL C CROSS COMPILER 46
4.5 BUILDING APPLICATIONS IN VISION2 46
4.6 CREATING YOUR OWN APPLICATION IN VISION 47
4.7 DEBUGGING AN APPLICATION IN VISION2 47
4.8 STARTING VISION2AND CREATING A PROJECT 47
4.9 WINDOW-FILES 48
4.10 BUILDING PROJECTS AND CREATING HEX FILES 48
4.11 CPU SIMULATION 48
4.12 DATABASE SELECTION 48
4.13 START DEBUGGING 49
4.14 DISASSEMBLY WINDOW 49
4.15 EMBEDDED C 50
CHAPTER-5 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM 51
CHAPTER-6 PROJECT CODE 52
6.1 SOURCE CODE 52
CHAPTER-7 ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS 59
7.1 ADVANTAGES 59
7.2 DISADVANTAGES 59
7.3 APPLICATIONS 59
7.4 FUTURE SCOPE 59
CHAPTER-8 CONCLUSION 60
CHAPTER-9 BIBLIOGRAPHY 61
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO NAME OF THE FIGURE PAGE NO
2.0 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF E-NOTICE BOARD 5

3.1.1 A TYPICAL TRANSFORMER 7
3.1.2 IDEAL POWER EQUATION 8
3.1.3.0 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF
VOLTAGE REGULATOR 9
3.1.3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF VOLTAGE
REGULATOR 10
3.1.4 BRIDGE RECTIFIER 11
3.1.6 FILTER OUTPUT 12
3.2.6 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MICRO CONTROLLER 17
3.2.6.1 SYSTEM MEMRORY MAP 18
3.2.6.2 PERIPHERAL MEMORY MAP 19
3.2.8.3 PIN CONNECT BLOCK REGISTER MAP 22
3.2.8.5 LPC2148 22
3.3 GSM 23
3.3.2 GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE
COMMUNICATION 25
3.3.4.1 GENERAL ARCHITECTURE OF
A GSM NETWORK 29
3.3.4.5 GSM FREQUENCIES USING AROUND
THE WORLD 32
3.3.4.1 BASE OF THE SECURITY MECHANISM. 33
3.3.4.2 SUBSCRIBER IDENTIFICATION PROCESS. 34
3.3.4.3. CALCULATING THE SECURITY TRIPLETS. 34
3.3.4.4 AUTHENTICATION THE SUBSCRIBER 35
3.4.0 MAX232N 37
3.4.1 PIN DIAGRAM OF MAX232N 37
5.0 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF E NOTICE BOARD 51
ix
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO NAME OF THE TABLE PAGE NO
3.1.3.3 RATING OF THE VOLTAGE REGULATOR 10

3.4.2 FUNCTION OF PINS 38
x
ABBREVIATIONS
ALTERNATING CURRENT AC
DIRECT CURRENT DC
BROWN-OUT DETECT BOD
REAL-TIME CLOCK RTC
ADVANCED HIGH-PERFORMANCE BUS AHB
ADVANCED PERIPHERAL BUS APB
REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTER RISC
IN APPLICATION PROGRAMMING IA
IN SYSTEM PROGRAMMING ISP
STATIC RAM SRAM
LOW POWER CONSUMPTION LPC
TIME-DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS TDMA
FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS FDMA
GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION GSM
GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICES GPRS
ENHANCED DATA RATES FOR GSM EVOLUTION EDGE
THIRD GENERATION 3G
FOURTH GENERATION 4G
SECOND GENERATION 2G
3RD GENERATION PARTNERSHIP PROJECT 3GPP
AMERICAN PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS APC
ADVANCED MOBILE PHONE SYSTEM AMPS
INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK ISDN
PERSONAL DIGITAL CELLULAR PDC
CONFERENCE OF POSTAL AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
ADMINISTRATIONS CEPT
EUROPEAN TELECOMMUNICATIONS STANDARDS INSTITUTE ETSI
MULTIMEDIA MESSAGING SERVICES MMS
MOBILE SERVICES SWITCHING CENTER MSC
xi
MOBILE STATION MS
SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY MODULE SIM
INTERNATIONAL MOBILE EQUIPMENT IDENTITY IMEI
INTERNATIONAL MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY IMSI
BASE TRANSCEIVER STATION BTS
BASE STATION CONTROLLER BSC
SIGNALING SYSTEM NUMBER 7 SS7
HOME LOCATION REGISTER HLR
VISITOR LOCATION REGISTER VLR
EQUIPMENT IDENTITY REGISTER EIR
AUTHENTICATION CENTER AUC
MOBILE COUNTRY CODE MCC
MOBILE NETWORK CODE MNC
MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTIFICATION CODE MSIC
RANDOM NUMBER RAND
SIGNED RESPONSE SRES
CIPHERING KEY KC
TEMPORARY MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY TMSI
SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE SMS
LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE LED
POWER-ON RESET POR
ULTRA-HIGH-FREQUENCY UHF
ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION ADC
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT IDE
LOW PROFILE QUAD FLAT PACKAGE LQFP
UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS USB
DIRECT MEMORY ACCESS DMA
UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER UART
THUMB INSTRUCTION DEBUGGER MULTIPLIER TDMI
xii
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENTAL
RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY I CE RT
ADVANCED PERIPHERAL BUS APB
INTERIM STANDARD IS
GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICE GPRS
ENHANCED DATA-RATES FOR GLOBAL EVOLUTION EDGE
LONG TERM EVOLUTION LTE
UNIVERSAL MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM UMTS
INTENTIONAL ELECTRO-MAGNETIC INTERFERENCE IEMI
SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY MODULE SIM
PUBLIC SWITCHED TELEPHONE NETWORK PSTN
HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE HID
CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS DMA
HIGH SPEED DATA PACKET ACCESS HSDPA
HIGH SPEED UPLINK PACKET ACCESS HSUPA
ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIES ALLIANCE/TELECOMMUNICATION
INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION EIA/TIA
xiii
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
An Embedded System is a combination of computer hardware and software,

and perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a specific
function. An embedded system is a microcontroller-based, software driven, reliable,
real-time control system, autonomous, or human or network interactive, operating on
diverse physical variables and in diverse environments and sold into a competitive and
cost conscious market.
An embedded system is not a computer system that is used primarily for
processing, not a software system on PC or UNIX, not a traditional business or
scientific application. High-end embedded & lower end embedded systems. High-end
embedded system - Generally 32, 64 Bit Controllers used with OS. Examples Personal
Digital Assistant and Mobile phones etc.Lower end embedded systems - Generally
8,16 Bit Controllers used with an minimal operating systems and hardware layout
designed for the specific purpose. Examples Small controllers and devices in our
everyday life like Washing Machine, Microwave Ovens, where they are embedded in.
1.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

An embedded system is any computer system hidden inside a product other
than a computer.

They will encounter a number of difficulties when writing embedded system
software in addition to those we encounter when we write applications.

Throughput Our system may need to handle a lot of data in a short period of
time.

ResponseOur system may need to react to events quickly.

TestabilitySetting up equipment to test embedded software can be difficult.

Debug abilityWithout a screen or a keyboard, finding out what the software
is doing wrong (other than not working) is a troublesome problem.

Reliability embedded systems must be able to handle any situation without
human intervention.
SVES 1 ECE Dept.


Memory space Memory is limited on embedded systems, and you must
make the software and the data fit into whatever memory exists.

Program installation you will need special tools to get your software into
embedded systems.

Power consumption Portable systems must run on battery power, and the
software in these systems must conserve power.

Processor hogs computing that requires large amounts of CPU time can
complicate the response problem.

Cost Reducing the cost of the hardware is a concern in many embedded system
projects; software often operates on hardware that is barely adequate for the job.

Embedded systems have a microprocessor/ microcontroller and a memory.
Some have a serial port or a network connection. They usually do not have
keyboards, screens or disk drives.
1.3 APPLICATIONS

Military and aerospace embedded software applications.

Communication applications.

Industrial automation and process control software.

Mastering the complexity of applications.

Reduction of product design time.

Real time processing of ever increasing amounts of data.

Intelligent, autonomous sensors.
1.4 CLASSIFICATION

Real Time Systems.

RTS is one which has to respond to events within a specified deadline.

A right answer after the dead line is a wrong answer.
SVES 2 ECE Dept.

1.4.1 RTS CLASSIFICATION

Hard Real Time Systems.

Soft Real Time System.
1.4.1.1 HARD REAL TIME SYSTEM

"Hard" real-time systems have very narrow response time.

Example: Nuclear power system, Cardiac pacemaker.
1.4.1.2 SOFT REAL TIME SYSTEM

"Soft" real-time systems have reduced constrains on "lateness" but still must
operate very quickly and repeatable.

Example: Railway reservation system takes a few extra seconds the data
remains valid.
SVES 3 ECE Dept.

CHAPTER-2
GSM BASED LED SCROLLING DISPLAY BOARD
AIM
The main aim of this project is to implement wireless data communication on

LED board using GSM.
ABSTRACT
Scrolling display board is a common sight today. Advertisement is going

digital. The use of led scrolling display board at big shops, shopping centers, railway
station, bus stands and educational Institutes are becoming an effective mode of
communication in providing information to the people. But these off-the-shelf units
are somewhat inflexible in terms of updating the message instantly. If the user wants
to change the message it needs to be done using a computer and hence the person
needs to be Present at the location of the display board. It means the message cannot
be changed from wherever or whenever. Also the display board cannot be placed
anywhere because of complex and delicate wiring.
GSM based LED Scrolling Display Board is a model for displaying
notices/messages at places that require real-time noticing, by sending messages in the
form of SMS through mobile. The project aims to develop a moving sign board which
empowers the user to change the scrolling message using SMS service
instantaneously unlike a deskbound device such as PC or laptop. The user can update
it even from a remote distant. The SMS is deleted from the SIM each time it is read,
thus making room for the next SMS.
SVES 4 ECE Dept.

BLOCK DIAGRAM
Figure 2: Block diagram of E-notice board
DESCRIPTION
The system required for this purpose is nothing but, a Microcontroller based
SMS box. The main components of the kit includes Microcontroller, GSM modem.
These components are integrated with the display board and thus incorporate the
wireless features. The GSM modem receives the SMS. The AT commands are serially
transferred to the modem through MAX232. In return the modem transmits the stored
message through the COM port. The microcontroller validates the SMS and then
displays the message in the LED display board. Various time division multiplexing
techniques have been suggested to make the display boards function efficiently. The
microcontroller used in this case is AT89s52, Motorola C168 is used as the GSM
modem. In this prototype model, LED display is used for simulation purpose. During
the process of implementation this can be replaced by actual display boards. In
addition to address matching, data can be received only by the dedicated receiver, and
this data is displayed on LED. It displays the same message untill its receives another
verified message.
SVES 5 ECE Dept.

ALGORITHM
1. When a valid mobile user sends the SMS to GSM module, he gets an
acknowledgement.
2. The GSM processor receives the message, verifies it and transfers to the
microcontroller.
3. Microcontroller processes the message and sends it to the LED Display Board.
4. LED Display Board displays the previous message untill a new verified message is
received.
SVES 6 ECE Dept.

CHAPTER-3
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
HARDWARE COMPONENTS:

POWER SUPPLY

MICROCONTROLLER (LPC2148)

GSM

MAX232

LED BOARD
3.1 POWER SUPPLY
3.1.1 TRANSFORMER
Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with a little

loss of power. Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce
voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously
high voltage to a safer low voltage.
Fig 3.1.1: A typical transformer
The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary.
There is no electrical connection between the two coils; instead they are linked by an
alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two
lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core. Transformers waste very
little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is
stepped down and current is stepped up.
SVES 7 ECE Dept.

The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turns ratio, determines
the ratio of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on its
primary(input) coil which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a small
number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage.
TURNS RATIO = (Vp / Vs) = (Np / Ns)
Where,
Vp = primary (input) voltage.
Vs = secondary (output) voltage
Np = number of turns on primary coil
Ns = number of turns on secondary coil
Ip = primary (input) current
Is = secondary (output) current.
3.1.2 IDEAL POWER EQUATION
Figure 3.1.2: Ideal power equation

The ideal transformer as a circuit element
If the secondary coil is attached to a load that allows current to flow, electrical
power is transmitted from the primary circuit to the secondary circuit. Ideally, the
transformer is perfectly efficient; all the incoming energy is transformed from the
primary circuit to the magnetic field and into the secondary circuit. If this condition is
met, the incoming electric power must equal the outgoing power:
Giving the ideal transformer equation
SVES 8 ECE Dept.

Transformers normally have high efficiency, so this formula is a reasonable

approximation.
If the voltage is increased, then the current is decreased by the same factor. The
impedance in one circuit is transformed by the square of the turns ratio. For example, if
an impedance Zs is attached across the terminals of the secondary coil, it appears to the
2
primary circuit to have an impedance of (Np/Ns) Zs. This relationship is reciprocal, so that
2
the impedance Zp of the primary circuit appears to the secondary to be (Ns/Np) Zp.
3.1.3 VOLTAGE REGULATOR 7805
FEATURES

Output Current up to 1A.

Output Voltages of 5.

Thermal Overload Protection.

Short Circuit Protection.

Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection.
Fig 3.1.3: Circuit diagram of voltage regulator
SVES 9 ECE Dept.

DESCRIPTION
The LM78XX/LM78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulators are

available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making
them useful in a Wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting,
thermal shutdown and safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible.
If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output Current. Although
designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external
components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.
3.1.3.1 INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig 3.1.3.1: Block diagram of voltage regulator
3.1.3.3 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
Table 3.1.3.2: Rating of the voltage regulator
SVES 10 ECE Dept.

3.1.4 RECTIFIER
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts AC, which periodically reverses

direction to DC current that flows in only one direction, a process known as
rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including as components of power supplies
and as detectors of radio signals. Rectifiers may be made of solid state diodes, vacuum
tube diodes, mercury arc valves, and other components. The output from the
transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. The rectifier
may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is used
because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification. In positive half
cycle only two diodes( 1 set of parallel diodes) will conduct, in negative half cycle
remaining two diodes will conduct and they will conduct only in forward bias only.
Figure 3.1.4: Bridge rectifier
3.1.5 FILTER
Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output
of rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until
the mains voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is
varied, D.C. voltage received at this point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at
the output stage.
The simple capacitor filter is the most basic type of power supply filter. The use of
this filter is very limited. It is sometimes used on extremely high-voltage, low-current
power supplies for cathode-ray and similar electron tubes that require very little load
current from the supply. This filter is also used in circuits where the power-supply ripple
SVES 11 ECE Dept.

frequency is not critical and can be relatively high. Below figure can show how the
capacitor charges and discharges.
Fig 3.1.6: Filter output
3.2 INTRODUCTION TO LPC2148 MICROCONTROLLER
3.2.1 INTRODUCTION
The LPC2141/2/4/6/8 microcontrollers are based on a 32/16 bit ARM7TDMI-S

CPU with real-time emulation and embedded trace support, that combines the
microcontroller with embedded high speed flash memory ranging from 32 kB to 512
kB. A 128-bit wide memory interface and a unique accelerator architecture enable 32-
bit code execution at the maximum clock rate. For critical code size applications, the
alternative 16-bit Thumb mode reduces code by more than 30 % with minimal
performance penalty. Due to their tiny size and low power consumption,
LPC2141/2/4/6/8 are ideal for applications where miniaturization is a key
requirement, such as access control and point-of-sale. A blend of serial
communications interfaces ranging from a USB 2.0 Full Speed device, multiple
2
UARTs, SPI, SSP to I Cs, and on-chip SRAM of 8 kB up to 40 kB, make these devices
very well suited for communication gateways and protocol converters, soft modems,
voice recognition and low end imaging, providing both large buffer size and
high processing power. Various 32-bit timers, single or dual 10-bit ADC(s), 10-bit
SVES 12 ECE Dept.

DAC, PWM channels and 45 fast GPIO lines with up to nine edge or level sensitive
external interrupt pins make these microcontrollers particularly suitable for
industrial control and medical systems.
3.2.2 FEATURES
16/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller in a tiny LQFP64 package.

8 to 40 kB of on-chip static RAM and 32 to 512 kB of on-chip flash program
memory. 128 bit wide interface/accelerator enables high speed 60 MHz
operation.
In-System/In-Application Programming via on-chip boot-loader software.
o Single flash sector or full chip erase in 400 ms and programming of
256 bytes in 1ms.
Embedded ICE RT and Embedded Trace interfaces offer real-time debugging
with the on-chip Real Monitor software and high speed tracing of instruction
execution.
USB 2.0 Full Speed compliant Device Controller with 2 kB of endpoint RAM.
o In addition, the LPC2146/8 provide 8 kB of on-chip RAM accessible
to USB by DMA.
One or two (LPC2141/2 vs. LPC2144/6/8) 10-bit A/D converters provide a
total of 6/14 analog inputs, with puts, with conversion times as low as 2.44 s
per channel.
One or two (LPC2141/2 vs. LPC2144/6/8) 10-bit A/D converters provide a total
of 6/14 analog inputs, with conversion times as low as 2.44 s per channel.
Single 10-bit D/A converter provides variable analog output.
Two 32-bit timers/external event counters (with four capture and four
compare channels each), PWM unit (six outputs) and watchdog.
Low power real-time clock with independent power and dedicated 32 kHz
clock input.
2
Multiple serial interfaces including two UARTs (16C550), two Fast I C-bus
o (400 kbit/s), SPI and SSP with buffering and variable data length
capabilities.
Vectored interrupt controller with configurable priorities and vector addresses.
SVES 13 ECE Dept.

Up to 45 of 5 V tolerant fast general purpose I/O pins in a tiny LQFP64 package.

Up to nine edge or level sensitive external interrupt pins available.
60 MHz maximum CPU clock available from programmable on-chip PLL
with settling time of 100 s.
On-chip integrated oscillator operates with an external crystal in range from 1
MHz to
o 30 MHz and with an external oscillator up to 50 MHz.
Power saving modes include Idle and Power-down.
Individual enable/disable of peripheral functions as well as peripheral clock
scaling for additional power optimization.
Processor wake-up from Power-down mode via external interrupt, USB, BOD
or RTC
Single power supply chip with POR and BOD circuits:
3.2.3 APPLICATIONS

Industrial control

Medical systems

Access control

Point-of-sale

Communication gateway

Embedded soft modem

General purpose applications
3.2.4 ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW
The LPC2141/2/4/6/8 consists of an ARM7TDMI-S CPU with emulation

support, the ARM7 Local Bus for interface to on-chip memory controllers, the AMBA
Advanced High-performance Bus for interface to the interrupt controller, and the ARM
Peripheral Bus (APB, a compatible superset of ARMs AMBA Advanced Peripheral
Bus) for connection to on-chip peripheral functions. The LPC2141/24/6/8 configures
the ARM7TDMI-S processor in little-endian byte order.AHB peripherals are allocated a
2 megabyte range of addresses at the very top of the4 giga byt e ARM memory space.
Each AHB peripheral is allocated a 16 kB address space within the
SVES 14 ECE Dept.

AHB address space. LPC2141/2/4/6/8 peripheral functions (other than the interrupt
controller) are connected to the APB bus. The AHB to APB bridge interfaces the
APB bus to the AHB bus. APB peripherals are also allocated a 2 megabyte range of
addresses, beginning at the 3.5 gigabyte address point. Each APB peripheral is
allocated a 16 kB address space within the APB address space.
3.2.5 ARM7TDMI-S PROCESSOR
The ARM7TDMI-S is a general purpose 32-bit microprocessor, which offers

high performance and very low power consumption. The ARM architecture is based
on RISC principles, and the instruction set and related decode mechanism are much
simpler than those of micro programmed CISC. This simplicity results in a high
instruction throughput and impressive real-time interrupt response from a small and
cost-effective processor core. Pipeline techniques are employed so that all parts of
the processing and memory systems can operate continuously. Typically, while one
instruction is being executed, its successor is being decoded, and a third instruction
is being fetched from memory. The ARM7TDMI-S processor also employs a unique
architectural strategy known as THUMB, which makes it ideally suited to high-
volume applications with memory restrictions, or applications where code density is
an issue. The key idea behind THUMB is that of a super-reduced instruction set.
Essentially, the
ARM7TDMI-S processor has two instruction sets:

The standard 32-bit ARM instruction set.

A 16-bit THUMB instruction set.
The THUMB sets 16-bit instruction length allows it to approach twice the
density of standard ARM code while retaining most of the ARMs performance
advantage over a traditional 16-bit processor using 16-bit registers. This is possible
because THUMB code operates on the same 32-bit register set as ARM code. THUMB
code is able to provide up to 65% of the code size of ARM, and 160% of the
performance of an equivalent ARM processor connected to a 16-bit memory system.
3.2.5.1 ON-CHIP FLASH MEMORY SYSTEM
The LPC2141/2/4/6/8 incorporates a 32 kB, 64 kB, 128 kB, 256 kB, and 512
kB Flash memory system, respectively. This memory may be used for both code and
SVES 15 ECE Dept.

data storage. Programming of the Flash memory may be accomplished in several

ways: over the serial built-in JTAG interface, using ISP and UART0, or by means of
IAP capabilities. The application program, using the IAP functions, may also erase
and/or program the Flash while the application is running, allowing a great degree of
flexibility for data storage field firmware upgrades, etc. When the LPC2141/2/4/6/8
on-chip bootloader is used, 32 kB, 64 kB, 128 kB, 256 kB, and 500 kB of Flash
memory is available for user code. The LPC2141/2/4/6/8 Flash memory provides
minimum of 100,000 erase/write cycles and 20 years of data-retention.
3.2.5.2 ON-CHIP STATIC RAM
On-chip SRAM may be used for code and/or data storage. The on-chip
SRAM may be accessed as 8-bits, 16-bits, and 32-bits. The LPC2141/2/4/6/8 provide
8/16/32 kB of static RAM, respectively.
The LPC2141/2/4/6/8 SRAM is designed to be accessed as a byte-addressed

memory. Word and halfword accesses to the memory ignore the alignment of the
address and access the naturally-aligned value that is addressed (so a memory access
ignores address bits 0 and 1 for word accesses, and ignores bit 0 for halfword
accesses). Therefore valid reads and writes require data accessed as halfwords to
originate from addresses with address line 0 being 0 (addresses ending with 0, 2, 4,
6, 8, A, C, and E in hexadecimal notation) and data accessed as words to originate
from addresses with address lines 0 and 1 being 0 (addresses ending with 0, 4, 8, and
C in hexadecimal notation). This rule applies to both off and on-chip memory usage.
The SRAM controller incorporates a write-back buffer in order to prevent
CPU stalls during back-to-back writes. The write-back buffer always holds the last
data sent by software to the SRAM. This data is only written to the SRAM when
another write is requested by software. If a chip reset occurs, actual SRAM contents
will not reflect the most recent write request. Any software that checks SRAM
contents after reset must take this into account. Two identical writes to a location
guarantee that the data will be present after a Reset. Alternatively, a dummy write
operation before entering idle or power-down mode will similarly guarantee that the
last data written will be present in SRAM after a subsequent Reset.
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3.2.6 BLOCK DIAGRAM
Figure 3.2.6: Block diagram of micro controller
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1. Pins shared with GPIO.

2. LPC2148 only.
3. USB DMA controller with 8 kB of RAM accessible as general purpose RAM
and/or DMA is available in LPC2148 only.
3.2.6.1 MEMORY MAPS
The LPC2141/2/4/6/8 incorporates several distinct memory regions, shown in

the following figures. Figure3.2.6.1 shows the overall map of the entire address
space from the user program viewpoint following reset.
Figure 3.2.6.1 System memory map
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3.2.6.2: Peripheral memory map
Figures 3.2.6.2 through 4 and Table 2 show different views of the peripheral
address space. Both the AHB and APB peripheral areas are 2 megabyte spaces which
are divided up into 128 peripherals. Each peripheral space is 16 kilobytes in size.
This allows simplifying the address decoding for each peripheral. All peripheral
register addresses are word aligned (to 32-bit boundaries) regardless of their size.
This eliminates the need for byte lane mapping hardware that would be required to
allow byte (8-bit) or half-word (16-bit).accesses to occur at smaller boundaries. An
implication of this is that word and half-word registers must be accessed all at once.
For example, it is not possible to read or write the upper byte of a word register
separately.
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3.2.7 GENERAL PURPOSE INPUT OUTPUT PORTS
3.2.7.1 FEATURES
Every physical GPIO port is accessible via either the group of registers
providing an
enhanced features and accelerated port access or the legacy group of
register.ccelerated GPIO functions:
GPIO registers are relocated to the ARM local bus so that the fastest possible
I/O
timing can be achieved.
Mask registers allow treating sets of port bits as a group,leaving other

bits unchanged.
All registers are byte and half-word addressable.
Entire port value can be written in one instruction.
Bit-level set and clear registers allow a single instruction set or clear of any
number of bits in
one port.
Direction control of individual bits.
All I/O default to inputs after reset..
Backward compatibility with other earlier devices is maintained with legacy

registers
appearing at the original addresses on the APB bus.
3.2.7.2 APPLICATIONS

General purpose I/O

Driving LEDs, or other indicators

Controlling off-chip devices

Sensing digital inputs
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3.2.8 LPC2148 PIN CONNECT BLOCK
3.2.8.1 FEATURES
Allows individual pin configuration.
3.2.8.2 APPLICATIONS
The purpose of the Pin connect block is to configure the microcontroller
pins to the desired functions.
3.2.8.3 DESCRIPTION
The pin connect block allows selected pins of the microcontroller to have more
than one function. Configuration registers control the multiplexers to allow connection
between the pin and the on chip peripherals. Peripherals should be connected to the
appropriate pins prior to being activated, and prior to any related interrupt(s) being
enabled. Activity of any enabled peripheral function that is not mapped to a related pin
should be considered undefined. Selection of a single function on a port pin completely
excludes all other functions otherwise available on the same pin. The only partial
exception from the above rule of exclusion is the case of inputs to the A/D converter.
Regardless of the function that is selected for the port pin that also hosts the A/D input,
this A/D input can be read at any time and variations of the voltage level on this pin will
be reflected in the A/D readings. However, valid analog reading(s) can be obtained if
and only if the function of an analog input is selected. Only in this case proper interface
circuit is active in between the physical pin and the A/D module. In all other cases, a
part of digital logic necessary for the digital function to be performed will be active, and
will disrupt proper behavior of the A/D.
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3.2.8.4 REGISTER DESCRIPTION

The Pin Control Module contains 2 registers as shown in table below.
Name Description Access Reset value Address
PINSEL0 Pin function select Read/Write 0x0000 0000 0xE002 C000

register 0.
PINSEL1 Pin function select Read/Write 0x0000 0000 0xE002 C004

register 1.
PINSEL2 Pin function select Read/Write 0xE002 C014
register 2.
Figure3.2.8.3 Pin connect block register map

3.2.8.5 LPC2148 pinout
Figure 3.2.8.5: LPC2148
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3.3 GSM TECHNOLOGY
Figure 3.3: GSM
3.3.1 Time-Division Multiple Access
1. What is TDMA?
Time division multiple access is a technology used in digital cellular

telephone communication to divide each cellular channel into three time slots in order
to increase the amount of data that can be carried.
2. How it Works?
TDMA works by time-division multiplexing: sending multiple signals (each of

which has its own time slot) simultaneously on a single carrier in the form of a
complex signal, and then recovering the separate signals at the receiving end. For
TDMA, the carrier is divided into three time slots, each of which serves one
subscriber. The information is broken into tiny data packets, which are transmitted in
timed bursts in the 30-megahertz range. At the receiving end, the separate information
streams are recovered. See also FDMA and CDMA TDMA was developed in response
to the basic wireless network problem:
large numbers of users and limited frequency allotments. TDMA increases

network efficiency by enabling single connections to carry multiple data channels,
offering a three-fold increase in capacity over AMPS networks. Flexible and scalable,
TDMA facilitates step-by-step migration to digital operation. TDMA can be implemented
seamlessly across both 800- and 1900-MHz networks. Its hierarchical cell structure
allows service providers to increase capacity where demand is greatest, in high-use areas.
TDMA is applied in Digital-American Mobile Phone Service, Global
SVES 23 ECE Dept.

System for Mobile communications, and PDC. However, each of these systems
implements TDMA in a somewhat different and incompatible way. TDMA was first
specified as a standard in EIA/TIA Interim Standard 54 (IS-54). IS-136, an evolved
version of IS-54, is the United States standard for TDMA for both the cellular (850
MHz) and personal communications services (1.9 GHz) spectrums. TDMA is also
used for Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications.
CDMA
The term CDMA refers to any of several protocols used in so-called 2G and
3G wireless communications. As the term implies, CDMA is a form of multiplexing,
which allows numerous signals to occupy a single transmission channel, optimizing
the use of available bandwidth. The technology is used in UHF cellular telephone
systems in the 800-MHz and 1.9-GHz bands. CDMA employs ADC in combination
with spread spectrum technology. Audio input is first digitized into binary elements.
The frequency of the transmitted signal is then made to vary according to a defined
pattern (code), so it can be intercepted only by a receiver whose frequency response is
programmed with the same code, so it follows exactly along with the transmitter
frequency. There are trillions of possible frequency-sequencing codes; this enhances
privacy and makes cloning difficult.
The CDMA channel is nominally 1.23 MHz wide. CDMA networks use a
scheme called soft handoff, which minimizes signal breakup as a handset passes from
one cell to another. The combination of digital and spread-spectrum modes supports
several times as many signals per unit bandwidth as analog modes. CDMA is
compatible with other cellular technologies; this allows for nationwide roaming. The
original CDMA standard, also known as CDMA One and still common in cellular
telephones in the U.S., offers a transmission speed of only up to 14.4 Kbps in its
single channel form and up to 115 Kbps in an eight-channel form. CDMA2000 and
wideband CDMA deliver data many times faster.
3.3.2 GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION
1. What is GSM?
The Global System for Mobile communication, usually called GSM, (ETSI) to
describe protocols for 2G digital cellular networks used by mobile phones. The GSM
standard was developed as a replacement for 1G analog cellular networks, and
SVES 24 ECE Dept.

originally described a digital, circuit switched network optimized for full duplex voice
telephony. This was expanded over time to include data communications, first by circuit
switched transport, then packet data transport via GPRS and EDGE. Further
improvements were made when the 3GPP developed 3G UMTS standards followed by
4G LTE Advanced standards. "GSM" is a trademark owned by the GSM Association.
GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to it by
searching for cells in the immediate vicinity.
Figure 3.3.2: Global system for mobile communication (GSM)
The ubiquity of the GSM standard makes international roaming very common
between mobile phone operators, enabling subscribers to use their phones in many parts
of the world. GSM differs significantly from its predecessors in that both signalling and
speech channels are Digital call quality, which means that it is considered a 2G mobile
phone system. This fact has also meant that data communication was built into the system
from the 3rd Generation Partnership Project 3GPP.
GSM is a digital mobile telephone system that is widely used in Europe and
other parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of time division multiple access (Time
Division Multiple Access) and is the most widely used of the three digital wireless
telephone technologies GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a
channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at
either the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz frequency band.
GSM is the de facto wireless telephone standard in Europe. GSM has over 120
million users worldwide and is available in 120 countries, according to the GSM MOU
SVES 25 ECE Dept.

Association. Since many GSM network operators have roaming agreements with
foreign operators, users can often continue to use their mobile phones when they
travel to other countries.
American Personal Communications a subsidiary of Sprint, is using GSM as
the technology for a broadband personal communications service (personal
communications services). The service will ultimately have more than 400 base
stations for the palm-sized handsets that are being made by Ericsson, Motorola, and
Nokia. The handsets include a phone, a text pager, and an answering machine.
GSM together with other technologies is part of an evolution of wireless
mobile telecommunication that includes High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (High-
Speed Circuit-Switched Data), General Packet Radio System (General Packet Radio
Services), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (Enhanced Data GSM Environment),
and Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System).
3.3.3 THE GENERATIONS OF MOBILE NETWORKS
The idea of cell-based mobile radio systems appeared at Bell Laboratories in

the United States in the early 1970s. However, mobile cellular systems were not
introduced for commercial use until a decade later. During the early 1980s, analog
cellular telephone systems experienced very rapid growth in Europe, particularly in
Scandinavia and the United Kingdom. Today, cellular systems still represent one of
the fastest growing telecommunications systems. During development, numerous
problems arose as each country developed its own system, producing equipment
limited to operate only within the boundaries of respective countries, thus limiting the
markets in which services could be sold.
First-generation cellular networks, the primary focus of the communications
industry in the early 1980s, were characterized by a few compatible systems that were
designed to provide purely local cellular solutions. It became increasingly apparent that
there would be an escalating demand for a technology that could facilitate flexible and
reliable mobile communications. By the early 1990s, the lack of capacity of these
existing networks emerged as a core challenge to keeping up with market demand. The
first mobile wireless phones utilized analog transmission technologies, the dominant
analog standard being known as AMPS. Analog standards operated on bands of
SVES 26 ECE Dept.

spectrum with a lower frequency and greater wavelength than subsequent standards,
providing a significant signal range per cell along with a high propensity for
interference. Nonetheless, it is worth noting the continuing persistence of analog
AMPS technologies in North America and Latin America through the 1990s.
Initial deployments of second-generation wireless networks occurred in Europe in
the 1980s. These networks were based on digital, rather than analog technologies, and
were circuit-switched. Circuit-switched cellular data is still the most widely used mobile
wireless data service. Digital technology offered an appealing combination of
performance and spectral efficiency (in terms of management of scarce frequency bands),
as well as the development of features like speech security and data communications over
high quality transmissions. It is also compatible with Integrated Services Digital Network
ISDN technology, which was being developed for land-based telecommunication systems
throughout the world, and which would be necessary for GSM to be successful. Moreover
in the digital world, it would be possible to employ very large-scale integrated silicon
technology to make handsets more affordable.
To a certain extent, the late 1980s and early 1990s were characterized by the
perception that a complete migration to digital cellular would take many years, and
that digital systems would suffer from a number of technical difficulties (i.e., handset
technology). However, second-generation equipment has since proven to offer many
advantages over analog systems, including efficient use of radio-magnetic spectrum,
enhanced security, extended battery life, and data transmission capabilities. There are
four main standards for 2G networks: TDMA, GSM and CDMA; there is also PDC,
which is used exclusively in Japan. In the meantime, a variety of 2.5G standards (to be
discussed in Section 2.7) have been developed. Going digital has led to the
emergence of several major 2G mobile wireless systems.
3.3.4 HISTORY OF GSM
Early European analog cellular networks consisted of a mix of technologies

and protocols that varied from country to country, meaning that phones did not
necessarily work on different networks. In addition, manufacturers had to produce
different equipment to meet various standards across the markets.
In 1982, work began to develop a European standard for digital cellular voice
telephony when the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications
SVES 27 ECE Dept.

Administrations created the Groupe Spcial Mobile committee and provided a permanent
group of technical support personnel, based in Paris. Five years later in 1987,
15 representatives from 13 European countries signed a memorandum of
understanding in Copenhagen to develop and deploy a common cellular telephone
system across Europe, and European Union rules were passed to make GSM a
mandatory standard. The decision to develop a continental standard eventually
resulted in a unified, open, standard-based network which was larger than that in the
United States. In 1989, the Groupe Spcial Mobile committee was transferred from to
the European Telecommunications Standards Institute
In parallel, France and Germany signed a joint development agreement in
1984 and were joined by Italy and the UK in 1986. In 1986 the European Commission
proposed reserving the 900 MHz spectrum band for GSM.
Phase I of the GSM specifications were published in 1990. The world's first GSM
call was made by the Finnish prime minister Harri Holkeri to Kaarina Suonio (mayor in
city ofTampere) on 1 July 1991 on a network built by Telenokia and Siemens and
operated by Radiolinja. The following year in 1992, the first short messaging service
(SMS or "text message") message was sent and Vodafone UK and Telecom
Finland signed the first international roaming agreement.
Work begun in 1991 to expand the GSM standard to the 1800 MHz frequency band and
the first 1800 MHz network became operational in the UK by 1993. Also that year,
Telecom Australia became the first network operator to deploy a GSM network outside
Europe and the first practical hand-held GSM mobile phone became available.
In 1995, fax, data and SMS messaging services were launched commercially,
the first 1900 MHz GSM network became operational in the United States and GSM
subscribers worldwide exceeded 10 million. Also this year, the GSM Association was
formed. Pre-paid GSM SIM cards were launched in 1996 and worldwide GSM
subscribers passed 100 million in 1998.
In 2000, the first commercial GPRS services were launched and the first GPRS
compatible handsets became available for sale. In 2001 the first UMTS (W-CDMA)
network was launched and worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded 500 million. In 2002
the first multimedia messaging services were introduced and the first GSM network in
the 800 MHz frequency band became operational. EDGE services first became
operational in a network in 2003 and the number of worldwide GSM subscribers
exceeded 1 billion in 2004.
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By 2005, GSM networks accounted for more than 75% of the worldwide
cellular network market, serving 1.5 billion subscribers. In 2005, the first HSDPA
capable network also became operational. The first HSUPA network was launched in
2007 and worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded two billion in 2008.
The GSM Association estimates that technologies defined in the GSM
standard serve 80% of the global mobile market, encompassing more than 5 billion
people across more than 212 countries and territories, making GSM the most
ubiquitous of the many standards for cellular networks.
Macau phased out their GSM network in January 2013 (except for roaming
services), making it the first region to decommission a GSM network.
3.3.4.1 ARCHITECTURE OF THE GSM NETWORK
A GSM network is composed of several functional entities, whose functions

and interfaces are specified. Figure 3.3.4.1 shows the layout of a generic GSM
network. The GSM network can be divided into three broad parts. The Mobile Station
is carried by the subscriber. The Base Station Subsystem controls the radio link with
the Mobile Station. The Network Subsystem, the main part of which is the Mobile
services Switching Center, performs the switching of calls between the mobile users,
and between mobile and fixed network users. The MSC also handles the mobility
management operations. The Mobile Station and the Base Station Subsystem
communicate across the Um interface, also known as the air interface or radio link.
The Base Station Subsystem communicates with the Mobile services Switching
Center across the A interface.
Figure 3.3.4.1: General architecture of a GSM network
SVES 29 ECE Dept.

3.3.4.2 MOBILE STATION

The mobile station (MS) consists of the mobile equipment (the terminal) and a
smart card called the Subscriber Identity Module. The SIM provides personal
mobility, so that the user can have access to subscribed services irrespective of a
specific terminal. By inserting the SIM card into another GSM terminal, the user is
able to receive calls at that terminal, make calls from that terminal, and receive other
subscribed services.
The mobile equipment is uniquely identified by the International Mobile
Equipment Identity (IMEI). The SIM card contains the International Mobile
Subscriber Identity used to identify the subscriber to the system, a secret key for
authentication, and other information. The IMEI and the IMSI are independent,
thereby allowing personal mobility. The SIM card may be protected against
unauthorized use by a password or personal identity number.
3.3.4.3 BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM
The Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts, the Base Transceiver
Station and the Base Station Controller. These communicate across the standardized
Abis interface, allowing (as in the rest of the system) operation between components
made by different suppliers.
The Base Transceiver Station houses the radio transceivers that define a cell
and handles the radio-link protocols with the Mobile Station. In a large urban area,
there will potentially be a large number of BTSs deployed, thus the requirements for a
BTS are ruggedness, reliability, portability, and minimum cost.
The Base Station Controller manages the radio resources for one or more
BTSs. It handles radio-channel setup, frequency hopping, and handovers. The BSC is
the connection between the mobile station and the Mobile service Switching Center .
3.3.4.4 NETWORK SUBSYSTEM
The central component of the Network Subsystem is the Mobile services

Switching Center . It acts like a normal switching node of the PSTN or ISDN, and
additionally provides all the functionality needed to handle a mobile subscriber, such
as registration, authentication, location updating, handovers, and call routing to a
roaming subscriber. The MSC provides the connection to the fixed networks (such as
the PSTN or ISDN). Signaling between functional entities in the Network Subsystem
SVES 30 ECE Dept.

uses Signaling System Number 7, used for trunk signaling in ISDN and widely used
in current public networks.
The Home Location Register and Visitor Location Register, together with the
MSC, provide the call-routing and roaming capabilities of GSM. The HLR contains
all the administrative information of each subscriber registered in the corresponding
GSM network, along with the current location of the mobile. The location of the
mobile is typically in the form of the signaling address of the VLR associated with the
mobile station. There is logically one HLR per GSM network, although it may be
implemented as a distributed database.
The Visitor Location Register contains selected administrative information
from the HLR, necessary for call control and provision of the subscribed services, for
each mobile currently located in the geographical area controlled by the VLR. The
geographical area controlled by the MSC corresponds to that controlled by the VLR.
Note that the MSC contains no information about particular mobile stations --- this
information is stored in the location registers.
The other two registers are used for authentication and security purposes. The
Equipment Identity Register is a database that contains a list of all valid mobile
equipment on the network, where each mobile station is identified by its International
Mobile Equipment Identity . An IMEI is marked as invalid if it has been reported
stolen or is not type approved. The Authentication Center is a protected database that
stores a copy of the secret key stored in each subscriber's SIM card, which is used for
authentication and encryption over the radio channel.
3.3.4.5 GSM FREQUENCIES USING AROUND THE WORLD
In North America, GSM operates on the primary mobile communication bands

850 MHz and 1,900 MHz. In Canada, GSM-1900 is the primary band used in urban
areas with 850 as a backup, and GSM-850 being the primary rural band. In the United
States, regulatory requirements determine which area can use which band.
GSM-1900 and GSM-850 are also used in most of South and Central America,
and both Ecuador and Panama use GSM-850 exclusively (Note: Since November 2008, a
Panamanian operator has begun to offer GSM-1900 service). Venezuela and Brazil use
GSM-850 and GSM-900/1800 mixing the European and American bands. Some countries
in the Americas use GSM-900 or GSM-1800, some others use three: GSM-850/900/1900,
GSM-850/1800/1900, GSM-900/1800/1900 or GSM-850/900/1800.
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Soon some countries will use GSM-850/900/1800/1900 MHz like the Dominican
Republic, Trinidad & Tobago and Venezuela.
In Brazil, the 1,900 MHz band is paired with 2,100 MHz to form the IMT-
compliant 2,100 MHz band for 3G services. The result is a mixture of usage in the
Americas that requires travelers to confirm that the phones they have are compatible
with the band of the networks at their destinations.Frequency compatibility problems
can be avoided through the use of multi-band (tri-band or, especially, quad-band)
phones.
3.3.4.5 GSM frequencies using around the world
In Africa, Europe, Middle East and Asia, most of the providers use 900 MHz
and 1800 MHz bands. GSM-900 is most widely used. Fewer operators use DCS-1800
and GSM-1800. A dual-band 900/1800 phone is required to be compatible with almost
all operators. At least the GSM-900 band must be supported in order to be compatible
with many operators. However, Thailand has also approved for some time now the use
of the GSM-1900 band in an attempt to alleviate network congestion.
3.3.5 GSM SECURITY
The security features in the GSM network can be divided into three sub parts:
subscriber identity authentication, user and signaling data confidentiality, and
subscriber identity confidentiality. The security mechanisms include secret keys,
algorithms and computed numbers.
3.3.5.1 SOME DEFINITIONS
Authentication any technique that enables the receiver to automatically

identify and reject messages that have been altered deliberately or by channel
errors
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Confidentiality only the sender and intended receiver should be able

to understand the contents of the transmitted message.
Cipher text plaintext is encrypted to cipher text with the help of a key and an
encryption algorithm
Key a string of numbers or characters as input to the encryption algorithm
The base mechanism shows where the different keys and algorithms are
stored. The secret key Ki is used to authenticate the identity of a subscriber. The key
Ki is given to the subscriber when he opens a new network account. Only the network
operator knows the key. The Ki is stored in the subscribers SIM card and the AuC of
the subscribers home network. The Ki is never transmitted over the network.
Figure 3.3.4.1: Base of the security mechanism.
A3 is the algorithm used to authenticate the subscriber. Data transmitted

between the MS and the BTS is encrypted by the A5 algorithm. The A8 algorithm
generates the needed ciphering key Kc used by A5. Subscriber Identity
Authentication. The procedure consists of three phases,
1. the network must identify the subscriber,
2. needed security parameters from the home network are asked for and
3. the actual authentication is taking place.
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Figure3.3.4.2 Subscriber identification process.
In order to identify the subscriber the MS sends the IMSI to the visited
network. With the IMSI the subscriber is identified to the system. The IMSI is up to
15 digits and comprises the following parts:

A 3-digit Mobile Country Code. This identifies the country where the GSM
system operates. Finland has number 244.

A 2-digit Mobile Network Code. This uniquely identifies each cellular
provider. Sonera has number 91.

The Mobile Subscriber Identification Code. This uniquely identifies each
customer of the provider. The length is 10 digits.
So called security triplets are calculated in the AuC. The triplets consist of a
random number, a signed response and a ciphering key. The SRES is used to
authenticate the subscriber and Kc is used as input by the ciphering algorithm A5
Figure 3.3.4.3. Calculating the security triplets.
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As the visited network has received the security triplets the actual
authentication can take place (see Figure 3.3.4.4). If the number sent by the MS to the
BTS is the same as the one calculated by the AuC, the subscriber is authenticated.
Figure 3.3.4.4: Authentication the subscriber
3.3.5.2 USER AND SIGNALING DATA CONFIDENTIALITY
The Ciphering key is used for the final encryption of the radio link. One copy
of the needed Kc is stored in the VLR and another copy is calculated in the MS by the
A8 algorithm. The same Ki and RAND numbers are used as in the authentication
process. The A5 algorithm creates 114-bit sequence. This sequence is then XORed
with every 114 user data bits and the resulting bit streams are sent over the two 57 bit
parts of every GSM slot. All traffic between the MS and the BTS is then secured.
3.3.5.3 SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY CONFIDENTIALITY
The IMSI is the primary key for subscriber identification. However a temporary
identity, TMSI can be given to a subscriber for identification. After initial registration
done with the IMSI, the serving network stores the IMSI in the VLR and generates a
TMSI for the subscriber. The TMSI is then transmitted back to the MS and it will be used
for identification as long as the subscriber is registered in that specific network.
SVES 35 ECE Dept.

3.3.5.4 SOLUTIONS TO CURRENT SECURITY ISSUES
A corrected version of the COMP 128 has been developed; however, the cost
to replace all SIM chips and include the new algorithm is too costly to cellular phone
companies. The new release of 3GSM will include a stronger version of the COMP
128 algorithm and a new A5 algorithm implementation. The A5/3 is expected to solve
current confidentiality and integrity problems. Fixed network transmission could be
fixed by simply applying some type of encryption to any data transferred on the fixed
network.
3.3.5.5 SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE (SMS)
Short Message Service (more commonly known as text messaging) has become
the most used data application on mobile phones, with 74% of all mobile phone users
worldwide already as active users of SMS, or 2.4 billion people by the end of 2007. SMS
text messages may be sent by mobile phone users to other mobile users or external
services that accept SMS. The messages are usually sent from mobile devices via theShort
Message Service Centre using the MAP protocol. The SMSC is a central routing hubs for
Short Messages. Many mobile service operators use their SMSCs as gateways to external
systems, including the Internet, incoming SMS news feeds, and other mobile operators
(often using the de facto SMPP standard for SMS exchange).
3.4 MAX232 IC
The MAX232 IC is used to convert the TTL/CMOS logic levels to RS232

logic levels during serial communication of microcontrollers with PC. The controller
operates at TTL logic level (0-5V) whereas the serial communication in PC works on
RS232 standards (-25 V to + 25V). This makes it difficult to establish a direct link
between them to communicate with each other.
The intermediate link is provided through MAX232. It is a dual driver/receiver
that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply RS232 voltage levels from a
single 5V supply. Each receiver converts RS232 inputs to 5V TTL/CMOS levels.
These receivers (R1 & R2) can accept 30V inputs. The drivers (T1 & T2), also called
transmitters, convert the TTL/CMOS input level into RS232 level.
The transmitters take input from controllers serial transmission pin and send
the output to RS232s receiver. The receivers, on the other hand, take input from
SVES 36 ECE Dept.

transmission pin of RS232 serial port and give serial output to microcontrollers
receiver pin. MAX232 needs four external capacitors whose value ranges from 1F to
22F.
Figure 3.4.0: MAX232N
Figure 3.4.1: Pin diagram of MAX232N
SVES 37 ECE Dept.

3.4.1FUNCTIONS OF PINS
Pin
Function Name
No
1 Capacitor 1 +
2 Capacitor 3 +
3 Capacitor 1 -
Capacitor connection pins
4 Capacitor 2 +
5 Capacitor 2 -
6 Capacitor 4 -
7 Output pin; outputs the serially transmitted data at RS232 T2 Out
logic level; connected to receiver pin of PC serial port
8 Input pin; receives serially transmitted data at RS 232 logic R2 In
level; connected to transmitter pin of PC serial port
9 Output pin; outputs the serially transmitted data at TTL R2 Out
logic level; connected to receiver pin of controller.
10 Input pins; receive the serial data at TTL logic level; T2 In
11 connected to serial transmitter pin of controller. T1 In
12 Output pin; outputs the serially transmitted data at TTL R1 Out
logic level; connected to receiver pin of controller.
13 Input pin; receives serially transmitted data at RS 232 logic R1 In
level; connected to transmitter pin of PC serial port
14 Output pin; outputs the serially transmitted data at RS232 T1 Out
logic level; connected to receiver pin of PC serial port
15 Ground (0V) Ground
16 Supply voltage; 5V (4.5V 5.5V) Vcc
Table 3.4.2 Function of pins
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3.5 LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a pn-

junction diode, which emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to
the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing
energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of
the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band
2
gap of the semiconductor An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm ) and integrated
optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern.
Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs

emitted low-intensity infrared light. Infrared LEDs are still frequently used as
transmitting elements in remote-control circuits, such as those in remote controls for a
wide variety of consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were also of low
intensity, and limited to red. Modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet,
and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. Early LEDs were often used as
indicator lamps for electronic devices, replacing small incandescent bulbs. They were
soon packaged into numeric readouts in the form of seven-segment displays, and were
commonly seen in digital clocks.
Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental and

task lighting. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including
lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller
size, and faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are now used in applications as
diverse as aviation lighting, automotive headlamps, advertising, general lighting,
traffic signals, and camera flashes. However, LEDs powerful enough for room
lighting are still relatively expensive, and require more precise current and heat
management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.
LEDs have allowed new text, video displays, and sensors to be developed, while
their high switching rates are also useful in advanced communications technology.
SVES 39 ECE Dept.

3.5.1 TECHNOLOGY
An LED will begin to emit light when more than 2 or 3 volts is applied to it.
Some external system must control the current through the LED to prevent destruction
by overheating.
The LED consists of a chip of semiconducting material doped with impurities

to create a p-n junction. As in other diodes, current flows easily from the p-side, or
anode, to the n-side, or cathode, but not in the reverse direction. Charge-carriers
electrons and holes flow into the junction from electrodes with different voltages.
When an electron meets a hole, it falls into a lower energy level and releases energy in
the form of a photon.
The wavelength of the light emitted, and thus its color, depends on the band
gap energy of the materials forming the p-n junction. In silicon or germanium diodes,
the electrons and holes usually recombine by a non-radiative transition, which
produces no optical emission, because these are indirect band gap materials. The
materials used for the LED have a direct band gap with energies corresponding to
near-infrared, visible, or near-ultraviolet light.
LED development began with infrared and red devices made with gallium
arsenide. Advances in materials science have enabled making devices with ever-
shorter wavelengths, emitting light in a variety of colors.LEDs are usually built on an
n-type substrate, with an electrode attached to the p-type layer deposited on its
surface. P-type substrates, while less common, occur as well. Many commercial
LEDs, especially GaN/InGaN, also use sapphire substrate.
Most materials used for LED production have very high refractive indices.
This means that much light will be reflected back into the material at the material/air
surface interface. Thus, light extraction in LEDs is an important aspect of LED
production, subject to much research and development.
LED performance is temperature dependent. Most manufacturers' published

ratings of LEDs are for an operating temperature of 25 C (77 F). LEDs used outdoors,
SVES 40 ECE Dept.

such as traffic signals or in-pavement signal lights, and that are utilized in climates
where the temperature within the light fixture gets very high, could result in low
signal intensities or even failure.
LED light output rises at lower temperatures, leveling off, depending on type,
at around 30 C (22 F Thus, LED technology may be a good replacement in uses
such as supermarket freezer lighting and will last longer than other technologies.
Because LEDs emit less heat than incandescent bulbs, they are an energy-efficient
technology for uses such as in freezers and refrigerators. However, because they emit
little heat, ice and snow may build up on the LED light fixture in colder climates.
Similarly, this lack of waste heat generation has been observed to sometimes cause
significant problems with street traffic signals and airport runway lighting in snow-
prone areas. In response to this problem, some LED lighting systems have been
designed with an added heating circuit at the expense of reduced overall electrical
efficiency of the system; additionally, research has been done to develop heat sink
technologies that will transfer heat produced within the junction to appropriate areas
of the light fixture.
3.5.2 ADVANTAGES

Efficiency: LEDs emit more lumens per watt than incandescent light bulbs.
The efficiency of LED lighting fixtures is not affected by shape and size,
unlike fluorescent light bulbs or tubes.

Color: LEDs can emit light of an intended color without using any color filters
as traditional lighting methods need. This is more efficient and can lower
initial costs.
2
Size: LEDs can be very small (smaller than 2 mm ) and are easily attached to
printed circuit boards.

On/Off time: LEDs light up very quickly. A typical red indicator LED will
achieve full brightness in under a microsecond. LEDs used in communications
devices can have even faster response times.

Cycling: LEDs are ideal for uses subject to frequent on-off cycling, unlike
incandescent and fluorescent lamps that fail faster when cycled often, or High-
intensity discharge lamps (HID lamps) that require a long time before restarting.
SVES 41 ECE Dept.


Dimming: LEDs can very easily be dimmed either by pulse-width modulation or
lowering the forward current. This pulse-width modulation is why LED lights,
particularly headlights on cars, when viewed on camera or by some people,
appear to be flashing or flickering. This is a type of stroboscopic effect.

Cool light: In contrast to most light sources, LEDs radiate very little heat in
the form of IR that can cause damage to sensitive objects or fabrics. Wasted
energy is dispersed as heat through the base of the LED.

Slow failure: LEDs mostly fail by dimming over time, rather than the abrupt
failure of incandescent bulbs.

Lifetime: LEDs can have a relatively long useful life. One report estimates
35,000 to 50,000 hours of useful life, though time to complete failure may be
longer. Fluorescent tubes typically are rated at about 10,000 to 15,000 hours,
depending partly on the conditions of use, and incandescent light bulbs at
1,000 to 2,000 hours. Several DOE demonstrations have shown that reduced
maintenance costs from this extended lifetime, rather than energy savings, is
the primary factor in determining the payback period for an LED product.

Shock resistance: LEDs, being solid-state components, are difficult to damage
with external shock, unlike fluorescent and incandescent bulbs, which are
fragile.

Focus: The solid package of the LED can be designed to focus its light.
Incandescent and fluorescent sources often require an external reflector to
collect light and direct it in a usable manner. For larger LED packages total
internal reflection (TIR) lenses are often used to the same effect. However,
when large quantities of light are needed many light sources are usually
deployed, which are difficult to focus or collimate towards the same target.
3.5.3 DISADVANTAGES
High initial price: LEDs are currently more expensive, price per lumen, on an
initial capital cost basis, than most conventional lighting technologies. As of
2012, the cost per thousand lumens (kilolumen) was about $6. The price was
expected to reach $2/kilolumen by 2013. At least one manufacturer claims to
have reached $1 per kilolumen as of March 2014. The additional expense
SVES 42 ECE Dept.

partially stems from the relatively low lumen output and the drive circuitry
and power supplies needed.

Temperature dependence: LED performance largely depends on the ambient
temperature of the operating environment or "thermal management"
properties. Over-driving an LED in high ambient temperatures may result in
overheating the LED package, eventually leading to device failure. An
adequate heat sink is needed to maintain long life. This is especially important
in automotive, medical, and military uses where devices must operate over a
wide range of temperatures, which require low failure rates. Toshiba has
produced LEDs with an operating temperature range of -40 to 100 C, which
suits the LEDs for both indoor and outdoor use in applications such as lamps,
ceiling lighting, street lights, and floodlights.

Voltage sensitivity: LEDs must be supplied with the voltage above the
threshold and a current below the rating. Current and lifetime change greatly
with small change in applied voltage. They thus require a current-regulated
supply (usually just a series resistor for indicator LEDs)

Light quality: Most cool-white LEDs have spectra that differ significantly
from a black body radiator like the sun or an incandescent light. The spike at
460 nm and dip at 500 nm can cause the color of objects to be perceived
differently under cool-white LED illumination than sunlight or incandescent
sources, due to metamerism red surfaces being rendered particularly badly by
typical phosphor-based cool-white LEDs. However, the color-rendering
properties of common fluorescent lamps are often inferior to what is now
available in state-of-art white LEDs.

Area light source: Single LEDs do not approximate a point source of light
giving a spherical light distribution, but rather a lambertian distribution. So
LEDs are difficult to apply to uses needing a spherical light field; however,
different fields of light can be manipulated by the application of different
optics or "lenses". LEDs cannot provide divergence below a few degrees. In
contrast, lasers can emit beams with divergences of 0.2 degrees or less.

Electrical polarity: Unlike incandescent light bulbs, which illuminate regardless of
the electrical polarity, LEDs will only light with correct electrical polarity. To
automatically match source polarity to LED devices, rectifiers can be used.
SVES 43 ECE Dept.

Blue hazard: There is a concern that blue LEDs and cool-white LEDs are now
capable of exceeding safe limits of the so-called blue-light hazard as defined in
eye safety specifications such as ANSI/IESNA RP-27.105: Recommended
Practice for Ph0tobiological Safety for Lamp and Lamp Systems.
Blue pollution: Because cool-white LEDs with high color temperature emit
proportionally more blue light than conventional outdoor light sources such as
high-pressure sodium vapor lamps, the strong wavelength dependence of
Rayleigh scattering means that cool-white LEDs can cause more light pollution
than other light sources. The International Dark-Sky Association discourages
using white light sources with correlated color temperature above 3,000 K.
Efficiency droop: The luminous efficacy of LEDs decreases as the electrical
current increases. Heating also increases with higher currents which
compromises the lifetime of the LED. These effects put practical limits on the
current through an LED in high power applications.
Impact on insects: LEDs are much more attractive to insects than sodium-
vapor lights, so much so that there has been speculative concern about the
possibility of disruption to food webs.
3.5.4 APPLICATIONS
LED uses fall into four major categories:

Visual signals where light goes more or less directly from the source to the
human eye, to convey a message or meaning.

Illumination where light is reflected from objects to give visual response of
these objects.

Measuring and interacting with processes involving no human vision.

Narrow band light sensors where LEDs operate in a reverse-bias mode and
respond to incident light, instead of emitting light. See LEDs as light sensors.
SVES 44 ECE Dept.

CHAPTER-4
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
4.1 INTRODUCTION TO KEIL MICRO VISION (IDE)
Keil an ARM Company makes C compilers, macro assemblers, real-time

kernels, debuggers, simulators, integrated environments, evaluation boards, and
emulators for ARM7/ARM9/Cortex-M3, XC16x/C16x/ST10, 251, and 8051 MCU
families.
Keil development tools for the 8051 Microcontroller Architecture support
every level of software developer from the professional applications engineer to the
student just learning about embedded software development. When starting a new
project, simply select the microcontroller you use from the Device Database and the
Vision IDE sets all compiler, assembler, linker, and memory options for you.
Keil is a cross compiler. So first we have to understand the concept of
compilers and cross compilers. After then we shall learn how to work with keil.
4.2 CONCEPT OF COMPILER
Compilers are programs used to convert a High Level Language to object code.
Desktop compilers produce an output object code for the underlying microprocessor, but
not for other microprocessors. I.E the programs written in one of the HLL like
C will compile the code to run on the system for a particular processor like x86
(underlying microprocessor in the computer). For example compilers for Dos platform
is different from the Compilers for Unix platform So if one wants to define a compiler
then compiler is a program that translates source code into object code.
The compiler derives its name from the way it works, looking at the entire
piece of source code and collecting and reorganizing the instruction. See there is a bit
little difference between compiler and an interpreter. Interpreter just interprets whole
program at a time while compiler analyses and execute each line of source code in
succession, without looking at the entire program.
The advantage of interpreters is that they can execute a program immediately.
Secondly programs produced by compilers run much faster than the same programs
SVES 45 ECE Dept.

executed by an interpreter. However compilers require some time before an executable

program emerges. Now as compilers translate source code into object code, which is
unique for each type of computer, many compilers are available for the same language.
4.3 CONCEPT OF CROSS COMPILER
A cross compiler is similar to the compilers but we write a program for the
target processor (like 8051 and its derivatives) on the host processors (like computer
of x86). It means being in one environment you are writing a code for another
environment is called cross development. And the compiler used for cross
development is called cross compiler. So the definition of cross compiler is a compiler
that runs on one computer but produces object code for a different type of computer.
4.4 KEIL C CROSS COMPILER
Keil is a German based Software development company. It provides several

development tools like

IDE (Integrated Development environment)

Project Manager

Simulator

Debugger

C Cross Compiler, Cross Assembler, Locator/Linker
The Keil ARM tool kit includes three main tools, assembler, compiler and
linker. An assembler is used to assemble the ARM assembly program. A compiler is
used to compile the C source code into an object file. A linker is used to create an
absolute object module suitable for our in-circuit emulator.
4.5 BUILDING APPLICATIONS IN VISION2
To build (compile, assemble, and link) an application in Vision2, you must:

Select Project - (for example, 166\EXAMPLES\HELLO\HELLO.UV2).

Select Project - Rebuild all target files or Build target.Vision2 compiles,
assembles, and links the files in your project.
SVES 46 ECE Dept.

4.6 CREATING YOUR OWN APPLICATION IN VISION
To create a new project in Vision2, you must:

Select Project - New Project.

Select a directory and enter the name of the project file.

Select Project - Select Device and select an 8051, 251, or C16x/ST10 device
from the Device Database.

Create source files to add to the project.

Select Project - Targets, Groups, and Files. Add/Files, select Source Group1,
and add the source files to the project.

Select Project - Options and set the tool options. Note when you select the target
device from the Device Database all special options are set automatically. You
typically only need to configure the memory map of your target hardware. Default
memory model settings are optimal for most applications.

Select Project - Rebuild all target files or Build target.
4.7 DEBUGGING AN APPLICATION IN VISION2
To debug an application created using Vision2, you must:

Select Debug - Start/Stop Debug Session.

Use the Step toolbar buttons to single-step through your program. You may
enter G, main in the Output Window to execute to the main C function.

Open the Serial Window using the Serial #1 button on the toolbar.
Debug your program using standard options like Step, Go, Break, and so on.
4.8 STARTING VISION2AND CREATING A PROJECT
Vision2 is a standard Windows application and started by clicking on the

program icon. To create a new project file select from the Vision2 menu Project
New Project. This opens a standard Windows dialog that asks you for the new
project file name. We suggest that you use a separate folder for each project. You can
simply use the icon Create New Folder in this dialog to get a new empty folder. Then
select this folder and enter the file name for the new project, i.e. Project1. Vision2
creates a new project file with the name PROJECT1.UV2 which contains a default
target and file group name. You can see these names in the Project.
SVES 47 ECE Dept.

4.9 WINDOW-FILES
Now use from the menu Project Select Device for Target and select a CPU
for your project. The Select Device dialog box shows the Vision2 device data base.
Just select the microcontroller you use. We are using for our examples the Philips
80C51RD+ CPU. This selection sets necessary tool Options for the 80C51RD+ device
and simplifies in this way the tool Configuration.
4.10 BUILDING PROJECTS AND CREATING HEX FILES
Typical, the tool settings under Options Target are all you need to start a new
application. You may translate all source files and line the application with a click on
the Build Target toolbar icon. When you build an application with syntax errors,
Vision2 will display errors and warning messages in the Output Window Build
page. A double click on a message line opens the source file on the correct location in
a Vision2 editor window. Once you have successfully generated your application you
can start debugging.
After you have tested your application, it is required to create an Intel HEX
file to download the software into an EPROM programmer or simulator. Vision2
creates HEX files with each build process when Create HEX files under Options for
Target Output is enabled. You may start your PROM programming utility after the
make process when you specify the program under the option Run User Program #1.
4.11 CPU SIMULATION
Vision2 simulates up to 16 Mbytes of memory from which areas can be

mapped for read, write, or code execution access. The Vision2 simulator traps
and reports illegal memory accesses. In addition to memory mapping, the simulator also
provides support for the integrated peripherals of the various 8051 derivatives. The on-
chip peripherals of the CPU you have selected are configured from the Device.
4.12 DATABASE SELECTION
You have made when you create your project target. Refer to page 58 for more
Information about selecting a device. You may select and display the on-chip peripheral
SVES 48 ECE Dept.

components using the Debug menu. You can also change the aspects of each
peripheral using the controls in the dialog boxes.
4.13 START DEBUGGING
You start the debug mode of Vision2 with the Debug Start/Stop Debug Session
Command. Depending on the Options for Target Debug Configuration, Vision2 will
load the application program and run the startup code Vision2 saves the editor screen
layout and restores the screen layout of the last debug session. If the program execution
stops, Vision2 opens an editor window with the source text or shows CPU instructions in
the disassembly window. The next executable statement is marked with a yellow arrow.
During debugging, most editor features are still available.
For example, you can use the find command or correct program errors.
Program source text of your application is shown in the same windows. The Vision2
debug mode differs from the edit mode in the following aspects:
The Debug Menu and Debug Commands described on page 28 are
available. The additional debug windows are discussed in the following.
The project structure or tool parameters cannot be modified. All build commands are
disabled.
4.14 DISASSEMBLY WINDOW
The Disassembly window shows your target program as mixed source and
assembly program or just assembly code. A trace history of previously executed
instructions may be displayed with Debug View Trace Records. To enable the trace
history, set Debug Enable/Disable Trace Recording.
If you select the Disassembly Window as the active window all program step
commands work on CPU instruction level rather than program source lines. You can
select a text line and set or modify code breakpoints using toolbar buttons or the
context menu commands.
You may use the dialog Debug Inline Assembly to modify the CPU
instructions. That allows you to correct mistakes or to make temporary changes to the
target program you are debugging. Numerous example programs are included to help
you get started with the most popular embedded 8051 devices.
SVES 49 ECE Dept.

The Keil Vision Debugger accurately simulates on-chip peripherals (IC,

CAN, UART, SPI, Interrupts, I/O Ports, A/D Converter, D/A Converter, and PWM
Modules) of your 8051 device. Simulation helps you understand hardware
configurations and avoids time wasted on setup problems. Additionally, with
simulation, you can write and test applications before target hardware is available.
4.15 EMBEDDED C
Use of embedded processors in passenger cars, mobile phones, medical

equipment, aerospace systems and defense systems is widespread, and even everyday
domestic appliances such as dish washers, televisions, washing machines and video
recorders now include at least one such device.
Because most embedded projects have severe cost constraints, they tend to use
low-cost processors like the 8051 family of devices considered in this book. These
popular chips have very limited resources available most such devices have around
256 bytes (not megabytes!) of RAM, and the available processor power is around
1000 times less than that of a desktop processor. As a result, developing embedded
software presents significant new challenges, even for experienced desktop
programmers. If you have some programming experience - in C, C++ or Java - then
this book and its accompanying CD will help make your move to the embedded world
as quick and painless as possible.
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CHAPTER-5
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Figure 5: Schematic diagram of E notice board
SVES 51 ECE Dept.

CHAPTER-6
PROJECT CODE
6.1 SOURCE COD

#include "LPC214x.H" /* LPC21xx definitions */
#include "type.h"
#include "irq.h"
#include "uart.h"
#include "target.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include<LPC214x.H>
extern DWORD UART0Count;
extern BYTE UART0Buffer[BUFSIZE];
extern DWORD UART1Count;
extern BYTE UART1Buffer[BUFSIZE];
#define UART0_HOST_BAUD 2400
#define UART1_HOST_BAUD 2400
#include <string.h>
#define MAX_BUFF_SZ 10
typedef unsigned char uc;
uc RX_BUFF[MAX_BUFF_SZ];
uc byteCount=0;
typedef unsigned char uc;
#define RDR 0x01
#define THRE 0x20
#define RDA 0x04
int i,msgno,test1,t1,t2,t3,t4;
char s2[10];
char Temp = 0,a=0,cnt7;
unsigned long int lat,lon;
#define RS (1<<21) //Set/Reset Pin (Control_Pin)
#define EN (1<<22)
void Delay(unsigned int );
SVES 52 ECE Dept.

void uart0_init(void);
void put_char(uc dt);
void uart1_puts(const unsigned char
*str); int uart0_getc (void);
void _delay_ms(unsigned int k)
{
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<k;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3000;j++);
}
}
void Delay(unsigned int time)
{
unsigned int i,j;
for(i=0;i<time;i++)
for(j=0;j<25000;j++);
void uart0_putc(char c)
{
while(!(U0LSR & 0x20)); // Wait until UART0 ready to send character
U0THR = c; // Send character
Delay(30);
}
void uart0_puts(char *p)
{
while(*p) // Point to character
{
uart0_putc(*p++); // Send character then point to next character
}
}
int uart0_getc (void)
{
while (!(U0LSR &
0x01)); return (U0RBR);
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}
void uart1_putc(unsigned char data)
{
U1THR = data;
while( (U1LSR&0x40)==0 );
Delay(15);
}
unsigned char uart1_getc()
{
while( (U1LSR&0x01)==0 );
return(U1RBR);
}
void uart1_puts(const unsigned char *str)
{
while(1)
{
if( *str == '\0' ) break;
uart1_putc(*str++);
}
}
void LEDdisplay()
{
IO1SET |=(1<<16)| (1<<17) | (1<<18) |(1<<19)| (1<<20) | (1<<21) |
(1<<22); _delay_ms(2000);
uart1_putc('#');
_delay_ms(2000);
uart1_putc('3')
_delay_ms(2000);
uart1_putc('5');
_delay_ms(2000);
uart1_putc('*');
_delay_ms(2000);
SVES 54 ECE Dept.

uart1_puts("<M
"); uart1_puts(s2);
uart1_puts(" >DEF 2><S 1><D
L1>"); uart1_putc('\r');
_delay_ms(2000);
IO1CLR |=(1<<16)| (1<<17) | (1<<18) |(1<<19)| (1<<20) | (1<<21) |
(1<<22); _delay_ms(1000);
}
void UART0_ISR(void) irq
{
char v1;
if( U0IIR & RDA) /* Check if Recive data Interrupt event */
{
if(byteCount < MAX_BUFF_SZ) /* Validation for buffer overflow */
{
v1 = U0RBR;
if(v1 == '+')
{
if(uart0_getc() == 'C')
{
if(uart0_getc() == 'M')
{
if(uart0_getc() == 'T')
{
if(uart0_getc() == 'I')
{
if(uart0_getc() == ':')
{
while(uart0_getc() !=
','); msgno=uart0_getc();
while(uart0_getc()!='\r');
uart0_puts("AT");
uart0_putc('\r');
Delay(100);
SVES 55 ECE Dept.

for(i=0;i<100;i++)
s2[i]='\0';
uart0_puts("AT+CMGF=1");
uart0_putc('\r');
Delay(100);
uart0_puts("AT+CMGR=");
uart0_putc(msgno);
uart0_putc('\r');
while(uart0_getc()!='?');
for(i=0;(s2[i]=uart0_getc())!='$';i++);
s2[i]=' ';
uart0_putc('\r'); LEDdisplay();
uart0_puts("AT+CMGDA=");
uart0_putc('"');
uart0_puts("DEL ALL");
uart0_putc('"'); uart0_putc('\r');
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
VICVectAddr = 0x00;
DWORD UARTInit(BYTE uart_num, DWORD baud )
{
switch(uart_num)
{
case UART0:
PINSEL0 &= ~(0x0000000F);
PINSEL0 |= 0x00000005;
SVES 56 ECE Dept.

U0LCR = 0x83;
U0DLL = baud;
U0DLM = (baud >>
8); U0LCR = 0x03;
U0FCR = 0x07;
if ( install_irq( UART0_INT, (void *)UART0_ISR ) == FALSE )
{
return (FALSE);
}
break;
case UART1:
PINSEL0 &=
~(0x000F0000); PINSEL0 |=
0x00050000; U1LCR = 0x83;
U1DLL = baud;
U1DLM = (baud >>
8); U1LCR = 0x03;
break;
}
return (TRUE);
}
int main (void)
{
int i1,j1;
IODIR1 = 0xffffffff;
IODIR0 =0x00000202;
init_VIC();
UARTInit(UART0,UART_BAUD(UART0_HOST_BAUD));
UARTInit(UART1,UART_BAUD(UART1_HOST_BAUD));
IOCLR1=0X00000000;
U0IER = 0;
uart0_puts("AT");
uart0_putc('\r');
SVES 57 ECE Dept.

Delay(100);
uart0_puts("AT+CMGF=1");
uart0_putc('\r');
Delay(100);
uart0_puts("AT+CMGDA=");
uart0_putc('"');
uart0_puts("DEL ALL");
uart0_putc('"');
uart0_putc('\r');
Delay(100);
U0IER = IER_RBR | IER_THRE | IER_RLS;
IO1CLR |=(1<<16)| (1<<17) | (1<<18) |(1<<19)| (1<<20) | (1<<21) |
(1<<22); while (1)
{
}
}
SVES 58 ECE Dept.

CHAPTER-7
ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS
7.1 ADVANTAGES

Using GSM mobile we can send message to any distant locations , from any
part of the World.

As it's a GSM wireless transmission system it has very less errors and needs
less maintenance.

Prevents unauthorized access of notice board (password).

Multiple Users are authorized to update notices on the electronic notice board.

No printing and photocopying costs. Thus saves time, Energy and finally
environment.
7.2 DISADVANTAGE

When there is network problem gsm doesnt work.
7.3 APPLICATIONS

Educational institutions & organizations

Managing traffic

Advertisement Conference hall

Bus/Railway station

Any Public utility places
SVES 59 ECE Dept.

CHAPTER-8
CONCLUSION
We can use this Project in college Notice Board, a Professor can send message
for the immediate gathering of students at department. It can be used on Highways
for traffic control, like traffic on one side of the road may be blocked in view of
VVIP movement or jam ahead.
FUTURE SCOPE

The use of microcontroller in place of a general purpose computer allows us to
theorize on many further improvements on this project prototype.

Temperature display during periods wherein no message buffers are empty is
one such theoretical improvement that is very possible.

The ideal state of the microcontroller is when the indices or storage space in
the SIM memory are empty and no new message is there to display.

With proper use of interrupt routines the incoming message acts as an
interrupt, the temperature display is halted and the control flow jumps over to
the specific interrupt service routine which first validates the senders number
and then displays the information field.

Another very interesting and significant improvement would be to
accommodate multiple receiver MODEMS at the different positions in a
geographical area carrying duplicate SIM cards.
SVES 60 ECE Dept.

CHAPTER-9
BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFERENCES
Ronald K Jurgen Automotive Electronic Handbook: New York: McGraw-
Hill, 2nd ed., 1999, Part 7 Chapter 29.

Peter Seiler, Bong sob Song, J. Karl Hedrick Development of a Collision Avoidance
System
1998 Society of Automotive Engineers.

General Motors: The Ultimate Crash Safety is Avoiding Crashes [online],
http://www.gm.com/company/careers/career_paths/rnd/nws_071800.html.

Daimler-Chrysler: Safety on the Interstate [online], available.

http://www.daimlerchrysler.com/dccomDatasheet of NE555.

Datasheet of TSOP1738.

Datasheet of TIP122 and TIP127 [13] www.alldatasheets.com
SVES 61 ECE Dept.

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Main project report on

GSM BASED WIRELESS NOTICE BOARD

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

SRI VENKATESWARA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Signature of the Guide Signature of the H.O.D

Signature of the External Signature of the principal

We the Students of B.Tech in ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

we sincerely thank our principal Dr.A.SRUJANA for her timely suggestions,

It is my privilege to thank Dr.K.MADHAVI, Professor & HOD of ECE

we express my sincere thanks to my supervisor B. SWETHA for giving me moral

we thank to both teaching and non-teaching staff members of ECE Department

Scrolling display board is a common sight today. Advertisement is going digital.

FIGURE NO NAME OF THE FIGURE PAGE NO

2.0 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF E-NOTICE BOARD 5

TABLE NO NAME OF THE TABLE PAGE NO

3.1.3.3 RATING OF THE VOLTAGE REGULATOR 10

1.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

An Embedded System is a combination of computer hardware and software,

1.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

SVES 1 ECE Dept.

SVES 2 ECE Dept.

1.4.1 RTS CLASSIFICATION

1.4.1.1 HARD REAL TIME SYSTEM

1.4.1.2 SOFT REAL TIME SYSTEM

SVES 3 ECE Dept.

GSM BASED LED SCROLLING DISPLAY BOARD

The main aim of this project is to implement wireless data communication on

Scrolling display board is a common sight today. Advertisement is going

SVES 4 ECE Dept.

Figure 2: Block diagram of E-notice board

SVES 5 ECE Dept.

SVES 6 ECE Dept.

3.1 POWER SUPPLY

Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with a little

Fig 3.1.1: A typical transformer

SVES 7 ECE Dept.

3.1.2 IDEAL POWER EQUATION

Figure 3.1.2: Ideal power equation

Giving the ideal transformer equation

SVES 8 ECE Dept.

Transformers normally have high efficiency, so this formula is a reasonable

3.1.3 VOLTAGE REGULATOR 7805

Fig 3.1.3: Circuit diagram of voltage regulator

SVES 9 ECE Dept.

The LM78XX/LM78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulators are

3.1.3.1 INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 3.1.3.1: Block diagram of voltage regulator

3.1.3.3 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

Table 3.1.3.2: Rating of the voltage regulator

SVES 10 ECE Dept.

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts AC, which periodically reverses

Figure 3.1.4: Bridge rectifier

SVES 11 ECE Dept.

Fig 3.1.6: Filter output

3.2 INTRODUCTION TO LPC2148 MICROCONTROLLER

The LPC2141/2/4/6/8 microcontrollers are based on a 32/16 bit ARM7TDMI-S

SVES 12 ECE Dept.

16/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller in a tiny LQFP64 package.

SVES 13 ECE Dept.

Up to 45 of 5 V tolerant fast general purpose I/O pins in a tiny LQFP64 package.

3.2.4 ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW

The LPC2141/2/4/6/8 consists of an ARM7TDMI-S CPU with emulation

SVES 14 ECE Dept.